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{{other uses of}} {{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox Turkey place
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name = Sivas | type = municipality
| name = Sivas
| other_name = Sebastea
| other_name =
|settlement_type = ]
| image_skyline = Paşa-mosque Sivas.jpg | image_skyline = {{multiple image|total_width = 280px|perrow = 1/2/2/2|border = infobox
| image1 = Sivas Cumhuriyet Meydanı in 2011 8145.jpg
| image_caption = Paşa-Mosque at Atatürk-boulevard
| image_shield = | alt1 =
| image2 = 162 Egriköprü.07.2006 resize.JPG
| pushpin_map = Turkey
| alt2 =
| latd = 39 |latm = 45 |lats = |latNS = N
| image3 = Sivas Jandarma Kışlası (tarihî).jpg
| longd = 37 |longm = 01 |longs = |longEW = E
| alt3 =
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| image4 = Celestial Medresah - Gökmedrese, Sivas.jpg
| coordinates_format = dms
| alt4 =
| subdivision_type = Country
| image5 = Sivas Republic Monument 2.jpg
| subdivision_name = Turkey
| alt5 =
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| image6 = Buruciye tarafından kongre binası - panoramio (cropped).jpg
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| subdivision_type2 = | alt6 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| leader_party = ]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Sami Aydın
| leader_title1 = ]
| leader_name1 =
| area_footnotes = {{Turkey district areas|SOURCE}}
| area_blank1_title = District
| area_blank1_km2 = {{Turkey district areas|Sivas|Sivas}}
| elevation_m = 1285
| population_footnotes = {{Turkey district populations|SOURCE|Sivas}}
| population_urban = {{Turkey district populations|Sivas|Sivas|şehir}}
| population_as_of = {{Turkey district populations|YEAR}}
| population_blank1_title = District
| population_blank1 = {{Turkey district populations|Sivas|Sivas|toplam}}
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| website = {{URL| www.sivas.bel.tr | www.sivas.bel.tr }}
}} }}
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top:''' Governorship Building, Historical Gendarmerie Barracks, Republic Monument, ], ], ]
'''Sivas''' (]: ''Sebastia'', ''Sebastea'', ''Sebasteia'', ''Sebaste'') is a city in central Turkey and the seat of ]. According to a 2011 estimate, its urban population is 425,297.
| coordinates = {{coord|39|45|N|37|01|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| province = Sivas
| district = Sivas
| leader_party = BBP
| leader_name = Adem Uzun
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 1285
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total = 365274
| population_as_of = 2022
| postal_code = 58000
| area_code = 0346
| website = {{url|http://www.sivas.bel.tr/}}
}}
<!-- PLEASE do not delete names of places -->
'''Sivas''' is a city in central Turkey. It is the seat of ] and ].<ref name=il>, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023.</ref> Its population is 365,274 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=22 May 2023|publisher=]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref>

The city, which lies at an elevation of {{convert|1278|m|ft}} in the broad valley of the ] river, is a moderately-sized trade centre and industrial city, although the economy has traditionally been based on ]. Rail repair shops and a thriving manufacturing industry of rugs, bricks, cement, and cotton and woolen ] form the mainstays of the city's economy. The surrounding region is a cereal-producing area with large deposits of iron ore which are worked at ].


Sivas is also a ] for the north–south and east–west trade routes to Iraq and Iran, respectively. With the development of railways, the city gained new economic importance as junction of important rail lines linking the cities of ], ], ], and ]. The city is linked by ] to ] and ]. The popular name ] derives from ''Sebastianòs'', Σεβαστιανός, meaning someone from the city.<ref name="Cresswell2007">{{cite book|author=Julia Cresswell|title=Naming Your Baby: The Definitive Dictionary of First Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4vsr7FQ-q8C|date=5 November 2007|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-7136-8313-4|page=209}}</ref><ref name="Davis1995">{{cite book|last=Davis|first=J. Madison|title=The Shakespeare Name and Place Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEuSbXv3lc8C&pg=PA444|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-884964-17-6|page=444}}</ref>
The city, which lies at an elevation of {{convert|4193|ft|m}} in the broad valley of the ] river, is a moderately-sized trade center and industrial city, although the economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Rail repair shops and a thriving manufacturing industry of rugs, bricks, cement, and cotton and woolen textiles form the mainstays of the city's economy. The surrounding region is a cereal-producing area with large deposits of iron ore which are worked at ].


==Name==
Sivas is also a communications hub for the north-south and east-west trade routes to Iraq and Iran, respectively. With the development of railways, the city gained new economic importance as junction of important rail lines linking the cities of ], ], ], and ]. The city is linked by ] to ].


The name of the city is a truncated form of its ] name Sivasteia<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cThCEAAAQBAJ&dq=sivasteia+and+Sivas&pg=PA147 |title=Muslim Sources of the Crusader Period: An Anthology |date=2021-10-06 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-1-62466-997-2 |editor-last=Lindsey |editor-first=James E. |pages=147 |language=en |editor-last2=Mourad |editor-first2=Suleiman A.}}</ref> from the ] name Sebasteia (Σεβάστεια), meaning that it was named in honour of an emperor using the title ], the Greek equivalent of ].<ref name="Cresswell2007" />{{Additional citation needed|date=September 2022|reason=The citation here helps to verify some of the information in this statement, but not all of it. Please add reliable sources that clearly verify the full etymological explanation.}} In ] it is {{Transliteration|hy|Sebastia}} ({{Lang|hy|Սեբաստիա}}).<ref>{{cite book |last=Marsoobian |first=Armen T. |title=Fragments of a Lost Homeland: Remembering Armenia |date=2015 |publisher=I. B. Taurus |isbn=9781784532116 |location=London |page=56}}</ref> In Kurdish it is called Sêwas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |editor-last=Avcıkıran |editor-first=Dr. Adem |title=Kürtçe Anamnez, Anamneza bi Kurmancî |url=http://tirsik.net/danegeh/pirtuk/ismail%20bulbul/anamneza%20bi%20kurmancî.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606152528/https://tirsik.net/danegeh/pirtuk/ismail%20bulbul/anamneza%20bi%20kurmanc%c3%ae.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=Tirsik |page=57}}</ref>
The popular name ] derives from the Latin ''Sebastianus'', meaning someone from the city.<ref name="Cresswell2007">{{cite book|author=Julia Cresswell|title=Naming Your Baby: The Definitive Dictionary of First Names|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M4vsr7FQ-q8C|date=5 November 2007|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-7136-8313-4|page=209}}</ref><ref name="Davis1995">{{cite book|last=Davis|first=J. Madison|title=The Shakespeare Name and Place Dictionary|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MEuSbXv3lc8C&pg=PA444|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-884964-17-6|page=444}}</ref>


==History== ==History==


===Ancient and medieval=== ===Ancient history===
] ] Artifacts in Sivas Archeology Museum]]
Excavations at a mound known as ] indicate ] settlement in the area as early as 2600 BC,{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} though little is known of Sivas' history prior to its emergence in the ] period. In 64 BC as part of his reorganization of ] after the ], ] founded a city on the site called "Megalopolis".<ref>], ''The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces'', 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 1971), 159.</ref> Numismatic evidence suggests that Megalopolis changed its name in the last years of the 1st century BC to "Sebaste", which is the feminine form of the ] name corresponding to ]. The name "Sivas" is the ] version deriving from the name Sebasteia, as the city was known during late ]. Sebasteia became the capital of the province of ] under the emperor ], was a town of some importance in the early history of the Christian Church; in the 4th&nbsp;century it was the home of ] and ], bishops of the town, and of ], one of the early founders of ] in Asia Minor. It was also the place of martyrdom of the ], also 4th&nbsp;century. ] had a fortified wall around it rebuilt in the 6th century. Little is known of Sivas' history prior to its emergence in the ] period. In 64 BC, as part of his reorganization of ] after the ], ] founded a city on the site called "Megalopolis".<ref>], ''The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces'', 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 1971), 159.</ref> Numismatic evidence suggests that Megalopolis changed its name in the last years of the 1st century BC to "Sebaste", the feminine form of ], the ] equivalent of ].


The name "Sivas" is the ] version deriving from the name Sebasteia, as the city was known during the late ]. Sebasteia became the capital of the province of ] under the emperor ], was a town of some importance in the early history of the Christian Church; in the 4th&nbsp;century it was the home of ] and ], bishops of the town, and of ], one of the early founders of ] in Asia Minor. It was also the place of martyrdom of the ], also 4th&nbsp;century. In 536, ] made it the capital of ] and refortified it.<ref name="CooperDecker">{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Eric |last2=Decker |first2=Michael J. |title=Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia |date=24 July 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-02964-5 |pages=17,25–28, 43 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Life_and_Society_in_Byzantine_Cappadocia/nGyQMmtzckAC |access-date=12 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
Sebasteia was the first important city to be raided by incoming Turkish tribes in 1059.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosser|first=John H.|title=Historical dictionary of Byzantium|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=9780810875678|page=425|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=AYpqikYr3Q8C&pg=PA425&dq=sebasteia+1059+turks&hl=el&sa=X&ei=lmybUufHFILmywPfiIDwDA&ved=0CGMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=sebasteia%201059%20turks&f=false|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> The city came under the domain of ] ] dynasty (1155–1192) after the ] in 1071. After the death of Danişmend Gazi, Sivas passed to Nizamettin Yağıbasan who won it after a struggle with Danişmend Gazi's successors. In 1174, the city was captured by ] ruler ] and periodically served as capital of the Seljuk empire along with ]. Under Seljuk rule, Sivas was an important center of trade along the ] and site of a citadel, along with mosques and madrasahs (Islamic educational institutions), four of which survive today and one of which houses the Sivas Museum. Then it passed to the ] and ]


===Medieval history===
]
The city was sacked by the troops of ] in 692 and became first a ] and in ]. Under ], many Armenians settled in the region.<ref name="CooperDecker" /> In the early 1020s, ] delivered the region around Sebasteia in exchange for ] to King ], who settled in Sebasteia with thousands of his Armenian followers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Krikorian|first=Mesrob K.|title=Armenians in the Service of the Ottoman Empire, 1860-1908|date=1977-01-01|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|isbn=9781138492073|pages=53|language=en}}</ref>
The city was acquired by Ottoman Sultan ] (1389–1402). In 1398, ] swept into the area and his forces destroyed the city in 1400, after which it was recaptured by the Ottomans in 1408.<ref name="Howorth">Henry Hoyle Howorth: ''History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century'', 2008, p. 166</ref> Under the Ottomans, Sivas served as the administrative center of the province of Rum until about the late 19th century.The ] maintained six Armenian churches in Sivas, being the Meryemana, Surp Sarkis, Surp Minas, Surp Prgitsh, Surp Hagop, Surp Kevork, four monasteries Surp Nschan, Surp Hreshdagabed, Surp Anabad, Surp Hntragadar, an Armenian Apostolic orphanage and several schools. The ] and the ] also had one church and a metropolitan of Sebastea.<ref>Pars Tuğlacı: Tarih boyunca Batı Ermenileri tarihi. Cilt 3. (1891 – 1922), Pars Yayın ve Tic., Istanbul und Ankara 2004 ISBN 975-7423-06-8, p. 43</ref> Two Protestant churches and eight, mostly ]- and ]-staffed, schools. During the ] as well as against ] from July 5, 1915 onwards, the Christian community of Sivas was exterminated by deportations and mass executions.<ref>Raymond Kévorkian: Le Génocide des Arméniens; Odile Jacob, Paris 2006, p. 542</ref>


Sebasteia was the first important city to be plundered by Turkish tribes in 1059.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosser|first=John H.|title=Historical dictionary of Byzantium|year=2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=9780810875678|page=425|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYpqikYr3Q8C&dq=sebasteia+1059+turks&pg=PA425|edition=2nd}}</ref> In August of that year the troops of various emirs gathered before the unwalled city. Initially they hesitated to sack it, mistaking the domes of the city's several Christian churches for tents of military camps. As soon as they realized that the city was defenceless they burned it for eight days, slaughtered a large part of its population and took many prisoners.<ref name=Vryonis>], (University of California Press, 1971), p. 155</ref> The city came under the domain of the ] ] dynasty (1071–1174) after the ] in 1071. After the death of Danişmend Gazi, Sivas passed to Nizamettin ] who won it after a struggle with Danişmend Gazi's successors. In 1174, the city was captured by ] ruler ] and periodically served as capital of the Seljuk empire along with ]. Under Seljuk rule, Sivas was an important center of trade along the ] and site of a citadel, along with mosques and ] (Islamic educational institutions), four of which survive today and one of which houses the Sivas Museum. Then it passed to the ], ] and ].
The ] (''Heyet-i Temiliye'') was held in this city 4–11 September 1919.<ref name="Halil87">Halil Gülbeyaz: ''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Vom Staatsgründer zum Mythos'', Parthas, Berlin 2003, p. 87</ref> With the arrival of ] (1881–1938), the founder of the Turkish Republic, from ], the ] is considered a turning point in the formation of the Turkish Republic. It was at this congress that Atatürk's position as chair of the executive committee of the national resistance was confirmed (''see ]''). Sivas was depicted on the ] of the Turkish 500 ] banknote of 1927-1939.<ref name="tcmb.gov.tr">. Banknote Museum: . – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.</ref>


=== Ottoman period ===
On 2 July 1993, 37 participants in an ] cultural and literary festival were killed when a mob of demonstrators set fire to the Madimak hotel in Sivas during a violent protest by some 15,000 members of various radical ] groups against the presence of ]. The deaths resulted in the Turkish government taking a harder stance against religious fanaticism, militant Islam, and antisecularism. In late 2006, there was a campaign by the ] Cultural Institute to convert the former hotel into a museum to commemorate the tragedy, now known as the ].
] in the ] (1217–1218)<ref name=":2411">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor-last=M. Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan|location=|pages=|chapter=Sivas|editor-last2=S. Blair|editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref>]]
The city was acquired by Ottoman Sultan ] (1389–1402). In 1398, ] swept into the area and his forces destroyed the city in 1400, after which it was recaptured by the Ottomans in 1408.<ref name="Howorth">Henry Hoyle Howorth: ''History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century'', 2008, p. 166</ref> Under the Ottomans, Sivas served as the administrative center of the ]<ref name=":0" /> until about the late 19th century. The ] maintained six Armenian churches in Sivas, being the Meryemana, Surp Sarkis, Surp Minas, Surp Prgitsh, Surp Hagop, and Surp Kevork; four monasteries, ], Surp Hreshdagabed, Surp Anabad, and Surp Hntragadar; an Armenian Apostolic orphanage, and several schools. The ] and the ] also had one church and a metropolitan of Sebastea, as did the ].<ref>Pars Tuğlacı: Tarih boyunca Batı Ermenileri tarihi. Cilt 3. (1891 – 1922), Pars Yayın ve Tic., Istanbul und Ankara 2004 {{ISBN|975-7423-06-8}}, p. 43</ref> Two Protestant churches and eight, mostly ]- and ]-staffed, schools. During the ] as well as during the ] from July 5, 1915 onward, the Christian community of Sivas was exterminated during deportations and mass executions.<ref>Raymond Kévorkian: Le Génocide des Arméniens; Odile Jacob, Paris 2006, p. 542</ref>

=== Turkish Republic period ===
The ] ('']'') was held in this city 4–11 September 1919.<ref name="Halil87">Halil Gülbeyaz: ''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Vom Staatsgründer zum Mythos'', Parthas, Berlin 2003, p. 87</ref> With the arrival of ] (1881–1938), the founder of the Turkish Republic, from ], the ] is considered a turning point in the formation of the Turkish Republic. It was at this congress that Atatürk's position as chair of the executive committee of the national resistance was confirmed (''see ]''). Sivas was depicted on the ] of the Turkish 500 ] banknote of 1927–1939.<ref name="tcmb.gov.tr"> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/ |date=2009-06-15 }}. Banknote Museum: . – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.</ref>

]
On 2 July 1993, 37 participants in an ] cultural and literary festival were killed when a mob of demonstrators set fire to the Madımak hotel in Sivas during a violent protest by some 15,000 members of various radical ] groups against the presence of ]. The deaths resulted in the Turkish government taking a harder stance against religious fanaticism, militant Islam, and antisecularism. In late 2006, there was a campaign by the ] Cultural Institute to convert the former hotel into a museum to commemorate the tragedy, now known as the ].

== Demographics ==
In the mid 19th century, Sivas had 17,000 inhabitants, with a majority of Muslim Turks.<ref name=vgm/> In 1914, Sivas had 45,000 inhabitants: a third were Armenians, the rest Turks and 1,500 Greeks.<ref name=vgm/> In July 1915, Armenian families were deported as part of the ].<ref name=vgm/> Greeks were removed as part of the 1923 ].<ref name=vgm/> In 1925, there were 3,000 Armenians left around Sivas.<ref name=vgm/> By 1929, Armenians numbered 1,200. In 1939 the total population was 35,000, including 2000 Armenians.<ref name=vgm/> In the 1970s, there were 300 Armenians.<ref name=vgm/> In the 1990s, there were 50 Armenians.<ref name=vgm>{{Cite web |title=Kaza Sivas / Σεβάστεια – Sebastaia / Սեբաստիա – Sebastia / Սվաս – Svas / Սրվազ - Srvaz |url=https://virtual-genocide-memorial.de/region/the-six-provinces/sivas-vilayet/sancak-sivas-%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1-sebastaia-%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1-sebastia-%D5%BD%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD-sva/kaza-sivas-%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1-sebastaia-%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1-sebastia-%D5%BD%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD-svas/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Virtual Genocide Memorial |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Climate== ==Climate==
Sivas has a dry-summer ] (]: ''Dsb''), with warm and dry summers and cold and snowy winters. The driest months are July and August and the wettest are April and May. Sivas has a ] (]: ''Dsb,'' ]: ''Dcbo''), with warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. The driest months are July and August and the wettest are April and May.


{{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Sivas {{Weather box
|metric first= Yes
|single line= Yes
|location= Sivas (1991–2020, extremes 1930–2021)
|Jan record high C= 14.6
|Feb record high C= 17.5 | Jan record high C = 18.6
|Mar record high C= 25.0 | Feb record high C = 18.1
|Apr record high C= 29.0 | Mar record high C = 25.2
|May record high C= 32.0 | Apr record high C = 29.0
|Jun record high C= 35.2 | May record high C = 33.5
|Jul record high C= 40.0 | Jun record high C = 35.5
|Aug record high C= 39.4 | Jul record high C = 40.0
|Sep record high C= 34.6 | Aug record high C = 39.9
|Oct record high C= 30.3 | Sep record high C = 36.6
|Nov record high C= 22.8 | Oct record high C = 30.5
|Dec record high C= 19.4 | Nov record high C = 24.0
|Jan high C= 0.8 | Dec record high C = 19.4
|Feb high C= 2.4 | year record high C = 40.0
|Mar high C= 8.2 | Jan high C = 1.7
|Apr high C= 15.2 | Feb high C = 3.5
|May high C= 20.0 | Mar high C = 9.5
|Jun high C= 24.0 | Apr high C = 15.9
|Jul high C= 27.9 | May high C = 20.7
|Aug high C= 28.4 | Jun high C = 25.1
|Sep high C= 24.6 | Jul high C = 29.0
|Oct high C= 18.4 | Aug high C = 29.7
|Nov high C= 10.5 | Sep high C = 25.5
|Dec high C= 3.8 | Oct high C = 19.3
|Jan mean C = -3.3 | Nov high C = 11.2
|Feb mean C = -2.1 | Dec high C = 4.2
|Mar mean C = 3.0 | year high C = 16.3
|Apr mean C = 9.1 | Jan mean C = -2.7
|May mean C = 13.6 | Feb mean C = -1.6
|Jun mean C = 17.2 | Mar mean C = 3.8
|Jul mean C = 20.2 | Apr mean C = 9.3
|Aug mean C = 20.1 | May mean C = 13.7
|Sep mean C = 16.2 | Jun mean C = 17.7
|Oct mean C = 10.9 | Jul mean C = 20.8
|Nov mean C = 4.6 | Aug mean C = 21.1
|Dec mean C = -0.4 | Sep mean C = 17.0
|Jan low C= -7.1 | Oct mean C = 11.6
|Feb low C= -6.3 | Nov mean C = 4.7
|Mar low C= -1.6 | Dec mean C = -0.2
|Apr low C= 3.5 | year mean C = 9.6
|May low C= 7.3 | Jan low C = -6.2
|Jun low C= 10.1 | Feb low C = -5.7
|Jul low C= 12.3 | Mar low C = -0.9
|Aug low C= 12.0 | Apr low C = 3.7
|Sep low C= 8.4 | May low C = 7.6
|Oct low C= 4.6 | Jun low C = 10.8
|Nov low C= -0.1 | Jul low C = 13.2
|Dec low C= -3.9 | Aug low C = 13.3
|Jan record low C= -34.6 | Sep low C = 9.5
|Feb record low C= -29.6 | Oct low C = 5.3
|Mar record low C= -27.6 | Nov low C = -0.3
|Apr record low C= -10.9 | Dec low C = -3.7
|May record low C= -2.0 | year low C = 3.9
|Jun record low C= -0.3 | Jan record low C = -31.2
|Jul record low C= 3.6 | Feb record low C = -34.4
|Aug record low C= 3.2 | Mar record low C = -27.6
|Sep record low C= -0.8 | Apr record low C = -11.0
|Oct record low C= -5.8 | May record low C = -5.5
|Nov record low C= -21.0 | Jun record low C = -0.6
|Dec record low C= -27.0 | Jul record low C = 3.0
| Aug record low C = 3.2
|Jan rain days= 12.3
| Sep record low C = -3.8
|Feb rain days= 11.9
| Oct record low C = -9.0
|Mar rain days= 13.3
| Nov record low C = -24.4
|Apr rain days= 14.7
| Dec record low C = -30.2
|May rain days= 14.3
| year record low C = -34.4
|Jun rain days= 8.7
| precipitation colour = green
|Jul rain days= 3.2
| Jan precipitation mm = 44.6
|Aug rain days= 3.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 41.0
|Sep rain days= 4.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 48.4
|Oct rain days= 8.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 59.0
|Nov rain days= 9.7
| May precipitation mm = 64.6
|Dec rain days= 12.3
|Jan precipitation mm = 40.1 | Jun precipitation mm = 35.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.3 | Jul precipitation mm = 11.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 46.0 | Aug precipitation mm = 7.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 65.7 | Sep precipitation mm = 19.2
|May precipitation mm = 60.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 37.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 33.9 | Nov precipitation mm = 42.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 11.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 45.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 7.6 | year precipitation mm = 455.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 18.3 | Jan precipitation days = 13.17
|Oct precipitation mm = 37.8 | Feb precipitation days = 12.03
|Nov precipitation mm = 41.6 | Mar precipitation days = 14.23
|Dec precipitation mm = 43.9 | Apr precipitation days = 13.77
| May precipitation days = 14.43
|Jan humidity = 77
| Jun precipitation days = 9.60
|Feb humidity = 77
| Jul precipitation days = 2.43
|Mar humidity = 72
| Aug precipitation days = 2.50
|Apr humidity = 64
| Sep precipitation days = 4.70
|May humidity = 61
| Oct precipitation days = 8.60
|Jun humidity = 57
| Nov precipitation days = 9.20
|Jul humidity = 53
| Dec precipitation days = 12.43
|Aug humidity = 52
| year precipitation days =
|Sep humidity = 54
|Oct humidity = 62 | Jan sun = 83.7
|Nov humidity = 72 | Feb sun = 104.5
| Mar sun = 155.0
|Dec humidity = 76
|Jan snow days= 9 | Apr sun = 198.0
|Feb snow days= 9 | May sun = 248.0
|Mar snow days= 7 | Jun sun = 303.0
|Apr snow days= 1 | Jul sun = 356.5
|May snow days= 0 | Aug sun = 353.4
|Jun snow days= 0 | Sep sun = 282.0
|Jul snow days= 0 | Oct sun = 195.3
|Aug snow days= 0 | Nov sun = 126.0
|Sep snow days= 0 | Dec sun = 74.4
|Oct snow days= 0 | year sun =
|Nov snow days= 3 | Jand sun = 2.7
|Dec snow days= 7 | Febd sun = 3.7
|Jan sun= 77.5 | Mard sun = 5.0
|Feb sun= 95.2 | Aprd sun = 6.6
|Mar sun= 151.9 | Mayd sun = 8.0
|Apr sun= 186 | Jund sun = 10.1
|May sun= 257.3 | Juld sun = 11.5
|Jun sun= 318 | Augd sun = 11.4
|Jul sun= 372 | Sepd sun = 9.4
|Aug sun= 359.6 | Octd sun = 6.3
|Sep sun= 291 | Novd sun = 4.2
|Oct sun= 198.4 | Decd sun = 2.4
|Nov sun= 120 | yeard sun = 6.8
| Jan humidity = 76.8
|Dec sun= 71.3
| Feb humidity = 74.1
|source 1= Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü <ref></ref>
| Mar humidity = 67.2
|date=March 2011
| Apr humidity = 61.6
|source 2= Climate and Temperature <ref></ref>
| May humidity = 62.4
|date=May 2011
| Jun humidity = 60.2
|source 3= Weather2 <ref></ref>
| Jul humidity = 55.8
|date=August 2011}}
| Aug humidity = 55.3
| Sep humidity = 56.6
| Oct humidity = 63.5
| Nov humidity = 70.5
| Dec humidity = 76.7
| year humidity = 65.0
|source 1 = ]<ref name ="TSMS">{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=SIVAS
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 7 August 2021}}</ref>
| source 2 = ] (humidity)<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Sivas_17090.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Sivas
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 17, 2024}}</ref>
}}


==Economy== ==Economy==
] is an example of Anatolian Seljuks.]]


Historically, Sivas was known for producing ].
Historically, Sivas was known for producing ]. As of 1913, Sivas produced 79,000 tons of cereal, making it a major, and successful, industry.<ref name=Prothero60>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=60|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/60/}}</ref> Sivas also had ]s, exporting produce to ].<ref name=Prothero62>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=62|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/62/}}</ref> ] and ] was also produced in the area.<ref name=Prothero63>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=63|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/63/}}</ref><ref name=Prothero74>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=74|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/74/}}</ref> ] was seen in Sivas before 1914.<ref name=Prothero64>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=64|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/64/}}</ref>


==Sights== ==Sights==
] ] built by the ] in 1271]]
A cultural hub as well as an industrial one, Sivas contains many examples of 13th-century ] architecture. The ''Mavi Medrese'' from 1271, the ]si from 1218 and the ''Çifte Minare Medresesi'' from 1271, with its intricately carved façade and minarets, are among the most noteworthy monuments. The oldest surviving mosque is the Grand Mosque (Ulu Camii) completed in 1196 is famous for its simplicity. The city is also famous for its ''Medrese''s (Islamic seminaries). ''Gök Medresesi'' (the Celestial Madrasa; depicted on the ] of the Turkish 500 ] banknote of 1927-1939<ref name="tcmb.gov.tr"/>) and ''Mavi Medrese'', ], on the other hand, was completed earlier, on the eve of the second wave of Turkic immigration to Anatolia, in 1218 and the with its intricately carved façade and minarets are among the most noteworthy edifices carries on the traditional Seljuk Medrese plan. A cultural hub as well as an industrial one, Sivas contains many examples of 12th and 13th-century ]. The Great Mosque (''Ulu Cami'') of Sivas was first built in 1197.<ref name=":2411" /> The ] was completed in 1217–1218 and served as a '']'' (hospital and medical school). It has a ] typical of Seljuk madrasas and is fronted by an elaborately-carved entrance portal. It also contains the tomb of its founder, the Seljuk sultan ] (d. 1220).<ref name=":2411" /> In 1271–1272, when the city was under Ilkhanid influence, three different madrasas were built by competing patrons: the ], the '']'', and the ] ("Blue Madrasa"; depicted on the ] of the Turkish 500 ] banknote of 1927–1939<ref name="tcmb.gov.tr"/>). All three have elaborate entrance portals.<ref name=":2411" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Blessing|first=Patricia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaqoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=Rebuilding Anatolia after the Mongol Conquest: Islamic Architecture in the Lands of Rūm, 1240–1330|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4724-2406-8|pages=69–122|chapter=A capital of learning: Three madrasas in Sivas (1271–1272)}}</ref>


The city also contains some fine examples of the Ottoman architectural style. ''Kurşunlu Hamamı'' (Leaden Bath) which was completed in 1576, is the largest Turkish bath in the city and it contains many details from the classical Ottoman bath building. ''Behrampaşa Hanı'' (Caravansaray), was completed in 1573 and it is famous for the lion motifs around its windows. The city also contains some fine examples of the Ottoman architectural style. The most prominent example of ] in the city is the Kale Camii ("Citadel Mosque"), built in 1580 by Mehmet Pasha, an Ottoman vizier.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinclair|first=T. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wq1EBAAAQBAJ&dq=ottoman+kale+mosque+sivas&pg=PA306|title=Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume II|publisher=Pindar Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-907132-33-2|pages=306|language=en}}</ref> ''Kurşunlu Hamamı'' ("Leaden Bath") which was completed in 1576, is the largest historic ] in the city and it contains many details from the classical Ottoman bath building. ''Behrampaşa Hanı'' (a ]), was completed in 1573 and it is famous for the lion motifs around its windows.
] was held in the ] between 4-11 September 1919]]
Atatürk Congress and Ethnography Museum (''Atatürk Kongre ve Etnografya Müzesi'') is a museum with two sections. One is a dedicated to the Ottoman heritage of Sivas. The other is to the Sivas Congress, one of the pivotal moments in the Turkish national movement. Other museums include the ] and the ]. The Madımak Science and Culture Centre is housed in the former Madımak Hotel.<ref>{{Cite news|last=sitesi|first=milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber|title=Madımak oteli Bilim ve Kültür Merkezi oldu|work=MİLLİYET HABER - TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/madimak-oteli-bilim-ve-kultur-merkezi-oldu-gundem-1408705/|access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref>


Atatürk Congress and Ethnography Museum (''Atatürk Kongre ve Etnografya Müzesi'') is a museum with two sections. One is a dedicated to the Ottoman heritage of Sivas. The other is to the Sivas Congress, one of the pivotal moments in the Turkish national movement.

]
The modern heart of the city is Hükümet Square (Hükümet Meydanı, also called Konak Meydanı) located just next to the Governor's mansion. This area is also home to many of the city's high end hotels and restaurants. The city's shoppers usually head to Atatürk Avenue. The modern heart of the city is Hükümet Square (Hükümet Meydanı, also called Konak Meydanı) located just next to the Governor's mansion. This area is also home to many of the city's high end hotels and restaurants. The city's shoppers usually head to Atatürk Avenue.


Sivas is also famous for its thermal springs which have a respectable percentage in the city's income. People believe that the water of these thermal springs can cure many illnesses. The most famous thermal areas are, ''Sıcak Çermik'', ''Soğuk Çermik'' and ''Kangal Balıklı Kaplıca''. Sivas is also famous for its thermal springs which have a respectable percentage in the city's income. People believe that the water of these thermal springs can cure many illnesses. The most famous thermal areas are, ''Sıcak Çermik'', ''Soğuk Çermik'' and ''Kangal Balıklı Kaplıca''.


=== Museums === ==Sport==
{{See also|Category:Sport in Sivas}}
* Atatürk Congress and Ethnography Museum
]]]
* Sivas Arkeology Museum
Football is the most popular sport: in the older districts above the city centre children often kick balls around in the evenings in the smallest streets. The city's ] club is ], which plays its games at the ]. The club currently plays in ].

=== Madrasahs ===
* Buruciye Madrasah
* Çifte Minareli Madrasah (Double Minaret Madrasah)
* Gök Madrasah (Blue Madrasah)
* Şifaiye Madrasah


==Cuisine== ==Cuisine==
Specialies of Sivas are Tarhana (a soup made using sour yogurt) and Kelecos (a sour potato soup made with yoghurt). One distinct feature of Sivas cooking is the use of Madimak which is a local herb similar to Spinach. Sivas kebabı is a variety of Kebab originating from Sivas. Specialties of Sivas are tarhana (a soup made using sour yogurt), kelecos (a sour potato soup made with yoghurt) and ], a flaky pastry-bread which can be consumed on its own. One distinct feature of Sivas cooking is the use of ], which is a local herb used similarly to spinach. Sivas kebabı is a variety of kebab originating from Sivas.


]]]
==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey}}


===Twin towns and sister cities=== == Mayors of Sivas ==
* ]-]-Bekir Timurboğa (])
Sivas is ] with:<ref name="Sivas twinnings">{{tr}}</ref>
* ]-]-] (])
{|class="wikitable"
* ]-]-Osman Seçilmiş (], ], ])
|- valign="top"
* ]-] and ]-]–Sami Aydın (])
|
* ]-]-Doğan Ürgüp (])
*{{flagicon|Chechnya}} ], Chechnya<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/>
* ]-]-] (AK Party)
* ]-]-] (])

== International relations ==

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey}}Sivas is ] with:<ref name="Sivas twinnings"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227151859/http://www.yeniulke.net/3044/uzaklar_yakinlasti |date=2013-12-27 }}{{in lang|tr}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|BIH}} ], ]<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/> *{{flagicon|BIH}} ], ]<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|ETH}} ], ]<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/> *{{flagicon|ETH}} ], ]<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|AZE}} ], ]<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/> *{{flagicon|AZE}} ], ]<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/>
||
*{{flagicon|KSA}} ], ]<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/> *{{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/><ref name="Clermont-Ferrand twinnings">{{cite web | url =http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=3#tabs3 | title = National Commission for Decentralised cooperation | accessdate = 2013-12-26|work = Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) | language = French}}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France<ref name="Sivas twinnings"/><ref name="Clermont-Ferrand twinnings">{{cite web| url = http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=3#tabs3| title = National Commission for Decentralised cooperation| access-date = 2013-12-26| work = Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères)| language = fr| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://archive.today/20131004135322/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=3#tabs3| archive-date = 2013-10-04}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
|}


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==External links==
{{commons category|Sivas}} {{Commons category|Sivas}}
*
* *
* *
{{Sivas}}
*
{{Sivas District}}
*
{{Portal bar|Turkey|Geography}}
*
{{Authority control}}
*

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Sivas}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 09:35, 25 December 2024

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Municipality in Turkey
Sivas
Municipality
Clockwise from top: Governorship Building, Historical Gendarmerie Barracks, Republic Monument, Sivas Congress and Ethnography Museum, Gök Medrese, Bent Bridge
Sivas is located in TurkeySivasSivasLocation in TurkeyShow map of TurkeySivas is located in Turkey Central AnatoliaSivasSivasSivas (Turkey Central Anatolia)Show map of Turkey Central Anatolia
Coordinates: 39°45′N 37°01′E / 39.750°N 37.017°E / 39.750; 37.017
CountryTurkey
ProvinceSivas
DistrictSivas
Government
 • MayorAdem Uzun (BBP)
Elevation1,285 m (4,216 ft)
Population365,274
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code58000
Area code0346
Websitewww.sivas.bel.tr

Sivas is a city in central Turkey. It is the seat of Sivas Province and Sivas District. Its population is 365,274 (2022).

The city, which lies at an elevation of 1,278 metres (4,193 ft) in the broad valley of the Kızılırmak river, is a moderately-sized trade centre and industrial city, although the economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Rail repair shops and a thriving manufacturing industry of rugs, bricks, cement, and cotton and woolen textiles form the mainstays of the city's economy. The surrounding region is a cereal-producing area with large deposits of iron ore which are worked at Divriği.

Sivas is also a communications hub for the north–south and east–west trade routes to Iraq and Iran, respectively. With the development of railways, the city gained new economic importance as junction of important rail lines linking the cities of Ankara, Kayseri, Samsun, and Erzurum. The city is linked by air to Istanbul and İzmir. The popular name Sebastian derives from Sebastianòs, Σεβαστιανός, meaning someone from the city.

Name

The name of the city is a truncated form of its Byzantine Greek name Sivasteia from the Koine Greek name Sebasteia (Σεβάστεια), meaning that it was named in honour of an emperor using the title Sebastos, the Greek equivalent of Augustus. In Armenian it is Sebastia (Սեբաստիա). In Kurdish it is called Sêwas.

History

Ancient history

Hittite Artifacts in Sivas Archeology Museum

Little is known of Sivas' history prior to its emergence in the Roman period. In 64 BC, as part of his reorganization of Asia Minor after the Third Mithridatic War, Pompey the Great founded a city on the site called "Megalopolis". Numismatic evidence suggests that Megalopolis changed its name in the last years of the 1st century BC to "Sebaste", the feminine form of Sebastos, the Greek equivalent of Augustus.

The name "Sivas" is the Turkish version deriving from the name Sebasteia, as the city was known during the late Roman (Byzantine) empire. Sebasteia became the capital of the province of Armenia Minor under the emperor Diocletian, was a town of some importance in the early history of the Christian Church; in the 4th century it was the home of Saint Blaise and Saint Peter of Sebaste, bishops of the town, and of Eustathius, one of the early founders of monasticism in Asia Minor. It was also the place of martyrdom of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, also 4th century. In 536, Justinian I made it the capital of Armenia Secunda and refortified it.

Medieval history

The city was sacked by the troops of Muhammad ibn Marwan in 692 and became first a kleisoura and in 911 a theme. Under Nikephoros II Phokas, many Armenians settled in the region. In the early 1020s, Basil II delivered the region around Sebasteia in exchange for Vaspurakan to King Seneqerim Ardzruni, who settled in Sebasteia with thousands of his Armenian followers.

Sebasteia was the first important city to be plundered by Turkish tribes in 1059. In August of that year the troops of various emirs gathered before the unwalled city. Initially they hesitated to sack it, mistaking the domes of the city's several Christian churches for tents of military camps. As soon as they realized that the city was defenceless they burned it for eight days, slaughtered a large part of its population and took many prisoners. The city came under the domain of the Turkmen Danishmend dynasty (1071–1174) after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. After the death of Danişmend Gazi, Sivas passed to Nizamettin Yağıbasan who won it after a struggle with Danişmend Gazi's successors. In 1174, the city was captured by Seljuk ruler Kilij Arslan II and periodically served as capital of the Seljuk empire along with Konya. Under Seljuk rule, Sivas was an important center of trade along the Silk Road and site of a citadel, along with mosques and madrasas (Islamic educational institutions), four of which survive today and one of which houses the Sivas Museum. Then it passed to the Ilkhanids, Eretna and Kadı Burhanettin.

Ottoman period

Tomb of Izz al-Din Kayka'us I in the Şifaiye Medrese (1217–1218)

The city was acquired by Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I (1389–1402). In 1398, Tamerlane swept into the area and his forces destroyed the city in 1400, after which it was recaptured by the Ottomans in 1408. Under the Ottomans, Sivas served as the administrative center of the Eyalet of Rum until about the late 19th century. The Armenian Apostolic Church maintained six Armenian churches in Sivas, being the Meryemana, Surp Sarkis, Surp Minas, Surp Prgitsh, Surp Hagop, and Surp Kevork; four monasteries, Surp Nschan, Surp Hreshdagabed, Surp Anabad, and Surp Hntragadar; an Armenian Apostolic orphanage, and several schools. The Armenian Catholic Church and the Latins also had one church and a metropolitan of Sebastea, as did the Greek Orthodox Church. Two Protestant churches and eight, mostly German- and American-staffed, schools. During the genocide against Armenians as well as during the genocide against Greek Christians from July 5, 1915 onward, the Christian community of Sivas was exterminated during deportations and mass executions.

Turkish Republic period

The Sivas Congress (Heyet-i Temsiliye) was held in this city 4–11 September 1919. With the arrival of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), the founder of the Turkish Republic, from Amasya, the Congress of Sivas is considered a turning point in the formation of the Turkish Republic. It was at this congress that Atatürk's position as chair of the executive committee of the national resistance was confirmed (see Turkish War of Independence). Sivas was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 500 lira banknote of 1927–1939.

Historical Sivas Gendarmerie Barracks

On 2 July 1993, 37 participants in an Alevi cultural and literary festival were killed when a mob of demonstrators set fire to the Madımak hotel in Sivas during a violent protest by some 15,000 members of various radical Islamist groups against the presence of Aziz Nesin. The deaths resulted in the Turkish government taking a harder stance against religious fanaticism, militant Islam, and antisecularism. In late 2006, there was a campaign by the Pir Sultan Abdal Cultural Institute to convert the former hotel into a museum to commemorate the tragedy, now known as the Sivas massacre.

Demographics

In the mid 19th century, Sivas had 17,000 inhabitants, with a majority of Muslim Turks. In 1914, Sivas had 45,000 inhabitants: a third were Armenians, the rest Turks and 1,500 Greeks. In July 1915, Armenian families were deported as part of the Armenian genocide. Greeks were removed as part of the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. In 1925, there were 3,000 Armenians left around Sivas. By 1929, Armenians numbered 1,200. In 1939 the total population was 35,000, including 2000 Armenians. In the 1970s, there were 300 Armenians. In the 1990s, there were 50 Armenians.

Climate

Sivas has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dsb, Trewartha: Dcbo), with warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. The driest months are July and August and the wettest are April and May.

Climate data for Sivas (1991–2020, extremes 1930–2021)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.6
(65.5) 		18.1
(64.6) 		25.2
(77.4) 		29.0
(84.2) 		33.5
(92.3) 		35.5
(95.9) 		40.0
(104.0) 		39.9
(103.8) 		36.6
(97.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		24.0
(75.2) 		19.4
(66.9) 		40.0
(104.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		9.5
(49.1) 		15.9
(60.6) 		20.7
(69.3) 		25.1
(77.2) 		29.0
(84.2) 		29.7
(85.5) 		25.5
(77.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		11.2
(52.2) 		4.2
(39.6) 		16.3
(61.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.7
(27.1) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		9.3
(48.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		21.1
(70.0) 		17.0
(62.6) 		11.6
(52.9) 		4.7
(40.5) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		9.6
(49.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.2
(20.8) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		3.7
(38.7) 		7.6
(45.7) 		10.8
(51.4) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		9.5
(49.1) 		5.3
(41.5) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		3.9
(39.0)
Record low °C (°F) −31.2
(−24.2) 		−34.4
(−29.9) 		−27.6
(−17.7) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−24.4
(−11.9) 		−30.2
(−22.4) 		−34.4
(−29.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44.6
(1.76) 		41.0
(1.61) 		48.4
(1.91) 		59.0
(2.32) 		64.6
(2.54) 		35.1
(1.38) 		11.1
(0.44) 		7.1
(0.28) 		19.2
(0.76) 		37.5
(1.48) 		42.1
(1.66) 		45.7
(1.80) 		455.4
(17.93)
Average precipitation days 13.17 12.03 14.23 13.77 14.43 9.60 2.43 2.50 4.70 8.60 9.20 12.43 117.09
Average relative humidity (%) 76.8 74.1 67.2 61.6 62.4 60.2 55.8 55.3 56.6 63.5 70.5 76.7 65.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 83.7 104.5 155.0 198.0 248.0 303.0 356.5 353.4 282.0 195.3 126.0 74.4 2,479.8
Mean daily sunshine hours 2.7 3.7 5.0 6.6 8.0 10.1 11.5 11.4 9.4 6.3 4.2 2.4 6.8
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service
Source 2: NOAA (humidity)

Economy

Buruciye Madrasah is an example of Anatolian Seljuks.

Historically, Sivas was known for producing cereal.

Sights

Gök Medrese built by the Seljuk Empire in 1271

A cultural hub as well as an industrial one, Sivas contains many examples of 12th and 13th-century Seljuk architecture. The Great Mosque (Ulu Cami) of Sivas was first built in 1197. The Sifaiye Medresesi was completed in 1217–1218 and served as a darüşşifa (hospital and medical school). It has a four-iwan layout typical of Seljuk madrasas and is fronted by an elaborately-carved entrance portal. It also contains the tomb of its founder, the Seljuk sultan Izz al-Din Kayka'us I (d. 1220). In 1271–1272, when the city was under Ilkhanid influence, three different madrasas were built by competing patrons: the Buruciye Medrese, the Çifte Minare Medresesi, and the Gök Medrese ("Blue Madrasa"; depicted on the obverse of the Turkish 500 lira banknote of 1927–1939). All three have elaborate entrance portals.

The city also contains some fine examples of the Ottoman architectural style. The most prominent example of Ottoman architecture in the city is the Kale Camii ("Citadel Mosque"), built in 1580 by Mehmet Pasha, an Ottoman vizier. Kurşunlu Hamamı ("Leaden Bath") which was completed in 1576, is the largest historic bathhouse in the city and it contains many details from the classical Ottoman bath building. Behrampaşa Hanı (a caravanserai), was completed in 1573 and it is famous for the lion motifs around its windows.

Sivas Congress was held in the Ethnography Museum building between 4-11 September 1919

Atatürk Congress and Ethnography Museum (Atatürk Kongre ve Etnografya Müzesi) is a museum with two sections. One is a dedicated to the Ottoman heritage of Sivas. The other is to the Sivas Congress, one of the pivotal moments in the Turkish national movement. Other museums include the Sivas Congress and Ethnography Museum and the Sivas Archaeology Museum. The Madımak Science and Culture Centre is housed in the former Madımak Hotel.

The modern heart of the city is Hükümet Square (Hükümet Meydanı, also called Konak Meydanı) located just next to the Governor's mansion. This area is also home to many of the city's high end hotels and restaurants. The city's shoppers usually head to Atatürk Avenue.

Sivas is also famous for its thermal springs which have a respectable percentage in the city's income. People believe that the water of these thermal springs can cure many illnesses. The most famous thermal areas are, Sıcak Çermik, Soğuk Çermik and Kangal Balıklı Kaplıca.

Sport

See also: Category:Sport in Sivas
New Sivas 4 Eylül Stadium

Football is the most popular sport: in the older districts above the city centre children often kick balls around in the evenings in the smallest streets. The city's football club is Sivasspor, which plays its games at the New Sivas 4 Eylül Stadium. The club currently plays in Süper Lig.

Cuisine

Specialties of Sivas are tarhana (a soup made using sour yogurt), kelecos (a sour potato soup made with yoghurt) and katmer, a flaky pastry-bread which can be consumed on its own. One distinct feature of Sivas cooking is the use of madimak, which is a local herb used similarly to spinach. Sivas kebabı is a variety of kebab originating from Sivas.

Sivas Airport

Mayors of Sivas

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

Sivas is twinned with:

See also

References

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  13. ^ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Sivas". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911.
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  15. Pars Tuğlacı: Tarih boyunca Batı Ermenileri tarihi. Cilt 3. (1891 – 1922), Pars Yayın ve Tic., Istanbul und Ankara 2004 ISBN 975-7423-06-8, p. 43
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  19. ^ "Kaza Sivas / Σεβάστεια – Sebastaia / Սեբաստիա – Sebastia / Սվաս – Svas / Սրվազ - Srvaz". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
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  22. Blessing, Patricia (2014). "A capital of learning: Three madrasas in Sivas (1271–1272)". Rebuilding Anatolia after the Mongol Conquest: Islamic Architecture in the Lands of Rūm, 1240–1330. Routledge. pp. 69–122. ISBN 978-1-4724-2406-8.
  23. Sinclair, T. A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume II. Pindar Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-907132-33-2.
  24. sitesi, milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber. "Madımak oteli Bilim ve Kültür Merkezi oldu". MİLLİYET HABER - TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
  25. ^ Uzaklar Yakinlaşti - Sivas Twin Towns Archived 2013-12-27 at the Wayback Machine(in Turkish)
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