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{{Short description|Chess term; a check delivered by two pieces simultaneously}}
{{for|the novel by Malcolm Rose|Double Check (novel)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Chess diagram|=
{{Chess diagram
|tright |tright
| |
| | | | | | | |
|=
|__|__|__|__|__|__|kd|__|= | | | | | | |kd|
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= | | | | | | | |
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= | | | | |pd|pd| |
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= | | | |qd| | | |
|__|__|__|__|__|__|bl|__|= | | | | | | |bl|
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= |pd| | | | | | |
|__|__|__|__|__|__|rl|__|= | | | | | |kl|rl|
|From this position, 1.Bxe5++ is a winning double check.
|__|__|__|__|__|__|kl|__|=
}}
|From this position, 1.Be6++ is a typical double check.}}

In ], a '''double check''' is a ] delivered by two pieces simultaneously.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.113">{{Citation
In ] and other related games, a '''double check''' is a ] delivered by two pieces simultaneously.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.113">{{Citation|last=Hooper|first=David|author-link=David Vincent Hooper|last2=Whyld|first2=Kenneth|author-link2=Kenneth Whyld|title=]|year=1992|edition=second|page=|publisher=]|isbn=0-19-866164-9}}</ref><ref name="Golombekp.88">{{Citation |last=Golombek |first=Harry |author-link=Harry Golombek |title=Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess |year=1977 |page=88 |publisher=Crown Publishing |isbn=0-517-53146-1 }}</ref> In ], it is almost always represented the same way as a single check ("+"), but is sometimes symbolized by "++". (The symbol "++", however, is also sometimes used to denote ].<ref>Tim Just and Daniel Burg, 2003, ''U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess'', 5th ed., {{ISBN|0-8129-3559-4}}, p. 218</ref>) This article uses "++" for double check and "#" for checkmate.
|last=Hooper|first=David|authorlink=David Vincent Hooper|first2=Kenneth|authorlink2=Kenneth Whyld
{{AN chess|pos=toc}}
|title=]
|year=1992
|edition=second
|page=113
|publisher=]
|isbn=0-19-866164-9}}</ref><ref name="Golombekp.88">{{Citation
|last=Golombek|first=Harry|authorlink=Harry Golombek
|title=Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess
|year=1977
|page=88
|publisher=Crown Publishing
|isbn=0-517-53146-1}}</ref> In ], it is most always represented the same way as a single check ("+"), but is sometimes symbolized by "++" (however, "++" is also sometimes used to denote ]<ref>Tim Just and Daniel Burg, 2003, ''U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess'', 5th ed., ISBN 978-0-8129-2, p. 218</ref>).
{{chess notation|pos=tocleft}}
{{clear}} {{clear}}

==Discussion==
{{Chess diagram|= ==Chess==
{{Chess diagram
| tright | tright
| Gundersen vs. Faul, 1928
|
|rd| |bd|qd| |rd| |
|=
8 |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= |pd|pd| | |nd| | |
7 |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= | | | | |nl| | |kd
6 |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|kd|= | | | |pd|pl|pd|pd|pl
5 |__|__|__|__|__|__|pd|pl|= | |bd| |nd| | |ql|
4 |__|__|__|__|__|bl|__|rl|= | | |nl| | | | |
3 |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= |pl|pl| | | |pl|pl|
2 |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= |rl| |bl| |kl| | |rl
| After 14...g7–g5, White mates with a double check by capturing the pawn ''en&nbsp;passant''.
1 |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|kl|=
a b c d e f g h
| A position demonstrating how double check is possible without the moved piece giving check. Black's last move was 1...g7–g5.
}} }}
The most common form of double check involves one piece moving to deliver check and a revealed ] at the same time from a piece behind. (Such a check is an inherent part of the type of ] known as ''Philidor's legacy''.) The only possible replies to a double check are king moves, as capturing the checking piece is not an option since there are two of them (unless it is the king that captures, since in the process it moves out of the check by the other piece), and interposition is likewise impossible as there are two lines of attack to block. The most common form of double check involves one piece moving to deliver check and revealing a ] at the same time from a piece it had been blocking. The only possible reply to a double check is a king move, as it is impossible to block or capture both checking pieces at once.


In exceptional circumstances, it is possible for the moved piece to not participate in the double check. The only way for this to happen in orthodox chess is by way of an '']'' capture. In the position shown at right, Black has just played 1...g7–g5. White replies 2.hxg6e.p.++. The result is a double check even though the pawn White moved does not give check. (One check is given by the rook, discovered by the capturing pawn's move; the other by the bishop, discovered by the captured pawn's removal.) Such a double check is extremely rare in practical play, but is sometimes found in ]. In exceptional circumstances, it is possible for the moved piece in a double check to not give check. The only way for this to happen in orthodox chess is by way of an '']'' capture. In the position shown from Gundersen&ndash;Faul, 1928, Black has just played 14...g7–g5. White replies 15.hxg6 {{chessAN|e.p.}}#. The result is a double check even though the white pawn does not give check: one check is given by the rook, discovered by the capturing pawn's move; the other by the bishop, revealed by the captured pawn's removal. Such a double check is extremely rare in practical play, but it is sometimes found in ]s.
{{clear}} {{clear}}

{{Chess diagram|=
===Game examples===
| tleft
A double check is a part of the ] pattern known as ''Philidor's legacy''.
|'''Réti–Tartakower, 1910'''

|=
{{Chess diagram
|rd|nd|bd| |kd|bd| |rd|=
|pd|pd| | | |pd|pd|pd|=
| | |pd| | | | | |=
| | | | |qd| | | |=
| | | | |nd| | | |=
| | | |ql| | | | |=
|pl|pl|pl|bl| |pl|pl|pl|=
| | |kl|rl| |bl|nl|rl|=
|Position after 8...Nxe4??}}
{{Chess diagram|=
| tright | tright
|Réti vs. Tartakower, 1910
|'''Anderssen–Dufresne, 1852'''
|rd|nd|bd| |kd|bd| |rd
|=
| |rd| | |kd| |rd| |= |pd|pd| | | |pd|pd|pd
|pd|bd|pd|pd|nd|pd| |pd|= | | |pd| | | | |
| |bd|nd| | |pl| | |= | | | | |qd| | |
| | | | | | | | |= | | | | |nd| | |
|ql| | | | | | | |= | | | |ql| | | |
|bl| |pl|bl| |qd| | |= |pl|pl|pl|bl| |pl|pl|pl
|pl| | | | |pl|pl|pl|= | | |kl|rl| |bl|nl|rl
|Position after 8...Nxe4??
| | | |rl|rl| |kl| |=
|Position after 19...Qxf3]
}} }}
] wrote, "Even the laziest king flees wildly in the face of a double check."<ref>{{Citation |surname=Nimzowitsch |given=Aron |author-link=Aron Nimzowitsch |title=] |year=1947 |edition=second |page=130 |publisher=David McKay |isbn=0-679-14025-5 }}</ref> Because the only possible response to a double check is a king move, the double check is often an important tactical motif.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.113"/> A famous example is ]–], Vienna 1910, which arose after:
{{break|1}}
:'''1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 5. Qd3 e5{{chesspunc|?!}} 6. dxe5 Qa5+ 7. Bd2 Qxe5 8. 0-0-0{{chesspunc|!}} Nxe4{{chesspunc|??}}''' (diagram) '''9. Qd8+{{chesspunc|!!}}'''
] wrote, "Even the laziest king flees wildly in the face of a double check."<ref>{{Citation
|surname=Nimzowitsch|given=Aron|authorlink=Aron Nimzowitsch
Réti ] in order to set up a double check, as well as an unstoppable checkmate in two moves.
|title=]
:'''9... Kxd8 10. Bg5++'''
|year=1947
|edition=second
|page=130
|publisher=David McKay
|isbn=0-679-14025-5}}</ref> Because the only possible response to a double check is a king move, the double check is often an important tactical motif.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.113"/> A famous example is ]–], Vienna 1910, which arose after 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Qd3 e5] 6.dxe5 Qa5+ 7.Bd2 Qxe5 8.0-0-0] Nxe4] 9.Qd8+] (sacrificing a queen in order to set up a double check) Kxd8 10.Bg5++ and White mates after 10...Ke8 11.Rd8# or 10...Kc7 11.Bd8#.<ref>{{Citation
|surname=Chernev|given=Irving|authorlink=Irving Chernev
|title=1000 Best Short Games of Chess
|year=1955
|page=18
|publisher=Simon and Schuster
|id=}}</ref>


White mates after 10...Ke8 11.Rd8{{chessAN|#}} or 10...Kc7 11.Bd8#.<ref>{{Citation |surname=Chernev |given=Irving |author-link=Irving Chernev |title=1000 Best Short Games of Chess |year=1955 |page=18 |publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref>
A double check was also seen in the celebrated ], ]–], 1852.<ref name="Golombekp.88"/> From the diagram at right, Anderssen won with 20.Rxe7+! Nxe7 21.Qxd7+!! (a queen sacrifice to set up a deadly double check) Kxd7 22.Bf5++ Ke8 (or 22...Kc6 23.Bd7#) 23.Bd7+ Kf8 24.Bxe7#.
{{clear}} {{clear}}


{{Chess diagram
==Variants and triple check==
| tright
|Anderssen vs. Dufresne, 1852
| |rd| | |kd| |rd|
|pd|bd|pd|pd|nd|pd| |pd
| |bd|nd| | |pl| |
| | | | | | | |
|ql| | | | | | |
|bl| |pl|bl| |qd| |
|pl| | | | |pl|pl|pl
| | | |rl|rl| |kl|
|Position after 19...Qxf3{{chesspunc|?}}
}}

A double check was also seen in the celebrated ], ]–], 1852.<ref name="Golombekp.88"/> Anderssen won with:
:'''20. Rxe7+! Nxe7 21.Qxd7+!!'''
A queen sacrifice to set up a deadly double check.

:'''21... Kxd7 22. Bf5++ Ke8'''
Or 22...Kc6 23.Bd7#.

:'''23. Bd7+ Kf8 24. Bxe7#'''
{{clear}}

===Variants===
{| align="right" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" {| align="right" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
|-valign="top" |-valign="top"
| |
{{Chess diagram|= {{Chess diagram small
|tright |tright
| |
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|=
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= |__|__|__|pd|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|pd|__|__|__|__|= |gl|__|__|__|kd|__|__|__
|gl|__|__|__|kd|__|__|__|= |__|__|__|__|pl|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|pl|__|__|__|= |__|__|bl|Nl|__|Nl|__|__
|__|__|bl|sl|__|sl|__|__|= |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= |__|__|__|__|rl|__|__|kl
|Winning position for White shown with a pawn, a bishop, a rook, two moas (shown as inverted knights) and a ] (shown as inverted queen). After Black moves his only pawn to d5, White taking it ''en passant'' with their own pawn results in quintuple check.
|__|__|__|__|rl|__|__|kl|=
|With moas (shown as inverted knights) and ] (shown as inverted queen), after Black moves his pawn to d5, taking it ''en passant'' results in quintuple check.
}} }}
| |
{{Chess diagram|= {{Chess diagram small
|tright |tright
| |
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|=
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= |__|__|__|__|pd|kd|__|__
|__|__|__|__|pd|kd|__|__|= |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= |__|__|__|__|__|pl|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|pl|__|__|= |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= |__|__|__|Nl|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|sl|__|__|__|__|= |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|= |__|__|__|__|__|rl|kl|__
|Winning position for White shown with a pawn, rook, and a ] (shown as inverted knight). After Black moves his only pawn to e5, White taking it ''en passant'' with their own pawn results in triple check.
|__|__|__|__|__|rl|kl|__|=
|With nightrider (shown as inverted knight). After Black moves his pawn to e5, taking it ''en passant'' results in triple check.
}} }}
|} |}


In chess with ] or ], other ways of delivering a double check may be possible. Triple, quadruple and even quintuple checks may also be possible. For example in the position shown, after Black plays 1...d5, White plays 2.exd6e.p. quintuple check (the ''moa'' is a non-leaping knight which first takes a diagonal step, then an orthogonal one). After the ''en passant'' capture, five pieces check the black king: both moas, the rook, the grasshopper and the bishop. In chess with ] or ], other ways of delivering a double check may be possible. The moves of ordinary chess pieces only permit a maximum of two pieces giving check at once, but in some variants, triple checks and higher may be possible.
{{clear}}


For example, in the winning position shown to the left, after Black plays 1...d5 to remove the check from the bishop on c4, White plays 2.exd6 e.p.+++++. After the ''en passant'' capture, five pieces discover-check the black king: both moas (the moa is a non-leaping knight which first takes a diagonal step, then an orthogonal one), the rook, the grasshopper (the grasshopper captures by leaping over an intervening piece) and the bishop. Black would now be obliged to escape the multi-check and play one of either 2...Kxd6, to recapture White's pawn right away, or passively evade the checks without capturing by playing 2...Kd7 or 2...Kf6.
In ], a Chinese version of chess, triple check and even quadruple check is possible even without using fairy pieces, as in the following examples:
{| style="margin:1em; float: right; width: 230px; font-size: smaller;"
| style="border: solid thin; padding: 0px 9px 0px 8px;" |
{{Xiangqi-position|=


Another example is shown with the winning position shown on the right, after Black plays 1...e5 to remove the check from the knight-rider on d3, White plays 2. fxe6 e.p.+++. After the ''en passant'' capture, three pieces discover-check the black king: the pawn, the knight-rider, and the rook. Black would now be obliged to escape the multi-check by recapturing White's pawn with 2...Kxe6 or passively evading the checks without capturing by playing one of either 2...Ke7, 2...Ke8, 2...Kg6, 2...Kg7, or 2...Kg8.
10 | | | | | | | | | |=
9 | | | | |gd| | | | |=
8 | | | | | | | | | |=
7 | | | |hl| | | | | |=
6 | | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | |rl| | | | |=
2 | | | | |cl| | | | |=
1 | | | | |gl| | | | |=
a b c d e f g h i
|25}}<br/><u>Triple check:</u><br/>Red moved his horse from e5 to d7, giving check and exposing a double check from the chariot and cannon.<br/>
|
| style="border: solid thin; padding: 0px 9px 0px 8px;" |
{{Xiangqi-position|=

10 | | | | |gd| | | | |=
9 | | | | |rl| |hl| | |=
8 | | | | | |hl| | | |=
7 | | | | |cl| | | | |=
6 | | | | | | | | | |=
5 | | | | | | | | | |=
4 | | | | | | | | | |=
3 | | | | | | | | | |=
2 | | | | | | | | | |=
1 | | | | |gl| | | | |=
a b c d e f g h i
|25}}<br/><u>Quadruple check :</u><br/>Red moved his chariot from f9 to e9, uncovering two checks from the horses, giving a check of its own, and making a platform for the cannon at e7 to give yet another check.<br/>
|}


{{clear}} {{clear}}

==Xiangqi==
In ], the Chinese version of chess, triple check and even quadruple check are possible, as in the following examples. In ] (Korean chess), even quintuple and sextuple check are possible as well.
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size:88%; width:40em; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-valign="top"
| style="border:#ccc 1px solid; padding:5px;" |
{{Xiangqi-position
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | |gd| | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | |hl| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | |rl| | | |
| | | | |cl| | | |
| | | | |gl| | | |
|25}} ''Triple check:'' Red moved his horse from e5 to d7, giving check and exposing a double check from the chariot and cannon.
| style="border:#ccc 1px solid; padding:5px;" |
{{Xiangqi-position
| | | | |gd| | | |
| | | | |rl| |hl| |
| | | | | |hl| | |
| | | | |cl| | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | |gl| | | |
|25}} ''Quadruple check:'' Red moved his chariot from f9 to e9, uncovering two checks from the horses, giving a check of its own, and making a platform for the cannon at e7 to give yet another check. In ], using the same pieces and adding two elephants that both attack the general through the chariot's square allows a ''sextuple'' check.
|}


==References== ==References==

Latest revision as of 04:01, 26 December 2024

Chess term; a check delivered by two pieces simultaneously For other uses, see Double check (disambiguation).
abcdefgh
8g7 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black pawnd4 black queeng3 white bishopa2 black pawnf1 white kingg1 white rook8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
From this position, 1.Bxe5++ is a winning double check.

In chess and other related games, a double check is a check delivered by two pieces simultaneously. In chess notation, it is almost always represented the same way as a single check ("+"), but is sometimes symbolized by "++". (The symbol "++", however, is also sometimes used to denote checkmate.) This article uses "++" for double check and "#" for checkmate.

This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.

Chess

Gundersen vs. Faul, 1928
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookc8 black bishopd8 black queenf8 black rooka7 black pawnb7 black pawne7 black knighte6 white knighth6 black kingd5 black pawne5 white pawnf5 black pawng5 black pawnh5 white pawnb4 black bishopd4 black knightg4 white queenc3 white knighta2 white pawnb2 white pawnf2 white pawng2 white pawna1 white rookc1 white bishope1 white kingh1 white rook8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
After 14...g7–g5, White mates with a double check by capturing the pawn en passant.

The most common form of double check involves one piece moving to deliver check and revealing a discovered check at the same time from a piece it had been blocking. The only possible reply to a double check is a king move, as it is impossible to block or capture both checking pieces at once.

In exceptional circumstances, it is possible for the moved piece in a double check to not give check. The only way for this to happen in orthodox chess is by way of an en passant capture. In the position shown from Gundersen–Faul, 1928, Black has just played 14...g7–g5. White replies 15.hxg6 e.p.#. The result is a double check even though the white pawn does not give check: one check is given by the rook, discovered by the capturing pawn's move; the other by the bishop, revealed by the captured pawn's removal. Such a double check is extremely rare in practical play, but it is sometimes found in chess problems.

Game examples

A double check is a part of the smothered mate pattern known as Philidor's legacy.

Réti vs. Tartakower, 1910
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishope8 black kingf8 black bishoph8 black rooka7 black pawnb7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawnc6 black pawne5 black queene4 black knightd3 white queena2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white bishopf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawnc1 white kingd1 white rookf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Position after 8...Nxe4??

Aron Nimzowitsch wrote, "Even the laziest king flees wildly in the face of a double check." Because the only possible response to a double check is a king move, the double check is often an important tactical motif. A famous example is Réti–Tartakower, Vienna 1910, which arose after:

1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 5. Qd3 e5?! 6. dxe5 Qa5+ 7. Bd2 Qxe5 8. 0-0-0! Nxe4?? (diagram) 9. Qd8+!!

Réti sacrifices a queen in order to set up a double check, as well as an unstoppable checkmate in two moves.

9... Kxd8 10. Bg5++

White mates after 10...Ke8 11.Rd8# or 10...Kc7 11.Bd8#.

Anderssen vs. Dufresne, 1852
abcdefgh
8b8 black rooke8 black kingg8 black rooka7 black pawnb7 black bishopc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black knightf7 black pawnh7 black pawnb6 black bishopc6 black knightf6 white pawna4 white queena3 white bishopc3 white pawnd3 white bishopf3 black queena2 white pawnf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawnd1 white rooke1 white rookg1 white king8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Position after 19...Qxf3?

A double check was also seen in the celebrated Evergreen Game, Anderssen–Dufresne, 1852. Anderssen won with:

20. Rxe7+! Nxe7 21.Qxd7+!!

A queen sacrifice to set up a deadly double check.

21... Kxd7 22. Bf5++ Ke8

Or 22...Kc6 23.Bd7#.

23. Bd7+ Kf8 24. Bxe7#

Variants

abcdefgh
8d7 black pawna6 white upside-down queene6 black kinge5 white pawnc4 white bishopd4 white upside-down knightf4 white upside-down knighte1 white rookh1 white king8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Winning position for White shown with a pawn, a bishop, a rook, two moas (shown as inverted knights) and a grasshopper (shown as inverted queen). After Black moves his only pawn to d5, White taking it en passant with their own pawn results in quintuple check.
abcdefgh
8e7 black pawnf7 black kingf5 white pawnd3 white upside-down knightf1 white rookg1 white king8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Winning position for White shown with a pawn, rook, and a knight-rider (shown as inverted knight). After Black moves his only pawn to e5, White taking it en passant with their own pawn results in triple check.

In chess with variant rules or fairy pieces, other ways of delivering a double check may be possible. The moves of ordinary chess pieces only permit a maximum of two pieces giving check at once, but in some variants, triple checks and higher may be possible.

For example, in the winning position shown to the left, after Black plays 1...d5 to remove the check from the bishop on c4, White plays 2.exd6 e.p.+++++. After the en passant capture, five pieces discover-check the black king: both moas (the moa is a non-leaping knight which first takes a diagonal step, then an orthogonal one), the rook, the grasshopper (the grasshopper captures by leaping over an intervening piece) and the bishop. Black would now be obliged to escape the multi-check and play one of either 2...Kxd6, to recapture White's pawn right away, or passively evade the checks without capturing by playing 2...Kd7 or 2...Kf6.

Another example is shown with the winning position shown on the right, after Black plays 1...e5 to remove the check from the knight-rider on d3, White plays 2. fxe6 e.p.+++. After the en passant capture, three pieces discover-check the black king: the pawn, the knight-rider, and the rook. Black would now be obliged to escape the multi-check by recapturing White's pawn with 2...Kxe6 or passively evading the checks without capturing by playing one of either 2...Ke7, 2...Ke8, 2...Kg6, 2...Kg7, or 2...Kg8.

Xiangqi

In xiangqi, the Chinese version of chess, triple check and even quadruple check are possible, as in the following examples. In janggi (Korean chess), even quintuple and sextuple check are possible as well.

Triple check: Red moved his horse from e5 to d7, giving check and exposing a double check from the chariot and cannon. Quadruple check: Red moved his chariot from f9 to e9, uncovering two checks from the horses, giving a check of its own, and making a platform for the cannon at e7 to give yet another check. In janggi, using the same pieces and adding two elephants that both attack the general through the chariot's square allows a sextuple check.

References

  1. ^ Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 113, ISBN 0-19-866164-9
  2. ^ Golombek, Harry (1977), Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess, Crown Publishing, p. 88, ISBN 0-517-53146-1
  3. Tim Just and Daniel Burg, 2003, U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess, 5th ed., ISBN 0-8129-3559-4, p. 218
  4. Nimzowitsch, Aron (1947), My System (second ed.), David McKay, p. 130, ISBN 0-679-14025-5
  5. Chernev, Irving (1955), 1000 Best Short Games of Chess, Simon and Schuster, p. 18
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