Misplaced Pages

Social conservatism: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 08:15, 23 July 2012 editStillStanding-247 (talk | contribs)4,601 edits Lead should reflect the body.← Previous edit Latest revision as of 19:00, 18 November 2024 edit undo2a02:587:b35:700:5b02:96fd:da64:f56a (talk) →Netherlands: I made it betterTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Political ideology advocating traditional values and power structures}}
{{conservatism}}
{{distinguish|Paternalistic conservatism}}
'''Social conservatism''' is an authoritarian political ideology that focuses on the preservation of what are seen as traditional values. The accepted goals and ideologies related to preserving traditions and morality often varies from group to group within social ]. Thus, there are really no policies or positions that could be considered universal among social conservatives. There are however a number of general principles to which at least a majority of social conservatives adhere, such as support for puritanical morality and traditional ], often based on a specific understanding of ] values, and opposition to sexual permissiveness.


{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
As an application of these general principles, social conservatives in many countries generally: favor the ] position in opposing ], ], and ]; oppose both ] (inheritable genetic modification) and ] (]) while supporting ];<ref> (utne article)</ref> support abstinence-only education, school prayers, gun ownership and defining ] as the union of one man and one woman, thus opposing ]; support the continued prohibition of recreational or medically non-beneficial ]; oppose ] and brothels, ], ], ], and ]; and object to ] and what they consider to be ] and promiscuity. Some may also oppose the teaching of ] in public schools, preferring ].<ref> http://www.theblaze.com/stories/update-social-conservatives-lose-out-in-texas-evolution-vs-creationism-curriculum-debate/ Social conservatism and creationism</ref>
{{conservatism sidebar|variants}}


'''Social conservatism''' is a ] and a variety of ] which places emphasis on ] social structures over ].<ref name="Wiener 1973">{{Cite journal|last=Wiener|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jon Wiener|date=Spring 1973|title=Review: ''The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America, 1790-1970''|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/202704|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|publisher=]|volume=3|issue=4|pages=791{{ndash}}793|doi=10.2307/202704|jstor=202704}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Melinda|title=Family Values: Between Neoliberalism and the New Social Conservatism|publisher=Zone Books|year=2019}}</ref> Social conservatives ] in favor of ], ] and ], such as traditional ], ]s, ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite book |author-first=Robert B. |author-last=Smith |title=Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality |editor=Harry F. Dahms|date=2014|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9781784412227|page=101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Social Conservatism |url=https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/social-conservatism/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Populism Studies |language=en-US}}</ref> Social conservatism is usually skeptical of social change, instead tending to support the ] concerning social issues.<ref name=":0" />
==Overview==
In the United States during the mid to late 20th century, the notion of preserving traditional values was seen by many social conservatives as an ideal that had been gradually eroded by a number of federal legislative passages and US Supreme Court decisions. This resulted in a shift in mainstream social conservatism typified by an increase in grassroots activism and lobbying efforts in an attempt to preserve traditional values at the federal level. This ideology generally saw social change as suspicious, and believed in returning what were referred to as fundamental values. A second meaning of the term social conservatism developed in the ] and ]. There it refers to ] supporting modern ]s. Social conservatism is distinct from ] which focuses on cultural aspects of the issues, such as protecting one's culture, although there are some overlaps.


Social conservatives also value the rights of religious institutions to participate in the public sphere, thus often supporting ] and opposing ], and in some cases opposing ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dean|first=John W.|title=Conservatives Without Conscience|date=11 July 2006|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|language=en|isbn=9781101201374|page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wald|first1=Kenneth D.|last2=Calhoun-Brown|first2=Allison|title=Religion and Politics in the United States|year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|language=en|isbn=9780742540415|page=240}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Booten |first1=Matthew |title=19 different types of conservatives |url=https://www.politic-ed.com/2020/05/11/19-different-types-of-conservatives/ |website=Politic-Ed |date=11 May 2020 |quote=Social conservatism often opposes state-atheism, however not necessarily atheism itself. They believe that if we allow states to stop believing in God, that societal order will simply break down as a result.}}</ref>
==Social conservatism and other ideological views==
There is no necessary link between social and ]; some social conservatives such as ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNfOiseKnoA |title=John Fund On Mike Huckabee's Liberal Record |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3184 |title="Conservative" Bush Spends More than "Liberal" Presidents Clinton, Carter &#124; Veronique de Rugy and Tad DeHaven &#124; Cato Institute: Daily Commentary |publisher=Cato.org |date=2003-07-31 |accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref> and ]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/29/AR2008012902212.html |title=Michael Gerson - Compassionate to the End |publisher=washingtonpost.com |date= 2008-01-30|accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref> are otherwise apolitical, centrist or liberal on economic and fiscal issues. Social conservatives may sometimes support ] where the intervention serves moral or cultural aims. Many Social Conservatives support a balance of ] with a true ] . This concern for material welfare, like advocacy of traditional ], will often have a basis in religion. Examples include the ], the ] and ], and the ] movement in the United States.


Social conservatism, as a movement, is largely an outgrowth of ]. The key difference is that traditional conservatism is broader and includes philosophical considerations, whereas social conservatism is largely focused on just ].
There is more overlap between social conservatism and ], in that they both have respect for traditional social forms. However, paleoconservatism bears a closer resemblance to New Deal Democrats in domestic policies and is isolationist in foreign policy.


== Social conservatism and other ideological views ==
Social conservatism is seen as a form of ]<ref>{{cite book|last=Stenner|first=Karen|title=The authoritarian dynamic|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=86}}</ref><ref> http://writ.news.findlaw.com/books/reviews/20060901_cassel.html The Demise of Conservatism, and The Rise of Authoritarianism: A Review of John Dean's Conservatives Without Conscience</ref> often associated with the position that the national government should have a greater role in the social affairs of its citizens, generally supporting whatever it sees as morally correct choices and discouraging or outright forbidding those it considers morally wrong ones.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zafirovski|first=Milan|title=Modern Free Society and Its Nemesis: Democracy, economy, and conservatism|year=2008|publisher=Lexington Books|pages=27}}</ref>
There is overlap between social conservatism and ], in that they both support and value traditional social forms.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rowland|first1=Howard S.|title=Things to Think About|date=2010|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=9781453571286|page=171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFi3g3qSfsAC&pg=PA171|language=en}}{{self-published source|date=December 2017}}</ref>


Social conservatism is not to be confused with ] conservatism, where conservative ideas are combined with ] economics and a ] as practised by some European conservatives (e.g. ] in the ], ] in ]). Some social conservatives support ] and ] approaches to economic and fiscal issues, but social conservatives may also support economic intervention where the intervention serves moral or cultural aims. Historian ] has described social conservatism as historically the result of an appeal from "]" to lower-class workers to 'protect' wealth from immigration.<ref name="Wiener 1973" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=West|first=Ed|title=Small Men on the Wrong Side of History: The Decline, Fall and Unlikely Return of Conservatism|year=2020}}</ref>
==Social conservatism in different countries==

===Canada===
Many social conservatives support a balance between ] and a ]. This concern for material welfare, like advocacy of traditional ], will often have a basis in religion. Examples include the ], the ] and ], and the ] movement in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Robin|first=Corey|title=The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Donald Trump|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

== Social conservatism by country ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2013}}

=== Australia ===
{{Further information|Conservatism in Australia}}
Mainstream conservatism in Australia generally incorporates ], hence ] being the primary ideology of the major centre-right coalition in Australia, the ]-] ]. Therefore, the Coalition, while having members with some socially conservative views, is not considered socially conservative. However, both social conservatism and ] are present among ] minor parties, such as ], the ] (UAP) and ] (KAP) amongst others.

Nevertheless, the ] (also known as the "Conservative" faction or the "Right" faction) serves as the party's social conservative faction, although the party is still considered a ] conservative party and factions do collaborate with each other; for example, the ] often chooses a leadership team consisting of both a member of the more centrist ] faction and a member of the Right.

Social conservatives in Australia often need to take a broad church stance while governing. For example, former ] leader and state premier, ], a conservative ], despite having voted against legalising ] in 2018 and opposing ], followed Labor leader ]' in supporting a 2023 state-wide ban on gay ],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://amp.9news.com.au/article/655d8171-eca1-4929-a694-af25ef48ea9b | title=NSW Premier Dominic Perrottet agrees to gay conversion therapy ban }}</ref> whilst also vowing to protect ] and ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://amp.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/we-won-t-ban-preaching-perrottet-puts-caveats-on-gay-conversion-law-20230222-p5cmtc.html | title=NSW election 2023: Perrottet puts caveats on gay conversion law | date=22 February 2023 }}</ref>

During the ] of 2018, which successfully sought to legalise same-sex marriage in Australia, the Coalition government led by ] ] allowed its members a ] on the issue. While many (including Turnbull) were in favour, some were opposed, but supported holding a ] on the matter. Federal Coalition MPs who opposed same-sex marriage during the debate included former Prime Minister ], ], ] and many others. However, when the plebiscite was successful (with 61.6% in favour), a vote needed to be held in both chambers of ]. The '']'' was tabled in the ] and was subsequently passed in the ], with just three votes against (excluding the members who abstained). Due to their respective electorates delivering a majority "yes" vote (as well as the entire country), members such as Dutton (who voted "no" in the plebiscite) voted in favour of the bill after his seat of ] voted 65.16% in favour.

=== Canada ===
{{Main|Social conservatism in Canada}} {{Main|Social conservatism in Canada}}


In Canada, social conservatism is a political attitude that is widespread, though not as pronounced ]. It represents conservative positions on issues of family, sexuality and morality. In the European and North American context believe in ], and traditional ] and policies. In Canada, social conservatism, though widespread, is not as prominent in the public sphere as ]. It is prevalent in all areas of the country but is seen as being more prominent in ] areas. It is also a significant influence on the ideological and political culture of the western provinces of ], ], ], and ].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}


Compared to ], social conservatism has not been as influential in Canada. The main reason is that Right-wing, neoliberal politics as promoted by leaders such as ] and Prime Minister ] have not been linked to moral or social conservatism.<ref>John Middlemist Herrick and Paul H. Stuart, eds. ''Encyclopedia of social welfare history in North America'' (2005) p. 143</ref> That is, there is no large political party behind it, and social conservatives have divided their votes.<ref>David M. Haskell, ''Through a lens darkly: how the news media perceive and portray evangelicals'' (2009) p 57</ref> Compared to ], social conservatism has not been as influential in Canada. The main reason is that the ] style of politics as promoted by leaders such as former Prime Ministers such as ] and ] have focused on ], with little or no emphasis on moral or social conservatism.<ref>John Middlemist Herrick and Paul H. Stuart, eds. ''Encyclopedia of social welfare history in North America'' (2005) p. 143</ref> Without a specific, large political party behind them, social conservatives have divided their votes and can be found in all political parties.<ref>David M. Haskell, ''Through a lens darkly: how the news media perceive and portray evangelicals'' (2009) p 57</ref>


In modern Canadian politics, social conservatives often felt that they were being sidelined by officials in the ]. Many of them felt shunned by a party that was largely led and run by ] for the last half of the twentieth century. Many eventually made their political home with the ] and its forerunner the ]. Despite Reform leader ]'s attempts to broaden the support of the Reform movement through ], the party was dominated by social conservatives. Manning's reluctance to allow his party to wholly embrace socially conservative values contributed to his deposition as leader of the new ] in favour of ].<ref>Murray Dobbin, ''Preston Manning and the Reform Party'' (1991)</ref> Social conservatives often felt that they were being sidelined by officials in the ] and its leadership of so-called "]" for the last half of the twentieth century and therefore many eventually made their political home with parties such as the ] and the ]. Despite the Reform Party being dominated by social conservatives, leader ], seeking greater national support for the party, was reluctant for the party to wholly embrace socially conservative values. This led to his deposition as leader of the party (now called ]) in favor of social conservative ].<ref>Murray Dobbin, ''Preston Manning and the Reform Party'' (1991)</ref> The party's successor, the ], despite having a number of socially conservative members and cabinet ministers, has chosen so far not to focus on socially conservative issues in its platform. This was most recently exemplified on two occasions in 2012 when the current ] declared they had no intention to repeal ] or ] laws.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/01/13/same-sex-marriages-declared-legal-and-valid-by-justice-minister-rob-nicholson/|title=Same-sex marriages declared legal and valid by federal justice minister Rob Nicholson|date=13 January 2012|work=National Post}}</ref>


===United States=== === China ===
], a former ] of ], could be seen as a social conservative who was critical of ] and defended the union of ] traditions and ]. Under his rule, the ] led the ].

After the ], social conservatism in China increased due to the rise of ] and others after the 1970s to 1980s during the ].

] ] has adopted a more conservative social view since he began his ] in 2022. He reflects traditional and patriarchal views of women in speeches and policies. This is related to China's low birth rate problem.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/6330091/china-population-xi-childbirth-culture/ |title=Facing Population Decline, China's Xi Promotes 'Childbirth Culture' for Women |date=31 October 2023 |magazine=] }}</ref>

===Islamic world===
{{Further|Sharia|Conservatism in Islam}}
Most Muslim countries are somewhat more socially conservative (such as ] and ]) than neighbouring countries that are not Muslim. However, due to their interpretation of Islamic law also known as Shariah, they have some differences from social conservatism as understood in the nations of West Europe, North America and Oceania.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

==== Arab world ====
{{Further|Arab world|Islam|Censorship}}
The Arab world has recently{{when|date=October 2021}} been more conservative in social and moral issues due to the ].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

===India===
==== Hindu social conservatism ====
{{Further|Shiv Sena|Bharatiya Janata Party|Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Hindu nationalism|Hindutva}}
Hindu social conservatism in India in the twenty first century has developed into an influential movement, represented in the political arena by the ] ]. Hindu social conservatism, also known as the ] movement, is spearheaded by the voluntary non-governmental organization ]. The core philosophy of this ideology is ], and it sees ] as a national identity, rather than a religious one. Due to an inclination towards ], much of its platform is based on the belief that Islamic and Christian denominations in India are the result of occupations, and, therefore, these groups should be uprooted from the ] by converting their members back to ].

In terms of political positions, Hindu social conservatives in India seek to institutionalize a ] (which is also a directive under Article 44 of the ]) for members of all religions,<ref>{{cite web |author=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=23591 |title=Muslim leaders oppose uniform civil code |publisher=Express India |date=2 August 2003 |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=25 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185807/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=23591 |url-status=dead }}</ref> over the current scheme of different personal laws for different religions. For instance, ] is legal for Muslims in India, but not Hindus.

==== Muslim social conservatism ====
{{Further|Lakshar-e-Taiba}}
There are several socially conservative Muslim organisations in India, ranging from groups such as the ] which aim to promote the preservation of Indian Muslim culture as a part of the nation's identity and history.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

=== South Africa ===

Social conservatism had an important place in ] South Africa ruled by the ]. Pornography,<ref>JCW Van Rooyen, Censorship in South Africa (Cape Town: Juta and Co., 1987),</ref> gambling<ref>Bet and board in the new South Africa. (legalisation of gambling could lead to growth of casinos, lotteries)(Brief Article)''The Economist'' (US) | 5 August 1995</ref> and other activities that were deemed undesirable were severely restricted. The majority of businesses were forbidden from doing ].<ref>Apartheid mythology and symbolism.
desegregated and re-invented in the service of nation building in the new South Africa: the covenant and the battle of Blood/Ncome River</ref>

=== United States ===
{{Main|Social conservatism in the United States}} {{Main|Social conservatism in the United States}}
Social conservatism is generally focused on the preservation of ], primarily within the family but also with respect to society as a whole. Today's mainstream social conservatives, in contrast to "small-government" conservatives and "states-rights" advocates, have increasingly appealed{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} to federal legislators and Presidential candidates with the notion that the federal government should bear the responsibility to overrule the states in order to preserve their stated ideal of traditional values; this is not to take away from the fact that a significant portion of "small-government" and "states-rights" conservatives also share many of the ideals of mainstream social conservatives. The exception in how these conservative groups differ tends to be with respect to the role of the federal government versus the role of local government, where the "states-rights" conservatives tend to advocate for social reform and/or preservation of traditional values at the state and local levels.


Social conservatism in the ] is a ] political ideology that opposes ]. It is centered on the preservation of what adherents often call 'traditional' or ']', though the accepted aims of the movement often vary amongst the organisations it comprises, making it hard to generalise about ideological preferences. There are, however, a number of general principles to which at least a majority of social conservatives adhere, such as ] and opposition to ].<ref name="Wiener 1973" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Riley|first1=Jim|title=Liberalism & Conservatism|url=http://academic.regis.edu/jriley/libcons.htm|website=academic.regis.edu|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114163741/http://academic.regis.edu/jriley/libcons.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Farney|first1=James Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odcZbJnUN3cC&pg=PA13|title=Social Conservatives and Party Politics in Canada and the United States|date=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9781442612600|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=Clayton E.|title=Social Conservatism in An Age of Revolution: Legislating Christian Morality in Revolutionary America|year=2016}}</ref> Sociologist ] suggests that Christian doctrinal conservatives (anti-abortion, anti-same-sex marriage) and gun-use conservatives (such as supporters and members of the ] (NRA)) form two domains of ideology within American social conservatism.<ref>{{cite book |author-first=Robert B. |author-last=Smith |title=Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality |editor=Harry F. Dahms |date=2014|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9781784412227|page=101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|language=en}}</ref>
Social conservatives emphasize traditional views of social units such as the family, church, or locale. Social conservatives would typically define family in terms of local histories and tastes. Social conservatism may entail support for defining marriage as between a man and a woman (thereby banning ]) and laws placing restrictions on abortion.

The ] is the largest United States political party with socially conservative ideals incorporated into its platform. Other socially conservative parties include the ], the ] and the ].

Social conservatives are strongest in the South, where they are a mainstream political force with aspirations to translate those ideals using the party platform nationally. Supporters of social conservatism played a major role in the political coalitions of ] and ].<ref>Darren Dochuk, ''From Bible Belt to Sun Belt: Plain-Folk Religion, Grassroots Politics, and the Rise of Evangelical Conservatism'' (W.W. Norton & Company; 2010) shows how migrants to Southern California from Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas provided evangelical support for social conservatism.</ref>

===Other areas===
There are also social conservative movements in many other parts of the world, such as ], ], the ], the ], ], ], ], and ].


== Examples of social conservative political parties ==
The ] is the largest political party with some socially conservative ideals incorporated into its platform.
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2017}}


===Armenia===
Social conservatives are strongest in the South, where they are arguably considered a mainstream political force on a national level. In recent years, the supporters of social conservatism played a major role in the political coalitions of ], ] and ].<ref>Darren Dochuk, ''From Bible Belt to Sun Belt: Plain-Folk Religion, Grassroots Politics, and the Rise of Evangelical Conservatism'' (W.W. Norton & Company; 2010) shows how migrants to Southern California from Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas provided evangelical support for social conservatism.</ref>
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


=== Australia ===
== List of social conservative political parties ==
===Australia=== * ] (factions)
* ] (factions)
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ],
* ]


===Austria=== ===Austria===
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]

===Bangladesh===
* ]


===Belgium=== ===Belgium===
* ]
* ] (])
* ] * ]

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
* ]


===Brazil=== ===Brazil===
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

=== Bulgaria ===
* ]
* ]
* ] (factions)


===Croatia=== ===Cambodia===
*] * ]


===Canada=== ===Canada===
* ] * ] (factions)
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] (factions)


===Chile=== === Chile ===
* ] (PDC)
* ]
* ] * ] (PLR)
* ] * ] (UDI)


===Czech Republic=== ===Czech Republic===
* ]
* ]
* ]


===Denmark=== ===Denmark===
* ] * ]

===El Salvador===
* ]
* ]

===Estonia===
* ]
* ]

===Faroe Islands===
* ]

===Fiji===
* ]


===Finland=== ===Finland===
*] * ]
* ]
*]


===France=== ===France===
* A number of ] members in France as considered socially conservative.
** including the ], UMP affiliate
''and, including ] and ] ideas''
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]

=== Germany ===
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


===Germany=== ===Georgia===
* ]
* ] (])
* ]
*] (ZENTRUM) (German Centre Party)
*] (PBC) (Party of Bible-abiding Christians)
*] (AUF-Partei) (Party for Labour, Environment and Family)


===Greece=== === Greece ===
* ] (factions)
* ]
* ]
* ]


===Hungary=== ===Hungary===
* ]
* ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/13/world/europe/13iht-hungary.html |title=Hungarian Winner Vows Battle Against the Far Right |accessdate=October 12, 2011 |date=April 13, 2010 |author=DAN BILEFSKY}}</ref>
* ]
* ]<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fAKtzAXI-sQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=%22Hungarian+Justice+and+Life+Party%22#v=onepage&q=%22Hungarian%20Justice%20and%20Life%20Party%22&f=false |title=Changing working life and the appeal of the extreme right |author=Jörg Flecker |isbn=978-0-7546-4915-1}}</ref>
* ]
* ]
* ]


===India=== ===India===
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

* ]
===Indonesia===
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]

===Iran===
* ]
* ]


===Ireland=== ===Ireland===
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]


===Israel=== ===Israel===
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


===Italy=== ===Italy===
* ]<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118032608/http://www.intelligonews.it/articoli/24-marzo-2016/38867/il-programma-del-popolo-della-famiglia-di-mario-adinolfi-c-e-x-come-xenofilia-e-y-come-y-chromosome |date=18 January 2017 }} (intelligonews)</ref> (''Il Popolo della Famiglia'')
* ]
* ]<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307052641/http://www.italiacristiana.it/il-programma-2/ |date=7 March 2017 }} (Italia Cristiana)</ref> (''Italia Cristiana'')
* ]
* ]<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615231622/http://parties-and-elections.eu/italy.html |date=15 June 2012 }}. Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved on 24 August 2013.</ref><ref name="Ignazi2008">{{cite book|author=Piero Ignazi|title=Partiti politici in Italia |year=2008|publisher=Il Mulino, Bologna|page=58}}</ref>
''and, with nationalist and separatist ideas''
* ]


===Japan=== ===Japan===
* ]<ref name="blogs.wsj.com">Inada, Miho; Dvorak, Phred. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616022229/https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2013/09/20/same-sex-marriage-in-japan-a-long-way-away/ |date=16 June 2016 }}. ''The Wall Street Journal''. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lockhart |first=Charles |year=2010 |title=Protecting the Elderly: How Culture Shapes Social Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcO7LGc5CogC&pg=PA84 |publisher=Penn State Press |page=84 |isbn=978-0-271-02289-5 |access-date=22 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Magara |editor1-first=Hideko |editor2-last=Sacchi |editor2-first=Stefano |year=2013 |title=The Politics of Structural Reforms: Social and Industrial Policy Change in Italy and Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beLDAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |page=95 |isbn=978-0-85793-292-1 |access-date=22 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Pekkanen |editor1-first=Robert J. |editor2-last=Scheiner |editor2-first=Ethan |editor3-last=Reed |editor3-first=Steven R. |year=2016 |title=Japan decides 2014: the Japanese general election |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6m_eCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |publisher=Springer |pages=104, 106 |doi=10.1057/9781137552006 |isbn=978-1-349-56437-8 |access-date=22 November 2020 }}</ref>
* ]
* ]<ref>{{cite book|editor=Lucien Ellington |title=Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fox9YR80V7sC&q=social+conservative+Komeito&pg=PA168 |quote= ... Because of this political strength, the Liberal Democratic Party has in recent years included the moderate to socially conservative Komeito Party in coalition governments. |date=2009 |page=168 |publisher=]|isbn=9781598841626 }}</ref>
* ]

* ]
=== Kazakhstan ===
* ]
* ]

===Latvia===
* ]
* ]

===Liechtenstein===
* ]
* ]

===Lithuania===
* ]

===Luxembourg===
* ]
* ]

===Malaysia===
* ] (UMNO)
* ] (BERSATU)
* ] (PEJUANG)

=== Mexico ===
* ]
* ]
* ]

===Moldova===
* ]
* ]
* ]


===Netherlands=== ===Netherlands===
* ] (CU){{cn|date=August 2024}}
* ]
* ] * ] (SGP)


===New Zealand=== ===New Zealand===
*] * ] (factions)
* ]
*]
*] * ]
*]

===Nigeria===
* ]
* ]


===Norway=== ===Norway===
* ] * ]
* ]


===Philippines=== ===Philippines===
* ]<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Philippines |title=World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties |publisher=Facts On File |year=1999 |pages=887}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Louis |last=Perron |title=Election Campaigns in the Philippines |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |page=361}}</ref>
*]


===Poland=== ===Poland===
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

=== Portugal ===
* ]
* ]
* ]

===Romania===
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


===Russia=== ===Russia===
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


===Slovakia=== ===Slovakia===
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


===Spain=== === Spain ===
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]


===Serbia=== ===Serbia===
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


===Sweden=== === Sweden ===
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]


===Switzerland=== ===Switzerland===
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]


===Turkey=== ===Turkey===
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

===Ukraine===
* ]
* ]


===United Kingdom=== ===United Kingdom===
* ] * ] (factions)
* The ], a faction of the ] * ]
* ] (] only) * ]
* ] (NI only) * ]
* ]
* ] (NI only)
* ] * ]

====Northern Ireland====
* ]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/04/27/gay-marriage-once-again-blocked-in-northern-ireland-by-socially-conservative-democratic-unionist-party_n_7152810.html |title=Gay Marriage Bill In Northern Ireland Blocked Again By Socially Conservative Democratic Unionist Party |work=Huffingtonpost.co.uk |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref>
* ]
* ]


===United States=== ===United States===
* ] (factions)
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==Social conservative factions of political parties== ==Social conservative factions of political parties==
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (]) * ] (])
* ] (]) * ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])

==See also==
{{Portal|Conservatism}}
* ]
* ]: the prevention of social change
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==See also== ==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{portal|conservatism}}
*]
*]
*]


== References == ==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Heywood|first=Andrew|year=2017|title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-60604-4}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* ], ''The Family in America: Searching for Social Harmony in the Industrial Age'' (2003) ISBN 0-7658-0536-7
* ], ''Family Questions: Reflections on the American Social Crisis'' (1991) ISBN 1-56000-555-6 * ], ''The Family in America: Searching for Social Harmony in the Industrial Age'' (2003) {{ISBN|0-7658-0536-7}}
* Fleming, Thomas, ''The Politics of Human Nature,'' (1988) ISBN 1-56000-693-5 * ], ''Family Questions: Reflections on the American Social Crisis'' (1991) {{ISBN|1-56000-555-6}}
* Gallagher, Maggie, ''The Abolition of Marriage: How We Destroy Lasting Love'' (1996) ISBN 0-89526-464-1 * Fleming, Thomas, ''The Politics of Human Nature,'' (1988) {{ISBN|1-56000-693-5}}
* Himmelfarb, Gertrude, ''The De-moralization Of Society'' (1996) ISBN 0-679-76490-9 * Gallagher, Maggie, ''The Abolition of Marriage: How We Destroy Lasting Love'' (1996) {{ISBN|0-89526-464-1}}
* Hitchens, Peter, '']''. (1999) ISBN 0-7043-8117-6 * Himmelfarb, Gertrude, ''The De-moralization Of Society'' (1996) {{ISBN|0-679-76490-9}}
* Jones, E. Michael, ''Degenerate Moderns: Modernity As Rationalized Sexual Misbehavior''. (1993) ISBN 0-89870-447-2 * Hitchens, Peter, '']''. (1999) {{ISBN|0-7043-8117-6}}
* Jones, E. Michael, ''Degenerate Moderns: Modernity As Rationalized Sexual Misbehavior''. (1993) {{ISBN|0-89870-447-2}}
* Kirk, Russell, ''The Conservative Mind,'' 7th Ed. (2001) ISBN 0-89526-171-5
* Magnet, Myron, ''Modern Sex: Liberation and Its Discontents'' (2001) ISBN 1-56663-384-2 * Kirk, Russell, ''The Conservative Mind,'' 7th Ed. (2001) {{ISBN|0-89526-171-5}}
* Magnet, Myron, ''Modern Sex: Liberation and Its Discontents'' (2001) {{ISBN|1-56663-384-2}}
* Medved, Diane and Dan Quayle, ''The American Family: Discovering the Values That Make Us Strong'' (1997) ISBN 0-06-092810-7
* Sobran, Joseph, ''Single Issues: Essays on the Crucial Social Questions'' (1983) ISBN 1-199-24333-7. * Medved, Diane and Dan Quayle, ''The American Family: Discovering the Values That Make Us Strong'' (1997) {{ISBN|0-06-092810-7}}
* Sobran, Joseph, ''Single Issues: Essays on the Crucial Social Questions'' (1983) {{ISBN|1-199-24333-7}}.
{{Refend}}


==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Social philosophy}}
{{Christian Democracy}}
{{Conservatism navbox}}
{{American Social Conservatism}} {{American Social Conservatism}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Social Conservatism}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Social Conservatism}}
]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 19:00, 18 November 2024

Political ideology advocating traditional values and power structures Not to be confused with Paternalistic conservatism.

Part of a series on
Conservatism
Variants
Principles
Intellectuals
Politicians
Religion
Personal variants
National variants
Related ideologies
Related topics

Social conservatism is a political philosophy and a variety of conservatism which places emphasis on traditional social structures over social pluralism. Social conservatives organize in favor of duty, traditional values and social institutions, such as traditional family structures, gender roles, sexual relations, national patriotism, and religious traditions. Social conservatism is usually skeptical of social change, instead tending to support the status quo concerning social issues.

Social conservatives also value the rights of religious institutions to participate in the public sphere, thus often supporting government-religious endorsement and opposing state atheism, and in some cases opposing secularism.

Social conservatism, as a movement, is largely an outgrowth of traditionalist conservatism. The key difference is that traditional conservatism is broader and includes philosophical considerations, whereas social conservatism is largely focused on just moralism.

Social conservatism and other ideological views

There is overlap between social conservatism and paleoconservatism, in that they both support and value traditional social forms.

Social conservatism is not to be confused with economically interventionist conservatism, where conservative ideas are combined with Keynesian economics and a welfare state as practised by some European conservatives (e.g. one-nation conservatives in the United Kingdom, Gaullists in France). Some social conservatives support free trade and laissez faire market approaches to economic and fiscal issues, but social conservatives may also support economic intervention where the intervention serves moral or cultural aims. Historian Jon Wiener has described social conservatism as historically the result of an appeal from "elitist preservationists" to lower-class workers to 'protect' wealth from immigration.

Many social conservatives support a balance between protectionism and a free market. This concern for material welfare, like advocacy of traditional mores, will often have a basis in religion. Examples include the Christian Social Union of Bavaria, the Family First Party and Katter's Australian Party, and the communitarian movement in the United States.

Social conservatism by country

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Australia

Further information: Conservatism in Australia

Mainstream conservatism in Australia generally incorporates liberalism, hence liberal conservatism being the primary ideology of the major centre-right coalition in Australia, the Liberal-National Coalition. Therefore, the Coalition, while having members with some socially conservative views, is not considered socially conservative. However, both social conservatism and right-wing populism are present among right-wing minor parties, such as Pauline Hanson's One Nation, the United Australia Party (UAP) and Katter's Australian Party (KAP) amongst others.

Nevertheless, the National Right (also known as the "Conservative" faction or the "Right" faction) serves as the party's social conservative faction, although the party is still considered a broad church conservative party and factions do collaborate with each other; for example, the New South Wales Liberal Party often chooses a leadership team consisting of both a member of the more centrist Moderate faction and a member of the Right.

Social conservatives in Australia often need to take a broad church stance while governing. For example, former New South Wales Liberal Party leader and state premier, Dominic Perrottet, a conservative Catholic, despite having voted against legalising same-sex marriage in 2018 and opposing abortion, followed Labor leader Chris Minns' in supporting a 2023 state-wide ban on gay conversion therapy, whilst also vowing to protect religious freedom and preaching.

During the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey of 2018, which successfully sought to legalise same-sex marriage in Australia, the Coalition government led by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull allowed its members a conscience vote on the issue. While many (including Turnbull) were in favour, some were opposed, but supported holding a plebiscite on the matter. Federal Coalition MPs who opposed same-sex marriage during the debate included former Prime Minister Tony Abbott, Peter Dutton, Scott Morrison and many others. However, when the plebiscite was successful (with 61.6% in favour), a vote needed to be held in both chambers of Parliament. The Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017 was tabled in the Senate and was subsequently passed in the House of Representatives, with just three votes against (excluding the members who abstained). Due to their respective electorates delivering a majority "yes" vote (as well as the entire country), members such as Dutton (who voted "no" in the plebiscite) voted in favour of the bill after his seat of Dickson voted 65.16% in favour.

Canada

Main article: Social conservatism in Canada

In Canada, social conservatism, though widespread, is not as prominent in the public sphere as in the United States. It is prevalent in all areas of the country but is seen as being more prominent in rural areas. It is also a significant influence on the ideological and political culture of the western provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.

Compared to social conservatism in the United States, social conservatism has not been as influential in Canada. The main reason is that the neoconservative style of politics as promoted by leaders such as former Prime Ministers such as Paul Martin and Stephen Harper have focused on fiscal conservatism, with little or no emphasis on moral or social conservatism. Without a specific, large political party behind them, social conservatives have divided their votes and can be found in all political parties.

Social conservatives often felt that they were being sidelined by officials in the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and its leadership of so-called "Red Tories" for the last half of the twentieth century and therefore many eventually made their political home with parties such as the Social Credit Party of Canada and the Reform Party of Canada. Despite the Reform Party being dominated by social conservatives, leader Preston Manning, seeking greater national support for the party, was reluctant for the party to wholly embrace socially conservative values. This led to his deposition as leader of the party (now called Canadian Alliance) in favor of social conservative Stockwell Day. The party's successor, the Conservative Party of Canada, despite having a number of socially conservative members and cabinet ministers, has chosen so far not to focus on socially conservative issues in its platform. This was most recently exemplified on two occasions in 2012 when the current Conservative Party of Canada declared they had no intention to repeal same-sex marriage or abortion laws.

China

Chiang Kai-shek, a former president of Republic of China, could be seen as a social conservative who was critical of liberal values and defended the union of Confucian traditions and modernism. Under his rule, the Kuomintang led the New Life Movement.

After the Chinese Communist Revolution, social conservatism in China increased due to the rise of New Confucianism and others after the 1970s to 1980s during the Chinese economic reform.

CCP general secretary Xi Jinping has adopted a more conservative social view since he began his third leadership in 2022. He reflects traditional and patriarchal views of women in speeches and policies. This is related to China's low birth rate problem.

Islamic world

Further information: Sharia and Conservatism in Islam

Most Muslim countries are somewhat more socially conservative (such as Tajikistan and Malaysia) than neighbouring countries that are not Muslim. However, due to their interpretation of Islamic law also known as Shariah, they have some differences from social conservatism as understood in the nations of West Europe, North America and Oceania.

Arab world

Further information: Arab world, Islam, and Censorship

The Arab world has recently been more conservative in social and moral issues due to the Arab spring.

India

Hindu social conservatism

Further information: Shiv Sena, Bharatiya Janata Party, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Hindu nationalism, and Hindutva

Hindu social conservatism in India in the twenty first century has developed into an influential movement, represented in the political arena by the right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party. Hindu social conservatism, also known as the Hindutva movement, is spearheaded by the voluntary non-governmental organization Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The core philosophy of this ideology is nativism, and it sees Hinduism as a national identity, rather than a religious one. Due to an inclination towards nativism, much of its platform is based on the belief that Islamic and Christian denominations in India are the result of occupations, and, therefore, these groups should be uprooted from the Indian subcontinent by converting their members back to Hinduism.

In terms of political positions, Hindu social conservatives in India seek to institutionalize a Uniform Civil Code (which is also a directive under Article 44 of the Constitution of India) for members of all religions, over the current scheme of different personal laws for different religions. For instance, polygamy is legal for Muslims in India, but not Hindus.

Muslim social conservatism

Further information: Lakshar-e-Taiba

There are several socially conservative Muslim organisations in India, ranging from groups such as the Indian Union Muslim League which aim to promote the preservation of Indian Muslim culture as a part of the nation's identity and history.

South Africa

Social conservatism had an important place in Apartheid South Africa ruled by the National Party. Pornography, gambling and other activities that were deemed undesirable were severely restricted. The majority of businesses were forbidden from doing business on Sunday.

United States

Main article: Social conservatism in the United States

Social conservatism in the United States is a right-wing political ideology that opposes social progressivism. It is centered on the preservation of what adherents often call 'traditional' or 'family values', though the accepted aims of the movement often vary amongst the organisations it comprises, making it hard to generalise about ideological preferences. There are, however, a number of general principles to which at least a majority of social conservatives adhere, such as opposition to abortion and opposition to same-sex marriage. Sociologist Harry F. Dahms suggests that Christian doctrinal conservatives (anti-abortion, anti-same-sex marriage) and gun-use conservatives (such as supporters and members of the National Rifle Association of America (NRA)) form two domains of ideology within American social conservatism.

The Republican Party is the largest United States political party with socially conservative ideals incorporated into its platform. Other socially conservative parties include the American Solidarity Party, the Constitution Party and the Prohibition Party.

Social conservatives are strongest in the South, where they are a mainstream political force with aspirations to translate those ideals using the party platform nationally. Supporters of social conservatism played a major role in the political coalitions of Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush.

Other areas

There are also social conservative movements in many other parts of the world, such as Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Central Europe, Mediterranean countries, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.

Examples of social conservative political parties

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Brazil

Bulgaria

Cambodia

Canada

Chile

Czech Republic

Denmark

El Salvador

Estonia

Faroe Islands

Fiji

Finland

France

Germany

Georgia

Greece

Hungary

India

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Kazakhstan

Latvia

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malaysia

Mexico

Moldova

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Slovakia

Spain

Serbia

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

Ukraine

United Kingdom

Northern Ireland

United States

Social conservative factions of political parties

See also

References

  1. ^ Wiener, Jonathan (Spring 1973). "Review: The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America, 1790-1970". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 3 (4). MIT Press: 791–793. doi:10.2307/202704. JSTOR 202704.
  2. Cooper, Melinda (2019). Family Values: Between Neoliberalism and the New Social Conservatism. Zone Books.
  3. Smith, Robert B. (2014). Harry F. Dahms (ed.). Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 9781784412227.
  4. ^ "Social Conservatism". Populism Studies. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  5. Dean, John W. (11 July 2006). Conservatives Without Conscience. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 77. ISBN 9781101201374.
  6. Wald, Kenneth D.; Calhoun-Brown, Allison (2007). Religion and Politics in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 240. ISBN 9780742540415.
  7. Booten, Matthew (11 May 2020). "19 different types of conservatives". Politic-Ed. Social conservatism often opposes state-atheism, however not necessarily atheism itself. They believe that if we allow states to stop believing in God, that societal order will simply break down as a result.
  8. Rowland, Howard S. (2010). Things to Think About. Xlibris Corporation. p. 171. ISBN 9781453571286.
  9. West, Ed (2020). Small Men on the Wrong Side of History: The Decline, Fall and Unlikely Return of Conservatism.
  10. Robin, Corey. The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Donald Trump. Oxford University Press.
  11. "NSW Premier Dominic Perrottet agrees to gay conversion therapy ban".
  12. "NSW election 2023: Perrottet puts caveats on gay conversion law". 22 February 2023.
  13. John Middlemist Herrick and Paul H. Stuart, eds. Encyclopedia of social welfare history in North America (2005) p. 143
  14. David M. Haskell, Through a lens darkly: how the news media perceive and portray evangelicals (2009) p 57
  15. Murray Dobbin, Preston Manning and the Reform Party (1991)
  16. "Same-sex marriages declared legal and valid by federal justice minister Rob Nicholson". National Post. 13 January 2012.
  17. "Facing Population Decline, China's Xi Promotes 'Childbirth Culture' for Women". Time. 31 October 2023.
  18. Press Trust of India (2 August 2003). "Muslim leaders oppose uniform civil code". Express India. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  19. JCW Van Rooyen, Censorship in South Africa (Cape Town: Juta and Co., 1987),
  20. Bet and board in the new South Africa. (legalisation of gambling could lead to growth of casinos, lotteries)(Brief Article)The Economist (US) | 5 August 1995
  21. Apartheid mythology and symbolism. desegregated and re-invented in the service of nation building in the new South Africa: the covenant and the battle of Blood/Ncome River
  22. Riley, Jim. "Liberalism & Conservatism". academic.regis.edu. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  23. Farney, James Harold (2012). Social Conservatives and Party Politics in Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442612600.
  24. Cramer, Clayton E. (2016). Social Conservatism in An Age of Revolution: Legislating Christian Morality in Revolutionary America.
  25. Smith, Robert B. (2014). Harry F. Dahms (ed.). Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 9781784412227.
  26. Darren Dochuk, From Bible Belt to Sun Belt: Plain-Folk Religion, Grassroots Politics, and the Rise of Evangelical Conservatism (W.W. Norton & Company; 2010) shows how migrants to Southern California from Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas provided evangelical support for social conservatism.
  27. Il programma del Popolo della Famiglia di Mario Adinolfi Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine (intelligonews)
  28. Programma Archived 7 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Italia Cristiana)
  29. Parties and Elections in Europe Archived 15 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved on 24 August 2013.
  30. Piero Ignazi (2008). Partiti politici in Italia. Il Mulino, Bologna. p. 58.
  31. Inada, Miho; Dvorak, Phred. "Same-Sex Marriage in Japan: A Long Way Away?" Archived 16 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Wall Street Journal. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  32. Lockhart, Charles (2010). Protecting the Elderly: How Culture Shapes Social Policy. Penn State Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-271-02289-5. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  33. Magara, Hideko; Sacchi, Stefano, eds. (2013). The Politics of Structural Reforms: Social and Industrial Policy Change in Italy and Japan. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-85793-292-1. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  34. Pekkanen, Robert J.; Scheiner, Ethan; Reed, Steven R., eds. (2016). Japan decides 2014: the Japanese general election. Springer. pp. 104, 106. doi:10.1057/9781137552006. ISBN 978-1-349-56437-8. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  35. Lucien Ellington, ed. (2009). Japan. ABC-CLIO. p. 168. ISBN 9781598841626. ... Because of this political strength, the Liberal Democratic Party has in recent years included the moderate to socially conservative Komeito Party in coalition governments.
  36. "Philippines". World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties. Facts On File. 1999. p. 887.
  37. Perron, Louis (2009). Election Campaigns in the Philippines. Routledge. p. 361.
  38. "Gay Marriage Bill In Northern Ireland Blocked Again By Socially Conservative Democratic Unionist Party". Huffingtonpost.co.uk. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2019.

Bibliography

  • Heywood, Andrew (2017). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-60604-4.

Further reading

External links

Social philosophy
Concepts
Schools
Philosophers
Ancient
Medieval
Early modern
18th and 19th
centuries
20th and 21st
centuries
Works
See also
Christian democracy
Principles
Philosophers
  • Arizmendiarrieta
  • Baader
  • Belloc
  • Berggrav
  • Chesterton
  • Day
  • Dooyeweerd
  • Gebhardt
  • Gilson
  • Görres
  • Groen
  • Habsburg
  • John Paul II
  • Ketteler
  • Korfanty
  • Lamennais
  • Leo XIII
  • Lewis
  • Maritain
  • Mounier
  • Nell-Breuning
  • Ozanam
  • Pesch
  • Pius XI
  • Pottier
  • Röpke
  • Stein
  • Sturzo
  • Tischner
  • Vogelsang
  • Williams
    • Politicians
  • Adenauer
  • Andreotti
  • Beel
  • Busch
  • Buzek
  • Caldera
  • De Gasperi
  • Erhard
  • Frei
  • Groen
  • Joseph
  • Ketteler
  • Kohl
  • Korfanty
  • Kurz
  • Kuyper
  • Letta
  • Lipinski
  • Martens
  • Mazowiecki
  • Merkel
  • Metsola
  • Mikołajczyk
  • Moro
  • Quadros
  • Pastrana
  • Pethrus
  • Pöttering
  • Prodi
  • Schäffer
  • Schuman
  • Söder
  • Stegerwald
  • Strauss
  • Sturzo
  • Tindemans
  • Vogelsang
  • von der Leyen
  • Wałęsa
  • Weber
  • Windthorst
    • Parties
  • American Solidarity Party
  • Austrian People's Party
  • Christian Democracy
  • Christian Democratic Appeal
  • Christian Democratic and Flemish
  • Christian Democratic Party
  • Christian Democratic People's Party
  • Christian Democratic Union of Germany
  • Christian Social People's Party
  • Christian Social Union in Bavaria
  • Centre Party
  • Civic Platform
  • Croatian Democratic Union
  • Democratic Rally
  • Fianna Fáil
  • Fine Gael
  • Kataeb Party
  • National Action Party
  • National Party
  • Nationalist Party
  • New Democracy
  • Patriotic Union
  • People's Party
  • Polish People's Party
  • Popular Republican Movement
  • VMRO-DPMNE
  • More
    • Organisations
  • Catholic Action
  • Centrist Democrat International
  • Christian Democrat Organization of America
  • European People's Party
  • European Christian Political Movement
  • Konrad Adenauer Foundation
  • Conservative Christian Fellowship
  • Centre for European Studies
  • European Ideas Network
  • Schuman Foundation
  • Center for Public Justice
  • Paneuropean Union
    • Documents
  • Rerum novarum
  • Populorum progressio
  • Graves de communi re
  • Quadragesimo anno
  • Laborem exercens
  • Sollicitudo rei socialis
  • Centesimus annus
  • Laudato si'
    • Related topics
  • Catholic Church and politics
  • Christian left
  • Christian right
  • Clerical philosophers
  • Ethical socialism
  • Integralism
  • Illiberal democracy
  • Religious democracy
  • Social democracy
  • Traditionalist Catholicism
    • Conservatism
    Schools
    by region
    International
    Asia
    China
    Iran
    Israel
    Japan
    South Korea
    Turkey
    Other
    Europe
    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Poland
    Russia
    Spain
    United
    Kingdom
    Other
    Latin America
    Argentina
    Brazil
    Chile
    Other
    North America
    Canada
    United
    States
    Oceania
    Philosophy
    Principles
    Intellectuals
    Politics
    Organisations
    Politicians
    Religion
    Historical
    background
    Related
    Ideologies
    Social conservatism in the United States
    Issues and ideas
    Advocates
    Groups
    Political parties
    Related
    Categories: