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| reign = c. 2350 BC<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frayne |first1=Douglas |title=Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC) |date=2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=429–432}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tohru |first1=Maeda |title="KING OF KISH" IN PRE-SAROGONIC SUMER |journal=Orient |date=1981 |volume=17 |page=5 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/17/0/17_0_1/_article/-char/en}}</ref>
| predecessor =]
| successor = ]
| issue =
| father =
| dynasty = Second Dynasty of Uruk
|succession=
|image=Fragments in the name of Enshakushanna.jpg
|image_size=300px
|caption=Fragments in the name of "King Enshakushanna"<br>({{cuneiform|𒈗 (...) 𒂗𒊮𒊨𒀭𒈾}}).}}
{{Location map
| Near East
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| caption = Location of Uruk, in the Near East, modern ].
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| label = ]
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| position = left
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| lat_deg = 31.324167
| lon_deg = 45.637222
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'''Enshakushanna''' ({{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|𒂗𒊮𒊨𒀭𒈾}}}}, {{transliteration|sux|en-sha3-kush2-an-na}}),<ref name="CDLI-Found Texts">{{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?CompositeNumber=Q001366 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref> or '''Enshagsagana''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clay |first1=Albert Tobias |last2=Hilprecht |first2=H. V. (Hermann Vollrat) |title=The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania. Series A: Cuneiform texts |date=1892 |publisher=Philadelphia : Dept. of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania |page=50 |url=https://archive.org/details/babylonianexpedi12univuoft/page/50/mode/2up/search/Enshagsagana}}</ref> '''En-shag-kush-ana''', '''Enukduanna''', '''En-Shakansha-Ana''', '''En-šakušuana''' was a king of ] around the mid-3rd millennium BC who is named on the '']'', which states his reign to have been 60 years. He conquered ], ], ], and ], claiming hegemony over all of ].
==Titulature==
'''Enshakushanna''' (or '''En-shag-kush-ana''', '''Enukduanna''', '''En-Shakansha-Ana''') was a king of ] sometime in the later ] who is named on the ], which states his reign to have been 60 years. He conquered ], ], ], and ], claiming hegemony over all of ]. He is the first ruler known to have taken the Sumerian title ''en ki-en-gi ki-uri'', or "lord of Sumer and Akkad".
He adopted the ] title ''en ki-en-gi lugal kalam'' . ({{cuneiform|𒂗 𒆠𒂗𒄀 𒈗 𒌦}}),<ref name="CDLI-Archival View">{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P431230 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17707/PDF%20-%20Part%202%20-%20Composite%20Edition.pdf?sequence=3 |title=The Emar Lexical Texts : Part 2 - Composite edition |publisher=Openaccess.leideuniv.nl |access-date=2015-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/result.pt?id_text=P222870&start=0&result_format=single&-op_id_text=eq&size=100 |title=List of Found Texts |access-date=2008-08-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617021425/http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/result.pt?id_text=P222870&start=0&result_format=single&-op_id_text=eq&size=100 |archive-date=2011-06-17 }}</ref> which may be translated as "lord of Sumer and king of all the land" (which possibly implies "'']'' of the region of Uruk and '']'' of the region of ]"<ref>See e.g. Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen., P.48</ref>), and could correspond to the later title ''lugal ki-en-gi ki-uri'' "]" that eventually came to signify kingship over ] as a whole.
== Reign ==
He was succeeded in Uruk by ], but the hegemony seems to have passed to ] of ].
Enshakushanna's reign is largely characterized by his military campaigns, the most prominent of which was against Kish and ]. His attack on these two cities is attested from a stone bowl at Nippur and reads as follows:<blockquote>For Enlil, king of all lands,
Enshakushanna, lord of the land of Sumer and king of the nation
The leader of Kish and the leader of Akshak, (when) both their cities were destroyed ...
{{MEast-royal-stub}}
{{Iraq-bio-stub}}
(Lacuna)
{{Asia-royal-stub}}
]
in (?) he returned to them,
but dedicated their statues, their precious metals and lapis lazuli, their timber and treasure, to the god Enlil at ippur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CDLI-Found Texts|url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&requestFrom=Search&DatesReferenced=enshakushanna|access-date=2021-01-27|website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref></blockquote>Many scholars have attributed the EDIIIb destruction layers at the Palace A and Plano-Convex Building in Kish to Enshakushanna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Zaina|first=Federico|url=https://www.orientlab.net/pubs/pdf/OLSM_5_KISH_2020.pdf|title=THE URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY OF EARLY KISH: 3RD MILLENNIUM BCE LEVELS AT TELL INGHARRA|publisher=Ante Quem S.r.l.|year=2020|isbn=|location=|pages=147|access-date=2021-01-27|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062429/https://www.orientlab.net/pubs/pdf/OLSM_5_KISH_2020.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Federico Zaina notes the archaeological evidence at Kish attests to a "pervasive violent destruction of the city of Kish at the end of the ED IIIb".<ref name=":0" /> Apart from his attacks to the North, Enshakushanna is also known to have attacked Akkad. A year name of En-šakušuana, king of Uruk was "Year in which En-šakušuana defeated Akkad". This would have been shortly before the rise of the Akkadian Empire.<ref>POMPONIO, Francesco. “FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON KIŠ<sup>KI</sup> IN THE EBLA TEXTS.” Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 107, pp. 71–83, 2013</ref>
==Succession==
He was succeeded in Uruk by ], but the hegemony seems to have passed to ] of ] for a time. Lugal-kinishe-dudu was later allied with ], a successor of Eannatum, against Lagash's principal rival, ].<ref name="CAH51">{{cite book |last1=Hayes |first1=William |title=Chronology |date=1950 |publisher=Cambridge Ancient History |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERg7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51 |language=en}}</ref><ref> Deena Ragavan, Cuneiform Texts and Fragments in the Harvard Art Museum / Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, vol. 2010:1, ISSN 1540-8779</ref>
==Inscriptions==
Several inscriptions of Enshakushanna are known.<ref name="CDLI-Found Texts"/> A dedication tablet in his name is known, now in the ], St. Petersburg, Russian Federation:<ref name="cdli.ucla.edu">{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P222884 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref>
"For ... (unknown god): Enshakushanna, lord of Sumer and king of all the land, son of Elilina, built the temple for Him."|Dedication tablet by King Enshakushanna, ], St. Petersburg, Erm 14375.<ref name="cdli.ucla.edu">{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P222884 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref name="CDLI-Archival View">{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P431230 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref>}}
The inscription states his father was "Elilina", possibly King ] of Ur.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gadd |first1=C. J. |last2=Edwards |first2=I. E. S. |last3=Hammond |first3=N. G. L. |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |date=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-07051-5 |pages=223, 237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMoF0SbMKd4C&pg=PA223 |language=en}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
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{{Succession box
|before=]
|title=King of Uruk
|years=ca. 2350 BC
|after=]}}
{{S-end}}{{Kings of Uruk|state=collapsed}}{{Rulers of Sumer}}
Enshakushanna (Sumerian: 𒂗𒊮𒊨𒀭𒈾, en-sha3-kush2-an-na), or Enshagsagana, En-shag-kush-ana, Enukduanna, En-Shakansha-Ana, En-šakušuana was a king of Uruk around the mid-3rd millennium BC who is named on the Sumerian King List, which states his reign to have been 60 years. He conquered Hamazi, Akkad, Kish, and Nippur, claiming hegemony over all of Sumer.
Titulature
He adopted the Sumerian title en ki-en-gi lugal kalam . (𒂗 𒆠𒂗𒄀 𒈗 𒌦), which may be translated as "lord of Sumer and king of all the land" (which possibly implies "en of the region of Uruk and lugal of the region of Ur"), and could correspond to the later title lugal ki-en-gi ki-uri "King of Sumer and Akkad" that eventually came to signify kingship over Mesopotamia as a whole.
Reign
Enshakushanna's reign is largely characterized by his military campaigns, the most prominent of which was against Kish and Akshak. His attack on these two cities is attested from a stone bowl at Nippur and reads as follows:
For Enlil, king of all lands,
Enshakushanna, lord of the land of Sumer and king of the nation
when the gods commanded him,
he sacked Kish
(and) captured Enbi-Ishtar, the king of Kish.
The leader of Kish and the leader of Akshak, (when) both their cities were destroyed ...
(Lacuna)
in (?) he returned to them,
but dedicated their statues, their precious metals and lapis lazuli, their timber and treasure, to the god Enlil at ippur.
Many scholars have attributed the EDIIIb destruction layers at the Palace A and Plano-Convex Building in Kish to Enshakushanna. Federico Zaina notes the archaeological evidence at Kish attests to a "pervasive violent destruction of the city of Kish at the end of the ED IIIb". Apart from his attacks to the North, Enshakushanna is also known to have attacked Akkad. A year name of En-šakušuana, king of Uruk was "Year in which En-šakušuana defeated Akkad". This would have been shortly before the rise of the Akkadian Empire.
Succession
He was succeeded in Uruk by Lugal-kinishe-dudu, but the hegemony seems to have passed to Eannatum of Lagash for a time. Lugal-kinishe-dudu was later allied with Entemena, a successor of Eannatum, against Lagash's principal rival, Umma.
Inscriptions
Several inscriptions of Enshakushanna are known. A dedication tablet in his name is known, now in the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation:
Dedication tablet by King Enshakushanna, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Erm 14375 (reconstitution).
See e.g. Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen., P.48
POMPONIO, Francesco. “FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON KIŠ IN THE EBLA TEXTS.” Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 107, pp. 71–83, 2013
Hayes, William (1950). Chronology. Cambridge Ancient History. p. 51.
Deena Ragavan, Cuneiform Texts and Fragments in the Harvard Art Museum / Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, vol. 2010:1, ISSN 1540-8779
Fragments in the name of "King Enshakushanna"
Urukclass=notpageimage| Location of Uruk, in the Near East, modern Iraq.
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