Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 23:11, 19 October 2024

2022 Portuguese legislative election

← 2019 30 January 2022 2024 →
← outgoing memberselected members →
All 230 seats in the Assembly of the Republic 116 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered	10,813,246 0.3%
Turnout	5,564,539 (51.5%) 2.9 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader António Costa Rui Rio André Ventura Party PS PSD CH Leader since 28 September 2014 18 February 2018 9 April 2019 Leader's seat Lisbon Porto Lisbon Last election 108 seats, 36.3% 79 seats, 27.8% 1 seat, 1.3% Seats won 120 77 12 Seat change 12 2 11 Popular vote 2,302,601 1,618,381 399,659 Percentage 41.4% 29.1% 7.2% Swing 5.1 pp 1.3 pp 5.9 pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader João Cotrim de Figueiredo Jerónimo de Sousa Catarina Martins Party IL PCP BE Alliance CDU Leader since 8 December 2019 27 November 2004 30 November 2014 Leader's seat Lisbon Lisbon Porto Last election 1 seat, 1.3% 12 seats, 6.3% 19 seats, 9.5% Seats won 8 6 5 Seat change 7 6 14 Popular vote 273,687 238,920 244,603 Percentage 4.9% 4.3% 4.4% Swing 3.6 pp 1.9 pp 5.1 pp   Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party   Leader Inês Sousa Real Collective leadership Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos Party PAN LIVRE CDS–PP Leader since 6 June 2021 11 August 2019 26 January 2020 Leader's seat Lisbon Lisbon Lisbon (lost) Last election 4 seats, 3.3% 1 seat, 1.1% 5 seats, 4.2% Seats won 1 1 0 Seat change 3 5 Popular vote 88,152 71,232 89,181 Percentage 1.6% 1.3% 1.6% Swing 1.7 pp 0.2 pp 2.6 pp
Vote winner strength by district Results by constituency
Prime Minister before election António Costa PS Prime Minister after election António Costa PS

Early legislative elections were held on 30 January 2022 in Portugal to elect members of the Assembly of the Republic to the 15th Legislature of the Third Portuguese Republic. All 230 seats to the Assembly of the Republic were up for election.

On 27 October 2021, the budget proposed by the Socialist minority government was rejected by the Assembly of the Republic. The Left Bloc (BE) and the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), both of whom had previously supported the government, joined the centre-right to right-wing opposition parties and rejected the budget. On 4 November 2021, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the President of Portugal, announced a snap election to be held on 30 January 2022. This election was the third national election held in Portugal during the COVID-19 pandemic - as the country held a presidential election (January) and local elections (September) in 2021 - and the fourth overall, as there was a regional election in the Azores in October 2020. The ruling national government led the local elections but suffered losses, especially in Lisbon.

The Socialist Party (PS) of incumbent Prime Minister António Costa won an unexpected majority government in the Assembly of the Republic, the second in the party's history. The PS received 41.4 percent of the vote and 120 seats, four seats above the minimum required for a majority. The PS won the most votes in all districts in mainland Portugal, only failing to win the Autonomous Region of Madeira. Political analysts considered the PS to have benefited from voters of the BE and the Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) casting their votes for the PS instead.

The Social Democratic Party (PSD) remained stable but underperformed opinion polls that had predicted a close race with the PS. The PSD won 29.1 percent of the vote, a slightly higher share than in 2019, and received 77 seats, two seats less than the previous election. The PSD was surpassed by the PS in districts like Leiria and Viseu, and lost Bragança by only 15 votes to the PS. In the aftermath of the election, party leader Rui Rio announced he would resign from the leadership.

CHEGA finished in third place, winning 12 seats and 7.2 percent of the vote. The Liberal Initiative (IL) finished in fourth place, winning 8 seats and 4.9 percent of the vote. Both parties experienced a surge of voters and made gains this election, though CHEGA received 100,000 fewer votes than its leader had received in the previous year's presidential election, an election in which turnout was lower.

The BE and CDU both suffered significant losses, being surpassed by the IL and CHEGA. Their rejection of the 2022 budget was considered to be a factor in losing votes and seats, along with tactical voting. The BE won 5 seats and 4.4 percent of the vote. CDU won 6 seats and 4.3 percent of the vote, while losing seats in Évora and Santarém districts. The Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) lost all their seats for the first time.

The CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP) lost all their seats for the first time, receiving 1.6 percent of the vote. Party leader Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos announced his resignation. People Animals Nature (PAN) suffered losses as well, winning 1 seat and 1.6 percent of the vote, 3 fewer seats than in the previous election. LIVRE won 1 seat and received 1.3 percent of the vote, holding on to the single seat they won in the previous election, with party leader Rui Tavares being elected in Lisbon.

The voter turnout grew, compared with the previous election, with 51.5 percent of registered voters casting a ballot, despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal.

After controversies and accusations because of the counting of overseas ballots, the Constitutional Court forced the repetition of the election in the Europe constituency, which elects two MPs. Therefore, the swearing in of the new Parliament and Government was delayed by a month and a half. The rerun of the election in the overseas constituency of Europe occurred, for in person voting, on 12 and 13 March 2022, and postal ballots were received until 23 March 2022. The final, certified results of the election were published in the official journal, Diário da República, on 26 March 2022.

Background

Fall of the government

The proposed budget for 2022 was rejected on 27 October 2021 by all Opposition parties, with the expection of PAN and two Independent MPs, and with the then PS minority being the only one voting in favour. Prime Minister António Costa said to Members of Parliament, in his speech before the final vote, that he would not resign and would ask for a "stable, reinforced and lasting new majority" in the early elections.

After the Parliamentary vote, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa started hearing parties and convened the Council of State, thus deciding to dissolve Parliament and call a snap election for 30 January 2022.

Leadership changes and challenges

Liberal Initiative

Early in December 2019, the Liberal Initiative (IL) elected a new leader after their previous leader, Carlos Guimarães Pinto, stepped down. Their sole MP, João Cotrim de Figueiredo, was elected as leader with 96 percent of the votes in the party's convention. The results were the following:

Social Democratic Party

The Social Democrats (PSD), the largest opposition party, held a two-round leadership election on 11 January and 18 January 2020. Three candidates were in the race: incumbent PSD leader Rui Rio, former PSD parliamentary caucus leader Luís Montenegro and current Deputy Mayor of Cascais Miguel Pinto Luz. Around 40,000 party members, out of almost 110,000, were registered to vote. In the first round, on 11 January, Rui Rio polled ahead with 49 percent of the votes against the 41.4 percent of Luís Montenegro and 9.6 percent of Miguel Pinto Luz, with both Rio and Montenegro qualifying for a second round. A week later, on 18 January, Rui Rio was re-elected as PSD leader with 53.2 percent of the votes, against the 46.8 percent of Luís Montenegro. In both rounds, turnout of registered members achieved almost 80%. The results were the following:

A leadership election in the PSD was held on 27 November 2021. The original date was 4 December 2021, but the party voted to advance the date in one week. MEP Paulo Rangel was a candidate for the leadership. He faced incumbent PSD leader Rui Rio, who announced his re-election bid on 19 October 2021. Around 46,000 party members, out of more than 85,000 active members, were registered to vote. On 27 November 2021, Rui Rio defeated Paulo Rangel by a 52.4 to 47.6 percent margin and was reelected for a 3rd term as party leader. The results were the following:

CDS – People's Party

CDS – People's Party also elected a new leader after former leader Assunção Cristas stepped down after the party's worst result ever in a general election in the 2019 elections. Five candidates were in the race: People's Youth leader Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos, current CDS MP from Aveiro João Almeida, former MP Filipe Lobo d'Ávila, Abel Matos Santos and Carlos Meira. The new leader was elected in a party congress between 25 and 26 January 2020. In that congress, in Aveiro city, Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos was elected leader with 46.4 percent of the delegates votes, against the 38.9 percent of João Almeida and 14.5 percent of Filipe Lobo d'Ávila. Abel Matos Santos and Carlos Meira had stepped down from the race, near the end of the congress but before the vote, in support of Rodrigues dos Santos. The results were the following:

People-Animals-Nature

In March 2021, the People-Animals-Nature (PAN) leader and spokesperson, André Silva, announced he was leaving the leadership of the party to dedicate more time to his family. A party congress to elect a new leader was scheduled for the weekend of 5–6 June 2021. For that leadership congress, only one candidate stepped forward, Inês Sousa Real, the party's parliamentary leader. On 6 June, Inês Sousa Real was elected as leader of PAN with 87.2 percent of the votes in the party's congress in Tomar. The results were the following:

Date

According to the Constitution of Portugal, an election must be called between 14 September and 14 October of the year that the legislature ends but can be called earlier. The election is then called by the president of Portugal, not at the sole request of the prime minister of Portugal, after listening to all of the parties represented in Parliament. The election date must be announced at least 60 days in advance if it is held as the legislature ends, but the election must be held within 55 days if it is called during an ongoing legislature (dissolution of parliament). The election day is the same in all multi-seat constituencies, and should fall on a Sunday or a national holiday. The next legislative election should have taken place no later than 8 October 2023; however, due to the rejection of the 2022 State Budget, during which the left-wing parties joined the right-wing parties and voted against the proposal, a snap election was called for 30 January 2022.

Electoral system

The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.

The number of seats assigned to each constituency depends on the district magnitude. The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.

The distribution of MPs by constituency was the following:

Constituency	Number of MPs	Map
Lisbon	48
Porto	40
Braga	19
Setúbal	18
Aveiro	16
Leiria	10
Coimbra, Faro and Santarém	9
Viseu	8
Madeira and Viana do Castelo	6
Azores and Vila Real	5
Castelo Branco	4
Beja, Bragança, Évora and Guarda	3
Portalegre, Europe and Outside Europe	2

Voting during COVID-19

In January 2022, Portugal was experiencing rising infection rates as the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant had a prevalence of 93% among variants in the country. Because of this situation, thousands of voters were likely to be in isolation on 30 January, election day. To address this situation, the government asked for legal advice regarding the issue from the Portuguese Attorney-General's Office. On 19 January, the government announced that isolated voters would be able to vote on election day and recommended that these voters cast a ballot during the last hour the polls were open, between 6pm and 7pm 30 January.

Early voting

Voters were also able to vote early, which happened on 23 January, one week before election day. Voters had to register between 16 and 20 January 2022 in order to be eligible to cast an early ballot. By the 20 January deadline, 315,785 voters had requested to vote early, a number well below expectations. On 23 January, 285,848 voters (90.5 percent of voters that requested) cast an early ballot.

Parties

Parliamentary factions

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 14th legislature (2019–2022) and that also contested the 2022 elections:

Non-represented parties

The table below lists smaller parties not represented in the Assembly of the Republic that contested the elections in at least one constituency:

Rejected

A coalition between the People's Monarchist Party (PPM) and the United Party of Retirees and Pensioners (PURP) was rejected by the Constitutional Court because of several irregularities.

Campaign period

Party slogans

Candidates' debates

With parties represented in Parliament

A total of 38 debates were scheduled for these elections. CDU leader, Jerónimo de Sousa, would only attend the debates on the main channels of each of the three main networks, RTP1, SIC and TVI. Therefore, he was absent from the debates in the news channels of the three networks, SIC Notícias, RTP3 and CNN Portugal. Shortly after, the debates between Jerónimo de Sousa and other party leaders on those cable channels, were cancelled, thus reducing the number of debates to 32. On 11 January 2022, the PCP announced that Jerónimo de Sousa would undergo urgent vascular surgery on 12 January and would be out of the campaign trail for 10 days, thus being absent in the debates. João Oliveira substituted him in the debate with PSD leader Rui Rio.

Rádio Observador organised two hour and a half debates with the head candidates for the Porto and Lisbon districts. The Porto debate aired on 11 January and the Lisbon debate aired on 14 January.

With parties not represented in Parliament

A debate between parties not represented in Parliament was also held on RTP1.

Opinion polling

Voter turnout

The table below shows voter turnout throughout election day including voters from Overseas.

Turnout	Time
	12:00			16:00			19:00
	2019	2022	±	2019	2022	±	2019	2022	±
Total	18.83%	23.27%	4.44 pp	38.59%	45.66%	7.07 pp	48.60%	51.46%	2.86 pp
Sources

Results

National summary

Summary of the 30 January 2022 Assembly of the Republic elections results

Parties		Votes	%	±pp swing	MPs					MPs %/ votes %
					2019	2022	±	%	±
	Socialist	2,302,601	41.38	5.1	108	120	12	52.17	5.2	1.26
	Social Democratic	1,539,415	27.66	1.3	74	72	2	31.30	0.8	1.13
	CHEGA	399,659	7.18	5.9	1	12	11	5.22	4.8	0.73
	Liberal Initiative	273,687	4.92	3.6	1	8	7	3.48	3.0	0.71
	Left Bloc	244,603	4.40	5.1	19	5	14	2.17	6.2	0.49
	Unitary Democratic Coalition	238,920	4.29	2.0	12	6	6	2.61	2.6	0.61
	People's	89,181	1.60	2.4	5	0	5	0.00	2.2	0.0
	People-Animals-Nature	88,152	1.58	1.7	4	1	3	0.43	1.3	0.26
	LIVRE	71,232	1.28	0.2	1	1	0	0.43	0.0	0.33
	Madeira First (PSD/CDS–PP)	50,636	0.91	0.2	3	3	0	1.30	0.0	1.43
	Democratic Alliance (PSD/CDS–PP/PPM)	28,330	0.51	0.1	2	2	0	0.87	0.0	1.71
	React, Include, Recycle	23,233	0.42	0.3	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Portuguese Workers' Communist	11,265	0.20	0.5	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	National Democratic Alternative	10,874	0.20	0.0	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Together for the People	10,786	0.19	0.0	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Earth	7,561	0.14	0.1	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Volt Portugal	6,240	0.11	—	—	0	—	0.00	—	0.0
	Socialist Alternative Movement	6,157	0.11	0.0	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Rise Up	5,043	0.09	0.2	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	We, the Citizens!	3,880	0.07	0.1	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Labour	3,533	0.06	0.1	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Alliance	2,467	0.04	0.7	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	People's Monarchist	260	0.00	0.2	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
Total valid		5,417,715	97.36	2.3	230	230	0	100.00	0	—
Blank ballots		63,103	1.13	1.4
Invalid ballots		83,721	1.50	0.9
Total		5,564,539	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		10,813,246	51.46	2.9
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Distribution by constituency

Maps

• Full results by electoral district
• Strongest party by district
• Strongest party by municipality
• Share of the Socialist Party (PS) by municipality
• Share of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) by municipality
• Share of CHEGA (CH) by municipality
• Share of the Liberal Initiative (IL) by municipality
• Share of the Left Bloc (BE) by municipality
• Share of the Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) by municipality
• Share of the CDS-People's Party (CDS-PP) by municipality
• Share of the People-Animals-Nature (PAN) by municipality
• Share of the Livre (L) by municipality

Electorate

Aftermath and reactions

The Socialist Party (PS) of incumbent prime minister António Costa won an unexpected absolute majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the second in the party's history. The PS received 41.5% of the vote and 118 seats, two above the minimum required for a majority. The PS won the most votes in all districts in mainland Portugal, only failing to win Madeira. Commentators considered the PS to have benefited from a transfer of the BE and the Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) voters to them. Costa said that his "absolute majority doesn't mean absolute power" and that he would still be open to forming a coalition, despite it no longer being a requirement to govern. He also promised reforms, saying: "The conditions have been created to carry out investments and reforms for Portugal to be more prosperous, fairer, more innovative."

The Social Democratic Party (PSD) remained stable, underperforming opinion polls that had predicted a close race with the PS. The PSD won 29 percent of the vote, a slightly higher share than in 2019, and received 77 seats, two less than the previous election. The PSD was surpassed by the PS in their strongholds, such as Leiria and Viseu, and lost Bragança by only 15 votes to the PS. In the aftermath of the election, party leader Rui Rio announced he would resign from the leadership.

CHEGA finished in third place, winning 12 seats and 7.2 percent of the vote. The Liberal Initiative (IL) finished in fourth place, winning 8 seats and 4.9 percent of the vote. Both parties experienced a surge of voters and made gains in this election. CHEGA leader André Ventura celebrated a "great night", though the party received more than 100,000 fewer votes than Ventura had received in the previous year's presidential election, an election in which turnout was lower. He blamed the PS majority on PSD leader Rio for not forming an alliance between the two right-wing parties and stated "From now on there won't be a soft opposition. We will assume the role of being the real opposition to the Socialists and restore dignity to this country." IL leader João Cotrim de Figueiredo also celebrated sufficient gains to form a parliamentary group, and said that his party would be a "firm opposition to socialism".

Both the BE and CDU suffered losses, being surpassed by the CHEGA and IL, with 5 seats and 4.4 percent of the vote; their rejection of the 2022 budget was considered to be a factor in losing votes and seats, as well as tactical voting to avoid a PSD plurality. The CDU won 6 seats and 4.3 percent of the vote, while losing seats in Évora and Santarém districts. The Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) lost all their seats for the first time. Catarina Martins of the BE blamed the PS for having created a "false crisis" that she believed had resulted in a polarised election that penalised parties to the left of the PS. She also spoke out against the gains for CHEGA. Portuguese Communist Party leader Jerónimo de Sousa made a similar statement about the PS.

The CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP) lost all their seats for the first time, receiving 1.6 percent of the vote. Party leader Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos announced his resignation. Also due to tactical voting, People Animals Nature (PAN) suffered losses, winning 1 seat and 1.6 percent of the vote, 3 fewer seats than in the previous election. PAN leader Inês Sousa Real spoke of sadness after this result, and said that an absolute majority would be bad for democracy. LIVRE won 1 seat and received 1.3 percent of the vote, holding on to the single seat they won in the previous election, with party leader Rui Tavares being elected in Lisbon. Tavares pledged to get Costa to work with other left-wing parties.

The voter turnout was the highest since the 2015 Portuguese legislative election, with 51.5 percent of registered voters casting a ballot.

Overseas ballots controversy

In this election, 257,791 ballots from overseas were received, but, during the process of counting the ballots, a controversy started. The Social Democratic Party (PSD) filed a complaint in order for the ballots with no ID card copy to be put aside. The Portuguese electoral law requires that for a ballot received by mail to be valid, it needs to be accompanied with an ID card copy of the voter (in order to confirm the identity of the voter, as the equivalent of presenting the ID to the poll workers when voting in person). The Socialist Party (PS) protested against the PSD complaint, reminding the PSD that all parties had had an informal meeting in which it had been decided that all ballots, with or without an ID card copy, would be counted and declared valid. The PSD had confirmed their position in that meeting, but announced that they had changed their mind after they were given a document stating that any such actions would be illegal. Nonetheless, the PSD and the Electoral Commission (CNE) warned and advised counting staffs to separate the ballots. But this guideline wasn't followed by several counting staffs, and by the end of the counting of ballots, 80.32% of the Europe constituency ballots, 157,205 ballots out from a total of 195,701, were considered invalid and thrown out. Several parties (Volt, LIVRE, PAN, CHEGA, MAS) appealed to the Constitutional Court in order to have the ballots counted. Of the 5 complaints filed, however, the court accepted only Volt Portugal's complaint. On 15 February, the Court annulled the election in the Europe constituency and demanded a repetition of the vote. The National Election Committee determined that for the rerun of the parliamentary elections in the constituency of Europe on March 12 and 13 can be voted in person, just as until March 23 by absentee ballot. 109,350 ballots were received until 23 March, and of those, 30% (32,777) were declared null as they were not accompanied with an ID card copy. In terms of results, the PS was able to win the two seats from the Europe constituency, unlike in the original election when the PS and PSD both won one seat.

International reactions

•  EU: The European Commission's First Vice-president Frans Timmermans congratulated Costa's victory on Twitter as "an important victory for Portugal and Europe."
•  Spain: Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez, leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, congratulated Costa on Twitter, stating that "Portugal has once again opted for a social democratic project that combines growth and social justice. Together we will continue to promote in our countries and in Europe a socialist response to the challenges we share."
•  UK: Keir Starmer, the British opposition and Labour Party leader, congratulated Costa on Twitter for "a victory for seriousness in government, shared prosperity and social justice."
•  India: Indian prime minister Narendra Modi congratulated Costa, who is Luso-Indian, on Twitter "for resounding performance in the parliamentary elections in Portugal and his re-election." He also stated: "Look forward to continue deepening the warm and time-tested relationship with Portugal."
•  Brazil: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, then former president of Brazil and presidential pre-candidate in the 2022 Brazilian general election, congratulated Costa and his party for "their great electoral victory in Portugal", wishing them "good luck".

Fall of the government

On 7 November 2023, the Police and several agents of the Public Prosecutor's office conducted a series of searches to the official residency of the Prime Minister, ministries, and other sites that culminated in the arrest of several people including the chief of staff of the Prime Minister. António Costa himself was also indicted as a suspect in a case of corruption involving the lithium and hydrogen businesses. Shortly after this revelation by the Public Prosecutor's office, Prime Minister António Costa tendered his resignation to President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa and also announced he was stepping down from the PS leadership.

After this, the President heard all parties and met with the Council of State. On 9 November 2023, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa called a snap legislative election for 10 March 2024. For the first time ever in Portuguese democracy, a single party majority government didn't complete its full term.

See also

• Elections in Portugal
• List of political parties in Portugal
• Politics of Portugal

Notes

1. Election in the Europe Constituency was annulled by the Constitutional Court in February 2022. New ballots were accepted until 23 March 2022.
2. Sum of the votes of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in mainland Portugal and the PSD/CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP) coalitions in Azores and Madeira. The 5 MPs elected in these coalitions are all from the PSD.
3. ^ The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) have contested every election since 1987 in a coalition called the Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) and won a combined 6.3% of the vote and elected 12 MPs to parliament in 2019.
4. Rui Tavares, running for Lisbon, was the party's main candidate in this campaign.
5. LIVRE had 1 MP elected to parliament in 2019, Joacine Katar Moreira, but she was expelled from the LIVRE caucus in January 2020.
6. ^ In Madeira, the PSD and the CDS–PP contested the elections in a coalition called Madeira First (Madeira Primeiro).
7. ^ In Azores, the PSD, the CDS–PP, and the People's Monarchist Party (PPM) contested the elections in a coalition called Democratic Alliance (Aliança Democrática).
8. ^ In July 2020, the National Renovator Party (PNR) changed its name to Rise Up (E).
9. ^ In September 2021, the Democratic Republican Party (PDR) changed its name to the National Democratic Alternative (ADN).
10. ^ PPM list only in Madeira
11. ^ Cancelled
12. ^ Substituted by João Oliveira whilst he is recovering in hospital
13. ^ Only in mainland Portugal and overseas constituencies.
14. Original election annulled by the Constitutional Court. A rerun was conducted during March 2022.

References

1. ^ "Live: Polls close in Portugal as Socialist Costa tries to keep power". Euronews. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
2. "IFES Election Guide – Portuguese Republic". Election Guide. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
3. "Parlamento chumba Orçamento do Estado " Archived 27 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, SIC Notícias, 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
4. ^ Ferreira, Ricardo Simões; Henriques, Susete (4 November 2021). "Marcelo marca eleições para 30 de janeiro". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
5. "Portugal holds presidential election as COVID-19 cases spiral". Reuters. 23 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
6. "Rui Rio quer autárquicas entre 22 de Novembro e 14 de Dezembro". Público (in Portuguese). 12 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
7. "Portugal's ruling Socialists lead in local elections but lose Lisbon". Reuters. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
8. ^ "Portugal election: Socialists win unexpected majority". BBC News. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
9. ^ "Os eleitores deram ao PS a maioria absoluta que Costa pediu". Público (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
10. ^ "Distrito a distrito, quem ganhou e quem perdeu". Público (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
11. ^ "Maioria absoluta de Costa foi à custa de 344.861 votos da esquerda. Veja como quebrou quatro dogmas eleitorais". Expresso (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
12. ^ Dinis, Rito (31 January 2022). ""Auf Wiedersehen": como o voto útil em Costa acabou com a "utilidade" de Rio". Expresso (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
13. ^ "André Ventura: "A partir de agora, vai haver a oposição que faltou ao PS"". Jornal de Notícias (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
14. ^ "País acorda "hoje mais liberal" com oito deputados". Jornal de Notícias (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
15. ^ "Portugal's ruling Socialists win re-election with outright majority". France 24. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
16. ^ Gomes, Celso; Resende, Guilherme (1 February 2022). "Portugal: How the Left Won and Lost a Parliamentary Election". Europe Elects. Retrieved 6 February 2022. The poor result of all these parties is not due to a rise of the right; its vote was hollowed out from the left, by PS. Given the snap election was called because the 2022 budget put forth by PS failed at the first hurdle, at first glance it appears electors penalised the parties who voted it down. However, it is likely that a subset of these vote transfers does not reflect a change of political orientation. Instead, they would be attributed to tactical voting for PS by electors startled by the possibility of a PSD plurality. Amongst the damage, this should be a silver lining for left-wing parties—it is the electorate they may easily claw back.
17. ^ "De 19 para cinco. Foi assim que o BE saiu das legislativas". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
18. ^ "CDU perde metade dos mandatos mas "aluta continua"". Observador (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
19. ^ Lopes, Hugo Ferrinho (2022). "An unexpected Socialist majority: the 2022 Portuguese general elections". West European Politics. 46 (2): 437–450. doi:10.1080/01402382.2022.2070983. hdl:10451/55021. ISSN 0140-2382. S2CID 249301731.
20. ^ ""Verdes" perdem representação parlamentar". Jornal de Negócios (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
21. ^ "Diogo Feio apela a reflexão sobre "tudo" no CDS. Incluindo a extinção". Expresso (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
22. ^ "PAN elege no último minuto, mas sai destas eleições como um dos grandes derrotados". Público (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
23. ^ "O Livre faz oito anos, Rui Tavares vai ser deputado e Ana vai pintar o cabelo de verde. Cantam todos juntos por "uma terra sem amos"". CNN Portugal (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
24. "Portugal election: Key takeaways as Socialists cement power". Euronews. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
25. "TC declara nula eleição no círculo da Europa que terá de ser repetida". Sapo (in Portuguese). 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
26. "Decisão do TC adia tomada de posse do novo Governo". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
27. "Votação dos emigrantes vai repetir-se a 12 e 13 março". Expresso (in Portuguese). 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
28. "Diário da República n.º 60-A/2022, Série I de 2022-03-26". dre.pt. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
29. "Orçamento do Estado para 2022 chumbado pelo Parlamento na generalidade". RTP (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
30. "OE2022. António Costa pede nova maioria estável, reforçada e duradoura". RTP (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
31. "João Cotrim Figueiredo eleito presidente da Iniciativa Liberal com 96% dos votos ", Observador, 8 December 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
32. "Três candidaturas à presidência do PSD formalmente aceites ", Observador, 2 January 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
33. "Pelo menos 40 mil militantes podem votar nas próximas diretas do PSD", Correio da Manhã, 23 December 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
34. "Eleições PSD: Rio obteve 49,02% dos votos na 1.ª volta e Montenegro 41,42%", TVI24, 15 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
35. "Rio é reeleito e mostra-se disposto a gerar unidade no PSD ", Público, 19 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
36. Jornal de Notícias (6 November 2021). "Aprovada proposta de Rangel: diretas do PSD marcadas para dia 27 de novembro". Retrieved 6 November 2021.
37. Público (15 October 2021). "Rangel anuncia que é candidato à liderança do PSD". Retrieved 15 October 2021.
38. Rádio Renascença (19 October 2021). "Rui Rio recandidata-se à liderança do PSD". Retrieved 19 October 2021.
39. Jornal i (19 November 2021). "Mais de 46 mil militantes do PSD vão poder votar nas eleições diretas". Retrieved 21 November 2021.
40. Notícias ao Minuto (27 November 2021). "Oficial. Rui Rio reeleito presidente do partido com 52,43%". Retrieved 27 November 2021.
41. "Cinco candidatos e doze estratégias. CDS em contagem decrescente para escolher successor de Cristas", ZAP, 2 January 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
42. "Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos: 'hoje ganhou o CDS'", Jornal de Notícias, 26 January 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
43. "Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos é o novo líder do CDS". Diário de Notícias, 26 January 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2021. "Carlos Meira e Abel Matos Santos desistiram para Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos."
44. André Silva deixa liderança do PAN: "As pessoas não se devem eternizar nos cargos", TSF, 14 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
45. PAN: direção de Inês Sousa Real aprovada com 87,2% dos votos, Jornal de Notícias, 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
46. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
47. "Electoral law to the Assembly of the Republic" (PDF).
48. "Constitution of the Portuguese Republic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
49. "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
50. Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
51. "Mapa Oficial n.º 1-C/2021" (PDF). CNE - Comissão Nacional de Eleições - Diário da República n.º 235/2021, 1.º Suplemento, Série I de 6 de Dezembro de 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
52. "COVID-19: variante Ómicron com prevalência de 93%. Foi detectada outra linhagem em Portugal ", Público, 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
53. "Legislativas: Governo pediu parecer à PGR para saber se isolamento impede direito de voto (com áudio)", Jornal Económico, 5 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
54. "Eleitores em isolamento vão poder sair de casa para votar", TSF radio, 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
55. "Voto antecipado. Inscrições "muito aquém do esperado", lamenta Governo", RTP, 21 January 2022.
56. "Mais de 285 mil votaram antecipadamente para as legislativas. 90% dos inscritos", Jornal de Negócios, 26 January 2022.
57. Livre: "A partir deste momento tudo o que Joacine disser ou fizer na ação política não nos representa", Observador, 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
58. Mais uma saída do PAN. Cristina Rodrigues deixa partido e passa a deputada não inscrita, Sapo, 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
59. "AR 2022 – Sorteio das candidaturas", Comissão Nacional de Eleições, 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
60. "PPM e PURP fora das legislativas: Constitucional chumba coligação duas vezes ", Público, 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
61. "António Costa 2022". PS (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
62. "39.º Congresso do PSD: o discurso de encerramento (as críticas, promessas e recados) de Rui Rio". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
63. "BE Twitter Legislativas 2022". BE (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 December 2021.
64. "CDU Legislativas 2022". CDU (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 December 2021.
65. "Debate CDS vs PAN". CDS – People's Party (in Portuguese). Retrieved 5 January 2022.
66. "Twitter Inês Sousa Real". PAN (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 December 2021.
67. "Twitter CHEGA". PAN (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 January 2022.
68. "Candidatos da Iniciativa Liberal às Eleições Legislativas". Liberal Initiative (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 December 2021.
69. "🔴🔵 O Liberalismo funciona e faz falta a Portugal. #PortugalMaisLiberal🔴🔵 Bom dia. O Liberalismo funciona e faz falta a Portugal. | 🔴🔵 Bom dia. O Liberalismo funciona e faz falta a Portugal. #PortugalMaisLiberal | By Iniciativa Liberal | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
70. Observador (15 December 2021). "RTP, SIC e TVI vão realizar 36 debates até às eleições legislativas, incluindo com o Livre". Retrieved 15 December 2021.
71. Eco (20 December 2021). "Jerónimo de Sousa participa apenas nos debates televisivos em canal aberto". Retrieved 21 December 2021.
72. ZAP Notícias (29 December 2021). "Jerónimo de Sousa e Catarina Martins não se vão enfrentar nos debates televisivos". Retrieved 29 December 2021.
73. Visão Notícias (11 January 2022). "Jerónimo de Sousa operado de urgência à carótida fica fora da campanha durante dez dias". Retrieved 11 January 2022.
74. "João Oliveira toma lugar de Jerónimo pela CDU nos restantes debates". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 12 January 2022.
75. "A regionalização, a TAP e o cenário pós-eleições. O que defendem 9 candidatos pelo distrito do Porto". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 January 2022.
76. Magalhães, Júlio. "Que solução para o aeroporto e que projecto têm para o país 9 candidatos pelo círculo de Lisboa?". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 14 January 2022.
77. ^ "Legislativas: 36 debates, nove partidos e 14 dias para seguir na televisão. Veja aqui o calendário". Expresso (in Portuguese). 17 December 2021. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
78. ^ "Jerónimo de Sousa vai ser operado de urgência e falha debate com Rio". Observador (in Portuguese). 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
79. "RTP, SIC e TVI acordam calendário de debates para as eleições de janeiro de 2022". RTP (in Portuguese). 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
80. "Este é o calendário de debates para as legislativas e os principais temas quentes". Visão (in Portuguese). 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
81. "Legislativas: Rui Rio vai falhar o debate nas rádios e explica porquê". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
82. "Debate das rádios (quase só) com a Esquerda". Rádio Renascença (in Portuguese). 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
83. "Partidos sem assento na AR. O debate em que o negacionismo mostrou a cara". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 18 January 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
84. "Legislativas 2022 - Afluência". eleicoes.mai.gov.pt/legislativas2022/resultados/globais (in Portuguese). Ministry of Internal Administration. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
85. "Legislativas 2019 - Afluência". eleicoes.mai.gov.pt/legislativas2019/index.html (in Portuguese). Ministry of Internal Administration. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
86. "Mapa Oficial n.º 1/2022" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. 26 March 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
87. Jones, Sam (31 January 2022). "Portugal general election: Socialists win surprise outright majority". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
88. ^ "Portugal's ruling Socialists win re-election with outright majority". France 24. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
89. Soares Botelho, Pedro (31 January 2022). "Auf Wiedersehen? Perante a derrota, Rui Rio pergunta como pode ser ser útil ao partido". SAPO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
90. "João Cotrim de Figueiredo: "Grupo parlamentar da Iniciativa Liberal será oposição firme ao socialismo"". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
91. "Catarina Martins fala em "crise artificial" criada pelo PS e promete combater "deputados racistas"". Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (in Portuguese). 30 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
92. "Jerónimo culpa "extrema" bipolarização mas diz que quem "perde a coragem, perde tudo"". SAPO (in Portuguese). 30 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
93. Rodrigues, Sofia (31 January 2022). "CDS fica fora do Parlamento e líder demite-se". Público (in Portuguese).
94. Peres Pinto, Sónia (31 January 2022). "Inês Sousa Real passa a única deputada do PAN". Jornal SOL (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
95. Pincho, João Pedro (31 January 2022). "A festa de anos do Livre teve a eleição de Rui Tavares como brinde". Público (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
96. Dinis, David (10 February 2022). "Foram invalidados 157 mil votos na emigração. PS não vai para o TC, mas quer mudar a lei eleitoral". Expresso (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 February 2022.
97. "PSD contesta contagem de votos dos emigrantes, PS diz que decisão foi de todos". Público (in Portuguese). 8 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
98. Carvalho, Joana Mourão (15 February 2022). "Votos emigrantes. Constitucionalistas falam em "ato negligente" e de "fuga a responsabilidades"". Jornal i (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 February 2022.
99. Céu, Beatriz (9 February 2022). "Acusações de fraude, "reuniões de amigos" em vez de leis: 5 esclarecimentos sobre a anulação dos votos dos emigrantes". CNN Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 February 2022.
100. Santos, Enzo (9 February 2022). "Mesas com critérios diferentes na contagem de votos dos emigrantes". Jornal de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 February 2022.
101. "Mais de 80% dos votos do círculo da Europa foram anulados". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 10 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
102. "Livre e Volt recorrem para o TC da anulação de votos dos emigrantes". Notícias ao Minuto (in Portuguese). 11 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
103. "Círculo da Europa. Constitucional manda repetir votação onde se verificaram irregularidades". TSF Rádio Notícias (in European Portuguese). 15 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
104. "Visão | Quem é Mateus Carvalho, o jovem que "convenceu" o Tribunal Constitucional a repetir as eleições no círculo da Europa". Visão (in European Portuguese). 16 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
105. Dinis, Rita (15 February 2022). "Tribunal Constitucional manda repetir voto dos emigrantes na Europa". Expresso (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 February 2022.
106. "CNE marca repetição das legislativas no círculo da Europa para 12 e 13 de março". CNN Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 February 2022.
107. "Repetição das eleições tira um deputado ao PSD. PS elege 2 na Europa". Expresso (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 March 2022.
108. Starmer, Keir (31 January 2022). "Congratulations to Antonio Costa for your General Election win.
     It is a victory for seriousness in government, shared prosperity and social justice" (Tweet). Retrieved 31 January 2022 – via Twitter.
109. "PM Modi congratulates Portuguese counterpart on election win". The New Indian Express. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
110. "Lula da Silva felicita PS e António Costa por 'grande vitória'". Jornal de Notícias (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
111. Lopes, Maria (7 November 2023). "Buscas da PSP na residência oficial de Costa e ministérios do Ambiente e Infra-estruturas; chefe de gabinete e Lacerda Machado detidos". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 November 2023.
112. "Governo investigado: António Costa é suspeito e vai ser alvo de inquérito pelo Supremo Tribunal de Justiça". Expresso (in Portuguese). 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
113. "António Costa demite-se: "Obviamente"". CNN Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 November 2023.
114. "Marcelo marca eleições para 10 de março - Renascença". Rádio Renascença (in European Portuguese). 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.

External links

• Marktest, opinion poll tracker
• Official results site, Portuguese Ministry of Internal Administration
• Portuguese Electoral Commission
• ERC, official publication of polls
• Average of polls and seat simulator

v t e Elections and referendums in Portugal
Presidential elections	1918 (Apr) 1923 1928 1935 1942 1949 1951 1958 1976 1980 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026
Parliamentary elections	1822 1826 1828 1834 1836 (Jul) 1836 (Nov) 1838 1840 1842 1845 1847 1851 1852 1856 1858 1860 1861 1864 1865 1867 1868 1869 1870 (Mar) 1870 (Sep) 1871 1874 1878 1879 1881 1884 1887 1889 1890 1892 1894 1895 1897 1899 1900 1901 1904 1905 1906 (Apr) 1906 (Aug) 1908 1910 1913 1915 1918 1919 1921 1922 1925 1934 1938 1942 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1976 1979 1980 1983 1985 1987 1991 1995 1999 2002 2005 2009 2011 2015 2019 2022 2024 Next
Constituent Assembly elections	1820 1911 1975
Local elections	1976 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025
European elections	1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 2029
Referendums	1933 1998 (Jun) 1998 (Nov) 2007
See also: Elections in the Azores Madeira Lisbon Porto Presidential elections

• 2022 elections in Portugal
• January 2022 events in Portugal
• Legislative elections in Portugal