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Crusade of 1101
Part of the First Crusade
A map of western Anatolia, showing the routes taken by Christian armies
Date Summer of 1101 Location Anatolia Result Seljuk victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of France Duchy of Burgundy County of Blois County of Nevers County of Vermandois Duchy of Aquitaine Montlhéry Holy Roman Empire Palatine County of Burgundy Duchy of Bavaria Margraviate of Austria County of Roussillon Republic of Genoa Eastern Roman Empire Papal States	Sultanate of Rum Danishmends Seljuk emirate of Aleppo
Commanders and leaders
Anselm IV of Milan † Stephen of Blois † Stephen of Burgundy Eudes of Burgundy Constable Conrad Girard I of Roussillon Raymond IV of Toulouse General Tzitas William II of Nevers William IX of Aquitaine Hugh of Vermandois † Welf of Bavaria Ida of Austria †	Kilij Arslan
Casualties and losses
High	Relatively low

The Crusade of 1101 was a crusade of three separate movements, organized in 1100 and 1101 in the successful aftermath of the First Crusade. It is also called the Crusade of the Faint-Hearted due to the number of participants who joined this crusade after having turned back from the First Crusade.

Calls for reinforcements from the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, and Pope Paschal II, successor to Pope Urban II (who died before learning of the outcome of the crusade that he had called), urged a new expedition. He especially urged those who had taken the crusade vow but had never departed, and those who had turned back while on the march. Some of these people were already scorned at home and faced enormous pressure to return to the east; Countess Adela of Blois was so ashamed of her husband, Count Stephen, who had fled from the siege of Antioch in 1098, that she would not permit him to stay at home.

The Formation of the Outremer

The First Crusade was over. Many Crusaders who participated in the Crusades went back home to Europe. They had just taken over the Holy City of Jerusalem and beat an enormous Fatimid counterattack to take the Holy City back at the Battle of Ascalon and they all went back to Europe in the September of 1099 with Robert Curthose of Normandy and Robert of Flanders leaving Godfrey of Bouillon to defend the Holy City of Jerusalem with only 300 men. These men would inspire others to venture out to the Holy Land too.

One of these people was the Archbishop of Pisa, Dagobert of Pisa. Realizing the need to expand Pisa’s influence east, a move already done by Republic of Venice and Genoa. After being made legate by Pope Paschal II, he set off to the Levant with a fleet of 120 ships which, on their way, made successful raids on Byzantine owned islands like Cephalonia and Corfu. After hearing about this news, Eastern Roman Emperor Alexios I Komnenos dispatched the Byzantine navy which skirmished with the Pisans who, after few skirmishes, left for the Outremer.

One of the Crusader leaders, Bohemond of Antioch, was besieging the Byzantine port of Latakia, and Dagobert and the Pisans agreed to help by blockading the port from the sea. However, the other Crusader leaders, who saw the necessity for cooperation with the Byzantine Emperor and eastern Christians, were horrified and persuaded Dagobert to call off the blockade. Bohemond was forced to abandon the siege, and accompanied Dagobert to Jerusalem, arriving on 21 December 1099.

Immediately after Christmas, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, Arnulf of Chocques, was deposed on the ground that his election had been uncanonical, and with Bohemond's support, Dagobert was elected in his place. Public opinion had always held that the Holy Land should be the patrimony of the church, but Arnulf had been too weak to establish supremacy. Dagobert's position was stronger, as he was (probably) papal legate and had the support of the Pisan fleet. Immediately after his enthronement, Godfrey of Bouillon knelt before him and was invested with the territory of Jerusalem, and Bohemond did the same for Antioch. Baldwin, was at this time Count of Edessa, but he did not pay homage to Dagobert. This connection with Pisa now meant that the Crusaders had a line of communication with Western Europe and now didn’t need to rely on Eastern Roman supply shipments.

Cause of the Crusade

Bohemond's Capture

In the May of the year 1100, a leader of the 1st Crusade still in the Holy Land, Raymond of Toulouse, left for the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, Constantinople to ask the Byzantine Emperor, Alexios I Komnenos, for help to carve out his own kingdom around the Seljuk-controlled Levantine city of Tripoli. Meanwhile an Armenian warlord Gabriel of Melitene took the city of Melitene from an Anatolian Turkic Beylik called the Danishmendids. When he received reports that the Danishmendid Bey Gazi Gümüshtigin of Sebastea was preparing an expedition to recapture Melitene he sought help from Bohemond and even offered his daughter in marriage.

Before the First Crusade, Alexios, the Eastern Roman Emperor, had made Bohemond of Taranto promise to give whatever land he conquered east of Antioch to him. But after the Siege of Antioch, where the Crusaders took Antioch from the Seljuk Empire, Bohemond took the city for himself, founding the Principality of Antioch with himself the Prince of Antioch. In doing this action he had broken his oath to Alexios. For this reason, at around the same time as Bohemond received the cry of help from the Armenians of Melitene, Alexios pressured Bohemond to furfill his oath and to surrender Antioch to the Eastern Romans. But Bohemond refused so the Byzantine navy took the important Cilician ports of Seleucia Trachea and Corycos from Antioch. In response, Bohemond replaced the Greek patriarch of Antioch, John the Oxite with a Latin one named Peter of Narbonne. Bohemond needed to expand his base, so he decided to help the Armenians in Melitene.

So Bohemond got his army and ventured out to Melitene to fight the Danishmendids. But at the Battle of Melitene, the Danishmendids under Gazi Gümüshtigin ambushed the expedition and "most of the Crusaders were killed." Bohemond was captured along with Richard of Salerno. Among the dead were the Armenian bishops of Marash and Antioch. Bohemond’s followers who were captured in the battle were killed and Bohemond and Richard of Salerno were imprisoned at Neocaesarea, which is modern-day Niksar. Alexios offered to pay 260,000 gold pieces as ransom,way more than the 100,000 the Danishmendids asked for, not to free him but to keep him in custody at Constantinople, but the Danishmendids refused. So while Bohemond was imprisoned at Neocaesarea, his nephew, Tancred, took control of the city, defending it from the Byzantines. The Eastern Romans meanwhile took control of the lands surrounding the port city of Latakia, Albara, and Maarat-al-Numan, lands that were immediately to the south of Antioch. Then Alexios had the Byzantines take over Cilicia, lands which were north of Antioch, Alexios did this to take over the lands around the Principality of Antioch and then to squeeze it to extinction.

Coronation of Baldwin I

Godfrey, the King of Jerusalem was busy making the Levantine cities of Acre, Jaffa, Caesarea Maritima, Ascalon, and Arsuf tributaries. These campaigns culminated at the First siege of Arsuf. Godfrey had earlier reached an agreement with the citizens of Arsuf after it was known that he intended to stay in Jerusalem and reconciled with Raymond of Toulouse, who was attempting to create a kingdom of his own in the Levant. The treaty stated that Arsuf would pay tribute to Godfrey and included an exchange of hostages that included Godfrey's knight, Gerard of Avesnes. However the Muslim hostages escaped, giving Arsuf no reason to pay their tribute. Godfrey subsequently besieged the city in October. During this siege, Godfrey first spent six weeks building mangenae or stone throwers, which were used to support two siege towers. The number of Godfrey's men, however, was severely reduced after most of the crusaders returned home via Laodicea. In the end the two assaults made on Arsuf were defeated when the garrison set the siege towers on fire. Godfrey was left with no options and ended the siege. During the siege, while the Crusaders pounded the walls with catapults, the Fatimids had Gerard hung from the mast of an old ship that had been lying in the city. They raised Gerard up to be in view of the attacking Crusaders. Gerard begged Godfrey to take pity on him. Godfrey responded that while Gerard was the bravest of knights, but he could not call off the attack. Godfrey said that it was better for Gerard to be the sole casualty than to Arsuf to remain a danger to Christian pilgrims. Gerard then asked that his property be donated to the Holy Sepulchre, of which Godfrey was Defender, instead of the king. The Crusaders continued their attack. Gerard was wounded multiple times, though he managed to survive and make it back to Jerusalem. The Fatimid governor offered to surrender to Raymond of Saint-Gilles, but Godfrey refused. Raymond even encouraged the garrison at Arsuf to hold out against Godfrey, touting his perceived weakness. This would cause Godfrey to blame him again (Raymond had done the same thing after the Battle of Ascalon) for the failure of his army to capture Arsuf. Within Godfrey's army, Franco I of Maasmechelen, a relative of Godfrey, is known to have died in the battle.

During these campaigns Godfrey suddenly fell ill. After being ill for a month and a half, Godfrey died on 18 July 1100. He had extracted oaths from Dagobert and other leading crusaders that they "would not confer the throne on anyone except his brothers or one of his blood", according to Albert of Aix. Warner of Grez, Godfrey's most influential retainer, took possession of the Tower of David in Jerusalem to secure control of the city while others loyal to Godfrey took other towers to prevent Dagobert annexing the Holy City for the Papal States. Although Warner soon died, two other members of Godfrey's court, Geldemar Carpenel and Arnulf of Chocques, sent a delegation to Godfrey's brother, Count Baldwin of Edessa, urging him to come to Jerusalem and become king.

To prevent Baldwin from seizing Godfrey's realm, Dagobert and Tancred sought assistance from Bohemond I of Antioch. Dagobert sent a letter to him, stating that Baldwin's rule would "bring about the downfall of the church and the destruction of Christianity itself", according to later chronicler William of Tyre even though he was captured. Baldwin hurried to Melitene and pursued the Danishmendids for three days, but he was unable to rescue Bohemond. After his return, the Armenian lord of Melitene, Gabriel of Melitene, swore fealty to him. Baldwin appointed fifty knights to defend the town.

News of Godfrey's death reached Edessa shortly after Baldwin's return from Melitene. His chaplain, Fulcher of Chartres, noticed that Baldwin "grieved somewhat over the death of his brother, but rejoiced more over his inheritance". To finance his journey to Jerusalem, Baldwin seized gold and silver from his subjects. He appointed his relative, Baldwin of Le Bourcq, his successor in the county and Le Bourcq swore fealty to him.

About 200 knights and 300–700 foot-soldiers accompanied Baldwin when he left Edessa on 2 October 1100. He spent four days in Antioch, but did not accept the local inhabitants' plea for him to administer the principality during Bohemond's captivity. After leaving Antioch, the qadi of Tripoli warned Baldwin that the Seljuk emir of Damascus, Shams al-Muluk Duqaq, wanted to ambush him on the narrow road near the mouth of the Nahr al-Kalb River. At the Battle of Nahr al-Kalb, Baldwin routed the Damascene troops. Baldwin then chased Shams al-Muluk Duqaq all the way to Damascus, where he demanded for the city to surrender to him but they didn’t.

Baldwin reached Jerusalem around 9 November. Dagobert withdrew to a monastery on Mount Zion, and the townspeople stopped Baldwin outside the walls and ceremoniously accompanied him to the Holy Sepulchre. Albert of Aix's sporadic references suggest that Baldwin adopted the title of prince. Baldwin first raided the surroundings of Ascalon, which was still held by the Fatimid Caliphate, then launched a punitive expedition against the bandits who had their headquarters in the caves near Jerusalem. He made an incursion across the River Jordan before returning to Jerusalem on 21 December.

Baldwin was reconciled with Dagobert who agreed to anoint and crown him king. The ceremony took place in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem on Christmas Day. Thereafter Baldwin was most frequently styled king. For instance, a charter of grant in 1104 referred to him as "Baldwin, king of Judea and Jerusalem, and defensor of the Holiest Sepulchre of our Lord, Jesus Christ". In most of his charters, he also emphasised that he was Godfrey's lawful heir. Nearby towns would then send Baldwin gifts to ensure his good will.

Anselm's Crusader Army

In the west, the pope started calling a crusade for the rescue of Bohemond from the Danishmendids at Neocaesarea and to reinforce the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Pope Paschal II purposely targeted the places in Europe who previously didn’t send many crusaders in the First Crusade. This led to many people from many different nations or ethnicities joining either to save Bohemond of Taranto, whose heroic actions during the First Crusade made himself a hero to many Europeans, or to repair their reputations after deserting the First Crusade. Some people who deserted the First Crusade were people like Hugh of Vermandois, who was the prince of France, and Count Stephen of Blois. Apparently, Countess Adela of Blois was so ashamed of her husband, Count Stephen, who had fled from the siege of Antioch in 1098, that she would not permit him to stay at home.

The largest contingent was sent by the region of Lombardy. The Lombards were led by the archbishop of Milan, Anselm IV, a man who was personally selected by the Pope Paschal II to lead the upcoming crusade. Anselm preached the crusade throughout Lombardy, where there had been little enthusiasm for the first one, but where his influence sparked a wave of zeal: crowds greeted him chanting "Ultreja! Ultreja!" On 15 July 1100, he celebrated the anniversary of the fall of Jerusalem in Milan. He appointed one Grossolano, then bishop of Savona, to act as his vicar and, on 13 September, with bishops Guy of Tortona, William of Pavia, and probably Aldo of Piacenza, and with princes like Milo I of Montlhéry , Guy II the Red of Rochefort,he left with a company reported at the exaggerated figure of 50,000 men, led by Albert of Biandrate, and his nephew Otto Altaspata. Albert, Count of Parma, the brother of the Antipope Guibert, was there as a representative of the resolution of the church-state conflicts which enveloped Lombardy in the final decades of the eleventh century. Their group was at least 10,000 strong with many excellent knights. The army proceeded by land through Carinthia, with the permission of Duke Henry V, and then through Bulgaria without incident, relying on Anselm's negotiations with Alexios I Komnenos, Eastern Roman emperor, to assure them of markets and supplies. When Anselm and his 10,000 group of Crusaders reached the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, Constantinople, Alexios I escorted them to a camp outside Constantinople. At this point sources claim that order was held by Anselm and Albert with ease. But some other sources also claim that this camp did not satisfy the Italian crusaders, and they made their way inside the city where they pillaged the Blachernae palace, even killing Alexios' pet lion. The Lombards were quickly ferried across the Bosporus and made their camp at Nicomedia, to wait for reinforcements.

At Nicomedia, in Asia Minor, Anselm met Raymond IV of Toulouse, one of the leading barons of the capture of Jerusalem. During the First Crusade, Raymond had attempted to take Antioch for himself, but Bohemond of Taranto had taken it before him and created the Principality of Antioch for himself, making himself the Prince of Antioch. Then Raymond attempted to make himself the ruler of Jerusalem but that scheme failed as well and after the Battle of Ascalon, he had tried to take Ascalon, Tripoli, and Arsuf (check the Siege of Arsuf in the Coronation of Baldwin section) as well. After the failure of his schemes, Raymond had fled with the Crusaders still loyal to him and, in the winter of 1099–1100, captured Laodicea from him (Bohemond had himself recently taken it from Alexios). From Laodicea he went to Constantinople, and pledged his allegiance to Alexios, as his interests aligned with Alexios. Also, both Raymond and Alexios considered Bohemond an enemy due to his control of Antioch. Now Alexios had ordered Raymond, with his contingent of loyal Crusaders and a contingent of Pecheneg mercenaries under General Tzitas, to lead Anselm’s army through Anatolia towards Neocaesarea, to rescue Bohemond of Taranto. Raymond and his group of loyal Crusaders had already successfully gone through Seljuk Anatolia once before, and in doing so, taking over Western and Southern Anatolia to the Byzantines. It made sense for them to lead Anselm through Anatolia again.

But after Raymond and Anselm met, they already started to disagree. Raymond wanted to lead the Crusaders through the route he had gone upon during the First Crusade and reinforce the Kingdom of Jerusalem. But Anselm and the Italian Crusaders wanted to go on a route directly towards Neocaesarea to rescue Bohemond, a dangerous route that led them through the heart of Turkish Anatolia, controlled by the Sultanate of Rum. The Crusader army ended up going on this route. While waiting at Nicomedia, Anselm’s army got more reinforcements including French, Germans, and Burgundians. This army was led by Stephen of Blois, Stephen I, Count of Burgundy, Eudes I, Duke of Burgundy, Joscelin of Courtenay, Baldwin of Grandpré, Dodo of Clermont-en-Argonne, Engelrand of Coucy, Bishop of Laon, Hugh of Die, Archbishop of Lyons, Hugh Bardoul (Bardolf) II of Broyes, Viscount Odo Arpin of Bourges, and Conrad, constable of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Many of these Crusaders sold all their possessions to provision themselves with equipment, horses, fodder, and money for the journey, betting everything they had on this mission.

Guided by Raymond, the army marched through Anatolia. The army first went towards Dorylaeum, following the route taken by Raymond and Stephen in 1097 during the First Crusade. Then the army turned east and captured the Seljuk controlled city of Ancyra on 23 June 1101 and returning it to Alexios, the crusaders turned north. As they started their march north towards Gangra, the crusaders didn’t realize that they were being followed and watched by Seljuk spies sent by the Seljuk Sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan I. The sultan, who wanted revenge after the First Crusade’s capture of his previous capital at Nicaea and the Byzantine occupation of Western and Southern Anatolia, now saw his opportunity to destroy the Crusader army. After his defeat at the Battle of Dorylaeum (1097), Kilij Arslan had been creating an anti-Crusader coalition with the purpose of ending more Crusader invasions of Seljuk Anatolia. Arslan knew the land well and wouldn’t underestimate the Crusaders like he had done during the First Crusade. With the Crusaders heading for Gangra, Arslan made as many wells and cisterns as he could, emptied as many villages or towns the Crusaders were heading towards, and he had Seljuks skirmish isolated Crusaders and Christian foraging parties. But most importantly, Arslan avoided any pitched battles. Arslan’s coalition included his Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, the Danishmendid Emirate of Sivas, and the Emir of Aleppo, Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan.

The Crusaders briefly besieged the heavily garrisoned city of Gangra (and returned it to Alexios), and then continued north to attempt to capture the Turkish-controlled city of Kastamonu (Kastamone) (and returned it to Alexios again). After taking Kastamone, it became August, and the Crusaders continued east towards Neocaesarea, entering the territory of the Danishmendids. By this time the Crusaders were losing supplies, and the heat had taken a big toll on them. Worse, they came under attack from the Seljuq Turks who harassed them for weeks, and a foraging party was destroyed in July. At this point, under the threats of the Lombards, the entire army turned away from the possible safety of the Byzantine controlled Black Sea coast and again moved east, through Danishmend territory and getting closer to the rescue of Bohemond.

The Crusaders soon approached Mersivan.

Battle of Mersivan

At the Battle of Mersivan, the crusaders were organized into five divisions: the Burgundians, Raymond and the Byzantines, the Germans, the French, and the Lombards. The Turks nearly destroyed the crusaders’ army near the mountains of Paphlagonia at Mersivan (Mersifon). The land was well-suited to the Turks—dry and inhospitable for their enemy, it was open, with plenty of space for their cavalry units. The Turks had been troublesome to the Latins for some days, at last making certain that they went where Kilij Arslan I wanted them to be and making sure that they only found a small amount of supplies.

The battle took place over several days. On the first day, the Turks cut off the crusading armies’ advances and surrounded them. The next day, Conrad led his Germans in a raid that failed miserably. Not only did they fail to open the Turkish lines, they were unable to return to the main crusader army and had to take refuge in a nearby stronghold. This meant that they were cut off from supplies, aid, and communication for an attack that may have taken place had the Germans been able to provide their own military strength.

The third day was somewhat quiet, with little or no serious fighting taking place, but on the fourth day, the crusaders made an intensive effort to free themselves from the trap that they were in. The crusaders inflicted heavy losses on the Turks, but the attack was a failure by the end of the day. Kilij Arslan was joined by Ridwan of Aleppo and other powerful Danishmend princes.

The Lombards, in the vanguard, were defeated, the Pechenegs deserted, and the French and Germans were also forced to fall back. Raymond was trapped on a rock and was rescued by Stephen and Conrad. The battle continued into the next day, when the crusader camp was captured and the knights fled, leaving women, children, and priests behind to be killed or enslaved. Most of the Lombards, who had no horses, were soon found and killed or enslaved by the Turks. Raymond, Stephen of Blois, and Stephen of Burgundy fled north to Sinope, and returned to Constantinople by ship.

The Nivernois

Soon after the Lombard contingent had left Nicomedia, a separate force under William II of Nevers arrived at Constantinople. He had crossed into Byzantine territory over the Adriatic Sea from Bari, and the march to Constantinople was free of incident, an unusual occurrence for a crusade army. He quickly marched out to meet the others, but in fact never caught up with them, although the two armies must have been close to each other on numerous occasions. William briefly besieged Iconium (Konya) but could not take it, and he was soon ambushed at Heraclea Cybistra by Kilij Arslan, who had just defeated the Lombards at Mersivan and was eager to stamp out these new armies as soon as possible. At Heraclea almost the entire contingent from Nevers was wiped out, except for the count himself and a few of his men.

The French and Bavarians

As soon as William II left Constantinople, a third army arrived, led by William IX of Aquitaine, Hugh of Vermandois (one of those who had not fulfilled his vow on the First Crusade), and Welf I, Duke of Bavaria; accompanying them was Ida of Austria, mother of Leopold III of Austria. They had pillaged Byzantine territory on the way to Constantinople and had almost come into conflict with the Pecheneg mercenaries sent to stop them, until William and Welf intervened.

From Constantinople, the Aquitanian-Bavarian army split in two, with one half travelling directly to Jaffa by ship; among them was the chronicler Ekkehard of Aura. The rest, travelling by land, reached Heraclea in September, and, like the previous army, were ambushed and massacred by Kilij Arslan. William and Welf escaped, but Hugh was mortally wounded; the survivors eventually arrived at Tarsus, where Hugh died on 18 October. Ida disappeared during this ambush and was presumably killed, but according to later legend she was taken into captivity and became the mother of Zengi, a great enemy of the crusaders in the 1140s, which - however - is impossible due to chronological factors.

Aftermath

William of Nevers also escaped to Tarsus and joined the rest of the survivors there as did Raymond of Toulouse. Under Raymond's command they captured Tortosa (Tartous), with help from a Genoese fleet. By now the crusade was more of a pilgrimage. The survivors arrived at Antioch at the end of 1101, and at Easter in 1102 arrived in Jerusalem. Afterwards, many of them simply went home, their vow having been fulfilled, although some remained behind to help King Baldwin I defend against an Egyptian invasion at Ramla. Stephen, Count of Blois, father of Stephen, the future King of England, was killed during this battle, as was Hugh VI of Lusignan, ancestor of the future Lusignan dynasty of Jerusalem and Cyprus. Joscelin of Courtenay also stayed behind, and survived to become Count of Edessa in 1118.

The defeat of the crusaders allowed Kilij Arslan to establish his capital at Iconium, and also proved to the Muslim world that the crusaders were not invincible, as they appeared to be during the First Crusade. The crusaders and Byzantines each blamed the other for the defeat, and neither of them were able to ensure a safe route through Anatolia now that Kilij Arslan had strengthened his position. The only open route to the Holy Land was the sea route, which benefitted the Italian maritime republics. The lack of a safe land route from Constantinople also benefitted the Principality of Antioch, where Tancred, ruling for his uncle Bohemond, was able to consolidate his power without Byzantine interference.

Both the Second and Third Crusades suffered similar difficulties when attempting to cross Anatolia.

References

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2. Runciman (1951), pp. 299–300 harvp error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRunciman1951 (help)
3. Runciman (1951), pp. 300–303 harvp error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRunciman1951 (help)
4. Runciman (1951), pp. 305–307 harvp error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRunciman1951 (help)
5. Fink, Harold S. (1969). "Chapter XII. The Foundations of the Latin States, 1099–1118." In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades: I. The First Hundred Years. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 368–409.
6. Newman 2014, p. 18.
7. Eggenberger 1985, p. 272.
8. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
9. Fulton, Michael S. (2018). Artillery in the Era of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology, Volume 122. Leiden: BRILL. p. 90. ISBN 9789004376922.
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11. Tibble, Steve (2020). The Crusader Strategy - Defending the Holy Land. Yale University Press. pp. 35–37.
12. Runciman, Steven (1951). A History of the Crusades, Volume One. p. 298.
13. Runciman, Steven (1951). A History of the Crusades, Volume One. pp. 308–309.
14. Lock 2006, p. 25.
15. Albert of Aachen: Historia Ierosolimitana – History of the Journey to Jerusalem (ch. vii.27), p. 523.
16. Murray 2000, p. 91.
17. ^ Barber 2012, p. 61.
18. ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 322.
19. ^ Edgington 2019, p. 60.
20. ^ Barber 2012, p. 62.
21. Edgington 2019, p. 69.
22. Tyerman 2006, p. 186.
23. Maalouf 1984, p. 61.
24. Maalouf 1984, p. 63.
25. ^ Murray 2000, p. 94.
26. ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 325.
27. ^ Murray 2000, p. 95.
28. ^ Barber 2012, p. 63.
29. ^ MacEvitt 2010, p. 117.
30. Murray 2000, p. 96.
31. Murray 2000, p. 73.
32. Cate, James Lea (1969). "The Crusade of 1101". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades: I. The First Hundred Years. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 343–352.
33. Bouchard 1998, p. 83. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBouchard1998 (help)
34. Runciman, Steven (1987). A history of the Crusades, vol. 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–23. ISBN 052134770X. OCLC 17461930.
35. Runciman, Steven (1987). A history of the Crusades, vol. 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–25. ISBN 052134770X. OCLC 17461930.
36. Runciman, Steven (1987). A history of the Crusades, vol. 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 052134770X. OCLC 17461930.
37. Alan V. Murray, Ed. (2006). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, Vol. I, ABC-CLIO, Inc., p. 307.
38. Runciman, Steven (1987). A history of the Crusades, vol. 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN 052134770X. OCLC 17461930.
39. Runciman, Steven (1987). A history of the Crusades, vol. 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 052134770X. OCLC 17461930.

Sources

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• Newman, Sharan (April 2014). Defending the City of God: A Medieval Queen, the First Crusades and the Quest for Peace in Jerusalem. St Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 9781137437839.
• Runciman, Steven (1951). The First Crusade. A History of the Crusades. Vol. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Runciman, Steven (1989) . A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-06161-2. (registration required)
• Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02387-1. (registration required)

Further reading

Primary sources

• Albert of Aix, Historia Hierosolymitana

Secondary sources

• Cate, James Lea (1942–1943). "A Gay Crusader". Byzantion. 16 (2): 503–526. JSTOR 44168569.

• Crusade of 1101
• Conflicts in 1101
• 1101 in Asia
• 1100s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
• 1100s in the Byzantine Empire
• 12th-century crusades
• 12th century in the Seljuk Empire