| Revision as of 12:49, 30 May 2013 editDalsoore (talk | contribs)488 edits →Education← Previous edit | Revision as of 15:31, 2 June 2013 edit undoAlexikoua (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers43,073 edits correction and small addition about the 11th centuryNext edit → | ||
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| ] era Sahabiye ], built in 1267 by the Seljuk ] ].]] | ] era Sahabiye ], built in 1267 by the Seljuk ] ].]] | ||
| The ] general (and later the first ] ]) ] invaded ] and took Caesarea from the ] temporarily in 647.<ref>Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1969. Pg 116.</ref> The city was called '''Kaisariyah''' by the Arabs, and later ''Kayseri''<ref name = "place-names"/> when it was captured by the ] sultan ] in |
The ] general (and later the first ] ]) ] invaded ] and took Caesarea from the ] temporarily in 647.<ref>Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1969. Pg 116.</ref> The city was called '''Kaisariyah''' by the Arabs, and later ''Kayseri''<ref name = "place-names"/> when it was captured by the ] sultan ] in 1067. The forces of the latter demolished the city and massacred its inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Louis Bréhier ; translated by Margaret|title=The life and death of Byzantium|year=1977|publisher=North-Holland Pub. Co.|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780720490084|page=193|url=http://books.google.gr/books?ei=7mKrUdOVGoaGswbe74H4Bg&hl=el&id=8mAbAAAAYAAJ&dq=caesarea+massacre+manzikert&q=%22In+the+spring+of+1067+he+invaded+the+Pontus+and+penetrated+as+far+as+Caesarea+in+Cappadocia+which+he+demolished%22#search_anchor|quote=In the spring of 1067 he invaded the Pontus and penetrated as far as Caesarea in Cappadocia which he demolished}}</ref><ref name=Ash/> As a result the city remained uninhabited for the next half century.<ref name=Ash>{{cite book|last=Ash|first=John|title=A Byzantine journey|year=2006|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|location=London|isbn=9781845113070|page=167|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=eQCKEk1GXlYC&pg=PA267&dq=caesarea+massacre+manzikert&hl=el&sa=X&ei=gmKrUbiiGcWBtAbB_YDwBQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22In%20that%20year%20the%20Turks%20captured%20Caesarea%2C%20the%20chief%20city%20of%20eastern%20Cappadocia%2C%20burnt%20it%20to%20the%20ground%2C%20massacred%20its%22&f=false|edition=}}</ref> Latter it came under the control of the ] (1074–1178), and later the ] (1178–1243), until it fell to the ] in 1243. Within the walls lies the greater part of Kayseri, rebuilt between the 13th and 16th centuries. The city became ] in the 15th century. | ||
| Thus, there were three golden-age periods for Kayseri. The first, dating to 2000 BCE, was when the city was a trade post between the ] and the ]. The second golden age came during the Roman rule (1st to 11th centuries). The third golden age was during the reign of ] (1178–1243), when the city was the second capital of the state. | Thus, there were three golden-age periods for Kayseri. The first, dating to 2000 BCE, was when the city was a trade post between the ] and the ]. The second golden age came during the Roman rule (1st to 11th centuries). The third golden age was during the reign of ] (1178–1243), when the city was the second capital of the state. | ||
Revision as of 15:31, 2 June 2013
"Caesarea Mazaca" redirects here. For other locations with similar names, see Caesarea (disambiguation). Metropolitan Municipality in Central Anatolia, Turkey| Kayseri | |
|---|---|
| Metropolitan Municipality | |
 Top:Kadir Has Stadium, 2nd left:Tariti Clock Tower in Cumhuriyet Square, 2nd right:Spor Salonu Arena, 3rd:Oto Park and Tekin business district, Bottom:Kayseri Castle, View of Night (left), View of twilight (right) | |
| Country |  Turkey |
| Region | Central Anatolia |
| Province | Kayseri |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Mehmet Özhaseki (AKP) |
| Elevation | 1,050 m (3,440 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Metropolitan Municipality | 844,656 |
| • Metro | 977,240 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 38x xx |
| Area code | (+90) 352 |
| Licence plate | 38 |
| Website | www.kayseri.bel.tr www.kayseri.gov.tr |
Kayseri (Template:IPA-tr) is a large and industrialized city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, as defined by the boundaries of Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is structurally composed of five metropolitan districts, the two core districts of Kocasinan and Melikgazi, and since 2004, also Hacılar, İncesu and Talas. In conjunction with the addition of new districts and first stage municipalities into the metropolitan area, the city's population, which was 536,000 in 2000, was 1,050,000 in 2011. Kayseri is located at the foot of the extinct volcano Mount Erciyes that towers 3916 m over the city. Its inhabitants (Kayserili) are renowned for their alertness, entrepreneurial spirit and a strict understanding regarding the management of economies, the last point having been the subject of more than a few legends in Turkey.wealth of the city itself is a blend of modernity. The city is often cited in the first ranks among Turkey's cities that fit the definition of Anatolian Tigers.
Renowned for its culinary specialties such as mantı, pastırma and sucuk, manti is the most popular diner in Kayseri for the local people and the tourists. The city is also rich in historical monuments (dating especially from the Seljuk period). While it is generally visited en route to the international tourist attractions of Cappadocia, Kayseri has many visitor's attractions by its own right; Seljuk and Ottoman era monuments in and around the center, Mount Erciyes as trekking and alpinism center, Zamantı River as rafting center, the historic sites of Kültepe, Ağırnas, Talas and Develi to name a few. Kayseri is served by Erkilet International Airport and is home to Erciyes University.
According to the Turkish Statistical Institute, as of 2011 the city of Kayseri had a population of 844,656 and its metropolitan municipality 977,240.
Etymology
Kayseri was originally called Mazaka or Mazaca by the Hattians and was known as such to Strabo, during whose time it was the capital of the Roman province of Cilicia, known also as Eusebia at the Argaeus (Εὐσέβεια ἡ πρὸς τῶι Ἀργαίωι in Greek), after Ariarathes V Eusebes, King of Cappadocia (163–130 BCE). The name was changed again by Archelaus (d. 17 CE), last King of Cappadocia (36 BCE–14 CE) and a Roman vassal, to "Caesarea in Cappadocia" (to distinguish it from other cities with the name Caesarea in the Roman Empire) in honour of Caesar Augustus, upon his death in 14 CE. When the Muslim Arabs arrived, they slightly modified the name into Kaisariyah, and this eventually became Kayseri when the Seljuk Turks took control of the city in circa 1080 CE, remaining as such ever since.
History
The city has been continuously inhabited since perhaps c. 3000 BCE with the establishment of the ancient trading colony at Kultepe (Ash Mountain) which is associated with the Hittites. The city has always been a vital trade centre as it is located on major trade routes, particularly along what was called the Great Silk Road. Kültepe, one of the oldest cities in Asia Minor, lies nearby.
As Mazaca, the city served as the residence of the kings of Cappadocia. In ancient times, it was on the crossroads of the trade routes from Sinope to the Euphrates and from the Persian Royal Road that extended from Sardis to Susa. In Roman times, a similar route from Ephesus to the East also crossed the city.
The city stood on a low spur on the north side of Mount Erciyes (Mount Argaeus in ancient times). Only a few traces of the ancient site survive in the old town. The city was the centre of a satrapy under Persian rule until it was conquered by Perdikkas, one of the generals of Alexander the Great when it became the seat of a transient satrapy by another of Alexander's former generals, Eumenes of Cardia. The city was subsequently passed to the Seleucid empire after the battle of Ipsus but became once again the centre of an autonomous Greater Cappadocian kingdom under Ariarathes III of Cappadocia in around 250 BC. In the ensuing period, the city came under the sway of Hellenistic influence, and was given the Greek name of Eusebia in honor of the Cappadocian king Ariarathes V Eusebes Philopator of Cappadocia (163–130 BCE). Under the new name of Caesarea, by which it has since been known, given to it by the last Cappadocian King Archelaus or perhaps by Tiberius, the city passed under formal Roman rule in 17 BCE.
Caesarea was destroyed by the Sassanid king Shapur I after his victory over the Emperor Valerian I in AD 260. At the time it was recorded to have around 400,000 inhabitants. The city gradually recovered, and became home to several early Christian saints: saints Dorothea and Theophilus the martyrs, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa and Basil of Caesarea. In the 4th century, bishop Basil established an ecclesiastic centre on the plain, about one mile to the northeast, which gradually supplanted the old town. In it, Basil included a system of almshouses, an orphanage, old peoples' homes, and a leprosarium (leprosy hospital). A portion of Basil's new city was surrounded with strong walls, and it was turned into a fortress by Justinian. Caesarea in the 9th century became a Byzantine administrative centre as the capital of the Byzantine Theme of Charsianon.
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The Arab general (and later the first Umayyad Caliph) Muawiyah invaded Cappadocia and took Caesarea from the Byzantines temporarily in 647. The city was called Kaisariyah by the Arabs, and later Kayseri when it was captured by the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan in 1067. The forces of the latter demolished the city and massacred its inhabitants. As a result the city remained uninhabited for the next half century. Latter it came under the control of the Danishmendids (1074–1178), and later the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate (1178–1243), until it fell to the Mongols in 1243. Within the walls lies the greater part of Kayseri, rebuilt between the 13th and 16th centuries. The city became Ottoman in the 15th century.
Thus, there were three golden-age periods for Kayseri. The first, dating to 2000 BCE, was when the city was a trade post between the Assyrians and the Hittites. The second golden age came during the Roman rule (1st to 11th centuries). The third golden age was during the reign of Seljuks (1178–1243), when the city was the second capital of the state.
The 1500-year-old castle, built initially by the Byzantines, and expanded by the Seljuks and Ottomans, is still standing in good condition in the central square of the city. The short-lived Seljuk rule left a large number of historic landmarks; historic buildings such as the Hunad Hatun Mosque complex, Kilij Arslan Mosque, The Grand Mosque and Gevher Nesibe Hospital. The Grand Bazaar dates from the latter part of the 1800s, but the adjacent caravanserai (where merchant traders gathered before forming a caravan) dates from around 1500. The town's older districts (which were filled with ornate mansion-houses mostly dating from the 18th and 19th centuries) were subjected to wholesale demolitions starting in the 1970s. The city is famous for its carpet sellers, and carpets and rugs can be purchased ranging from new to 50 or more years old.
In the 4th century. the city became central to early Christianity when St. Basil the Great established an ecclesiastic centre here. It remains a Roman Catholic titular see and was the seat of an Armenian diocese.
The building that hosts the Kayseri lyceum was arranged to host the Turkish Grand National Assembly during the Turkish War of Independence when the Greek army had advanced very close to Ankara, the base of the Turkish National Movement.
Climate
Kayseri has a continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsb) consisting of cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers with cool nights due to Kayseri's high elevation. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn, yet precipitation is generally low throughout the year.
| Climate data for Kayseri | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
31.2 (88.2) |
33.4 (92.1) |
36.0 (96.8) |
40.7 (105.3) |
40.0 (104.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
32.6 (90.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
40.7 (105.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.7 (87.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
12.3 (54.1) |
5.9 (42.6) |
17.8 (64.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.7 (19.9) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
3.4 (38.1) |
6.8 (44.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
12.2 (54.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
3.0 (37.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −31.2 (−24.2) |
−30.6 (−23.1) |
−28.1 (−18.6) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−16.2 (2.8) |
−28.7 (−19.7) |
−31.2 (−24.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 33.6 (1.32) |
33.6 (1.32) |
42.5 (1.67) |
57.2 (2.25) |
56.6 (2.23) |
35.9 (1.41) |
14.3 (0.56) |
8.5 (0.33) |
12.9 (0.51) |
34.8 (1.37) |
37.2 (1.46) |
39.0 (1.54) |
406.1 (15.97) |
| Average rainy days | 11.6 | 11.6 | 12.3 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 8.4 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 7.9 | 9.3 | 11.6 | 109.1 |
| Average snowy days | 9 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 36 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 72 | 62 | 58 | 56 | 50 | 44 | 44 | 47 | 58 | 69 | 77 | 59 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 89.9 | 112 | 151.9 | 183 | 254.2 | 309 | 362.7 | 350.3 | 270 | 201.5 | 138 | 80.6 | 2,503.1 |
| Source 1: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather2 | |||||||||||||
Political structure
The city of Kayseri consists of the following metropolitan districts:
| Name |
|---|
| Akkışla |
| Bünyan |
| Develi |
| Felâhiye |
| Hacılar |
| İncesu |
| Kocasinan |
| Melikgâzi |
| Özvatan |
| Pınarbaşı |
| Sarıoğlan |
| Sarız |
| Talas |
| Tomarza |
| Yahyâlı |
| Yeşilhisar |
Economy
Kayseri received notable public investments in the 1920s and 1930s. Sumer Textile and Kayseri Tayyare Fabrikasi (airplane manufacturer) were set up here during the post Republican Era with the help of German and particularly Russian experts. The latter manufactured the first aircraft "made in Turkey" in the 1940s. After the 1950s, the city suffered from a decrease in the amount of public investment. It was, however, during the same years that Kayseri businessmen and merchants became transformed into countrywide capitalists. Families such as Sabancı, Has, Dedeman, Hattat, Kurmel, Özyeğin, Karamanlargil and Özilhan who started out as small-scale merchants in the city of Kayseri became prominent actors in the Turkish economy. These families set up their headquarters in cities such as Istanbul and Adana, nevertheless often coming back to Kayseri to invest.
Thanks to the economic liberalization policies introduced in the 1980s, a new wave of merchants and industrialists from Kayseri joined their predecessors. Most of these new industrialists choose Kayseri as base of their operations. As a consequence of better infrastructures, the city achieved a remarkable industrial growth since 2000 and is one of the key cities that characterizes the class of Anatolian Tigers, with a favorable environment present especially for small and medium enterprises. Some social scientists trace this economic success to a modernist Islamic outlook referred to as "Islamic Calvinism" which they say is taking root in Kayseri.
Transport
The city is served by Erkilet International Airport and the International Air Transport Association symbol for the airport is ASR. The airport is a short distance from the centre of Kayseri. There are several flights per day to Istanbul, Turkey's premium air transportation hub. Since the air transportation industry in Turkey is growing quickly, new flights from Kayseri to several other localities inside and outside Turkey are soon to be expected.
Kayseri is connected to the rest of country with railway service. There are four trains per day to Ankara. To the east there are two branches: one to Kars and Doğukapi toward Armenia, and another to Tatvan on the west shore of Lake Van.
As the city is located in central Turkey, car and bus transportation are highly efficient. It takes approximately 3 hours to reach Ankara, approximately 3 hours to Mediterranean shores and 45 minutes to Cappadocia. The symbol of the city, Mount Erciyes, which is a notable ski center in winters and a trekker's paradise in summers, is at only 30 minutes' drive from the city centre.
The transportation within the city relies mainly on buses, and personal vehicles. A light rail transit system called Kayseray was constructed and completed by the end of 2009.
Sports
The city has one professional football team competing in the top-flight of Turkish football: Kayserispor, playing in the Turkcell Super League. It is the only Turkish team to have won the UEFA Intertoto Cup, in 2007. Another team from the region, Kayseri Erciyesspor, was relegated to the second league last year.
The Erciyes Ski Centre at Mount Erciyes is one of the largest in Turkey.
Sports venues
- Kadir Has Stadium is a new generation post-modern stadium and as part of the Atatürk Sports Complex; it is located in the outskirts of the city. It will hold at least 33,000 people and it is totally covered. It is shared by the two Kayserian football clubs, as before, and the Kadir Has Stadium is the new home for both teams. The stadium and surrounding sports complex are served by the Light-rail system, Kayseray, making access to the complex easier for traveling locals. It was completed in early 2009. The inauguration of stadium was made with a Kayserispor – Fenerbahce league match.
- Kadir Has Sports Arena is an indoor arena complex, which was opened in 2008. It has an seating capacity of 7,200 people. The arena was one of the venues of the 2010 FIBA World Championship.
Education
Kayseri High School (Kayseri Lisesi), established in 1893, is one of the oldest high schools in Turkey. Küçükçalık Anatolian High School (Kayseri Anadolu Lisesi), established in 1984, which is providing education in English, is among the first ones in Turkey. In 2000, the private Kılıçarslan High School in Kayseri and Anatoli College in Thessaloniki became sister schools.
The city's largest university, Erciyes University, was founded in 1978 and is a continuation of a number of schools founded in 1206 and 1956. The city also has a newly established state university, Abdullah Gül University; and two private universities, Melikşah University and Nuh Naci Yazgan University.
Notable Kayserians
See List of people from Kayseri
International relations
Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in TurkeyTwin towns — Sister cities
Kayseri is twinned with: (in alphabetical order)
Homs, Syria
Sialkot, Pakistan
Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Krefeld, Germany
Nalchik, Russia- Saarbrücken, Germany
Yongin, South Korea
Miskolc, Hungary
See also
References
- ^ - 2011
- ^ Büyükşehir belediyeleri ve bağlı belediyelerin nüfusları - 2011
- ESI. Full text "Islamic Calvinists: Change and Conservatism in [[Central Anatolia]]". European Stability Initiative, Berlin. Retrieved 2005-09-19.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ Everett-Heath, John (2005). = Main&entry = t209.e3530 "Kayseri". Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 12 1 1 2007.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dateformat=(help) - Catholic Encyclopedia
- Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1969. Pg 116.
- Vaughan, Louis Bréhier ; translated by Margaret (1977). The life and death of Byzantium. Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co. p. 193. ISBN 9780720490084.
In the spring of 1067 he invaded the Pontus and penetrated as far as Caesarea in Cappadocia which he demolished
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ash, John (2006). A Byzantine journey ( ed.). London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 167. ISBN 9781845113070.
- Traditional houses in Kayseri
- Tore Kjeilen (2005-10-17). "Kayseri - LookLex Encyclopaedia". Lexicorient.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- "Caesarea in Cappadocia". Catholic Hierarchy.
- "Caesarea". Catholic Encyclopedia.
- "İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü". Dmi.gov.tr. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- "December Climate History for Kayseri | Local | Turkey". Myweather2.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- "Chronology of all ESI publications - Reports - ESI". Esiweb.org. 2005-09-19. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- Tore Kjeilen (2005-10-17). "Kayseri - LookLex Encyclopaedia". I-cias.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/15-Jan-2010/Punjab-Turkey-sign-four-MoUs
External links
- Official Government Web Site
- companies in Kayseri
- ESI report: Islamic Calvinists. Change and conservatism in central Anatolia (19 September 2005)
- Photos of Kayseri
| Kayseri in Kayseri Province of Turkey | ||
|---|---|---|
| Districts |  | |
| Metropolitan municipalities are bolded. | ||
| Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey | |
|---|---|