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| screenshot size = 250px | screenshot size = 250px
| caption = GMS 6.0 screenshot | caption = GMS 6.0 screenshot
| latest_release_version = 10.1 (minor updates not versioned) | latest_release_version = 10.3.6
| latest_release_date = February 2016 | latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|2018|03|21|df=no}}
| latest preview version = 10.1 | latest preview version =
| latest preview date = February 2016 | latest preview date =
| developer = ] | developer = ]
| operating_system = ] | operating_system = ]
| genre = ] software | genre = ] software
| license = ] | license = ]
| website = | website = {{Officialsite|http://aquaveo.com/software/gms-groundwater-modeling-system-introduction}}
}} }}


'''GMS''' ('''Groundwater Modeling System''') is a complete program for building and simulating ] ]. It features 2D and 3D ], ] modeling and a unique conceptual model approach. Currently supported models include ], MODPATH, MT3DMS, RT3D, FEMWATER, ], and ]. '''GMS''' ('''Groundwater Modeling System''') is water modeling application for building and simulating ] ]. It features 2D and 3D ], ] modeling and a unique conceptual model approach. Currently supported models include ], MODPATH, MT3DMS, RT3D, FEMWATER, ], and ].


Version 6 introduced the use of ] (eXtensible Model Data Format), which is a compatible extension of ]. The purpose of this is to allow internal storage and management of data in a single HDF file, rather than using many flat files. Version 6 introduced the use of ] (eXtensible Model Data Format), which is a compatible extension of ]. The purpose of this is to allow internal storage and management of data in a single HDF file, rather than using many flat files.


==History== ==History==
GMS was initially developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s on ] workstations by the ]<ref name="owen 1996">{{cite journal |last=Owen |first=Steven J. |author2=Jones, Norman L. |author3=Holland, Jeffery P. |date= September 1996 |format=PDF |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Norman_Jones4/publication/225852532_A_comprehensive_modeling_environment_for_the_simulation_of_groundwater_flow_and_transport/links/0deec5374ed16aa6d9000000.pdf|title=A comprehensive modeling environment for the simulation of groundwater flow and transport |journal=Engineering with Computers |volume=12 |pages=235–242 |doi=10.1007/BF01198737 |issue=3–4 |archivedate=March 5, 2018|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6xiwnOOYU}}</ref><ref name="ecgl 19990421">{{cite web|url=http://emrl.byu.edu/|title=Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory|publisher=Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at ]|accessdate=March 5, 2018|archivedate=April 21, 1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990421051442/http://emrl.byu.edu/}}</ref> at ]. The development of GMS was funded primarily by The ] and was known—until version 4.0, released in late 1999<ref name="ssg gms4">{{cite web|url=http://www.scisoftware.com/products/gms_details/gms_details.html|title=GMS 4.0|publisher=Scientific Software Group|accessdate=March 5, 2018|archivedate=March 5, 2018|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6xhR0ZssD}}</ref>—as the ''] Groundwater Modeling System'', or ''DoD GMS''. It was ] to ] in the mid 1990s. Version 3.1 was the last version that supported ], ], ], and ] platforms.<ref name="gms system requirements 3.1">{{cite web|url=http://ems-i.com:80/gms/sysrequir.html|title=System Requirements - GMS 3.1|publisher=EMSI|accessdate=March 5, 2018|archivedate=December 8, 2000|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001208033700/http://ems-i.com:80/gms/sysrequir.html}}</ref><ref name="gms system requirements 4.0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ems-i.com:80/GMS/gms.html|title=GMS 4.0|publisher=EMSI|accessdate=March 5, 2018|archivedate=October 11, 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011202209/http://www.ems-i.com:80/GMS/gms.html}}</ref> Development of GMS—along with ] and ]—was transferred to ] when it formed in April 2007.<ref name="emrl">{{cite web|url=http://emrl.byu.edu/ |title=The Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory |publisher=] |date=3 May 2012 |accessdate=9 September 2013 |archivedate=19 February 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6fQCLUwKg?url=http://emrl.byu.edu/ |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>
GMS was initially developed by the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at ] (later renamed in September 1998 to ''Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory'' or EMRL) in the late 1980s on ] workstations. The development of GMS was funded primarily by The ] and is still known as the ''] Groundwater Modeling System'' or ''DoD GMS''. It was later ] to ] platforms in the mid 1990s. Version 3.1 was the last supported version for ], ], ], and ] platforms.


A study published in the ''Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics'' in August 2000 stated that "GMS provides an interface to the groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, and the contaminant transport model, MT3D. MODFLOW is a three-dimensional, cell-centered, finite-difference, saturated-flow model capable of both steady-state and transient analyses...These two models, when put together, provide a comprehensive tool for examining groundwater flow and nitrate transport and accumulation".<ref name="morgan coggins eidman 2000">{{Cite journal |last1=Morgan |first1=Cynthia L. |last2=Coggins |first2=Jay S. | last3=Eidman |first3=Vernon R. |title=Tradable Permits for Controlling Nitrates in Groundwater at the Farm Level: A Conceptual Model |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=249–258 |date=August 2000}}</ref> The study was designed to help develop a "permit scheme to effectively manage nitrate pollution of groundwater supplies for communities in rural areas without hindering agricultural production in watersheds".<ref name="morgan coggins eidman 2000"/>
In April 2007, the main software development team at EMRL entered private enterprise as ], ], and continue to develop GMS and other software products, such as ] (Watershed Modeling System) and ] (Surface-water Modeling System).


==Version history==
==Examples of GMS implementation==
{{Version |t |show=11100}}
*Using GMS, a methodology has been utilized for development of conceptual groundwater flow model in which spatially distributed values for groundwater recharge for Pali Area, India. To accomplish this, “Groundwater Modeling System (GMS), which is a comprehensive groundwater modeling environment, was used with GIS based graphical preprocessing tools to automate and streamline the modeling process” (Signhal and Goyal, 1990). GMS was praised for “seamlessly interfac with MODFLOW and several other preeminent groundwater models, … provid advanced graphical features for viewing and calibrating model results” (Signhal and Goyal, 1990). The authors created seven types of coverage using several GMS tools.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
*Using GMS, a production model, and a soil model facilitated the development of a “marketable permit scheme that can effectively manage nitrate pollution of groundwater supplies for communities in rural areas without hindering agricultural production in watersheds” (Morgan, Coggins, and Eidman, 249) The cost of drinking water is increasing due to nitrate contamination of domestic and municipal well water supplies. Specifically, “GMS provides an interface to the groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, and the contaminant transport model, MT3D. MODFLOW is a three-dimensional, cell-centered, finite-difference, saturated-flow model capable of both steady-state and transient analyses. … These two models, when put together, provide a comprehensive tool for examining groundwater flow and nitrate transport and accumulation” (Morgan, Coggins, and Eidman, 252). With the use of GMS, “the contamination problem from a nonpoint source to a point-source problem,” thus “illustrating the importance of incorporating tools from other disciplines to initiate new avenues of economic research on the problem of groundwater contamination from agricultural production” (Morgan, Coggins, and Eidman, 258).<ref>{{Citation |last1=Morgan |first1=Cynthia L. |last2=Coggins |first2=Jay S. | last3=Eidman |first3=Vernon R. |title=Tradable Permits for Controlling Nitrates in Groundwater at the Farm Level: A Conceptual Model |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=249–258 |date=August 2000}}</ref>
|+ GMS Release History
*The shifts in the San Pedro Basin's water budget over the past century "have been assessed using a modified version of an existing hydrological model of the San Pedro Basin (Goode and Maddock, 2000)" that was developed using GMS. A "three dimensional finite difference transient groundwater-surface water flow model of the study area developed using Groundwater Modeling System (GMS, 2007), a GIS based pre- and post-processor that employs MODFLOW" (Serrat-Capdevila, et al., 57) This model was employed "to simulate the hydrology of the current century, from 2000 to 2100, under different climate scenarios and model estimates" (Serrat-Capdevila, et al., 48). The study's results, based on the GMS-derived model, "provide a basis for the inclusion of representative climate scenarios into the basin's existing decision support system model" (Serrat-Capdevila, et al., 48).<ref>{{Citation |last=Serrat-Capdevila |first=Aleix|title=Modeling climate change impacts--and uncertainty-–on the hydrology of a riparian system: The San Pedro Basin (Arizona/Sonora) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=347 |pages=48–66 |date=2007|display-authors=etal |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.08.028}}</ref>
|-
*Many resources such as GMS “may be used to build a conceptual understanding of flow in the system, including drilling data, well tests, geophysical surveys, tracer tests, and spring gaging” (Quinn, Tomasko, and Kuiper, 343). For this study, "MODFLOW model construction was facilitated using the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS)" (Quinn, Tomasko, and Kuiper, 348). MODFLOW runs within GMS allowed the automatic calculation of model fluxes. GMS proved useful even though “the drain feature in MODFLOW was originally developed to simulate agricultural drainage tiles that remove water from an aquifer” (Quinn, Tomasko, and Kuiper, 347). With the aid of the GMS-developed MODFLOW model, the authors were able to create "a method of numerically modeling the heterogeneities of flow in a karst environment by assigning sequences of adjacent model cells with drains to simulate conduits" (Quinn, Tomasko, and Kuiper, 349). Hence, "with improved coverage of site data… an interpretive model such as this could evolve into a more effective tool for testing conceptual models, identifying data gaps, assessing water resources, or comparing remediation scenarios."<ref>{{Citation |last1=Quinn |first1=John J. |last2=Tomasko |first2=David |last3=Kuiper |first3=James A. |title=Modeling complex flow in a karst aquifer |journal=Sedimentary Geology |volume=184 |pages=343–351 |date=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.009}}</ref>
! Date Released
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Name
! Version
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Comments
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | References
<!--
|-
| {{dts|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| NAME
| {{Version |o |1.0}}
|
|
-->
|-
| {{dts|1994|12|}}
| Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System
| {{Version |o |1.0}}
| Supported meshes, grids, geostats, ] (MODFLOW 88), and FEMWATER
|<ref name="gms version history">{{cite web|url=https://www.xmswiki.com/GMS:Version_History|title=GMS:Version History|publisher=]|date=August 8, 2017|accessdate=March 5, 2018|archivedate=March 5, 2018|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6xhaNQ2UA}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1995|03|}}
| Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System
| {{Version |o |1.1}}
| Support added for ]
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|08|}}
| Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System
| {{Version |o |1.2}}
|
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|06|}}
| Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System
| {{Version |o |2.0}}
| Map module added, support added for ], MODPATH, and updates for FEMWATER
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|03|}}
| Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System
| {{Version |o |2.1}}
| Support added for ] and RT3D
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|09|}}
| Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System
| {{Version |o |3.0}}
| Support added for SEAM3D
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2000|09|}}
| Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System
| {{Version |o |3.1}}
| Standard Windows icons added to the ], support added for ] (PEST & ]), UTCHEM, ], ]
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|10|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |o |4.0}}
| Project Explorer added to GUI, cross section editor added, support added for ], ], ], and T-PROGS
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|01|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |o |5.0}}
| Support added for MODAEM
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
|
| GMS
| {{Version |o |5.1}}
| Support added for ], conceptual model objects, and coverage attribute tables
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|07|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |o |6.0}}
| Support for ] rendering, MODFLOW stored in files rather than in memory
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|12|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |o |6.5}}
| First version released by ]. Support added for ] and ]
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|08|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |o |7.0}}
| Compatible with ]. Support export in Arc Hydro Groundwater (AHGW) format, updated MODFLOW support, added support for MODPATH 5, removed ART3D interface
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|02|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |o |7.1}}
| Updated MODFLOW package and UTEXAS feature support, added Parallel PEST (including SVD and SVD-Assist with PEST), changed GMS logo
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|03|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |o |8.0}}
| Added support for ] and ], updated MODFLOW-2000, MT3DMS, and T-PROGS support, improved OpenGL speed and general GUI
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|09|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |o |8.1}}
| ] version of GMS released, improved speed of MODFLOW saving and importing, updated FEMWATER, annotations, and ]
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|02|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |o |8.2}}
| Added support for ZONEBUDGET and MODFLOW NWT and DE4, major update to most models and libraries
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|07|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |co |8.3}}
| Added feature allowing users to report bugs within GMS.
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|11|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |co |9.0}}
| Current GMS logo released.
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|05|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |co |9.1}}
|
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|11|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |co |9.2}}
|
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|07|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |co |10.0}}
|
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2016|02}}
| GMS
| {{Version |co |10.1}}
|
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2016|10|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |co |10.2}}
|
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|-
| {{dts|2017|08|}}
| GMS
| {{Version |c |10.3}}
|
|<ref name="gms version history"/>
|}


==References== ==Reception==
A 2001 report prepared for the Iowa Comprehensive Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Fund Board stated that GMS was "a very user-friendly software package with strong technical support."<ref name="tier 3 final">{{cite web|url=http://www.iowadnr.gov/portals/idnr/uploads/ust/tier3final.pdf|page=12|title=Evaluation of Computer Software Packages for RBCA Tier-3 Analysis|first1=You-Kuan|last1=Zhang|first2=Byong-min|last2=Seo|first3=Nanh|last3=Lovanh|first4=Pedro J. J.|last4=Alvarez|first5=Richard|last5=Heathcote|publisher=AON Risk Services, Inc. and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources|date=July 2001|accessdate=March 6, 2018|archivedate=March 6, 2018|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6xixSR4Ba}}</ref> Raymond H. Johnson, a hydrogeologist with the ], called GMS 6.0 "a useful all around groundwater modeling package that offers the advantages of modular purchases, multiple model support, linkages to ArcGIS, conceptual model development, and integrated inversion routines."<ref name="johnson gms 6 review">{{cite web|url=http://igwmc.mines.edu/software/igwmcsoft/GMS_Review.html|title=Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) 6.0|publisher=Integrated GroundWater Modeling Center at the ]|date=January 2007|first=Raymond H.|last=Johnson|accessdate=March 6, 2018|archivedate=March 6, 2018|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6xitsnvBf}}</ref> A 2006 report from the ] in ] called GMS "the most sophisticated groundwater modeling software available".<ref name="cnwra gms 6 review">{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0624/ML062430506.pdf|title=Software Validation Test Plan and Report for Scientific and Engineering Software—Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) Version 6.0|format=PDF|first1=Anna|last1=Buseman-Williams|first2=Alexander Y.|last2=Sun|date=July 2006|accessdate=March 6, 2018|publisher=]|location=]}}</ref>
* {{cite journal |last=Owen |first=S.J. |author2=Jones, N.L. |author3=Holland, J.P. |year=1996 |title=A comprehensive modeling environment for the simulation of groundwater flow and transport |journal=Engineering with Computers |volume=12 |pages=235–242 |doi=10.1007/BF01198737 |issue=3–4 }}


==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|30em}}


==External links== ==External links==
* – DoD GMS white paper
*, software developers
* – commercial distribution and training
*
*
* *


] ]
] ]
]

Revision as of 18:19, 21 March 2018

For other uses, see GMS.
GMS
Developer(s)Aquaveo
Stable release10.3.6 / March 21, 2018; 6 years ago (2018-03-21)
Operating systemMicrosoft Windows
TypeHydrogeology software
LicenseProprietary
WebsiteOfficial website

GMS (Groundwater Modeling System) is water modeling application for building and simulating groundwater models. It features 2D and 3D geostatistics, stratigraphic modeling and a unique conceptual model approach. Currently supported models include MODFLOW, MODPATH, MT3DMS, RT3D, FEMWATER, SEEP2D, and UTEXAS.

Version 6 introduced the use of XMDF (eXtensible Model Data Format), which is a compatible extension of HDF5. The purpose of this is to allow internal storage and management of data in a single HDF file, rather than using many flat files.

History

GMS was initially developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s on Unix workstations by the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at Brigham Young University. The development of GMS was funded primarily by The United States Army Corps of Engineers and was known—until version 4.0, released in late 1999—as the Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System, or DoD GMS. It was ported to Microsoft Windows in the mid 1990s. Version 3.1 was the last version that supported HP-UX, IRIX, OSF/1, and Solaris platforms. Development of GMS—along with WMS and SMS—was transferred to Aquaveo when it formed in April 2007.

A study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics in August 2000 stated that "GMS provides an interface to the groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, and the contaminant transport model, MT3D. MODFLOW is a three-dimensional, cell-centered, finite-difference, saturated-flow model capable of both steady-state and transient analyses...These two models, when put together, provide a comprehensive tool for examining groundwater flow and nitrate transport and accumulation". The study was designed to help develop a "permit scheme to effectively manage nitrate pollution of groundwater supplies for communities in rural areas without hindering agricultural production in watersheds".

Version history

Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained Current stable version Latest preview version Future release
GMS Release History
Date Released Name Version Comments References
December 1994 Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0 Supported meshes, grids, geostats, MODFLOW (MODFLOW 88), and FEMWATER
March 1995 Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1 Support added for MT3D
August 1995 Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System Old version, no longer maintained: 1.2
June 1996 Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 Map module added, support added for conceptual modeling, MODPATH, and updates for FEMWATER
March 1998 Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System Old version, no longer maintained: 2.1 Support added for SEEP2D and RT3D
September 1999 Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 Support added for SEAM3D
September 2000 Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System Old version, no longer maintained: 3.1 Standard Windows icons added to the GUI, support added for parameter estimation (PEST & UCODE), UTCHEM, MODFLOW-96, orthogonal view
October 2002 GMS Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0 Project Explorer added to GUI, cross section editor added, support added for stochastic modeling, horizons, MODFLOW-000, and T-PROGS
January 2004 GMS Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0 Support added for MODAEM
GMS Old version, no longer maintained: 5.1 Support added for GIS, conceptual model objects, and coverage attribute tables
July 2005 GMS Old version, no longer maintained: 6.0 Support for OpenGL rendering, MODFLOW stored in files rather than in memory
December 2007 GMS Old version, no longer maintained: 6.5 First version released by Aquaveo. Support added for UTEXAS and HDF5
August 2009 GMS Old version, no longer maintained: 7.0 Compatible with Windows Vista. Support export in Arc Hydro Groundwater (AHGW) format, updated MODFLOW support, added support for MODPATH 5, removed ART3D interface
February 2010 GMS Old version, no longer maintained: 7.1 Updated MODFLOW package and UTEXAS feature support, added Parallel PEST (including SVD and SVD-Assist with PEST), changed GMS logo
March 2011 GMS Old version, no longer maintained: 8.0 Added support for MODFLOW-2005 and SEAWAT, updated MODFLOW-2000, MT3DMS, and T-PROGS support, improved OpenGL speed and general GUI
September 2011 GMS Old version, no longer maintained: 8.1 64-bit version of GMS released, improved speed of MODFLOW saving and importing, updated FEMWATER, annotations, and Global Mapper
February 2012 GMS Old version, no longer maintained: 8.2 Added support for ZONEBUDGET and MODFLOW NWT and DE4, major update to most models and libraries
July 2012 GMS Old version, yet still maintained: 8.3 Added feature allowing users to report bugs within GMS.
November 2012 GMS Old version, yet still maintained: 9.0 Current GMS logo released.
May 2013 GMS Old version, yet still maintained: 9.1
November 2013 GMS Old version, yet still maintained: 9.2
July 2014 GMS Old version, yet still maintained: 10.0
February 2016 GMS Old version, yet still maintained: 10.1
October 2016 GMS Old version, yet still maintained: 10.2
August 2017 GMS Current stable version: 10.3

Reception

A 2001 report prepared for the Iowa Comprehensive Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Fund Board stated that GMS was "a very user-friendly software package with strong technical support." Raymond H. Johnson, a hydrogeologist with the US Geological Survey, called GMS 6.0 "a useful all around groundwater modeling package that offers the advantages of modular purchases, multiple model support, linkages to ArcGIS, conceptual model development, and integrated inversion routines." A 2006 report from the Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses in San Antonio, Texas called GMS "the most sophisticated groundwater modeling software available".

References

  1. Owen, Steven J.; Jones, Norman L.; Holland, Jeffery P. (September 1996). "A comprehensive modeling environment for the simulation of groundwater flow and transport". Engineering with Computers. 12 (3–4): 235–242. doi:10.1007/BF01198737. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2018.
  2. "Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory". Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at Brigham Young University. Archived from the original on April 21, 1999. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  3. "GMS 4.0". Scientific Software Group. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  4. "System Requirements - GMS 3.1". EMSI. Archived from the original on December 8, 2000. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  5. "GMS 4.0". EMSI. Archived from the original on October 11, 2003. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  6. "The Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory". Brigham Young University. 3 May 2012. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Morgan, Cynthia L.; Coggins, Jay S.; Eidman, Vernon R. (August 2000). "Tradable Permits for Controlling Nitrates in Groundwater at the Farm Level: A Conceptual Model". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics. 32 (2): 249–258.
  8. ^ "GMS:Version History". Aquaveo. August 8, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  9. Zhang, You-Kuan; Seo, Byong-min; Lovanh, Nanh; Alvarez, Pedro J. J.; Heathcote, Richard (July 2001). "Evaluation of Computer Software Packages for RBCA Tier-3 Analysis". AON Risk Services, Inc. and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  10. Johnson, Raymond H. (January 2007). "Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) 6.0". Integrated GroundWater Modeling Center at the Colorado School of Mines. Archived from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  11. Buseman-Williams, Anna; Sun, Alexander Y. (July 2006). "Software Validation Test Plan and Report for Scientific and Engineering Software—Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) Version 6.0" (PDF). San Antonio, Texas: Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses. Retrieved March 6, 2018.

External links

Categories: