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{{short description|Sexual fascination with feet}}
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{{About|a paraphilia|the album| Foot Fetish}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Podophilia|pedophilia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
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'''Foot fetishism''', also known as '''foot partialism''' or '''podophilia''', is a pronounced ] in ].<ref name=Hickey>{{cite book|last=Hickey|first=Eric W.|title=Sex Crimes and Paraphilia|publisher= ]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-13-170350-6|page=165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=King|first=Moses|date=1919|title=Science, Volume 49|journal=Science|publisher=Moses King, 1919|volume=49|pages=287}}</ref> It is the most common form of ] for otherwise non-sexual objects or body parts.<ref name="scorolli">{{cite journal|author1=Scorolli, C.|author2=Ghirlanda, S.|author3=Enquist, M.|author4=Zattoni, S.|author5-link=Emmanuele A. Jannini|author5=Jannini, E. A.|name-list-style=amp|year=2007|title=Relative prevalence of different fetishes|journal=International Journal of Impotence Research|volume=19|issue=4|pages=432–437|doi=10.1038/sj.ijir.3901547|pmid=17304204|doi-access=}}</ref>
'''Foot fetishism''' is a pronounced ] sexual interest in human ]. This ] is also called '''podophilia'''. It is also one of the most common fetishes and is male-dominant.
{{ref|Giannini}}
== Scope of foot fetishism ==


==Characteristics and related fetishes==
A foot fetishist can be sexually aroused by viewing, handling, ], ], sucking, ] or ] the feet and/or ] of another person, or by having another person doing the same to their own feet. The fetishist response to the foot is the same or very similar to arousal at seeing genitals (or the sex-specific features like female breasts). Others enjoy having their genitals manipulated by their partner's feet to the point of orgasm or ejaculation (which is called a "footjob", analogous to the concept of a "]"), or merely being touched by feet or used as a foot-rest by another person.
]
Foot fetishism has been defined as a pronounced sexual interest in feet. For a foot fetishist, points of attraction may include the shape and size of feet, feet soles, toes, jewelry (e.g., ]s, ], etc.), treatments (such as massaging, washing partner's feet or painting partner's toenails), state of dress (e.g., ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kunzle|first=David|date=1982|title=Fashion and Fetishism: A Social History of the Corset, Tight-Lacing and Other Forms of Body Sculpture in the West|journal=The University of Michigan|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Pub Incorporated, 1982|pages=103|isbn=978-0-8476-6276-0}}</ref> ], ], socked feet, etc.), ] or sensory interaction (e.g., rubbing the foot, ], tickling, licking, kissing, ], etc.).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kippen |first1=Cameron |title=The History of Footwear – Foot Fetish and Shoe Retifism |url=http://podiatry.curtin.edu.au/fetish.html |access-date=10 December 2014 |via=National Library of Australia |publisher=Department of Podiatry, Curtin University |date=July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018035445/http://podiatry.curtin.edu.au/fetish.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2007 }}</ref>


Extensions of this fetish include ], ], olfactophilia (odor fetishism), and ]. ] also considered ] as a form of fetishism,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Rachel|date=2014|title=The Routledge Companion to Asian American and Pacific Islander Literature|journal=Routledge Literature Companions|publisher=Rachel Lee|pages=125|isbn=978-1-317-69841-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hacker|first=Arthur|title=China Illustrated: Western Views of the Middle Kingdom|publisher=Tuttle, 2004|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8048-3519-0 |location=the University of Michigan|pages=138}}</ref> although this view was disputed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hacker|first1=Authur|title=China Illustrated|date=2012|publisher=Turtle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0690-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5JyAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT252}}</ref>
A footjob (often shortened to "FJ") is also called a "toejob," "solejob" and "heeljob." Regardless of what part of the foot is used, it is often referred to as a footjob. The most common example of this involves someone placing both of their feet on their male partner's ] and stroking it continuously until he ejaculates on their feet, although they can also perform a footjob with only one foot. Multiple people can also perform a footjob on the same male. For example, if two people are performing a footjob on one man, they are giving a "double-footjob." A footjob done by three people on the same man is called a "triple-footjob."
]
Odor fetishism (pertaining to the smell of feet) seems to play a major role in foot fetishism, and is closely related to it: in a 1994 study, 45% of those with a foot fetish were found to be aroused by ] or feet, making it one of the most widespread forms of olfactophilia.<ref>{{citation |title=Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology |first1=Patricia B. |last1=Sutker |first2=Henry E. |last2=Adams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEx84FQPYoAC|page=762 |year=2001 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46490-4}}</ref>


In extreme cases, an individual with a pronounced sexual interest in feet could possibly be diagnosed with fetishism disorder (characterized by the eroticization of non-living objects and body parts) if they are in adherence with the following symptoms:<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://podiatry.curtin.edu.au/fetish.html|title=The History of Footwear – Foot Fetish and Shoe Retifism|last1=Kippen|first1=Cameron|date=July 2004|access-date=10 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018035445/http://podiatry.curtin.edu.au/fetish.html|archive-date=18 October 2007|publisher=Department of Podiatry, Curtin University|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
Like other ], foot fetishism varies widely and can be highly specialized, therefore one fetishist may be aroused by elements another might find repulsive.
Some foot fetishists prefer to concentrate on feet that are arched, others concentrate on relaxed feet. Most prefer bare feet, while others may prefer feet dressed in certain types of shoes, socks or hosiery.{{fact}} Some even concentrate on specialized scenarios, such as bare feet resting on a car dashboard. Some like to bite ]s. Many like painted toenails (such as red or pink), and other nail styles, such as the ], are also very popular. Thus there is often a blurred distinction between foot, nylon, pantyhose, shoe, dirt and similar fetishes.


* Experiencing recurrent sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the use of non-living objects over a period of at least six months.
On the Internet in particular, several web sites have been dedicated to showing the feet of famous women, often by using the expression "celebrity feet". Some websites have expanded the "celebrity" aspect to the point that a fantasy element is involved. This element, called a "foot fake," contains a picture of a fetish-related activity with a celebrity's face pasted on top of the woman's body. For example, in one picture ] might give a footjob, and in another ] might show off her stockinged soles. These would be classified as a "Paris Hilton foot fake" and "Jennifer Lopez foot fake," respectively.
* These fantasies, urges or behaviors cause significant distress in a social, occupational or personal environment.
* The fetish objects are not limited to articles of clothing or devices used for genital stimulation.


==Relative frequency==
A foot fetishist can be male or female (although males account for over 70%), and can have an interest in the feet of either sex, albeit usually parallel to their sexual orientation. Other fetishes such as ] or ] often accompany foot attraction.
To estimate the relative frequency of fetishes, in 2006 researchers at the ] examined 381 Internet discussions of fetish groups, in which at least 5,000 people had been participating. Researchers estimated the prevalence of different fetishes based on the following elements:


* (a) the number of discussion groups devoted to a particular fetish;
Some foot-fetishists enjoy seeing toes and soles. The soles are the bottoms of the feet and can represent very unique patterns and lines that can produce incredibly sensational feelings. Others enjoy the top of the foot. Some fetishists compare the rush of having a foot-fetish to the rush produced from doing cocaine.
* (b) the number of individuals participating in the groups;
* (c) the number of messages exchanged.


It was concluded that the most common fetishes were for body parts or for objects usually associated with body parts (33% and 30%, respectively). Among those people preferring body parts, feet and toes were preferred by the greatest number, with 47% of those sampled preferring them. Among those people preferring objects related to body parts, 32% were in groups related to footwear (shoes, boots, etc.).<ref name="scorolli" />
There are many different types of foot-fetishes. Some like to see mature feet, others like younger feet, some like fatter feet, and some like skinnier feet with visual tendons. Some people like huge female feet like the feet seen on tall women or athletes, such as women basketball players (US size 10 - size 15). Some enjoy little petite feet too. Some fetishists like painted toes and others like naked toes. There are even web-sites that deliver erotica based solely on men or women and their bare feet.


According to ], foot fetishism is the most common form of sexual fetish related to the body.<ref name=ryan>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/rex-ryans-foot-video-not-necessarily-unhealthy/story?id=12467617 |title=Rex Ryan's Apparent Foot Fetish not Necessarily Unhealthy – ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=23 December 2010 |access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref>
==Proposed explanations for foot fetishism ==
One explanation, advanced by neurologist ], highlights the fact that the feet and the genitals occupy adjacent areas of the ], possibly entailing some neural crosstalk between the two.


In August 2006, ] released a database of the search terms submitted by their subscribers. In ranking only those phrases that included the word "fetish", it was found that the most common search was for feet.<ref>''AOL's Accidental Release of Search Data – The Sexmind of America.'', accessed June 2007</ref>
An alternative hypothesis is that in many cultures, an infant's experience of its mother may involve crawling around her feet. If sexual/behavioral imprinting occurs during this time, this might lead to the feet becoming the primary object of sexual arousal.


Foot fetishism may be more common in men than in women. Researchers using a polling agency to conduct a survey of the general Belgian population in 2017 found that 76 of the 459 male respondents (17%) and 23 of the 565 female respondents (4%) answered "Agree" or "Strongly agree" to a fetish interest in feet.<ref name=holvoet>{{cite journal |last1=Holvoet |first1=Lien |last2=Huys |first2=Wim |last3=Coppens |first3=Violette |last4=Seeuws |first4=Jantien |last5=Goethals |first5=Kris |last6=Morrens |first6=Manuel |date=2017 |title=Fifty shades of Belgian gray: The prevalence of BDSM-related fantasies and activities in the general population |url=https://repository.uantwerpen.be/docman/irua/71d041/145092_2018_08_08.pdf |journal=Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1152–1159 |doi=10.1016/J.JSXM.2017.07.003 |pmid=28781214 |hdl=10067/1450920151162165141 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Another theory is that the shape of the human foot is visually similar to that of the curves found on the human body, particularly the female hips (again explaining the tendency of foot fetishists to be primarily heterosexual men).


==Causes==
Yet another theory proposes that visually, the feet and genitals occupy the same space within the sexual visual field that someone sees of a person, when the legs are raised for sex, and that some males are genetically brain imprinted to find parts of the body within that field as erotic.
Similar to other forms of ], no consensus has yet been established about the specific causes of foot fetishism. While many works on the topic exist, their conclusions are often regarded as highly speculative. In a general sense, sexual fetishism can be caused by a number of factors, no singular cause for any type of fetishism has been conclusively established.<ref>{{cite book | author = Bancroft, John | year = 2009 | title = Human Sexuality and Its Problems | publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences | pages = 283–286}}</ref>


Foot fetishism may be caused by the feet and the genitals occupying adjacent areas of the ], possibly entailing some neural crosstalk between the two.<ref>Kringelbach, Morten. ''Bodily Illusions''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517183636/http://www.kringelbach.dk/Preprint_Beagle_BodilyIllusions.html |date=17 May 2013 }} last accessed Sept 2006.</ref> Neuroscientist ] proposed that an accidental link between these regions could explain the prevalence of foot fetishism.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ramachandran, V. S. | year = 1994 | title = Phantom limbs, neglect syndromes, repressed memories, and Freudian psychology | journal = International Review of Neurobiology | volume = 37 | pages = 291–333| doi = 10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60254-8 | pmid = 7883483 | isbn = 9780123668370 }}</ref>
] considered ] as practised in China as a form of fetishism.


] considered foot fetishism the result of ] at an early age, the tactile pressure of a foot/shoe being important in this.<ref>Desmond Morris, ''The Naked Ape Trilogy'' (1994) p. 279-80</ref> Freud's reading of foot fetishism also involved early imprinting, but he considered the smell of feet significant in this, as well as the foot as a penis-symbol/surrogate (], especially when encountered while voyeuristically exploring the female body from below).<ref>Sigmund Freud, ''On Sexuality'' (PFL 7) p. 68n</ref> ] similarly saw castration fear as significant in foot fetishism, citing a future fetishist who as an adolescent said to himself "You must remember this throughout life – that girls, too, have legs", to protect himself from the fear.<ref>Quoted in O. Fenichel, ''The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis'' (1946) p. 327</ref> Where fear of the (castrated) female body is too great, desire is felt not for shoes on female feet but for women's shoes alone, without women.<ref>O. Fenichel, ''The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis'' (1946) p. 343</ref>
Another possible theory behind foot-fetishism could be rooted in the idea that women's feet are usually hidden. Therefore the exposure of a woman's foot can produce feelings of intense pleasure because the fetishist is exposed to a part of her body that is normally hidden.


] saw the lure of the feet as linked to their anatomical baseness (]).<ref>Georges Bataille, ''Visions of Excess'' (1985) p. 23</ref>
Another possible theory could be that it is a part of the body that has an odor. Vaginas have odors and so do feet, therefore they both produce sexual stimulation in an animal attraction type way.


===Health and disease===
Still another theory is that a person who adores feet is submissive.
Some researchers have hypothesized that foot fetishism increases as a response to epidemics of ]s. In one study, conducted by A James Giannini at ], an increased interest in feet as sexual objects was observed during the great ] epidemic of twelfth-century Europe, and the ] epidemics of the 16th and 19th centuries in Europe.<ref>AJ Giannini et al., op. cit.</ref> In the same study, the frequency of foot-fetish depictions in ] was measured over a 30-year interval. An exponential increase was noted during the period of the current ]. In these cases, sexual footplay was viewed as a ] alternative.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shaw|first=WJ|date=1979|title=Use of Relaxation in the Short-Term Treatment of Fetishistic Behavior: An Exploratory Case Study|journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology|volume=4|issue=4|pages=406|doi=10.1093/jpepsy/4.4.403}}</ref> However, the researchers noted that these epidemics overlapped periods of relative female emancipation.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Giannini|first1=AJ|last2=Colapietro|first2=G|last3=Slaby|first3=AE|last4=Melemis|first4=SM|last5=Bowman|first5=RK|title= Sexualization of the female foot as a response to sexually transmitted epidemics: a preliminary study|journal=Psychological Reports|volume=83|issue=2|pages=491–8|year=1998|pmid=9819924|doi=10.2466/pr0.1998.83.2.491}}</ref>


==Society and culture==
==References==
Some of the earliest recorded instances of foot fetishism occur in the erotic poems ''To a Barefoot Woman'' and ''To a Barefoot Boy'' attributed to the ] writer ].<ref>Benner, A.R. and Forbes, F.H. (1949) ''The Letters of Alciphron, Aelian, and Philostratus''. Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press</ref><ref>Levin, Daniel B. (2005) ''EPATON BAMA ('Her Lovely Footstep'): The Erotics of Feet in Ancient Greece''.</ref> The ] god ] was aroused by the sight of ]'s feet in the eighth-century text '']''.<ref>Skanda Purana, Book 1, Section 1, Chapter 26, Verses 16-17. Available online at https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc365973.html</ref>
#Giannini, A J; Colapietro, G; Slaby, A E; Melemis, S M; Bowman, R K (October 1998). ''Sexualization of the female foot as a response to sexually transmitted epidemics: A preliminary study.'' Psychological Reports. Volume 83(2): 491–498.


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Human sexuality}}
* ]
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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{{div col end}}
* ]

* ]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*] (1936), ''Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Vol. II'', New York: ]
*William Rossi (1989), ''The Sex Life of the Foot and Shoe'', Malabar: Krieger Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-89464-573-0}}


==External links== ==External links==
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<!--| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF |-->
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<!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================-->
{{wiktionary|podophilia}}
{{Commons category-inline|Foot fetishism|lcfirst=yes}}


{{Paraphilia}}
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Latest revision as of 00:41, 2 January 2025

Sexual fascination with feet This article is about a paraphilia. For the album, see Foot Fetish. "Podophilia" redirects here. Not to be confused with pedophilia.

The Countess with the whip (1926), an illustration by Martin van Maële

Foot fetishism, also known as foot partialism or podophilia, is a pronounced sexual interest in feet. It is the most common form of sexual fetishism for otherwise non-sexual objects or body parts.

Characteristics and related fetishes

A submissive man worshipping a woman's foot, from Dresseuses d'Hommes (1931)

Foot fetishism has been defined as a pronounced sexual interest in feet. For a foot fetishist, points of attraction may include the shape and size of feet, feet soles, toes, jewelry (e.g., toe rings, anklets, etc.), treatments (such as massaging, washing partner's feet or painting partner's toenails), state of dress (e.g., barefoot, flip flops, boat shoes, ballet flats, sandals, high heels, clogs, hosiery, socked feet, etc.), foot odor or sensory interaction (e.g., rubbing the foot, smelling, tickling, licking, kissing, rubbing genitals on foot, etc.).

Extensions of this fetish include shoes, socks, olfactophilia (odor fetishism), and tickling. Sigmund Freud also considered foot binding as a form of fetishism, although this view was disputed.

Illustration depicting foot worship in Bizarre Honeymoon (circa 1950)

Odor fetishism (pertaining to the smell of feet) seems to play a major role in foot fetishism, and is closely related to it: in a 1994 study, 45% of those with a foot fetish were found to be aroused by smelly socks or feet, making it one of the most widespread forms of olfactophilia.

In extreme cases, an individual with a pronounced sexual interest in feet could possibly be diagnosed with fetishism disorder (characterized by the eroticization of non-living objects and body parts) if they are in adherence with the following symptoms:

  • Experiencing recurrent sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the use of non-living objects over a period of at least six months.
  • These fantasies, urges or behaviors cause significant distress in a social, occupational or personal environment.
  • The fetish objects are not limited to articles of clothing or devices used for genital stimulation.

Relative frequency

To estimate the relative frequency of fetishes, in 2006 researchers at the University of Bologna examined 381 Internet discussions of fetish groups, in which at least 5,000 people had been participating. Researchers estimated the prevalence of different fetishes based on the following elements:

  • (a) the number of discussion groups devoted to a particular fetish;
  • (b) the number of individuals participating in the groups;
  • (c) the number of messages exchanged.

It was concluded that the most common fetishes were for body parts or for objects usually associated with body parts (33% and 30%, respectively). Among those people preferring body parts, feet and toes were preferred by the greatest number, with 47% of those sampled preferring them. Among those people preferring objects related to body parts, 32% were in groups related to footwear (shoes, boots, etc.).

According to Ian Kerner, foot fetishism is the most common form of sexual fetish related to the body.

In August 2006, AOL released a database of the search terms submitted by their subscribers. In ranking only those phrases that included the word "fetish", it was found that the most common search was for feet.

Foot fetishism may be more common in men than in women. Researchers using a polling agency to conduct a survey of the general Belgian population in 2017 found that 76 of the 459 male respondents (17%) and 23 of the 565 female respondents (4%) answered "Agree" or "Strongly agree" to a fetish interest in feet.

Causes

Similar to other forms of sexual fetishism, no consensus has yet been established about the specific causes of foot fetishism. While many works on the topic exist, their conclusions are often regarded as highly speculative. In a general sense, sexual fetishism can be caused by a number of factors, no singular cause for any type of fetishism has been conclusively established.

Foot fetishism may be caused by the feet and the genitals occupying adjacent areas of the somatosensory cortex, possibly entailing some neural crosstalk between the two. Neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran proposed that an accidental link between these regions could explain the prevalence of foot fetishism.

Desmond Morris considered foot fetishism the result of mal-imprinting at an early age, the tactile pressure of a foot/shoe being important in this. Freud's reading of foot fetishism also involved early imprinting, but he considered the smell of feet significant in this, as well as the foot as a penis-symbol/surrogate (castration complex, especially when encountered while voyeuristically exploring the female body from below). Otto Fenichel similarly saw castration fear as significant in foot fetishism, citing a future fetishist who as an adolescent said to himself "You must remember this throughout life – that girls, too, have legs", to protect himself from the fear. Where fear of the (castrated) female body is too great, desire is felt not for shoes on female feet but for women's shoes alone, without women.

Georges Bataille saw the lure of the feet as linked to their anatomical baseness (abjection).

Health and disease

Some researchers have hypothesized that foot fetishism increases as a response to epidemics of sexually transmitted infections. In one study, conducted by A James Giannini at Ohio State University, an increased interest in feet as sexual objects was observed during the great gonorrhea epidemic of twelfth-century Europe, and the syphilis epidemics of the 16th and 19th centuries in Europe. In the same study, the frequency of foot-fetish depictions in pornographic literature was measured over a 30-year interval. An exponential increase was noted during the period of the current AIDS epidemic. In these cases, sexual footplay was viewed as a safe sex alternative. However, the researchers noted that these epidemics overlapped periods of relative female emancipation.

Society and culture

Some of the earliest recorded instances of foot fetishism occur in the erotic poems To a Barefoot Woman and To a Barefoot Boy attributed to the Ancient Greek writer Philostratus. The Hindu god Brahma was aroused by the sight of Parvati's feet in the eighth-century text Skanda Purana.

See also

References

  1. Hickey, Eric W. (2006). Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Pearson Education. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-13-170350-6.
  2. King, Moses (1919). "Science, Volume 49". Science. 49. Moses King, 1919: 287.
  3. ^ Scorolli, C.; Ghirlanda, S.; Enquist, M.; Zattoni, S. & Jannini, E. A. (2007). "Relative prevalence of different fetishes". International Journal of Impotence Research. 19 (4): 432–437. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901547. PMID 17304204.
  4. Kunzle, David (1982). "Fashion and Fetishism: A Social History of the Corset, Tight-Lacing and Other Forms of Body Sculpture in the West". The University of Michigan. Rowman & Littlefield Pub Incorporated, 1982: 103. ISBN 978-0-8476-6276-0.
  5. Kippen, Cameron (July 2004). "The History of Footwear – Foot Fetish and Shoe Retifism". Department of Podiatry, Curtin University. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. Lee, Rachel (2014). "The Routledge Companion to Asian American and Pacific Islander Literature". Routledge Literature Companions. Rachel Lee: 125. ISBN 978-1-317-69841-8.
  7. Hacker, Arthur (2004). China Illustrated: Western Views of the Middle Kingdom. the University of Michigan: Tuttle, 2004. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8048-3519-0.
  8. Hacker, Authur (2012). China Illustrated. Turtle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0690-1.
  9. Sutker, Patricia B.; Adams, Henry E. (2001), Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology, Springer, p. 762, ISBN 978-0-306-46490-4
  10. Kippen, Cameron (July 2004). "The History of Footwear – Foot Fetish and Shoe Retifism". Department of Podiatry, Curtin University. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. "Rex Ryan's Apparent Foot Fetish not Necessarily Unhealthy – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  12. AOL's Accidental Release of Search Data – The Sexmind of America.aphrodisiology.com, accessed June 2007
  13. Holvoet, Lien; Huys, Wim; Coppens, Violette; Seeuws, Jantien; Goethals, Kris; Morrens, Manuel (2017). "Fifty shades of Belgian gray: The prevalence of BDSM-related fantasies and activities in the general population" (PDF). Journal of Sexual Medicine. 14 (9): 1152–1159. doi:10.1016/J.JSXM.2017.07.003. hdl:10067/1450920151162165141. PMID 28781214.
  14. Bancroft, John (2009). Human Sexuality and Its Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 283–286.
  15. Kringelbach, Morten. Bodily Illusions. kringelbach.dk Archived 17 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine last accessed Sept 2006.
  16. Ramachandran, V. S. (1994). "Phantom limbs, neglect syndromes, repressed memories, and Freudian psychology". International Review of Neurobiology. 37: 291–333. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60254-8. ISBN 9780123668370. PMID 7883483.
  17. Desmond Morris, The Naked Ape Trilogy (1994) p. 279-80
  18. Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 7) p. 68n
  19. Quoted in O. Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 327
  20. O. Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 343
  21. Georges Bataille, Visions of Excess (1985) p. 23
  22. AJ Giannini et al., op. cit.
  23. Shaw, WJ (1979). "Use of Relaxation in the Short-Term Treatment of Fetishistic Behavior: An Exploratory Case Study". Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 4 (4): 406. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/4.4.403.
  24. Giannini, AJ; Colapietro, G; Slaby, AE; Melemis, SM; Bowman, RK (1998). "Sexualization of the female foot as a response to sexually transmitted epidemics: a preliminary study". Psychological Reports. 83 (2): 491–8. doi:10.2466/pr0.1998.83.2.491. PMID 9819924.
  25. Benner, A.R. and Forbes, F.H. (1949) The Letters of Alciphron, Aelian, and Philostratus. Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press
  26. Levin, Daniel B. (2005) EPATON BAMA ('Her Lovely Footstep'): The Erotics of Feet in Ancient Greece.
  27. Skanda Purana, Book 1, Section 1, Chapter 26, Verses 16-17. Available online at https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc365973.html

Further reading

External links

Media related to foot fetishism at Wikimedia Commons

Paraphilias
List
See also
Sexual fetishism
Actions, states
Body parts
Clothing
Objects
Controversial / illegal
Culture / media
Race
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