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Revision as of 07:00, 12 November 2002 editMav (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users77,874 edits ''A completely new version of this article is being worked on at Yttrium/Temp. Please make any edits there instead of here.''← Previous edit Revision as of 06:02, 14 November 2002 edit undoMav (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users77,874 edits WikiProject Elements version; greatly expanded with an added table of propertiesNext edit →
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''A completely new version of this article is being worked on at ]. Please make any edits there instead of here.''
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A ], in the ] '''yttrium''' has the symbol Y and atom number 39, and an atomic mass of 88.9059. The ground state electronic orbitals are 4d<sup>1</sup>5s<sup>2</sup>. The metal is silverish in color and lustrous, and is found in almost all ] minerals. Yttrium-] compounds are found in the red phosphors of color ]s and this represents a major usage of the element.
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<th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#ffc0c0">'''General'''</th></tr>
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<td>], ], ]</td><td>Yttrium, Y, 39</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>]s</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>], ], ]</td><td>], ] , ]</td></tr>
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<td>], ] </td><td>4472 ], __</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>Silvery white</td></tr>
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<th colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0">'''Atomic Properties'''</th></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>88.90585 ]</td></tr>
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<td>] (calc.) </td><td>180 (212) ]</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>162 pm</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>no data</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>4d<sup>1</sup>5]<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
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<td>] 's per ]</td><td>2, 8, 18, 9, 2</td></tr>
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<td>]s (]) </td><td>3 (weak ])</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>Hexagonal</td></tr>
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<th colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0">'''Physical Properties'''</th></tr>
<tr><td>] </td><td>Solid (])</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>1799 ] (2779 °])</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>3609 K (6037 °F)</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>19.88 ]10<sup>-3</sup> ]</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>363 ]</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>11.4 kJ/mol</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>5.31 ] at 1799 K</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>3300 ] at 293.15 K</td></tr>
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<th colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0">'''Miscellaneous'''</th></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>1.22 (]) </td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>300 ]</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>1.66 10<sup>6</sup>/m ]</td></tr>
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<td>] </td><td>17.2 ]</td></tr>
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<td>1<sup>st</sup> ] </td><td>1980 kJ/mol</td></tr>
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<td>2<sup>nd</sup> ionization potential </td><td>5847 kJ/mol</td></tr>
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<td>3<sup>rd</sup> ionization potential </td><td>7430 kJ/mol</td></tr>
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<td>4<sup>th</sup> ionization potential </td><td>5847 kJ/mol</td></tr>
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<td>5<sup>th</sup> ionization potential </td><td>7430 kJ/mol</td></tr>
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<td>6<sup>th</sup> ionization potential </td><td>8970 kJ/mol</td></tr>
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<td>7<sup>th</sup> ionization potential </td><td>11190 kJ/mol</td></tr>
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<td>8<sup>th</sup> ionization potential </td><td>12450 kJ/mol</td></tr>
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<td>9<sup>th</sup> ionization potential </td><td>14110 kJ/mol</td></tr>
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<td>10<sup>th</sup> ionization potential </td><td>18400 kJ/mol</td></tr>
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<th colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0">'''Most Stable Isotopes'''</th></tr>
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<td colspan="2">
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%">
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<th>]</th><th>]</th><th colspan="4" width="100%">Longest ] is 106.65 ] (Y-88)</th></tr>
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<td><sup>89</sup>Y</td><td>'''100%'''</td><td colspan="4">Y is ] with 50 ]s</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
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<th colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><font size="-1">] units & ] are used except where noted.</font></th>
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'''Yttrium''' is a ] in the ] that has the symbol Y and ] 39. A silvery metallic ], yttrium is common in ] minerals and two of its compounds are used to make the red color in ]s.


== Notable Characteristics ==
The common ] of yttrium is +3.
Yttrium is a silver-metallic, lustrous rare earth ] that is relatively stable in air and chemically resembles the ]s. Shavings ("turnings") of the metal can ignite in air when they exceed 400 &deg;]. When yttrium is finely divided it is very unstable in air. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. The common ] of yttrium is +3.
== Applications ==
Yttrium oxide is the most important yttrium compound and is widely used to make Y]]<sub>4</sub> ] and Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> europium phosphors that give the red color in ] picture tubes. Other uses;
*Yttrium oxide is also used to make yttrium-]-]s which are very effective ] filters.
*Yttrium iron, ], and ] garnets (e.g. Y<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> and Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>) have interesting ] properties. Yttrium iron garnet is very efficient as an acoustic energy transmitter and transducer. Yttrium aluminum garnet has a hardness of 8.5 and is also used as a ] (simulated ]).
*Small amounts of the element (0.1 to 0.2%) have been used to reduce grain size of ], ], ], and ]. It is also used to increase the strength of aluminum and ] alloys.
*Used as a ] for ] polymerization in ] systems.
*This metal can be used to deoxidize ] and other nonferrous metals.


Yttrium has been studied for possible use as a nodulizer in the making of nodular ] which has increased ] (the ] forms compact nodules instead of flakes to form nodular cast iron). Potentially, yttrium can be used in ] and ] formulas, since yttrium oxide has a high ] and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass.
This element is named after the Swedish town of ].
== History ==
Yttrium ('']'', a Swedish village near ]) was discovered by ] in ] as an impure extract of ] through the reduction of yttrium anhydrous ] (Y]<sub>3</sub>) with ]. Yttria (Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) is the oxide of yttruim and was discovered by ] in ] in a ] mineral from Ytterby.


In ] ] was able to show that yttira could be divided into the oxides (or earths) of three different elements. "Yttria" was the name used for the most ] one and the others were named erbia and terbia.
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External Link:<br>
A quarry is located near the village of Ytterby that yielded many unusual minerals that contained ]s and other elements. The elements ], ], and ] and yttrium have all been named after this same town.
Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division: Periodic Table - Yttrium
== Occurrence ==
:http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/elements/39.html
This element is found in almost all ] minerals and in ] ores but is never found in nature as a free element. Yttrium is commercially recovered from ] sand (3% content, ], ], etc.)]O<sub>4</sub>]) and from ] (0.2% content, ]O<sub>3</sub>)]]). It is commercially produced by reducing yttrium ] with ] metal but it can also be produced using other techniques. It is difficult to separate from other rare earths and when extracted, is a dark gray powder.
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See: ]
Lunar rock samples from the ] have a relatively high yttrium content.
== Isotopes ==
Natural yttrium is composed of only one ] (Y-89). The most stable ]s are Y-88 which has a ] of 106.65 days and Y-91 with a half life of 58.51 days. All the other isotopes have half lifes of less than a day except Y-87 which has a half life of 79.8 hours. The dominant ] below the stable Y-89 is ] and the dominant mode after it is ]. Twenty six unstable isotopes have been characterized.

Y-90 exists in equilibrium with its parent isotope ]-90, which is a product of ].
== Precautions ==
Compounds that contain this element are rarely encountered by most people but should be considered to be highly toxic even though many compounds pose little risk. Yttrium salts may be ]ous. This element is not normally found in human tissue and plays no known biological role.

== External Links ==
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*

Revision as of 06:02, 14 November 2002

General
Name, Symbol, NumberYttrium, Y, 39
Chemical series transition metals
Group, Period, Block3 , 5 , d
Density, Hardness 4472 kg/m, __
Appearance Silvery white
Atomic Properties
Atomic weight 88.90585 amu
Atomic radius (calc.) 180 (212) pm
Covalent radius 162 pm
van der Waals radius no data
Electron configuration 4d5s
e 's per energy level2, 8, 18, 9, 2
Oxidation states (Oxide) 3 (weak base)
Crystal structure Hexagonal
Physical Properties
State of matter Solid (__)
Melting point 1799 K (2779 °F)
Boiling point 3609 K (6037 °F)
Molar volume 19.88 ×10 m/mol
Heat of vaporization 363 kJ/mol
Heat of fusion 11.4 kJ/mol
Vapor pressure 5.31 Pa at 1799 K
Velocity of sound 3300 m/s at 293.15 K
Miscellaneous
Electronegativity 1.22 (Pauling scale)
Specific heat capacity 300 J/(kg*K)
Electrical conductivity 1.66 10/m ohm
Thermal conductivity 17.2 W/(m*K)
1 ionization potential 1980 kJ/mol
2 ionization potential 5847 kJ/mol
3 ionization potential 7430 kJ/mol
4 ionization potential 5847 kJ/mol
5 ionization potential 7430 kJ/mol
6 ionization potential 8970 kJ/mol
7 ionization potential 11190 kJ/mol
8 ionization potential 12450 kJ/mol
9 ionization potential 14110 kJ/mol
10 ionization potential 18400 kJ/mol
Most Stable Isotopes
isoNALongest t½ is 106.65 d (Y-88)
Y100%Y is stable with 50 neutrons
SI units & STP are used except where noted.

Yttrium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Y and atomic number 39. A silvery metallic transition metal, yttrium is common in rare-earth minerals and two of its compounds are used to make the red color in color televisions.

Notable Characteristics

Yttrium is a silver-metallic, lustrous rare earth metal that is relatively stable in air and chemically resembles the lanthanides. Shavings ("turnings") of the metal can ignite in air when they exceed 400 °C. When yttrium is finely divided it is very unstable in air. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. The common oxidation state of yttrium is +3.

Applications

Yttrium oxide is the most important yttrium compound and is widely used to make YVO4 europium and Y2O3 europium phosphors that give the red color in color television picture tubes. Other uses;

  • Yttrium oxide is also used to make yttrium-iron-garnets which are very effective microwave filters.
  • Yttrium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets (e.g. Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12) have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is very efficient as an acoustic energy transmitter and transducer. Yttrium aluminum garnet has a hardness of 8.5 and is also used as a gemstone (simulated diamond).
  • Small amounts of the element (0.1 to 0.2%) have been used to reduce grain size of chromium, molybdenum, titanium, and zirconium. It is also used to increase the strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys.
  • Used as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization in laser systems.
  • This metal can be used to deoxidize vanadium and other nonferrous metals.

Yttrium has been studied for possible use as a nodulizer in the making of nodular cast iron which has increased ductility (the graphite forms compact nodules instead of flakes to form nodular cast iron). Potentially, yttrium can be used in ceramic and glass formulas, since yttrium oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass.

History

Yttrium (Ytterby, a Swedish village near Vauxholm) was discovered by Friedrich Wohler in 1928 as an impure extract of yttria through the reduction of yttrium anhydrous chloride (YCl3) with potassium. Yttria (Y2O3) is the oxide of yttruim and was discovered by Johan Gadolin in 1794 in a gadolinite mineral from Ytterby.

In 1843 Carl Mosander was able to show that yttira could be divided into the oxides (or earths) of three different elements. "Yttria" was the name used for the most basic one and the others were named erbia and terbia.

A quarry is located near the village of Ytterby that yielded many unusual minerals that contained rare earths and other elements. The elements erbium, terbium, and ytterbium and yttrium have all been named after this same town.

Occurrence

This element is found in almost all rare earth minerals and in uranium ores but is never found in nature as a free element. Yttrium is commercially recovered from monazite sand (3% content, ) and from bastnasite (0.2% content, ). It is commercially produced by reducing yttrium fluoride with calcium metal but it can also be produced using other techniques. It is difficult to separate from other rare earths and when extracted, is a dark gray powder.

Lunar rock samples from the Apollo program have a relatively high yttrium content.

Isotopes

Natural yttrium is composed of only one isotope (Y-89). The most stable radioisotopes are Y-88 which has a half life of 106.65 days and Y-91 with a half life of 58.51 days. All the other isotopes have half lifes of less than a day except Y-87 which has a half life of 79.8 hours. The dominant decay mode below the stable Y-89 is electron capture and the dominant mode after it is beta emission. Twenty six unstable isotopes have been characterized.

Y-90 exists in equilibrium with its parent isotope strontium-90, which is a product of nuclear explosions.

Precautions

Compounds that contain this element are rarely encountered by most people but should be considered to be highly toxic even though many compounds pose little risk. Yttrium salts may be cancerous. This element is not normally found in human tissue and plays no known biological role.

External Links