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{{Short description|Hosiery that covers the feet and legs to the knee or higher}}
]
{{Distinguish|tights|pantyhose|knee highs|hold-ups}}{{About|the article of clothing primarily worn by women|the Christmas receptacle filled by Santa Claus|Christmas stocking|other uses|Stocking (disambiguation)}}
A '''stocking''' is a close-fitting, variously elastic ] covering the ] and lower part of the ], but usually not intended to conceal the leg. It was formerly made of woven ] but now of ] ], ], ] or ] (see ]). The word ''stock'' used to refer to the bottom "]" part of the body, and by ] the word was used to refer to the one-piece covering of the lower trunk and limbs of the ]s—essentially ] consisting of the ''upper-stocks'' (later to be worn separately as knee breeches) and ''nether-stocks'' (later to be worn separately as ''stockings''). (See ].)
{{Infobox clothing type
| name = Stocking
| image_file = File:Nylon stockings.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = A pair of nylon stockings.
| type =
| material = Chiefly ], ], ], ], ]
| location =
| manufacturer =
| url =
}}
{{Undergarment}}
'''Stockings''' (also known as '''hose''', especially in a historical context) are close-fitting, variously elastic ]s covering the leg from the foot up to the knee or possibly part or all of the ]. Stockings vary in color, design, and ]. Today, stockings are primarily worn for fashion and ], usually in association with mid-length or short ]s.
==History==
''Half-stockings'', covering the foot and part of the calf only, are commonly called '']s''. This word is an adaptation of ] ''soccus'', a slipper or light ]. It was the shoe worn by the actors in ] ]—and so was used symbolically of comedy, as ''buskin,'' the high ], was of tragedy. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911)
] clothing factory, Sweden, 1954]]
]]]
Historically, even though the word ''sock'' is at least as ancient in origin, what men normally wore in the medieval period were referred to as hose.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyundressed.com/2008/12/history-of-socks-and-stockings.html|title=History of Socks and Stockings|website=History Undressed|access-date=2016-03-08}}</ref><ref>Oxford English Dictionary, quotations{{clarify|date=March 2013}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=March 2013}} <!-- The cited source is a book review, not the book itself. The review is not a reliable source. -->
The word ''stock'' used to refer to the bottom "stump" part of the body, and by ] the word was used to refer to the one-piece covering of the lower trunk and limbs of the 15th century—essentially ] consisting of the ''upper-stocks'' (later to be worn separately as knee breeches) and ''nether-stocks'' (later to be worn separately as ''stockings''). (See ].)
Stockings were originally an exclusively male piece of apparel. In the ] women who took up the ] fashion of wearing stockings were associated with aspiring to learnedness and other protofeminist causes, which led to the derogatory term ].
Before the 1590s, stockings were knitted by hand or constructed from woven cloth. Knitted stockings were preferred because of their flexibility. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-09 |title=A Revolution in Stockings {{!}} Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum |url=https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2014/05/09/a-revolution-in-stockings/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.cooperhewitt.org |language=en-US}}</ref> The first ]s were for making stockings.<ref>{{cite book|title=Elizabethan England|first=Kathy|last=Elgin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlH7xI1M4GwC&pg=PA49|page=49|year=2005|publisher=Facts On File, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-8160-5946-1}}</ref> The stockings themselves were made of cotton, ], ] or ]. A polished cotton called ] was common, as were those made in the town of ].
In modern usage, ''stocking'' specifically refers to the form of women's hosiery configured as two pieces. The terms thigh highs and stockings are interchangeable, and are quite distinct from ]. Thigh highs are often perceived as a preferable style to ] for various reasons such as:
Before the 1920s, stockings, if worn, were worn for warmth. In the 1920s, as ]s of dresses rose and central heating was not widespread, women began to wear flesh-colored stockings to cover their exposed legs. Those stockings were sheer, first made of silk or ] (then known as "artificial silk") and after 1940 of ].
* Health and cleanliness -- less sweat, more ventilation; reduction of fungal and bacterial challenge
* Personal convenience -- it is considerably easier and quicker to use the bathroom in stockings
* Aesthetics -- garters, lace, top fashion, applique, exposure of the thigh, complexity
* Message -- as more detail is involved, a perception of erotic intent is raised
* Easier and quicker access to the genital area -- enhances sexual spontaneity
]
Stockings are typically supported in one of three ways. Most often by a ] that goes around the waist and drops extensions (known as ] in ])that are clipped to the tops of the stockings. The second most common means of support is via 'stay-up' technology, where the inside of the top of the stockings has added to it a band (typically silicone) of elastic but highly tractive material that resists slipping down the thigh. This is considerably less reliable in the sense of assuring that the stockings don't fall down, and depends a great deal on the geometry of the actual leg. Further, the elastic can be uncomfortably tight, leaving red marks and possibly aggravating ]. The least common means of support is the circular elastic ] that is slipped up over the top of the stocking and which is intended to hold the stocking by essentially clamping it to the leg. These are the garters you typically see at ]s. They have much the same disadvantages as 'stay-ups'.
The introduction of nylon in 1939 by chemical company ] began a high demand for stockings in the United States with up to 4 million pairs being purchased in one day. ] were cheap, durable, and sheer compared to their cotton and silk counterparts. When America entered ], DuPont ceased production of nylon stockings and retooled their factories to produce parachutes, airplane cords, and rope. This led to a shortage and the creation of a ] for stockings. At the end of the war DuPont announced that the company would return to producing stockings, but could not meet demand. This led to a series of disturbances in American stores known as the ] until DuPont was able to increase production.<ref name="Nylonstory">{{cite book |title=Nylon: The Story of a Fashion Revolution |first=Susannah |last=Handley |publisher=Johns Hopkins Univ. Press |year=1999 |page=48 |isbn= 0-8018-6325-2}}</ref>
A precursor of ] made an appearance in the 1940s and 1950s, when film and theater productions had stockings sewn to the briefs of actresses and dancers, according to actress-singer-dancer ]<ref>{{cite video|people=Robert Osborne (Host)|date=1997-08-20|title=Private Screenings: Ann Miller|medium=Television production|publisher=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref> and seen in popular films such as ]. Today, stockings are commonly made using ] wool, silk, cotton or nylon (see ]). The introduction of commercial pantyhose in 1959 gave an alternative to stockings, and the use of stockings declined dramatically. A main reason for this was the trend towards higher hemlines on dresses (see ]). In 1970, U.S. sales of pantyhose exceeded stockings for the first time, and has remained this way ever since.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=C. Roland|title=Business Policy: Text and Cases|publisher=R.D. Irwin|year=1982|isbn=0-256-02626-2|page=161}}</ref> Beginning in 1987, sales of pantyhose started a slight decline due to the newly invented hold-ups, but still remain the most sold kind of hosiery.
In circumstances where the tops of the stockings are visible, some people prefer the look of suspenders. Others feel that stay-ups have less distortion of the top band, an important aesthetic consideration if this band is lacy.
==Benefits and drawbacks==
The most convenient (and presently fashionable) way to wear stockings is to wear panties over the stockings and garters. This pins the garters to the body, which makes it less obvious exactly what is being worn (this may be desirable to imbue a sense of mystery.) It also enhances convenience, as going to the bathroom or getting involved in erotic play simply involves pulling down the panties rather than going through all the steps required to detach the garters and re-attach them after the moment has passed.
{{original research|section|date=January 2021}}
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
Stockings are still sometimes preferred to ] in North American English, for a number of reasons. These may include the perception that stockings, and the associated use of ]s, ], high fashion, ] and the exposure of the thigh, are more aesthetically pleasing, or sexually attractive and alluring than pantyhose.
Both nylon stockings and pantyhose in being sheer share the advantage of being quick-drying compared to trousers. Spare pairs are also easy to carry if they are ruined. If laddered they can be replaced 'one at a time' which provides a cost advantage over tights.
Modern stockings come in a of colors and styles.
However, stockings have a drawback in colder weather, because more skin is exposed to the cold compared to pantyhose. Also, pantyhose do not require garters or garter belts.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/womens-health-pictures/are-panty-hose-good-for-you.aspx | title=Are Pantyhose Good for You? | date=15 December 2014 }}</ref>
In 1959, ] were invented by Allen Grant, Sr. These consist of both leg coverings woven together with a panty or girdle configured upper section that serves to obviate the entire issue of garters and garter belts. The primary benefit of pantyhose is the convenience of not having to adjust them as much, but there are significant health issues that serve to mitigate the convenience due to the closing off of the groin to ventilation. This problem can be partially mitigated by having a cotton gusset over the groin and by never wearing nylon panties under pantyhose. In the United Kingdom, the same garment goes by the name of ] or occasionally pantihose (with a slightly different spelling).
==Support==
Most women find pantyhose or tights far more convenient than stockings. This has led to a sharp decline in stocking wearing; indeed, nowadays stockings are often worn purely for their erotic value.
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2020}}
] lace]]
] held up by elastic]]
Stockings can be held up in one of three ways:
# A ] (]), or suspender belt or suspenders (]), is the second most common way of holding up stockings. It is a piece of ] worn around the waist like a belt but under clothing which has "suspenders" or "stays" that clip to the tops of the stockings. Frequently, women opted for girdles that included the clips instead of a separate belt.
# ] are the most common means of support. The inside of the top of the stockings has a band (typically ]) of elastic or highly tractive material that resists slipping down the thigh.
# A ] is the least common means of support. It is slipped over the top of the stocking to hold the stocking by essentially clamping it to the leg. These are the garters typically worn by a bride at her wedding.
==Terminology==
{{1911}}
] hosiery.]]
In modern usage, ''stocking'' specifically refers to the form of hosiery configured as two pieces, one for each leg (except for American and ], where the term can also be a synonym for ]). The terms ''hold-ups'' and ''thigh highs'' refer to stockings that stay up through the use of built-in elastic, while the word ''stockings'' is the general term or refers to the kind of stockings that need a suspender belt (garter belt, in ]), and are quite distinct from ] or pantyhose (American English).
Other terms used with stockings include:
==Stocking Terminology==
* Cuban-Heel- A stocking with a heel made with folded over and sewn reinforcement.
* Cuban heel: A stocking with a heel made with folded over and sewn reinforcement.
* Demi-toe: Stockings which have a reinforced toe with half the coverage on top as on the bottom. This results in a reinforcement that covers only the tip of the toes as opposed to the whole toe. These can be with or without a reinforced heel.
* Demi-Toe - Stockings which have a nude, sheer heel and a reinforced toe.
* Denier - The lower the denier number the sheerer the garment. Stockings knitted with a higher denier tend to be less sheer but more durable.
* ]: The lower the denier number the sheerer the garment. Stockings knitted with a higher denier tend to be less sheer but more durable.
* Fishnet - Knitted stockings with a very wide open knit resembling a fish net.
* ]: Knitted stockings with a very wide open knit resembling a ].
* Fencenet: Similar to fishnet, but with a much wider pattern. These are sometimes worn over another pair of stockings or pantyhose, such as matte or opaque, with a contrasting colour. Sometimes referred to as whalenets.
* Full-Fashioned - Full-fashioned stockings are knitted flat, the material is then cut and the two sides are then united by a seam up the back. Full-fashioned stockings first became popular during the 1950s.
* ]: typically made out of heavy cotton or a thick, durable synthetic fabric that reaches the knee.<ref>''''
* Matte - Stockings which have a dull or non-lustre finish.
</ref>
* Mock Seams - A false seam sewn into the back of a seamless stocking.
* ]: Fully fashioned stockings are knitted flat, the material is then cut and the two sides are then united by a seam up the back. Fully fashioned stockings were the most popular style until the 1960s.
* Nude Heel - Stockings without reinforcement in the heel area.
* ] (British English) or ]: Stockings that are held up by sewn-in elasticated bands (quite often a wide lace top band). In the US they are referred to as thigh-highs.
* Opaque - Stockings made of yarn which give them a heavier appearance (usually 40 denier or greater).
* ]: Stockings that terminate at or just barely below the knee. Also known as half-stockings, trouser socks, or socks.
* RHT - Abbreviation of reinforced heel and toe.
* Matte: Stockings which have a dull or non-lustre finish.
* Sandalfoot - Stockings with a nude toe, meaning no heavier yarn in the toe than is in the leg.
* Mock seam: A false seam sewn into the back of a seamless stocking.
* Seamed - Stockings manufactured in the old Full-Fashioned manner with a seam running up the back of the leg. In the past they were manufactured by cutting the fabric and then sewing it together. Today stockings are generally fully knitted and a fake or mock seam is added up the back for a particular fashion look.
* Nude heel: Stockings without reinforcement in the heel area.
* Seamless - Stockings knit in one operation on circular machines (one continuous operation) so that no seaming is required up the back.
* Sheers - Stockings generally of a 10to20 denier.
* Opaque: Stockings made of yarn which give them a heavier appearance (usually 40 denier or greater).
* Point heel: in a Fully Fashioned stocking it is a heel in which the reinforced part ends in a triangle shape.
* Knee-Highs - Stockings that terminate at or just barely above the knee.
* RHT: Abbreviation of reinforced heel and toe.
* Thigh-Highs - Stockings that terminate somewhere in the mid-thigh.
* Open-toed: Stockings that stop at the base of the toe with a piece that goes between the first and second toes to hold them down. They can be worn with some open-toed shoes, especially to show off pedicured toes.
* Stay-ups - Stockings that are held up by sewn-in elasticated bands.
* Sandalfoot: Stockings with a nude toe, meaning no heavier yarn in the toe than is in the leg. They are intended to be worn with sandal or open-toe shoes.
* Ultra Sheer - A fine denier fiber which gives the ultimate in sheerness. Usually 20 denier or less.
* ]: Stockings manufactured in the old Full-Fashioned manner with a seam running up the back of the leg. In the past they were manufactured by cutting the fabric and then sewing it together.
* Welt - A fabric knitted separately and machine-sewn to the top of a stocking. Knit in a heavier denier yarn and folded double to give strength for supporter fastening.
* Seamless: Stockings knit in one operation on circular machines (one continuous operation) so that no seaming is required up the back.
* Sheers: Stockings generally of a 15 to 20 denier.
]
* Contrast Tops: Stockings with a different colour top to the main stocking, such as black tops with a natural beige colour stocking
]
* Stocking Feet: Shoeless feet covered by stockings or socks.
]
* ]] (]) or ] (American English): a belt with straps to keep stockings (not hold-ups) in place: usually they have 4 or 6 straps, but may have from 8 to as many as 14 straps. Suspender Belts with 12 or 14 straps are often associated with the Burlesque style and era.
* ]: A fine denier fiber which gives the ultimate in sheerness. Usually 10 denier but can be as low as 1 denier.
* Welt: A fabric knitted separately and machine-sewn to the top of a stocking. Knit in a heavier denier yarn and folded double to give strength for supporter fastening.
Hosiery that covers the feet and legs to the knee or higher
Not to be confused with tights, pantyhose, knee highs, or hold-ups.This article is about the article of clothing primarily worn by women. For the Christmas receptacle filled by Santa Claus, see Christmas stocking. For other uses, see Stocking (disambiguation).
Stockings (also known as hose, especially in a historical context) are close-fitting, variously elastic garments covering the leg from the foot up to the knee or possibly part or all of the thigh. Stockings vary in color, design, and transparency. Today, stockings are primarily worn for fashion and aesthetics, usually in association with mid-length or short skirts.
History
Examining the quality of nylon stockings, Malmö clothing factory, Sweden, 1954Stockings on display for sale in South Korea
Historically, even though the word sock is at least as ancient in origin, what men normally wore in the medieval period were referred to as hose.
The word stock used to refer to the bottom "stump" part of the body, and by analogy the word was used to refer to the one-piece covering of the lower trunk and limbs of the 15th century—essentially tights consisting of the upper-stocks (later to be worn separately as knee breeches) and nether-stocks (later to be worn separately as stockings). (See Hose.)
Before the 1590s, stockings were knitted by hand or constructed from woven cloth. Knitted stockings were preferred because of their flexibility. The first knitting machines were for making stockings. The stockings themselves were made of cotton, linen, wool or silk. A polished cotton called lisle was common, as were those made in the town of Balbriggan.
Before the 1920s, stockings, if worn, were worn for warmth. In the 1920s, as hemlines of dresses rose and central heating was not widespread, women began to wear flesh-colored stockings to cover their exposed legs. Those stockings were sheer, first made of silk or rayon (then known as "artificial silk") and after 1940 of nylon.
Kronenberg brand stocking from mid-20th century
The introduction of nylon in 1939 by chemical company DuPont began a high demand for stockings in the United States with up to 4 million pairs being purchased in one day. Nylon stockings were cheap, durable, and sheer compared to their cotton and silk counterparts. When America entered World War II, DuPont ceased production of nylon stockings and retooled their factories to produce parachutes, airplane cords, and rope. This led to a shortage and the creation of a black market for stockings. At the end of the war DuPont announced that the company would return to producing stockings, but could not meet demand. This led to a series of disturbances in American stores known as the nylon riots until DuPont was able to increase production.
A precursor of pantyhose made an appearance in the 1940s and 1950s, when film and theater productions had stockings sewn to the briefs of actresses and dancers, according to actress-singer-dancer Ann Miller and seen in popular films such as Daddy Long Legs. Today, stockings are commonly made using knitted wool, silk, cotton or nylon (see hosiery). The introduction of commercial pantyhose in 1959 gave an alternative to stockings, and the use of stockings declined dramatically. A main reason for this was the trend towards higher hemlines on dresses (see minidress). In 1970, U.S. sales of pantyhose exceeded stockings for the first time, and has remained this way ever since. Beginning in 1987, sales of pantyhose started a slight decline due to the newly invented hold-ups, but still remain the most sold kind of hosiery.
Stockings are still sometimes preferred to pantyhose in North American English, for a number of reasons. These may include the perception that stockings, and the associated use of garters, lace, high fashion, appliqué and the exposure of the thigh, are more aesthetically pleasing, or sexually attractive and alluring than pantyhose.
Both nylon stockings and pantyhose in being sheer share the advantage of being quick-drying compared to trousers. Spare pairs are also easy to carry if they are ruined. If laddered they can be replaced 'one at a time' which provides a cost advantage over tights.
However, stockings have a drawback in colder weather, because more skin is exposed to the cold compared to pantyhose. Also, pantyhose do not require garters or garter belts.
A garter belt (AmE), or suspender belt or suspenders (BrE), is the second most common way of holding up stockings. It is a piece of underwear worn around the waist like a belt but under clothing which has "suspenders" or "stays" that clip to the tops of the stockings. Frequently, women opted for girdles that included the clips instead of a separate belt.
Hold-ups are the most common means of support. The inside of the top of the stockings has a band (typically silicone) of elastic or highly tractive material that resists slipping down the thigh.
A garter is the least common means of support. It is slipped over the top of the stocking to hold the stocking by essentially clamping it to the leg. These are the garters typically worn by a bride at her wedding.
In modern usage, stocking specifically refers to the form of hosiery configured as two pieces, one for each leg (except for American and Australian English, where the term can also be a synonym for pantyhose). The terms hold-ups and thigh highs refer to stockings that stay up through the use of built-in elastic, while the word stockings is the general term or refers to the kind of stockings that need a suspender belt (garter belt, in American English), and are quite distinct from tights or pantyhose (American English).
Other terms used with stockings include:
Cuban heel: A stocking with a heel made with folded over and sewn reinforcement.
Demi-toe: Stockings which have a reinforced toe with half the coverage on top as on the bottom. This results in a reinforcement that covers only the tip of the toes as opposed to the whole toe. These can be with or without a reinforced heel.
Denier: The lower the denier number the sheerer the garment. Stockings knitted with a higher denier tend to be less sheer but more durable.
Fishnet: Knitted stockings with a very wide open knit resembling a fish net.
Fencenet: Similar to fishnet, but with a much wider pattern. These are sometimes worn over another pair of stockings or pantyhose, such as matte or opaque, with a contrasting colour. Sometimes referred to as whalenets.
Football stockings: typically made out of heavy cotton or a thick, durable synthetic fabric that reaches the knee.
Full Fashioned: Fully fashioned stockings are knitted flat, the material is then cut and the two sides are then united by a seam up the back. Fully fashioned stockings were the most popular style until the 1960s.
Hold-ups (British English) or Stay-ups: Stockings that are held up by sewn-in elasticated bands (quite often a wide lace top band). In the US they are referred to as thigh-highs.
Knee highs: Stockings that terminate at or just barely below the knee. Also known as half-stockings, trouser socks, or socks.
Matte: Stockings which have a dull or non-lustre finish.
Mock seam: A false seam sewn into the back of a seamless stocking.
Nude heel: Stockings without reinforcement in the heel area.
Opaque: Stockings made of yarn which give them a heavier appearance (usually 40 denier or greater).
Point heel: in a Fully Fashioned stocking it is a heel in which the reinforced part ends in a triangle shape.
RHT: Abbreviation of reinforced heel and toe.
Open-toed: Stockings that stop at the base of the toe with a piece that goes between the first and second toes to hold them down. They can be worn with some open-toed shoes, especially to show off pedicured toes.
Sandalfoot: Stockings with a nude toe, meaning no heavier yarn in the toe than is in the leg. They are intended to be worn with sandal or open-toe shoes.
Seamed: Stockings manufactured in the old Full-Fashioned manner with a seam running up the back of the leg. In the past they were manufactured by cutting the fabric and then sewing it together.
Seamless: Stockings knit in one operation on circular machines (one continuous operation) so that no seaming is required up the back.
Sheers: Stockings generally of a 15 to 20 denier.
Contrast Tops: Stockings with a different colour top to the main stocking, such as black tops with a natural beige colour stocking
Stocking Feet: Shoeless feet covered by stockings or socks.
14 Strap Burlesque style Suspender BeltSuspender belt (British English) or Garter belt (American English): a belt with straps to keep stockings (not hold-ups) in place: usually they have 4 or 6 straps, but may have from 8 to as many as 14 straps. Suspender Belts with 12 or 14 straps are often associated with the Burlesque style and era.
Ultra sheer: A fine denier fiber which gives the ultimate in sheerness. Usually 10 denier but can be as low as 1 denier.
Welt: A fabric knitted separately and machine-sewn to the top of a stocking. Knit in a heavier denier yarn and folded double to give strength for supporter fastening.
A pair of nylon stockings.
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