East Frisian Low Saxon: Difference between revisions

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			{{Short description\|West Low German dialect}}
	{{Distinguish\|East Frisian language}}		{{Distinguish\|East Frisian language}}
	{{Cleanup bare URLs\|date=September 2022}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|name=East Frisian Low ~~German~~		\| name = East Frisian Low Saxon
	\|altname=East Frisian Low ~~Saxon~~		\| altname = East Frisian Low German<br/> East Frisian
			\| nativename = ''Oostfräisk'',<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://oostfraeisk.org/\|title=Oostfräisk woordenbauk - Ostfriesisches Wörterbuch\|website=oostfraeisk.org}}</ref> ''Oostfreesk'', dat ostfräske Plattdüts<ref>Dat näie Testament in dat ostfräske Plattdüts öferset't van O. Boekhoff. Pastor in Loga'', Aurich, </ref>
	\|nativename=''Ōstfräisk''<ref>https://oostfraeisk.org</ref>
	\|states=]		\| states = ]
	\|region=]		\| region = ]
			\| speakers = 200,000
	\|speakers=230,000 in East Frisia (Lower Saxony) Germany, <br />{{sigfig\|3,120\|1}} in other countries
	\|date=no ~~date~~		\| date = 2015
			\| ref = e25
	\|ref=<!--don't update to e18 w/o date-->e17
	\|speakers2=~~mainly~~ ~~older~~ adults		\| speakers2 = mainly adults
	\|familycolor=Indo-European		\| familycolor = Indo-European
	\|fam2=]		\| fam2 = ]
	\|fam3=]		\| fam3 = ]
	\|fam4=]		\| fam4 = ]
	\|fam5=]		\| fam5 = ]
	\|fam6=]		\| fam6 = ]<ref name="Sprachminderheiten" />
			\| fam7 = ]<ref name="Sprachminderheiten">Reinhard Goltz, Andrea Kleene, ''Niederdeutsch'', in: ''Handbuch der Sprachminderheiten in Deutschland'', edited by Rahel Beyer, Albrecht Plewnia, Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, Tübingen, 2020, p. 171ff., here p. 191</ref>
	\|fam7=]
	\|fam8=]		\| fam8 = ]
	\|iso2=frs		\| iso2 = frs
	\|iso3=frs<!--this is intended to be for the Low ~~Saxon~~ variety, despite the confusing wording in E17-->		\| iso3 = frs<!--this is intended to be for the Low German variety, despite the confusing wording in E17-->
	\|glotto=east2288		\| glotto = east2288
	\|glottorefname=East Frisian Low Saxon<!-- Glottolog's current name for language code east2288. Glottolog 'German Northern Low Saxon' corresponds to WP article 'Northern Low Saxon' -->		\| glottorefname = East Frisian Low Saxon<!-- Glottolog's current name for language code east2288. Glottolog 'German Northern Low Saxon' corresponds to WP article 'Northern Low Saxon' -->
	\|notice=IPA		\| notice = IPA
	}}		}}

	'''East Frisian Low ~~German~~''' or '''East Frisian Low ~~Saxon~~''' is ~~one~~ of ~~the~~ ~~] dialects,~~ a ] ] spoken in the ]n peninsula of northwestern ]. It is used quite frequently in everyday speech there. About half of the East Frisian population in the coastal region uses the language. A number of individuals, despite not being active speakers of Low Saxon, are able to understand it to some extent. However, both active and passive language skills are in a state of decrease.		'''East Frisian Low Saxon''', '''East Frisian Low German''' or simply called '''East Frisian''' is a ] dialect spoken in the ]n peninsula of northwestern ].

			It is used quite frequently in everyday speech there.{{citation needed\|date=December 2023}} About half of the East Frisian population in the coastal region uses the language.{{citation needed\|date=December 2023}} A number of individuals, despite not being active speakers of East Frisian Low Saxon, are able to understand it to some extent. However, both active and passive language skills are in a state of decrease.
	East Frisian Low Saxon is not to be confused with the ]; the latter, spoken by about 2,000 individuals in the Saterland region, is a ], not ].

			East Frisian Low Saxon is not to be confused with the ]; the latter, spoken by about 2,000 individuals in the Saterland region, is a ], not ].
	There are several dialects in East Frisian Low Saxon. There are two main groups of dialects. The dialects in the east, called ], are strongly influenced by ] of ]. The western dialects are closer to the Low Saxon Language spoken in the ] province of ], ].<ref></ref>

			There are several dialects in East Frisian Low Saxon. There are two main groups of dialects. The dialects in the east, called ], are strongly influenced by ] of ]. The western dialects are closer to the Low Saxon Language spoken in the ] province of ], ].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.bis.uni-oldenburg.de/bisverlag/hv1/9a2-fort.pdf\|title=Marron C. Fort: ''Niederdeutsch und Friesisch zwischen Lauwerzee und Weser''}}</ref>
	East Frisian Low Saxon differs from Northern Low Saxon in several aspects, which are often linked to Frisian heritage. The language originally spoken in East Frisia and Groningen was Frisian, so the current Low Saxon dialects of East Frisia, as part of the ] dialects, build on a Frisian substrate which has led to a large amount of unique lexical, syntactic, and phonological items which differ from other Low Saxon variants. Some Old Frisian vocabulary is still in active speech today.

			East Frisian Low Saxon differs from other Northern Low Saxon dialects in several aspects, which are often linked to Frisian heritage. The language originally spoken in East Frisia and Groningen was Frisian, so the current Low German dialects of East Frisia, as part of the dialects, build on a Frisian substrate which has led to a large amount of unique lexical, syntactic, and phonological items which differ from other Low Saxon variants. Some Old Frisian vocabulary is still in active speech today.{{citation needed\|date=December 2023}}
	East Frisian features frequent use of diminutives, as in the ], e.g. ''kluntje'' ‘lump of ]’. In many cases, diminutives of names, especially female ones, have become names of their own. For example: ''Antje'' (from Anna), ''Trīntje'' (from Trina = Katharina) etc.

			East Frisian features frequent use of diminutives, as in the ], e.g. ''{{lang\|frs\|kluntje}}'' ‘lump of ]’. In many cases, diminutives of names, especially female ones, have become names of their own. For example: ''Antje'' (from Anna), ''Triintje'' (from Trina = Katharina) etc.

	The dialects spoken in East Frisia are closely related to those spoken in the Dutch province of Groningen (], Grünnigs) and in Northern Drenthe (Noordenvelds). The biggest difference seems to be that of loanwords (from Dutch or German, resp.).{{citation needed\|date=October 2016}}		The dialects spoken in East Frisia are closely related to those spoken in the Dutch province of Groningen (], Grünnigs) and in Northern Drenthe (Noordenvelds). The biggest difference seems to be that of loanwords (from Dutch or German, resp.).{{citation needed\|date=October 2016}}
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	!East Frisian Low Saxon\|\|Gronings\|\|West Frisian\|\|Northern Low Saxon\|\|English		!East Frisian Low Saxon\|\|Gronings\|\|West Frisian\|\|Northern Low Saxon\|\|English
	\|-		\|-
	\|höör {{IPA\|\|}}\|\|heur {{IPA\|}}\|\|har\|\|ehr {{IPA\|}}\|\|''her''		\|höör/hör {{IPA\|\|}}\|\|heur {{IPA\|}}\|\|har\|\|ehr {{IPA\|}}\|\|''her''
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~mōj~~ {{IPA\|}}\|\|mooi {{IPA\|}}\|\|moai\|\|scheun {{IPA\|}}\|\|''beautiful, nice, fine''		\|mooj/mooi {{IPA\|}}\|\|mooi {{IPA\|}}\|\|moai\|\|scheun {{IPA\|}}\|\|''beautiful, nice, fine''
	\|-		\|-
	\|was {{IPA\|}}\|\|was {{IPA\|}}\|\|wie\|\|wer {{IPA\|}}\|\|''was''		\|was {{IPA\|}}\|\|was {{IPA\|}}\|\|wie\|\|wer {{IPA\|}}\|\|''was''
	\|-		\|-
	\|geböören {{IPA\|}}\|\|gebeurn {{IPA\|}}\|\|barre\|\|passeern {{IPA\|}}\|\|''to happen''		\|geböören/geböhren ''(])'' {{IPA\|}}\|\|gebeurn {{IPA\|}}\|\|barre\|\|passeern {{IPA\|}}\|\|''to happen''
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~prōten~~ {{IPA\|}}\|\|proaten {{IPA\|}}\|\|prate\|\|snakken {{IPA\|}}\|\|''to talk''		\|prooten/proten {{IPA\|}}\|\|proaten {{IPA\|}}\|\|prate\|\|snakken {{IPA\|}}\|\|''to talk''
	\|}		\|}

	The standard greeting is ] (moi in Gronings), used 24 hours a day.		The standard greeting is ] (moi in Gronings), used 24 hours a day.{{Citation needed\|date=January 2024}}

			==Phonology==
			===Consonants===
			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
			!colspan="2" \|
			!\|]
			!\|]
			!\|]
			!\|]
			!\|]
			!\|]
			!\|]
			\|-
			!colspan="2" \|]
			\|{{IPA link\|m}}
			\|{{IPA link\|n}}
			\|
			\|
			\|{{IPA link\|ŋ}}
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			!rowspan="2"\|]
			!\|<small>]</small>
			\|{{IPA link\|p}}
			\|{{IPA link\|t}}
			\|
			\|
			\|{{IPA link\|k}}
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			!\|<small>]</small>
			\|{{IPA link\|b}}
			\|{{IPA link\|d}}
			\|
			\|
			\|{{IPA link\|ɡ}}
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			!rowspan="2"\|]
			!\|<small>]</small>
			\|{{IPA link\|f}}
			\|{{IPA link\|s}}
			\|
			\|{{IPA link\|ç}}
			\|
			\|{{IPA link\|χ}}
			\|{{IPA link\|h}}
			\|-
			!\|<small>]</small>
			\|{{IPA link\|v}}
			\|{{IPA link\|z}}
			\|
			\|{{IPA link\|ʝ}}
			\|
			\|{{IPA link\|ʁ}}
			\|
			\|-
			!rowspan="2" \|]
			!\|<small>]</small>
			\|
			\|
			\|{{IPA link\|ɻ}}
			\|
			\|{{IPA link\|w}}
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			!\|<small>]</small>
			\|
			\|{{IPA link\|l}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|}<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://oostfraeisk.org/\|title=Ōstfräisk wōrdenbauk - Ostfriesisches Wörterbuch\|website=oostfraeisk.org}}</ref>

			==Orthography==
			East Frisian Low Saxon has two orthographies which are well known. One is developed by the Ostfriesische Landschaft, which is based on the orthography by ].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/PLATTDEUTSCHBUERO/TEXTDATEIEN/Schrievregels_neei_2014-03-20.pdf\|title=''Schreibregeln der ostfriesischen Landschaft''}}</ref> The Ostfriesische Landschaft uses this spelling for all of their projects, and to promote the dialect. It is considered to also be a cross di-dialect compromise writing, to provide materials in Low German for outside of the East Frisian Low Saxon dialect speaking area, and is recognized by the government of ].

			However, a newer, more phonetic orthography was developed in 1975 by Holger Weigelt, since he expressed concerns that the grammatical structures and character of East Frisian Low Saxon would not be presented well under the Sass-based spelling. This orthography is used fully by the Jungfräiske Mäinskup, which promotes the dialect and provides learning materials in this spelling. They also recognize East Frisian Low Saxon as its own Friso-Saxon language. The Incubator Misplaced Pages for East Frisian Low Saxon along with the examples of the dialect in this page are also in this spelling.

	==External links==		==External links==
	*		*
	*		*
	*		*
			*
	*
			*
	*
			*

	==Notes==		==Notes==
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	{{incubator\|frs}}		{{incubator\|frs}}

	{{Languages of the Benelux}}		{{Languages of the Benelux}}
	{{Germanic languages}}		{{Germanic languages}}
			{{Frisian languages}}
	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}

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	]		]
	]		]
			]

Latest revision as of 10:12, 23 December 2024

West Low German dialect Not to be confused with East Frisian language. ‹ The template Infobox language is being considered for merging. ›

East Frisian Low Saxon
East Frisian Low German East Frisian
Oostfräisk, Oostfreesk, dat ostfräske Plattdüts
Native to	Germany
Region	East Frisia
Native speakers	200,000 (2015) mainly adults
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Low German West Low German Northern Low Saxon Friso-Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon
Language codes
ISO 639-2	`frs`
ISO 639-3	`frs`
Glottolog	`east2288`
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

East Frisian Low Saxon, East Frisian Low German or simply called East Frisian is a Northern Low Saxon dialect spoken in the East Frisian peninsula of northwestern Lower Saxony.

It is used quite frequently in everyday speech there. About half of the East Frisian population in the coastal region uses the language. A number of individuals, despite not being active speakers of East Frisian Low Saxon, are able to understand it to some extent. However, both active and passive language skills are in a state of decrease.

East Frisian Low Saxon is not to be confused with the East Frisian language; the latter, spoken by about 2,000 individuals in the Saterland region, is a Frisian language, not Low German.

There are several dialects in East Frisian Low Saxon. There are two main groups of dialects. The dialects in the east, called Harlinger Platt, are strongly influenced by Northern Low Saxon of Oldenburg. The western dialects are closer to the Low Saxon Language spoken in the Dutch province of Groningen, Gronings.

East Frisian Low Saxon differs from other Northern Low Saxon dialects in several aspects, which are often linked to Frisian heritage. The language originally spoken in East Frisia and Groningen was Frisian, so the current Low German dialects of East Frisia, as part of the dialects, build on a Frisian substrate which has led to a large amount of unique lexical, syntactic, and phonological items which differ from other Low Saxon variants. Some Old Frisian vocabulary is still in active speech today.

East Frisian features frequent use of diminutives, as in the Dutch language, e.g. kluntje ‘lump of rock sugar’. In many cases, diminutives of names, especially female ones, have become names of their own. For example: Antje (from Anna), Triintje (from Trina = Katharina) etc.

The dialects spoken in East Frisia are closely related to those spoken in the Dutch province of Groningen (Grunnegs, Grünnigs) and in Northern Drenthe (Noordenvelds). The biggest difference seems to be that of loanwords (from Dutch or German, resp.).

Examples
East Frisian Low Saxon	Gronings	West Frisian	Northern Low Saxon	English
höör/hör	heur	har	ehr	her
mooj/mooi	mooi	moai	scheun	beautiful, nice, fine
was	was	wie	wer	was
geböören/geböhren (imp.)	gebeurn	barre	passeern	to happen
prooten/proten	proaten	prate	snakken	to talk

The standard greeting is Moin (moi in Gronings), used 24 hours a day.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m	n			ŋ
Plosive	Voiceless	p	t			k
Plosive	Voiced	b	d			ɡ
Fricative	Voiceless	f	s		ç		χ	h
Fricative	Voiced	v	z		ʝ		ʁ
Approximant	Central			ɻ		w
Approximant	Lateral		l

Orthography

East Frisian Low Saxon has two orthographies which are well known. One is developed by the Ostfriesische Landschaft, which is based on the orthography by Johannes Sass. The Ostfriesische Landschaft uses this spelling for all of their projects, and to promote the dialect. It is considered to also be a cross di-dialect compromise writing, to provide materials in Low German for outside of the East Frisian Low Saxon dialect speaking area, and is recognized by the government of Lower Saxony.

However, a newer, more phonetic orthography was developed in 1975 by Holger Weigelt, since he expressed concerns that the grammatical structures and character of East Frisian Low Saxon would not be presented well under the Sass-based spelling. This orthography is used fully by the Jungfräiske Mäinskup, which promotes the dialect and provides learning materials in this spelling. They also recognize East Frisian Low Saxon as its own Friso-Saxon language. The Incubator Misplaced Pages for East Frisian Low Saxon along with the examples of the dialect in this page are also in this spelling.

External links

Notes

"Oostfräisk woordenbauk - Ostfriesisches Wörterbuch". oostfraeisk.org.
Dat näie Testament in dat ostfräske Plattdüts öferset't van O. Boekhoff. Pastor in Loga, Aurich,
^ Reinhard Goltz, Andrea Kleene, Niederdeutsch, in: Handbuch der Sprachminderheiten in Deutschland, edited by Rahel Beyer, Albrecht Plewnia, Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, Tübingen, 2020, p. 171ff., here p. 191
East Frisian Low Saxon at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
"Marron C. Fort: Niederdeutsch und Friesisch zwischen Lauwerzee und Weser" (PDF).
"Ōstfräisk wōrdenbauk - Ostfriesisches Wörterbuch". oostfraeisk.org.
"Schreibregeln der ostfriesischen Landschaft" (PDF).

v t e Languages and dialects of Benelux
Dutch Brabantian Central Dutch Hollandic East Flemish Kleverlandish West Flemish Zeelandic Stadsfries English French Belgian French Champenois Lorrain Picard Walloon High German Standard High German Ripuarian Limburgish Low German Northern Low Saxon Gronings Westphalian Achterhoeks Drèents Sallands Stellingwarfs Tweants Urkers Veluws Luxembourgish Papiamento West Frisian
Sign languages	Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT
Languages of Belgium Languages of the Netherlands Languages of Luxembourg

Germanic languages

According to contemporary philology

West

Anglo-Frisian

Anglic

English
- dialects
- Old English
- Middle English
- Modern English
  - Early Modern English
Irish Middle English
- Fingallian
- Kildare
- Yola
Scots
- Early Scots
- Middle Scots

Frisian

Historical forms	Old Frisian Middle Frisian
East Frisian	Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian
North Frisian	Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde
West Frisian	Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling

Low German

Historical forms	Old Saxon Middle Low German
West Low German	Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Eastphalian Westphalian
East Low German	Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German

Low Franconian

Historical forms	Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch
Standard variants	Dutch Afrikaans (Kaaps)
West Low Franconian	Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries/Bildts/Amelands/Midslands
East Low Franconian	Limburgish
Cover groups	Bergish Meuse-Rhenish

High German
(German)

Historical forms

Old High German
Middle High German
New High German
- Early New High German

Standard German

Non-standard variants
and creoles

Central German

West Central German	Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German
East Central German	Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian

Upper German

North and East

North

Historical forms	Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish
West	Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn
East	Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian
Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish

East

Gothic
- Crimean Gothic
- Ostrogoth
- Visigoth
- Gepid ?
Burgundian
Vandalic
Herulian ?
Skirian ?

Philology

Language subgroups	North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South
Reconstructed	Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language
Diachronic features	Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift
Synchronic features	Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut

Italics indicate extinct languages
Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

Frisian languages

Old Frisian
Middle Frisian

West Frisian

Westlauwers– Terschellings	Terschellings West Lauwers Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk

East Frisian

Ems	Saterland Upgant
Weser	Wangerooge Wursten Harlingerland

North Frisian

Mainland	Bökingharde (Mooring) Goesharde Karrharde Strand Halligen Wiedingharde
Insular	Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Heligolandic Sylt

Substratum dialects

Italics indicate extinct languages

Categories: