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{{Short description|Report}}
{{Multiple issues|refimprove=May 2008|cleanup=September 2009}}
The '''Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001''' is the official name of the inquiry conducted by the ] and the ] into the activities of the ] in connection with the ]. The investigation began in February 2002 and the final report was released in December 2002. The '''Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001''', is the official name of the inquiry conducted by the ] and the ] into the activities of the ] in connection with the ]. The investigation began in February 2002 and the final report was released in December 2002.


==Calls for inquiry== ==Calls for inquiry==
The ], Senator ] (D-FL), chair of the Select Committee on Intelligence, and Representative ] (R-FL), chair of the House Intelligence Committee, originally rebuffed calls for an inquiry following the September 11 attacks. After December 2001 resolutions in the Senate called for the establishment of an independent bipartisan commission, the Bush administration decided that an investigation by the House and Senate intelligence committees—whose members work closely with the ] ("CIA") and ]—would be more narrowly focused.<ref name=WSWS>{{cite web |url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/mar2002/prob-m06.shtml |title=Further delay in US congressional investigation into September 11 attacks |author=Patrick Martin |date=6 March 2002 |work= |publisher=World Socialist Web Site |accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> The ], Senator ] (D-Fla.), chair of the Select Committee on Intelligence, and Representative ] (R-Fla.), chair of the House Intelligence Committee, originally rebuffed calls for an inquiry following the September 11 attacks. After December 2001, initial resolutions in the Senate called for the establishment of an independent bipartisan commission.<ref name=WSWS>{{cite web |url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/mar2002/prob-m06.shtml |title=Further delay in US congressional investigation into September 11 attacks |author=Patrick Martin |date=6 March 2002 |publisher=World Socialist Web Site |access-date=10 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330003212/http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/mar2002/prob-m06.shtml |archive-date=30 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The joint inquiry was announced February 14, 2002, with Senator Graham saying it would not play "the blame game about what went wrong from an intelligence perspective", and Representative Goss saying, "This particular effort focuses on the broader issues of terrorism worldwide, our capacity to counter terrorist activities and our preparedness to protect the American people at home and abroad."<ref name=SenateRelease> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918215702/http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=263577 |date=2014-09-18 }}, Senate and House Intelligence Committees Announce Joint Inquiry into the September 11th Terrorist Attacks, February 14, 2002.</ref>

In January 2002 Vice President ] called Senate Majority Leader ] arguing that no investigation should take place, as it would divert resources from the "]". Daschle instead agreed to limit the investigation to a joint inquiry by both the house and senate.<ref name=WSWS/> The Joint Inquiry was announced February 14, 2002 with Senator Graham saying it would not play "the blame game about what went wrong from an intelligence perspective", and Representative Goss saying, "This particular effort focuses on the broader issues of terrorism worldwide, our capacity to counter terrorist activities and our preparedness to protect the American people at home and abroad."<ref name=SenateRelease>, Senate and House Intelligence Committees Announce Joint Inquiry into the September 11th Terrorist Attacks, February 14, 2002.</ref>


==Investigation== ==Investigation==
⚫ Senator Graham and Representative Goss, accompanied by their respective committee ranking minority members, Republican Senator ] and Democratic Representative ], led the joint inquiry. L. Britt Snider, the former inspector general of the CIA, was staff director.<ref name=SenateRelease/> He hired a 30-person investigative staff to gather evidence and interview ], ] and other intelligence and law enforcement agencies.<ref name=latimes04-02>Greg Miller, , ], April 30, 2002.</ref>


⚫ However, the committee quickly ran into stonewalling, delays and attacks from ] ] and ] ], especially after an alleged leak from the committee. ] had reported classified information that the ] had received warning of the attacks on September 10 but failed to translate and forward them.<ref name=Theoharis1>Athan G. Theoharis, editor, ''The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny'', ], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903085607/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nj4RLdHCU0C&pg=PA223 |date=2016-09-03 }}, 2006, {{ISBN|0313332827}}</ref> Staff director L. Britt Snider was pressured to resign in April 2002 because of questions about whether one or more of his hires had lacked proper clearance to view classified material.<ref name=latimes04-02/>
⚫ Senator Graham and Representative Goss, accompanied by their respective committee ranking minority members, Republican Senator ] and Democratic Representative ], led the joint inquiry. L. Britt Snider, the former inspector general of the CIA, was staff director.<ref name=SenateRelease/> He hired a 30 person investigative staff to gather evidence and interview CIA, ] ("FBI") and other intelligence and law enforcement agencies.<ref name=latimes04-02>Greg Miller, , ], April 30, 2002.</ref>


⚫ The Washington Post reported in May 2002 that Representative Goss dismissed as "a lot of nonsense" reports that five weeks before the attacks a CIA briefing had alerted President Bush about ] to highjack aircraft; he said the investigation focus would be on why the United States intelligence bureaucracy composed of 13 agencies failed to detect the hijackers. Senator Graham said the question was why wasn't the intelligence precise. Critics on and off of Capitol Hill complained that Goss was too aligned with the CIA and Graham was insufficiently assertive.<ref>Richard Leiby, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527103502/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A36091-2002May17.html |date=2017-05-27 }}, ], May 18, 2002.</ref>
⚫ However, the committee quickly ran into stonewalling, delays and attacks from ] ] and ] ], especially after an alleged leak from the committee. ] had reported classified information that the ] had received warning of the attacks on September 10th but failed to translate and forward them.<ref name=Theoharis1>Athan G. Theoharis, editor, ''The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny'', ], , 2006, ISBN 0313332827</ref> Staff director L. Britt Snider was pressured to resign in April 2002 because of questions about whether one or more of his hires had lacked proper clearance to view classified material.<ref name=latimes04-02/>


⚫ In August 2002 unnamed individuals who had read the report revealed it contained accusations of ]. The Saudis denied this and asked that the section be made public, but President Bush refused.<ref>James Risen and David Johnston, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205091207/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/02/us/report-on-9-11-suggests-a-role-by-saudi-spies.html |date=2017-02-05 }}, ], August 2, 2003.</ref> In December 2002 Senator Graham himself revealed in a ] interview that "I was surprised at the evidence that there were foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities of at least some of the terrorists in the United States."<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923111312/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics-july-dec02-intelligence_12-11/ |date=2017-09-23 }}, ] interview with Sen. Bob Graham, December 11, 2002.</ref>
The commission accepted the White House's refusal to give them any information on what President Bush had been told before September 11 ostensibly because it was classified.{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}}


⚫ The Washington Post reported in May of 2002 that Senator Goss dismissed as "a lot of nonsense" reports that five weeks before the attacks a CIA briefing had alerted President Bush about ] to highjack aircraft; he said the investigation focus would be on why the United State intelligence bureaucracy composed of 13 agencies failed to detect the hijackers. Senator Graham said the question was why wasn't the intelligence precise. Critics on and off of Capitol Hill complained that Goss was too aligned with the CIA and Graham was insufficiently assertive.<ref>Richard Leiby, , ], May 18, 2002.</ref>

In June 2002 ] asked ] ] to investigate the leak. Sen. ] (R-AZ) noted the absurdity of having the FBI investigate legislators who are investigating the FBI.{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}}

⚫ In August 2002 unnamed individuals who had read the report revealed it contained accusations of links between the government of ] and the attacks. The Saudis denied this and asked that the section be made public, but President Bush refused.<ref>James Risen and David Johnston, , ], August 2, 2003.</ref> In December of 2002 Senator Graham himself revealed in a ] interview that "I was surprised at the evidence that there were foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities of at least some of the terrorists in the United States."<ref>, ] interview with Sen. Bob Graham, December 11, 2002.</ref>
==The report== ==The report==
⚫ The joint inquiry released their findings in December 2002. The 832-page report (available as both '''S. Rept. 107-351''' and '''H. Rept. 107-792''') presents the joint inquiry’s findings and conclusions, an accompanying narrative, and a series of recommendations.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_rpt/911rept.pdf | title = Report of the Joint Inquiry into the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 | author = The House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence | date = December 2002 | access-date = 2017-04-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170517042112/https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_rpt/911rept.pdf | archive-date = May 17, 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> The critical and comprehensive report detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information, including about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States, in order to disrupt the plots.<ref name=Theoharis1/>

⚫ The joint inquiry released their findings in December 2002. The 832 page report (available as both '''S. Rept. 107-351''' and '''H. Rept. 107-792''') presents the joint inquiry’s findings and conclusions, an accompanying narrative, and a series of recommendations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/911.html |title=Congressional Reports: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> The critical and comprehensive report detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information, including about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States, in or to disrupt the plots.<ref name=Theoharis1/>


===Redacted sections=== ===Redacted sections===
{{main article|The 28 pages}}

''The 28 pages'' refers to a small section at the end of the inquiry commission report on the ] that includes the details of foreign state sponsor support for ] prior to the attack and the possible ] connection with the terrorists.<ref name="Danyal">{{cite web|last1=DePetris|first1=Daniel R.|title=The 28 Pages: What's Taking So Long?|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/the-28-pages-whats-taking-so-long-16095|website=The National Interest|date=6 May 2016|access-date=7 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714015649/http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/the-28-pages-whats-taking-so-long-16095|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This part of the congressional report was classified by the ] administration. Since then, attempts were made to declassify the redacted pages by senators and political activists, among them former chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee and the co-chairman of the joint congressional panel, ].<ref name="Danyal"/> United States' intelligence agencies declassified the pages, and Congress publicly released the pages with some parts redacted on July 15, 2016.<ref name="WaPoRelease">{{cite news|last1=Demirjian|first1=Karoun|title=Congress releases long-classified '28 pages' on alleged Saudi ties to 9/11|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/congress-releases-long-classified-28-pages-on-alleged-saudi-ties-to-911/2016/07/15/e8671fde-4ab1-11e6-bdb9-701687974517_story.html|access-date=15 July 2016|agency=Washington Post|date=15 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715191641/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/congress-releases-long-classified-28-pages-on-alleged-saudi-ties-to-911/2016/07/15/e8671fde-4ab1-11e6-bdb9-701687974517_story.html|archive-date=15 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Bush administration decided to classified the controversial twenty-eight pages which allegedly dealt with allegations about links between ] and the hijackers. The committee called for further investigations and the Saudi government again called for its release.<ref name=Theoharis1/> Senator Graham later noted that "this material was developed by the joint inquiry" and was "not classified information that was made available to Congress by the executive."<ref name=McClatchydc> Ali Watkins, , ], August 12, 2013.</ref> Some leaked information from CIA and FBI documents alleged that there was “incontrovertible evidence” that Saudi government officials, including from the Saudi embassy in Washington and consulate in Los Angeles, gave the hijackers both financial and logistical aid. Named were then-Saudi Ambassador ] and Osama Bassnan, a Saudi agent, as well as American ] cleric ], 9/11 ringleader ], and Esam Ghazzawi, a Saudi adviser to the nephew of King Fahd.<ref name=NYPost>Paul Sperry, , ], December 15, 2013.</ref>

In July 2003 Senator Bob Graham pressed the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence to release the material, per its authority under Senate Resolution 400, which established the Committee in 1976. However, the committee did not vote and his request was merely denied. Then-chair Senator Pat Roberts, (R-KS) and Senator ] (D-WV) wrote Graham that "it is our view that release of additional information from Part Four could adversely affect ongoing counterterrorism efforts.” Graham later said the response showed that the Intelligence Committee had shown "a strong deference to the executive branch.”<ref name=McClatchydc/>

In July 2003 Senator ] (R-KS) joined approximately 42 Democratic senators in calling on President Bush to release the 28-page section which was censored for "national security reasons". Senator Graham stated the refusal "is a continuation of the pattern of the last seven months-a pattern of delay and excessive use of national security standards to deny the people the knowledge of their vulnerability."<ref>Jonathan Karl and Steve Turnham, , CNN Washington Bureau, July 30, 2003.</ref>

In December 2013 Representatives ] (R-KY) and ] (D-MA) proposed Congress pass a resolution urging ] ] to declassify all of the 2002 report.<ref name=NYPost/><ref>, signed by Representatives ] and ].</ref> They held a press conference in March, 2014.<ref> with Representatives Walter Jones, Stephen Lynch, ] (KY-4), and families of 9/11 victims; Rep. Walter Jones channel at ], March 12, 2014.</ref> House Resolution 428 of the 113th Congress had 10 co-sponsers as of September 2014. <ref>, 113th Congress (2013-2014) at Congress.gov.</ref>

Family members of September 11 victims have said that President Obama told them both individually and in a group setting that he would release the documents so they could know the truth. The documents also would be used to support law suits against Saudi Arabia for complicity in the attacks and deaths. Families have worked closely with Representatives Jones and Lynch on de-classifying the documents.<ref name=Inquirer2014> Chris Mondics, , ], March 31, 2014.</ref> In June of 2014 the ] ruled that the families, as well as insurance companies which paid large claims after the attacks, could sue Saudi Arabia. This permitted attorneys to begin collecting documents and deposing witnesses.<ref>Chris Mondics, , Philadelphia Inquirer, July 02, 2014.</ref>


==Aftermath== ==Aftermath==
⚫ September 11 victim families were frustrated by the unanswered questions and redacted material and demanded an independent commission.<ref name=Theoharis1/> In late 2002, President ] and ] established the ], an independent bipartisan commission charged with investigating the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july-dec02/investigation_11-27.html |title=Investigating Sept. 11 |publisher=PBS |work=NewsHour |date=November 27, 2002 |access-date=January 21, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090220061250/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july-dec02/investigation_11-27.html| archive-date= February 20, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>


In 2004, Senator Graham released his book ''Intelligence Matters: The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia, and the Failure of America's War on Terror'' that dealt with issues raised by the investigation.<ref>Bob Graham, with Jeff Nussbaum, ''Intelligence Matters: The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia, and the Failure of America's War on Terror'', Random House], 2004, {{ISBN|1588364526}}</ref><ref>, ], September 9, 2004.</ref> In April 2016, both co-chairmen of the Inquiry, Bob Graham and Porter Goss, later director of the CIA, as well as other former U.S. officials, who are familiar with the entire text of the joint inquiry′s report, aired their belief that the U.S. government was persisting in its coverup on the Saudi Arabian government officials′ substantial aid provided to the perpetrators of the 9/11 attack and urged the Obama administration to declassify the bowdlerized pages of the report.<ref name=locked>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-911-classified-report-steve-kroft/|title=28 Pages: Former Sen. Bob Graham and others urge the Obama administration to declassify redacted pages of a report that holds 9/11 secrets|agency=CBS|date=April 10, 2016|access-date=April 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415081250/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-911-classified-report-steve-kroft/|archive-date=April 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=urged>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/barack-obama-urged-to-declassify-report-detailing-links-between-911-and-saudi-arabia-a6980771.html|title=Barack Obama urged to declassify report detailing links between 9/11 and Saudi Arabia|author=Rachael Revesz|newspaper=The Independent|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907165507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/barack-obama-urged-to-declassify-report-detailing-links-between-911-and-saudi-arabia-a6980771.html|archive-date=September 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/top-secret-28-pages-may-hold-clues-about-saudi-support-for-911-hijackers/ |title=Top secret "28 pages" may hold clues about Saudi support for 9/11 hijackers |website=] |access-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412135605/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/top-secret-28-pages-may-hold-clues-about-saudi-support-for-911-hijackers/ |archive-date=2016-04-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> A bipartisan effort led by ] and ] seeks to make the document fully available to the public.<ref name="urged" /> Questions are likely to persist even if the "28 pages" are released.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-sept11-classified-28-pages.html |title=A Saudi Imam, 2 Hijackers and Lingering 9/11 Mystery |publisher=NYT |work=Mark Mazzetti and Scott Shane |date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=June 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618050710/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-sept11-classified-28-pages.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
⚫ September 11th victim families were frustrated by the answered questions and redacted material and demanded an independent commission.<ref name=Theoharis1/> In late 2002 President Bush and congress established the ], an independent bipartisan commission popularly known as the "9/11 Commission".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july-dec02/investigation_11-27.html |title=Investigating Sept. 11 |publisher=PBS |work=NewsHour |date=November 27, 2002 |accessdate=January 21, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090220061250/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july-dec02/investigation_11-27.html| archivedate= February 20, 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>


In 2015, efforts began in the U.S. Senate to pass a bill that would allow victims to sue foreign powers that fund terrorist groups, such as Al Qaeda, to kill Americans on American soil.<ref name=senbill>{{cite news |url=https://www.schumer.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/-schumer-cornyn-announce-justice-against-sponsors-of-terrorism-act_legislation-long-sought-by-9/11-families-will-allow-victims-of-9/11-and-other-terrorist-acts-to-sue-foreign-countries--others-that-funded-al-qaeda-isis |title=SCHUMER, CORNYN ANNOUNCE 'JUSTICE AGAINST SPONSORS OF TERRORISM ACT' – LEGISLATION, LONG SOUGHT BY 9/11 FAMILIES, WILL ALLOW VICTIMS OF 9/11 & OTHER TERRORIST ACTS TO SUE FOREIGN COUNTRIES & OTHERS THAT FUNDED AL QAEDA, ISIS |date=September 17, 2015 |access-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419223204/https://www.schumer.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/-schumer-cornyn-announce-justice-against-sponsors-of-terrorism-act_legislation-long-sought-by-9/11-families-will-allow-victims-of-9/11-and-other-terrorist-acts-to-sue-foreign-countries--others-that-funded-al-qaeda-isis |archive-date=April 19, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> This bill became law on September 28, 2016, as the ].<ref name="nytimes-house-override">{{cite news|title=Congress Votes to Override Obama Veto on 9/11 Victims Bill|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/29/us/politics/senate-votes-to-override-obama-veto-on-9-11-victims-bill.html?_r=0|last=Steinhauer|first=Jennifer|date=September 28, 2016|access-date=2016-10-04|agency=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003173953/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/29/us/politics/senate-votes-to-override-obama-veto-on-9-11-victims-bill.html?_r=0|archive-date=October 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2004 ] released Senator Graham's book ''Intelligence Matters: The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia, and the Failure of America's War on Terror'' which dealt with issues raised by the investigation.<ref>Bob Graham, with Jeff Nussbaum, ''Intelligence Matters: The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia, and the Failure of America's War on Terror'', ], 2004, ISBN 1588364526</ref><ref> , ], September 9, 2004.</ref>


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist|30em}}


==External links== ==External links==
* . Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Hearings before the Select Committee on Intelligence, U.S. Senate and the Permanent Select Committee On Intelligence, House of Representatives; Volume I, September 18, 19, 20, 24, and 26, 2002 * . Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Hearings before the Select Committee on Intelligence, U.S. Senate and the Permanent Select Committee On Intelligence, House of Representatives; Volume I, September 18, 19, 20, 24, and 26, 2002
* . Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Hearings before the Select Committee on Intelligence U.S. Senate and the Permanent Select Committee On Intelligence, House of Representatives, Volume II, October 1, 3, 8, and 17, 2002 * . Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Hearings before the Select Committee on Intelligence U.S. Senate and the Permanent Select Committee On Intelligence, House of Representatives, Volume II, October 1, 3, 8, and 17, 2002
* . Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Report of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Together with Additional Views, December 2002. , via ] * . Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Report of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Together with Additional Views, December 2002.


{{Sept11}} {{Sept11}}

Latest revision as of 03:48, 6 October 2024

Report

The Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, is the official name of the inquiry conducted by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence into the activities of the U.S. Intelligence Community in connection with the attacks of September 11, 2001. The investigation began in February 2002 and the final report was released in December 2002.

Calls for inquiry

The White House, Senator Bob Graham (D-Fla.), chair of the Select Committee on Intelligence, and Representative Porter Goss (R-Fla.), chair of the House Intelligence Committee, originally rebuffed calls for an inquiry following the September 11 attacks. After December 2001, initial resolutions in the Senate called for the establishment of an independent bipartisan commission. The joint inquiry was announced February 14, 2002, with Senator Graham saying it would not play "the blame game about what went wrong from an intelligence perspective", and Representative Goss saying, "This particular effort focuses on the broader issues of terrorism worldwide, our capacity to counter terrorist activities and our preparedness to protect the American people at home and abroad."

Investigation

Senator Graham and Representative Goss, accompanied by their respective committee ranking minority members, Republican Senator Richard C. Shelby and Democratic Representative Nancy Pelosi, led the joint inquiry. L. Britt Snider, the former inspector general of the CIA, was staff director. He hired a 30-person investigative staff to gather evidence and interview Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation and other intelligence and law enforcement agencies.

However, the committee quickly ran into stonewalling, delays and attacks from Vice President Dick Cheney and United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, especially after an alleged leak from the committee. CNN had reported classified information that the National Security Agency had received warning of the attacks on September 10 but failed to translate and forward them. Staff director L. Britt Snider was pressured to resign in April 2002 because of questions about whether one or more of his hires had lacked proper clearance to view classified material.

The Washington Post reported in May 2002 that Representative Goss dismissed as "a lot of nonsense" reports that five weeks before the attacks a CIA briefing had alerted President Bush about possible Osama bin Laden associates' plans to highjack aircraft; he said the investigation focus would be on why the United States intelligence bureaucracy composed of 13 agencies failed to detect the hijackers. Senator Graham said the question was why wasn't the intelligence precise. Critics on and off of Capitol Hill complained that Goss was too aligned with the CIA and Graham was insufficiently assertive.

In August 2002 unnamed individuals who had read the report revealed it contained accusations of links between the government of Saudi Arabia and the attacks. The Saudis denied this and asked that the section be made public, but President Bush refused. In December 2002 Senator Graham himself revealed in a PBS interview that "I was surprised at the evidence that there were foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities of at least some of the terrorists in the United States."

The report

The joint inquiry released their findings in December 2002. The 832-page report (available as both S. Rept. 107-351 and H. Rept. 107-792) presents the joint inquiry’s findings and conclusions, an accompanying narrative, and a series of recommendations. The critical and comprehensive report detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information, including about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States, in order to disrupt the plots.

Redacted sections

Main article: The 28 pages

The 28 pages refers to a small section at the end of the inquiry commission report on the September 11 attacks that includes the details of foreign state sponsor support for al-Qaeda prior to the attack and the possible Saudi connection with the terrorists. This part of the congressional report was classified by the George W. Bush administration. Since then, attempts were made to declassify the redacted pages by senators and political activists, among them former chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee and the co-chairman of the joint congressional panel, Bob Graham. United States' intelligence agencies declassified the pages, and Congress publicly released the pages with some parts redacted on July 15, 2016.

Aftermath

September 11 victim families were frustrated by the unanswered questions and redacted material and demanded an independent commission. In late 2002, President George W. Bush and Congress established the 9/11 Commission, an independent bipartisan commission charged with investigating the September 11 attacks.

In 2004, Senator Graham released his book Intelligence Matters: The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia, and the Failure of America's War on Terror that dealt with issues raised by the investigation. In April 2016, both co-chairmen of the Inquiry, Bob Graham and Porter Goss, later director of the CIA, as well as other former U.S. officials, who are familiar with the entire text of the joint inquiry′s report, aired their belief that the U.S. government was persisting in its coverup on the Saudi Arabian government officials′ substantial aid provided to the perpetrators of the 9/11 attack and urged the Obama administration to declassify the bowdlerized pages of the report. A bipartisan effort led by Walter Jones and Stephen Lynch seeks to make the document fully available to the public. Questions are likely to persist even if the "28 pages" are released.

In 2015, efforts began in the U.S. Senate to pass a bill that would allow victims to sue foreign powers that fund terrorist groups, such as Al Qaeda, to kill Americans on American soil. This bill became law on September 28, 2016, as the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act.

References

  1. Patrick Martin (6 March 2002). "Further delay in US congressional investigation into September 11 attacks". World Socialist Web Site. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  2. ^ Press Release of Intelligence Committee Archived 2014-09-18 at the Wayback Machine, Senate and House Intelligence Committees Announce Joint Inquiry into the September 11th Terrorist Attacks, February 14, 2002.
  3. ^ Greg Miller, Leader of 9/11 Probe Resigns Suddenly, Los Angeles Times, April 30, 2002.
  4. ^ Athan G. Theoharis, editor, The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 222-224 Archived 2016-09-03 at the Wayback Machine, 2006, ISBN 0313332827
  5. Richard Leiby, A Cloak But No Dagger; An Ex-Spy Says He Seeks Solutions, Not Scapegoats for 9/11 Archived 2017-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post, May 18, 2002.
  6. James Risen and David Johnston, Report on 9/11 Suggests a Role By Saudi Spies Archived 2017-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post, August 2, 2003.
  7. Improving Intelligence Archived 2017-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, PBS interview with Sen. Bob Graham, December 11, 2002.
  8. The House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (December 2002). "Report of the Joint Inquiry into the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
  9. ^ DePetris, Daniel R. (6 May 2016). "The 28 Pages: What's Taking So Long?". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  10. Demirjian, Karoun (15 July 2016). "Congress releases long-classified '28 pages' on alleged Saudi ties to 9/11". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  11. "Investigating Sept. 11". NewsHour. PBS. November 27, 2002. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  12. Bob Graham, with Jeff Nussbaum, Intelligence Matters: The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia, and the Failure of America's War on Terror, Random House], 2004, ISBN 1588364526
  13. Interview: Senator Bob Graham, Democrat of Florida, discusses his theory about a Saudi link to 9/11, NPR, September 9, 2004.
  14. "28 Pages: Former Sen. Bob Graham and others urge the Obama administration to declassify redacted pages of a report that holds 9/11 secrets". CBS. April 10, 2016. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  15. ^ Rachael Revesz (April 12, 2016). "Barack Obama urged to declassify report detailing links between 9/11 and Saudi Arabia". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  16. "Top secret "28 pages" may hold clues about Saudi support for 9/11 hijackers". CBS News. Archived from the original on 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  17. "A Saudi Imam, 2 Hijackers and Lingering 9/11 Mystery". Mark Mazzetti and Scott Shane. NYT. June 17, 2016. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  18. "SCHUMER, CORNYN ANNOUNCE 'JUSTICE AGAINST SPONSORS OF TERRORISM ACT' – LEGISLATION, LONG SOUGHT BY 9/11 FAMILIES, WILL ALLOW VICTIMS OF 9/11 & OTHER TERRORIST ACTS TO SUE FOREIGN COUNTRIES & OTHERS THAT FUNDED AL QAEDA, ISIS". September 17, 2015. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  19. Steinhauer, Jennifer (September 28, 2016). "Congress Votes to Override Obama Veto on 9/11 Victims Bill". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-04.

External links

  • S. Hrg. 107–1086, Volume 1. Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Hearings before the Select Committee on Intelligence, U.S. Senate and the Permanent Select Committee On Intelligence, House of Representatives; Volume I, September 18, 19, 20, 24, and 26, 2002
  • S. Hrg. 107–1086, Volume 2. Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Hearings before the Select Committee on Intelligence U.S. Senate and the Permanent Select Committee On Intelligence, House of Representatives, Volume II, October 1, 3, 8, and 17, 2002
  • S. Rept. No. 107-351, 107th Congress, 2d Session; H. Rept. No. 107-792. Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Report of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Together with Additional Views, December 2002.
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