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			{{Short description\|King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 423 to 405/4 BC}}
	{{for\|other Persians named Ochus\|Ochus (disambiguation)}}
			{{about\|the ancient king of the Achaemenid Empire}}
	'''Darius II''' (''Dārayavahuš''), originally called '''Ochus''' and often surnamed '''Nothus''' (from ] νόθος), was king of the ] from 423 BC to 404 BC.
			{{Infobox royalty
			\| name = Darius II<br>𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
			\| title =
			\| image = Darius II (reduced shadow).jpg
			\| caption = Darius II as depicted on his tomb in ]
			\| succession = ] of the ]
			\| reign = 423–404 BC
			\| predecessor = ]
			\| successor = ]
			\| succession1 = ]
			\| reign1 = 423–404 BC
			\| predecessor1 = Sogdianus
			\| successor1 = ]
			\| birth_date =
			\| birth_place =
			\| death_date = 404 BC
			\| death_place =
			\| spouse = ]
			\| issue = {{plainlist\|
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]}}
			\| dynasty = ]
			\| father = ]
			\| mother = ] of Babylon
			\| religion = ]
			}}
			'''Darius II''' ({{langx\|peo\|]}} {{transl\|peo\|Dārayavaʰuš}}; {{langx\|grc\|]}} {{transl\|grc\|Dareios}}), also known by his given name '''Ochus''' ({{lang\|grc\|Greek: Ὦχος}} {{transl\|grc\|Ochos}}), was ] of the ] from 423 BC to 405<ref>'']'', "Darius".</ref> or 404 BC.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911\|inline=1\|wstitle=Darius\|volume=7\|page=833\|first=Eduard\|last=Meyer\|author-link=Eduard Meyer}}</ref>

			Following the death of ], in 424 BC or 423 BC, there was a struggle for power between his sons. The victor, Ochus, adopted the name Darius (Greek sources often call him Darius ''Nothos'', "Bastard").<ref name=":1">{{Cite book \|last=Stolper \|first=Matthew W. \|title=Entrepreneurs and empire: the Muras̆û Archive, the Muras̆û Firm, and Persian rule in Babylonia \|date=1985 \|publisher=Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul \|isbn=978-90-6258-054-5 \|series=Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul = Publications de l'Institut historique et archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul \|location=Istanbul \|publication-date=1985 \|pages=118-120}}</ref> His reign was marked by a series of revolts by various ] and involvement in the Greek ].
	], who died on December 25, 424 BC, was followed by his son ]. After a month and a half Xerxes II was murdered by his brother Secydianus or ] (the form of the name is uncertain). His illegitimate brother, Ochus, ] of ], rebelled against Sogdianus, and after a short fight killed him, and suppressed by treachery the attempt of his own brother Arsites to imitate his example. Ochus adopted the name Darius (in the chronicles he is called ''Nothos"). Neither the names Xerxes II nor Sogdianus occur in the dates of the numerous ]ian tablets from ]; here effectively the reign of Darius II follows immediately after that of Artaxerxes I.
			]
			It seems that Darius II was quite dependent on his wife ]. In excerpts from ] some ] intrigues are recorded, in which he played a disreputable part.<ref name="EB1911" /> The ] mention Darius II as a contemporary of the ] of ] 6:10.<ref>Pritchard, James B. ed., ''Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton University Press, third edition with supplement 1969'', p. 492</ref><ref>Bezalel Porten (Author), J. J. Farber (Author), C. J. F. Martin (Author), G. Vittmann (Author), The Elephantine Papyri in English (Documenta Et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui, book 22), Koninklijke Brill NV, The Netherlands, 1996, p 125-153.</ref> Darius II is potentially mentioned in the books of ], ], and ] of the ] (the ] ]). There is some debate on whether these books refer to Darius the Great though.

			== Rise to Power ==
	]]]
			Texts from the Babylonian ] date the transition from Artaxerxes I to Darius II between December 424 BC and February 423 BC. These Babylonian records do not reference any other contenders for the Persian throne directly, but Classical Greek and Latin historians, primarily Ctesias of Cnidus, describe a struggle for power within the Achamenid royal family. Darius II received his royal name and recognition from supporters in Babylon, while his half-brothers, ] and ], claimed authority elsewhere in the Empire. After just 45 days, Sogdianus orchestrated Xerxes’ assassination.<ref name=":1" />
	Historians know very little about Darius II's reign. A rebellion by the ] in 409 BC is mentioned by ]. It does seem that Darius II was quite dependent on his wife ]. In excerpts from ] some ] intrigues are recorded, in which he played a disreputable part.

			Darius quickly gathered support from influential figures in the Persian Empire, including Sogdianus’ former cavalry commander, ], Satrap ] of Egypt, the influential ] eunuch ], and possibly Satrap ] of ]. Rather than fighting Sogdianus, Darius and his wife and half-sister, Parysatis, arranged to negotiate. When Sogdianus arrived for negotiations, he was seized and executed in a pit of hot ashes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last=Briant \|first=Pierre \|title=From Cyrus to Alexander: a history of the Persian Empire \|date= \|publisher=Eisenbrauns \|year=2002 \|isbn=978-1-57506-574-8 \|editor-last= \|editor-first= \|location=Winona Lake, IN \|pages=588-597}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book \|last=Llewellyn-Jones \|first=Lloyd \|title=Ctesias' History of Persia: Tales of the Orient \|last2=Robson \|first2=James \|date= \|publisher=Routledge \|others= \|year=2009 \|isbn=978-1-134-22046-5 \|series=Routledge classical translations \|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon New York \|pages=193-196}}</ref>
	As long as the power of ] remained intact he did not meddle in ] affairs. When in 413 BC, Athens supported the rebel Amorges in ], Darius would not have responded had not the Athenian power been broken in the same year at ]. As a result of that event, Darius II gave orders to his satraps in ], ] and ], to send in the overdue tribute of the Greek towns and to begin a war with Athens. To support the war with Athens, the Persian satraps entered into an alliance with Sparta. In 408 BC he sent his son ] to Asia Minor, to carry on the war with greater energy.

			Soon after defeating his half-brothers, Darius’ full brother, Arsites, rebelled for unclear reasons. Arsites was ] and had the support of Artyphius, son of the earlier rebel Satrap ]. Darius sent an army to confront his brother under the command of ], a ] nobleman. The rebels defeated Artasyrus’ army in two engagements, but they were defeated in a third. After that defeat, Artasyrus bribed the Greek mercenaries in Arsites’ army to surrender and captured Artyphius. Artyphius was temporarily spared on Parysatis’ advice to demonstrate the new regime’s leniency. When Arsites surrendered, he and Artyphius were both executed with hot ashes as well.<ref name=":2" />
	In 404 BC Darius II died after a reign of nineteen years, and was followed as Persian king by ].

			== Internal Rebellions ==
	==Offspring==
			Early in Darius’ reign, ], the Satrap of ], also staged a revolt for unknown reasons. Pissuthnes employed the ] general Lycon to command ] mercenaries on his behalf while Darius sent ], a younger son of Hydarnes, to combat the rebellion. Tissaphernes immediately sent a letter to Lycon, offering the Greek mercenaries greater rewards if they turned on Pissouthnes and joined Tissaphernes’ army. The rebellious satrap was forced to negotiate and surrender. Tissaphernes sent him back to Persia to face execution and became the new Satrap of Lydia as a reward.

			Pissuthnes’ son, ], continued the rebellion with a band of mercenaries funded by Athens in ]. Darius may have been hesitant to pursue Amorges in order to avoid conflict with Athens, but after the disastrous ], the king ordered Tissaphernes and the neighboring satrap, ], to defeat the rebels and exact tribute from Athenian-held territory in ]. Tissaphernes arranged an alliance with Sparta, and the Spartan navy assisted the Persians in defeating Amorges and re-taking Iasus in 412 BC.<ref name=":3" />]After Darius took power, he arranged diplomatic marriages between his own family and that of Hydarnes in Armenia. Darius’ eldest son, Arsaces (the future ]), married Hydarnes’ daughter, ]. Hydarnes’ son, Terituchmes, married Darius’ daughter, Amestris. When Hydarnes died, Terituchmes inherited his position as Satrap of Armenia but came to resent his royal marriage. According to Ctesias, the new Satrap was in love with his own sister, Rhoxane and made plans to murder Amestris and marry Rhoxane instead.

			Terituchmes gathered 300 men to stuff Amestris in a sack and stab her to death. Murdering a member of the royal family was an act of rebellion, but before Darius could mobilize against Armenia, an Armenian nobleman, Udiastes, offered to raise an army and put down the rebellion himself, killing Terituchmes and 37 of his assassins in the resulting battle. Udiastes’ own son was one of the rebels and attempted to flee with one of Terituchmes’ sons to ], but they were soon captured and executed as well. Armenia was temporarily governed by ] as a “King’s Eye,” before passing the province to his son, ].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

			] and ] reference several other minor revolts in their works, including conflict with the ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name=":3" />

			==Conflict with Athens==
			As long as the power of Athens remained intact Darius did not meddle in Greek affairs. In 424 or 423 BC, Darius and the Athenian emissary Epilycus confirmed the peace between Persia and Athens, either through a new agreement or a renewal of the ]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Blamire \|first=Alec \|date=1975 \|title=Epilycus' Negotiations with Persia \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087581?origin=crossref \|journal=Phoenix \|volume=29 \|issue=1 \|pages=21–26 \|doi=10.2307/1087581 \|issn=0031-8299}}</ref> When in 413 BC, Athens supported the rebel Amorges in ], Darius II would not have responded had not the Athenian power been broken in the same year at ]. As a result of that event, Darius II gave orders to his satraps in Asia Minor, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, to send in the overdue tribute of the Greek towns and to begin a war with Athens. To support the war with Athens, the Persian satraps entered into an alliance with Sparta. In 408 BC he sent his son ] to Asia Minor, to carry on the war with greater energy.

			Darius II may have expelled various Greek dynasts who had been ruling cities in Ionia: ] wrote that the sons of ], which include ], Governor of ], "appear to have returned to Athens", and that they dedicated a painting of Themistocles in the ] and erected a bronze statue to ], the goddess of Magnesia, on the ].<ref name="DH200" /><ref>Paus. , </ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Habicht \|first1=Christian \|title=Pausanias Guide to Ancient Greece \|date=1998 \|publisher=University of California Press \|isbn=9780520061705 \|page=5 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cJYpYbScEUC&pg=PA5 \|language=en}}</ref> They may have returned from ] in old age, after 412 BC, when the Achaemenids took again firm control of the Greek cities of Asia, and they may have been expelled by the Achaemenid ] Tissaphernes sometime between 412 and 399 BC.<ref name="DH200">{{cite book \|last1=Harvey \|first1=David \|last2=Wilkins \|first2=John \|title=The Rivals of Aristophanes: Studies in Athenian Old Comedy \|date=2002 \|publisher=ISD LLC \|isbn=9781910589595 \|page=200 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQVPDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 \|language=en}}</ref> In effect, from 414 BC, Darius II had started to resent increasing Athenian power in the ] and had Tissaphernes enter into an alliance with ] against ], which in 412 BC led to the Persian conquest of the greater part of ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology\|last=Smith\|first=William\|publisher=Little, Brown\|year=1867\|volume=3\|location=Boston\|pages=1154–1156}}</ref>

			Darius is said to have received the visit of Greek athlete and Olympic champion ], who made a demonstration of his strength by killing three Immortals in front of the Persian ruler.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Lynch \|first1=James \|title=The Ancient Olympiads: 776 BC to 393 AD \|date=2015 \|publisher=Warwick Press Inc. \|isbn=9781987944006 \|page=141 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qjxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT141 \|language=en }}{{Dead link\|date=November 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Valavanēs \|first1=Panos \|title=Games and sanctuaries in ancient Greece: Olympia, Delphi, Isthmia, Nemea, Athens \|date=2004 \|publisher=Kapon Editions \|page=433 \|isbn=9789607037435 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njwKAQAAMAAJ \|language=en}}</ref> A sculpture representing the scene is visible in the Museum of the History of the Olympic Games of antiquity.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Ministry of Culture and Sports {{!}} Museum of the History of the Olympic Games of antiquity \|url=http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/4/eh430.jsp?obj_id=11041}}</ref>] in ]]]Darius II died in 404 BC, in the nineteenth year of his reign, and was followed as Persian king by Artaxerxes II.<ref name="EB1911" />

			==Issue==
	;By ]		;By ]
			:Amestris the wife of Terituchmes<ref name=":2" />
	:]		:]
	:]		:]
			:Artostes<ref name=":2" />
	:] or Oxendares or Oxendras
			:]<ref name=":2" />
	:]
			:Oxathres or Oxendares or Oxendras<ref name=":2" />
	:]
			:& seven other unnamed children who died in childhood<ref name=":2" />
	:] wife of ] & then ]
	:& seven other unnamed children

	;By ~~other~~ ~~wives~~		;By unknown mothers
	:]
	:The unnamed satrap of ] at 401 B.C.		:The unnamed satrap of ] at 401 B.C.

	==See also==		==See also==
	*]		*]
			*]

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			{{Commons category\|Darius II}}

	{{s-start}}		{{s-start}}
	{{s-hou\|]\|\|??\|\|404 BC}}		{{s-hou\|]\|\|\|\|404 BC}}
			{{s-bef\|rows=1\|before=?}}
			{{s-ttl\|title=] of ]\|years=???–423 BC}}
			{{s-aft\|rows=1\|after=?}}
	{{s-bef\|rows=2\|before=]}}		{{s-bef\|rows=2\|before=]}}
	{{s-ttl\|title=]\|years=~~423 BC – 404~~ BC}}		{{s-ttl\|title=]\|years=423–404 BC}}
	{{s-aft\|rows=1\|after=]}}		{{s-aft\|rows=1\|after=]}}
	{{s-ttl\|title=]\|years=~~423–404~~}}		{{s-ttl\|title=]\|dynasty=]\|years=423–404 BC}}
	{{s-aft\|after=]}}		{{s-aft\|after=]}}
	{{end}}		{{s-end}}

			{{Achaemenid rulers}}
	==References==
			{{Median and Achaemenid kings}}
	*{{1911}}
			{{Pharaohs}}
			{{Babylonian kings}}

			{{Authority control}}
	{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->

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Latest revision as of 20:04, 8 January 2025

King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 423 to 405/4 BC This article is about the ancient king of the Achaemenid Empire. For other uses, see Darius II (disambiguation).

Darius II 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
Darius II as depicted on his tomb in Naqsh-e Rostam
King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire
Reign	423–404 BC
Predecessor	Sogdianus
Successor	Artaxerxes II
Pharaoh of Egypt
Reign	423–404 BC
Predecessor	Sogdianus
Successor	Amyrtaeus

Died	404 BC
Spouse	Parysatis
Issue	Artaxerxes II Cyrus the Younger Ostanes
Dynasty	Achaemenid
Father	Artaxerxes I
Mother	Cosmartidene of Babylon
Religion	Zoroastrianism

Darius II (Old Persian: 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavaʰuš; Ancient Greek: Δαρεῖος Dareios), also known by his given name Ochus (Greek: Ὦχος Ochos), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 423 BC to 405 or 404 BC.

Following the death of Artaxerxes I, in 424 BC or 423 BC, there was a struggle for power between his sons. The victor, Ochus, adopted the name Darius (Greek sources often call him Darius Nothos, "Bastard"). His reign was marked by a series of revolts by various satraps and involvement in the Greek Peloponnesian War.

It seems that Darius II was quite dependent on his wife Parysatis. In excerpts from Ctesias some harem intrigues are recorded, in which he played a disreputable part. The Elephantine papyri mention Darius II as a contemporary of the high priest Johanan of Ezra 6:10. Darius II is potentially mentioned in the books of Haggai, Zechariah, and Ezra–Nehemiah of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament). There is some debate on whether these books refer to Darius the Great though.

Rise to Power

Texts from the Babylonian Murashu Archive date the transition from Artaxerxes I to Darius II between December 424 BC and February 423 BC. These Babylonian records do not reference any other contenders for the Persian throne directly, but Classical Greek and Latin historians, primarily Ctesias of Cnidus, describe a struggle for power within the Achamenid royal family. Darius II received his royal name and recognition from supporters in Babylon, while his half-brothers, Xerxes II and Sogdianus, claimed authority elsewhere in the Empire. After just 45 days, Sogdianus orchestrated Xerxes’ assassination.

Darius quickly gathered support from influential figures in the Persian Empire, including Sogdianus’ former cavalry commander, Arbarius, Satrap Arsames of Egypt, the influential Paphlagonian eunuch Artoxares, and possibly Satrap Hydarnes of Armenia. Rather than fighting Sogdianus, Darius and his wife and half-sister, Parysatis, arranged to negotiate. When Sogdianus arrived for negotiations, he was seized and executed in a pit of hot ashes.

Soon after defeating his half-brothers, Darius’ full brother, Arsites, rebelled for unclear reasons. Arsites was Satrap of Syria and had the support of Artyphius, son of the earlier rebel Satrap Megabyzus. Darius sent an army to confront his brother under the command of Artasyrus, a Bactrian nobleman. The rebels defeated Artasyrus’ army in two engagements, but they were defeated in a third. After that defeat, Artasyrus bribed the Greek mercenaries in Arsites’ army to surrender and captured Artyphius. Artyphius was temporarily spared on Parysatis’ advice to demonstrate the new regime’s leniency. When Arsites surrendered, he and Artyphius were both executed with hot ashes as well.

Internal Rebellions

Early in Darius’ reign, Pissuthnes, the Satrap of Lydia, also staged a revolt for unknown reasons. Pissuthnes employed the Athenian general Lycon to command Greek mercenaries on his behalf while Darius sent Tissaphernes, a younger son of Hydarnes, to combat the rebellion. Tissaphernes immediately sent a letter to Lycon, offering the Greek mercenaries greater rewards if they turned on Pissouthnes and joined Tissaphernes’ army. The rebellious satrap was forced to negotiate and surrender. Tissaphernes sent him back to Persia to face execution and became the new Satrap of Lydia as a reward.

Pissuthnes’ son, Amorges, continued the rebellion with a band of mercenaries funded by Athens in Iasus. Darius may have been hesitant to pursue Amorges in order to avoid conflict with Athens, but after the disastrous Athenian expedition to Sicily, the king ordered Tissaphernes and the neighboring satrap, Pharnabazus II, to defeat the rebels and exact tribute from Athenian-held territory in Asia Minor. Tissaphernes arranged an alliance with Sparta, and the Spartan navy assisted the Persians in defeating Amorges and re-taking Iasus in 412 BC.

After Darius took power, he arranged diplomatic marriages between his own family and that of Hydarnes in Armenia. Darius’ eldest son, Arsaces (the future Artaxerxes II), married Hydarnes’ daughter, Stateira. Hydarnes’ son, Terituchmes, married Darius’ daughter, Amestris. When Hydarnes died, Terituchmes inherited his position as Satrap of Armenia but came to resent his royal marriage. According to Ctesias, the new Satrap was in love with his own sister, Rhoxane and made plans to murder Amestris and marry Rhoxane instead.

Terituchmes gathered 300 men to stuff Amestris in a sack and stab her to death. Murdering a member of the royal family was an act of rebellion, but before Darius could mobilize against Armenia, an Armenian nobleman, Udiastes, offered to raise an army and put down the rebellion himself, killing Terituchmes and 37 of his assassins in the resulting battle. Udiastes’ own son was one of the rebels and attempted to flee with one of Terituchmes’ sons to Zaris, but they were soon captured and executed as well. Armenia was temporarily governed by Artasyrus as a “King’s Eye,” before passing the province to his son, Orontes I.

Xenophon and Diodorus Siculus reference several other minor revolts in their works, including conflict with the Medes, Cadusians, Pisidians, Arabs, and Egyptians.

Conflict with Athens

As long as the power of Athens remained intact Darius did not meddle in Greek affairs. In 424 or 423 BC, Darius and the Athenian emissary Epilycus confirmed the peace between Persia and Athens, either through a new agreement or a renewal of the Peace of Callias. When in 413 BC, Athens supported the rebel Amorges in Caria, Darius II would not have responded had not the Athenian power been broken in the same year at Syracuse. As a result of that event, Darius II gave orders to his satraps in Asia Minor, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, to send in the overdue tribute of the Greek towns and to begin a war with Athens. To support the war with Athens, the Persian satraps entered into an alliance with Sparta. In 408 BC he sent his son Cyrus to Asia Minor, to carry on the war with greater energy.

Darius II may have expelled various Greek dynasts who had been ruling cities in Ionia: Pausanias wrote that the sons of Themistocles, which include Archeptolis, Governor of Magnesia, "appear to have returned to Athens", and that they dedicated a painting of Themistocles in the Parthenon and erected a bronze statue to Artemis Leucophryene, the goddess of Magnesia, on the Acropolis. They may have returned from Asia Minor in old age, after 412 BC, when the Achaemenids took again firm control of the Greek cities of Asia, and they may have been expelled by the Achaemenid satrap Tissaphernes sometime between 412 and 399 BC. In effect, from 414 BC, Darius II had started to resent increasing Athenian power in the Aegean and had Tissaphernes enter into an alliance with Sparta against Athens, which in 412 BC led to the Persian conquest of the greater part of Ionia.

Darius is said to have received the visit of Greek athlete and Olympic champion Polydamas of Skotoussa, who made a demonstration of his strength by killing three Immortals in front of the Persian ruler. A sculpture representing the scene is visible in the Museum of the History of the Olympic Games of antiquity.

Darius II died in 404 BC, in the nineteenth year of his reign, and was followed as Persian king by Artaxerxes II.

Issue

By Parysatis: Amestris the wife of Terituchmes; Artaxerxes II; Cyrus the Younger; Artostes; Ostanes; Oxathres or Oxendares or Oxendras; & seven other unnamed children who died in childhood

By unknown mothers: The unnamed satrap of Media at 401 B.C.

References

Brill's New Pauly, "Darius".
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Meyer, Eduard (1911). "Darius". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 833.
^ Stolper, Matthew W. (1985). Entrepreneurs and empire: the Muras̆û Archive, the Muras̆û Firm, and Persian rule in Babylonia. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul = Publications de l'Institut historique et archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. pp. 118–120. ISBN 978-90-6258-054-5.
Pritchard, James B. ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton University Press, third edition with supplement 1969, p. 492
Bezalel Porten (Author), J. J. Farber (Author), C. J. F. Martin (Author), G. Vittmann (Author), The Elephantine Papyri in English (Documenta Et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui, book 22), Koninklijke Brill NV, The Netherlands, 1996, p 125-153.
^ Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: a history of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. pp. 588–597. ISBN 978-1-57506-574-8.
^ Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd; Robson, James (2009). Ctesias' History of Persia: Tales of the Orient. Routledge classical translations. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon New York: Routledge. pp. 193–196. ISBN 978-1-134-22046-5.
Blamire, Alec (1975). "Epilycus' Negotiations with Persia". Phoenix. 29 (1): 21–26. doi:10.2307/1087581. ISSN 0031-8299.
^ Harvey, David; Wilkins, John (2002). The Rivals of Aristophanes: Studies in Athenian Old Comedy. ISD LLC. p. 200. ISBN 9781910589595.
Paus. 1.1.2, 26.4
Habicht, Christian (1998). Pausanias Guide to Ancient Greece. University of California Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780520061705.
Smith, William (1867). Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. Vol. 3. Boston: Little, Brown. pp. 1154–1156.
Lynch, James (2015). The Ancient Olympiads: 776 BC to 393 AD. Warwick Press Inc. p. 141. ISBN 9781987944006.
Valavanēs, Panos (2004). Games and sanctuaries in ancient Greece: Olympia, Delphi, Isthmia, Nemea, Athens. Kapon Editions. p. 433. ISBN 9789607037435.
Ministry of Culture and Sports | Museum of the History of the Olympic Games of antiquity.

Darius II Achaemenid dynasty Died: 404 BC
Preceded by?	Satrap of Hyrcania ???–423 BC	Succeeded by?
Preceded bySogdianus	King of Kings of Persia 423–404 BC	Succeeded byArtaxerxes II
Preceded bySogdianus	Pharaoh of Egypt XXVII Dynasty 423–404 BC	Succeeded byAmyrtaeus

v t e Rulers in the Achaemenid Empire
Family tree - Achaemenid Kingdom
Kings of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire	Achaemenes Ariaramnes Arsames Teispes Cyrus I Cambyses I Cyrus the Great Cambyses II Bardiya Darius the Great Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Artaxerxes II Mnemon Artaxerxes III Ochus Artaxerxes IV Arses Darius III Codomannus Artaxerxes V Bessus
Satraps of Lydia	Tabalus Mazares Harpagus Oroetus Bagaeus Otanes Artaphernes I Artaphernes II Pissuthnes Tissaphernes Cyrus the Younger Tissaphernes Tithraustes Tiribazus Struthas Autophradates Spithridates
Satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia	Mitrobates Megabazus Megabates Oebares II Artabazus I Pharnabazus I Pharnaces II Pharnabazus II Ariobarzanes Artabazus II Pharnabazus III Arsites
Satraps of Cappadocia	Datames Ariamnes I Mithrobuzanes Ariarathes I
Greek Governors of Asia Minor cities	Miltiades Demaratus Gongylos Eurysthenes Prokles Histiaeus Aristagoras Themistocles Archeptolis Aridolis Amyntas II Philiscus
Dynasts of Lycia	Kheziga Kybernis Kuprlli Harpagus Teththiweibi Kheriga Kherei Arbinas Artembares Artumpara Mithrapata Perikle
Dynasts of Caria	Lygdamis I Artemisia Pisindelis Lygdamis II Adusius (satrap) Hecatomnus Mausolus Artemisia II Idrieus Ada Pixodarus Orontobates
Kings of Macedonia	Amyntas I of Macedon Alexander I of Macedon
Kings of Tyre	Mattan IV Boulomenus Abdemon Evagoras Azemilcus
Kings of Sidon	Eshmunazar I Tabnit Queen Amoashtart (regent) Eshmunazar II Bodashtart Yatonmilk Anysos Tetramnestos Baalshillem I Baana Baalshillem II Abdashtart I Tennes Evagoras II Abdashtart II Abdashtart III
Satraps of Armenia	Artasyrus Orontes I Darius III Orontes II
Satraps of Egypt	Aryandes Pherendates Achaemenes Arsames Pherendates II Sabaces Mazaces
Satraps of Bactria	Hystaspes Dadarsi Masistes Bessus
Satraps of Media	Hydarnes Hydarnes the Younger Atropates
Satraps of Cilicia	Syennesis III Camisares Mazaeus Arsames
Other known satraps	Megabyzus, Abrocomas, Belesys (Syria) Ochus (Hyrcania) Satibarzanes (Aria) Atizyes (Greater Phrygia) Phrataphernes (Parthia) Ariobarzanes (Persis) Abulites (Susiana) Mazaeus (Babylon)
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by Hellenistic satraps and Hellenistic rulers from around 330 BC

v t e Median and Achaemenid kings
Family tree
Median (728–550 BC)	Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
Achaemenid (550–330 BC)	Achaemenes Ariaramnes Arsames Teispes Cyrus I Cambyses I Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) Cambyses II Smerdis Gaumata Darius the Great (Darius I) Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I) Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Nothus Artaxerxes II Mnemon Artaxerxes III Ochus Artaxerxes IV Arses Darius III Codomannus Artaxerxes V Bessus
Italics indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.

Pharaohs

Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female uncertain

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)

Lower	Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Wash
Upper	A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Bull Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
II	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni
IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Nefer

1 Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)

VII/VIII	Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu
IX	Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep
X	Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare

Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female uncertain

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Nubia	Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre
XII	Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2 Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV	Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har
XV	Sharek Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi
XVI	Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III
Abydos	Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib
XVII	Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs (male female) uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret
XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

3 Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun	Herihor Piankh Pinedjem I Masaharta Djedkhonsuefankh Menkheperre Smendes II Pinedjem II Psusennes III
XXII	Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
XXIII	Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini
XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenranef
XXV	Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

Late to Roman Period (664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
XXVII	Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Psammetichus IV Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II
XXVIII	Amyrtaeus
XXIX	Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis
XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II
XXXI	Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III

Hellenistic
(332–30 BC)

Argead

Ptolemaic

Roman
(30 BC–313 AD)

XXXIV

Dynastic genealogies
1 2 3 4 11 12 18 19 20 21 to 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 Argead Ptolemaic

List of pharaohs

Kings of Babylon

Period

Dynasty	Kings (foreign ruler vassal king female)

Old Babylonian Empire
(1894–1595 BC)

I	Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-Muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-Eshuh Ammi-Ditana Ammi-Saduqa Samsu-Ditana
II	Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Unknown king (?) Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar DIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil

Kassite period
(1729–1157 BC)

III

Middle Babylonian period
(1157–732 BC)

IV	Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur
V	Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi
VI	Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna
VII	Mar-biti-apla-usur
VIII	Nabû-mukin-apli Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-suma-ukin II

Neo-Assyrian period
(732–626 BC)

IX	Nabu-mukin-zeri Tiglath-Pileser III Shalmaneser V Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon II Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Aššur-nādin-šumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Sennacherib Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Šamaš-šuma-ukin Ashurbanipal Kandalanu Sîn-šumu-līšir Sinsharishkun

Neo-Babylonian Empire
(626–539 BC)

X	Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus

Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)

Persian period
(539–331 BC)

XI	Cyrus II Cambyses II Bardiya Nebuchadnezzar III Darius I Nebuchadnezzar IV Xerxes I Shamash-eriba Bel-shimanni Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Nidin-Bel (?) Darius III

Hellenistic period
(331–141 BC)

XII	Alexander III Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Antigonus I Monophthalmus
XIII	Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Seleucus Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III Megas Antiochus Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Timarchus Demetrius I Soter Alexander Balas Demetrius II Nicator

Parthian period
(141 BC – AD 224)

XIV

Latest revision as of 20:04, 8 January 2025

Rise to Power

Internal Rebellions

Conflict with Athens

Issue

See also

References