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	{{About|the capital of France}}		{{Short description|Capital and most populous city of France}}
			{{About|the capital city of France}}
	{{pp-pc1}}
			{{Redirect|Parisien}}
	{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
			{{Good article}}
	{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
			{{pp|small=yes}}
			{{EngvarB|date=July 2018}}
			{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
	{{Infobox French commune		{{Infobox French commune
	|name = Paris		|name = Paris
			|commune status = ], ] and ]
	|image = ]
			|image = {{multiple image
	|caption = From top left: ], ], looking towards ], skyline of Paris on the ] river with the ] bridge, and the ]
			|border = infobox
	|image flag = Flag of Paris.svg
			|perrow = 1/3/2/1
	|image flag size = 100px
			|total_width = 290
	|image coat of arms = Grandes Armes de Paris.svg
			|caption_align = center
	|image coat of arms size = 120px
			|image1 = La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg
	|flag legend = ]
			|caption1 = ] and the ] from ]
	|coat of arms legend = ]
			|image2 = Notre-Dame de Paris 2013-07-24.jpg
	|city motto = "{{lang|la|]}}"<br />(Latin: "She is tossed by the waves but does not sink")
			|caption2 = ]
	|latitude = 48.8567
			|image3 = Basilique du Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre, Paris 18e 140223 2.jpg
	|longitude = 2.3508
			|caption3 = ]
	|time zone = ]&nbsp;(])<br>]&nbsp;(])
			|image4 = Facade of the Panthéon, Paris 24 January 2016.jpg
	|mayor = ]
			|caption4 = ]
	|party = ]
			|image5 = Arc de Triomphe HDR 2007.jpg
	|term = {{nowrap|since 5 April 2014}}
			|caption5 = ]
	|subdivisions entry = ]
			|image6 = Louvre Courtyard, Looking West.jpg
	|subdivisions = ]
			|caption6 = The ]
	|area km2 = 105.4
	|area footnotes = &nbsp;(2010)<ref name="area">, including ] and ].</ref>
	|INSEE=75056
	|postal code=75001-75020, 75116
	|un_locode = FRPAR
	|urban area km2 = 2844.8
	|urban area date = <!--2010--><!-- NOTE: Given above ('area footnotes')-->
	|metro area km2 = 17174.4
	|metro area date = <!--2010--><!-- NOTE: Given above ('area footnotes')-->
	|population = 2249975<ref name="paris_pop">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=TER&millesime=2011&typgeo=COM&search=75056 |title=Séries historiques des résultats du recensement - Commune de Paris (75056)|author=]|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
	|population date = 2011&nbsp;census
	|population ranking = ]<ref name="paris_pop"/>
	|urban pop = 10,516,110<ref name="paris_UU10_pop">{{cite web|url=http://insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=TER&millesime=2011&typgeo=UU2010&typesearch=territoire&codgeo=Paris+%2800851%29&territoire=OK |title=Séries historiques des résultats du recensement - Unité urbaine 2010 de Paris (00851)|publisher=INSEE|language=French|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
	|urban pop date = <!--2011&nbsp;census--><!-- NOTE: Given above ('population date')-->
	|metro area pop = 12,292,895<ref name="paris_AU10_pop">{{cite web|url=http://insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=TER&millesime=2011&typgeo=AU2010&typesearch=territoire&codgeo=Paris+%28001%29&territoire=OK |title=Séries historiques des résultats du recensement - Aire urbaine 2010 de Paris (001)|publisher=INSEE|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
	|metro area pop date = <!--2011&nbsp;census--><!-- NOTE: Given above ('population date')-->
	|population_demonym = Parisian
	|website =
	}}		}}
			|image coat of arms = Grandes Armes de Paris.svg
	{{pp-move-indef}}
			|image flag = Flag of Paris with coat of arms.svg
	'''Paris''' (<small>]:</small> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ær|ɪ|s|}}; <small>]:</small> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɛər|ɪ|s||audio=En-us-Paris.ogg}}; <small>]:</small> {{IPA-fr|paʁi||Paris1.ogg}}) is the capital and most populous city of ]. Situated on the ] River, in the north of the country, it is at the heart of the ] ], also known as the ''région parisienne''<ref>Google list of French governmental websites using the term "région parisienne" : </ref> ("Paris Region" in English<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.paris-region.com/en| title=English verion of the regional council's Economic Development Agency website| accessdate=2014-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://en.visitparisregion.com/| title=English version of the regional tourist office website| accessdate=2014-03-22}}</ref>). Within its administrative limits largely unchanged ] (the 20 ]), the city of Paris has a population of 2,249,975 inhabitants (January 2011),<ref name="paris_pop" /> but its ] is ], with 12,292,895 inhabitants at the January 2011 census.<ref name="paris_AU10_pop" />
			|city motto = {{lang|la|]}}<br />"Tossed by the waves but never sunk"
			|arrondissement = None
			|canton =
			|subdivisions entry = ]
			|subdivisions = 20 ]
			|INSEE = 75056
			|postal code = 75001-75020, 75116
			|demonym = Parisian(s) (]) ''Parisien(s)'' (masc.), ''Parisienne(s)'' (fem.) (]), ''Parigot(s)'' (masc.), "Parigote(s)" (fem.) (fr, colloquial)
			|mayor = ]<ref>{{cite web |title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires |url=https://static.data.gouv.fr/resources/repertoire-national-des-elus-1/20221216-172042/rne-maire.csv |publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises |date=16 December 2022 |language=fr |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227222303/https://static.data.gouv.fr/resources/repertoire-national-des-elus-1/20221216-172042/rne-maire.csv |url-status=live }}</ref>
			|term = 2020&ndash;2026
			|party = ]
			|intercommunality = ]
			|coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|Q90|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|display=it}}
			|elevation m = 78
			|elevation min m = 28
			|elevation max m = 131
			|area km2 = 105.4
			|population = 2102650
			|population date = 2023
			|population footnotes = <ref name=pop2023/>
			|urban area km2 = 2853.5
			|urban area date = 2020
			|urban pop = 10858852
			|urban pop date = 2019<ref name="paris_UU20_pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-00851 |title=Comparateur de territoire: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851) |publisher=INSEE |language=French |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119110723/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-00851 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			|metro area km2 = 18940.7
			|metro area date = 2020
			|metro area pop = 13024518
			|metro area pop date = Jan.&nbsp;2017<ref name="paris_AAV20_pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |title=Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |publisher=INSEE |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120182725/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			|website = {{URL|https://paris.fr}}
			|population ranking=] in Europe<br/>] in France|map=Paris-Position.svg|map caption=Paris in France}}
			'''Paris''' ({{IPA|fr|paʁi|audio=Paris Pronunciation in French by James Tamim.ogg}})<!--Do not add English pronunciation per MOS:LEAD.--> is the ] and ] of ]. With an estimated population of 2,102,650 residents in January 2023<ref name=pop2023/> in an area of more than {{convert|105|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="pop2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6005800?geo=COM-75056 |title=Populations légales 2019: Commune de Paris (75056) |date=29 December 2021 |publisher=INSEE |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122150105/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6005800?geo=COM-75056 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris is the ] in the ], the ] in ] and the ] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=The World's Most Densely Populated Cities |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-most-densely-populated-cities.html |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=WorldAtlas |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319082523/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-most-densely-populated-cities.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Because of its leading role in the ] and ] and its early adaptation of extensive street lighting, it became known as the City of Light in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Paris |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Paris |access-date=8 August 2022 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827145809/https://www.britannica.com/place/Paris |url-status=live }}</ref>
			The City of Paris is the centre of the ] region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants in January 2023, or about 19% of the population of France.<ref name=pop2023/> The Paris Region had a nominal ] of €765 billion (US$1.064 trillion when adjusted for ])<ref>{{cite web |author=Source: PPPs and exchange rates |url=https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-power-parities-ppp.htm |title=Conversion rates – Purchasing power parities (PPP) – OECD Data |publisher=Data.oecd.org |date= |accessdate=9 March 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104144219/https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-power-parities-ppp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2021, the highest in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MET_10R_3GDP/default/table?lang=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=ec.europa.eu |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185052/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the ] Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The world's most, and least, expensive cities |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/11/30/the-worlds-most-and-least-expensive-cities |access-date=1 December 2022 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201044121/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/11/30/the-worlds-most-and-least-expensive-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
	Archeological evidence shows that the site of Paris has been occupied by man since between 9800 and 7500 BC.<ref>''Dictionnaire historique de Paris'' (2013), Le Livre de Poche, p. 606</ref> In the 3rd century BC, it became the site of a town of a Celtic people called the ], for whom the modern city is named.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan, 1999, p.6">Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', Presses Universitaires de France, 1999, p. 6.</ref> In the 1st century BC, it was conquered by the Romans and became a ] garrison town called ].<ref>Schmidt, ''Lutèce, Paris des origines à Clovis'' (2009), pp. 69-70.</ref> It was Christianised in the 3rd century and became the capital of ] in the 5th century. In 987, under King ], it became the capital of France.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 16-18">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris: politique, urbanisme, civilisation'' (2012), pp. 16-18.</ref>
			Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: ], the ], and ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/04/09/list-worlds-20-busiest-airports-2017/498552002/ |title=List: The world's 20 busiest airports (2017) |work=USA Today |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213204/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/04/09/list-worlds-20-busiest-airports-2017/498552002/ |archive-date=25 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.airport-world.com/news/general-news/6601-aci-figures-reveal-the-world-s-busiest-passenger-and-cargo-airports.html |title=ACI reveals the world's busiest passenger and cargo airports |date=9 April 2018 |work=Airport World |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628125151/http://www.airport-world.com/news/general-news/6601-aci-figures-reveal-the-world-s-busiest-passenger-and-cargo-airports.html |archive-date=28 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the ], serves 5.23{{nbsp}}million passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web |title=Métro2030 |url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/r_108501/metro2030-our-new-paris-metro/ |website=RATP (Paris metro operator) |access-date = 25 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161221051116/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/r_108501/metro2030-our-new-paris-metro/ |archive-date = 21 December 2016 }}</ref> It is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the ]. ] is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world and the busiest outside Japan, with 262{{nbsp}}million passengers in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/the-51-busiest-train-stations-in-the-world-all-but-6-located-in-japan |title=The 51 busiest train stations in the world – all but 6 located in Japan |work=Japan Today |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422213423/https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/the-51-busiest-train-stations-in-the-world-all-but-6-located-in-japan |archive-date=22 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris has one of the most ] systems<ref name=ICLEI/> and is one of only two cities in the world that received the ] twice.<ref name=Award/>
	In the 12th century, Paris was the largest city in the western world, a prosperous trading center, the home of the ], one of the most influential centers of learning in Europe; and the birthplace of the style that later became known as ]. In the eighteenth century, it was the center stage for many important events in French history, including the ] and the ], and an important center of commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, a position it still holds today.
			Paris is known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the ] received 8.9{{nbsp}}million visitors in 2023, on track for keeping its position as the most-visited art museum in the world.<ref>"The Art Newspaper", 27 March 2023</ref> The ], ] and ] are noted for their collections of French ] art. The ], {{lang|fr|]|italic=no}}, ] and ] are noted for their collections of ] and ]. The historical district along the ] in the city centre has been classified as a ] since 1991.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600 |title=Paris, Banks of the Seine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 17 October 2021 |archive-date = 9 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509014712/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600/ |url-status = live}}</ref>
	Paris has one of the ], €607&nbsp;billion (US$845 billion) in 2011, and is one of the world's leading tourist destinations. In 2013-2014, it received an estimated 15.57 million international overnight visitors, making it the third most popular destination for international travelers, after London and Bangkok.<ref>MasterCard Global Destination Index, published July 9, 2014</ref> The Paris Region hosts the world headquarters of 30 of the ] companies<ref name="fortune500">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/France.html?iid=smlrr|title=Global Fortune 500 by countries: France|author=]|accessdate=16 August 2013}}</ref> in several business districts, notably ], the largest dedicated business district in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metropolitiques.eu/La-Defense-the-Planning-and.html|title=La Défense: the Planning and Politics of a Global Business District|author=metropolitics.eu|accessdate=16 August 2013}}</ref>
			Paris is home to several ] organizations including UNESCO, as well as other international organizations such as the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], along with European bodies such as the ], the ] and the ]. The football club ] and the ] club ] are based in Paris. The 81,000-seat ], built for the ], is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of ]. Paris hosts the ], an annual ] tennis tournament, on the red clay of ]. Paris hosted the ], the ], and the ]. The ] and ] FIFA World Cups, the ], the ] and ] Rugby World Cups, as well as the ], ] and ] UEFA European Championships were held in Paris. Every July, the ] bicycle race finishes on the ].
	Paris is the home of the ], the most visited art museum in the world, with outstanding collections of European and ancient art; the ], devoted to 19th century French art, including the works of the French ]; the ], a museum of international modern art, and the ], a new museum devoted to the arts and cultures of the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania; and many other notable art museums and galleries. It also is the home of several masterpieces of ], most notably the Cathedral of ] (12th century) and ] (13th century). Other notable and much-visited landmarks include the ], built in 1889 to celebrate the centennial of the ]; the ] on ], a ] style church built between 1875 and 1919; and ], a 17th-century hospital and chapel built for disabled soldiers, where the tomb of ] is located.
			==Etymology==
	Paris is a global hub of fashion, noted for its '']'' tailoring, its high-end boutiques, and the twice-yearly ]. It is world renowned for its '']'', attracting many of the world's leading chefs. Many of France's most prestigious universities and '']'' are in Paris or its suburbs, and France's major newspapers '']'', '']'', '']'' are based in the city, and '']'' in ] near Paris.
			{{hatnote|See ] for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.}}
			The ancient ] that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by ] as ''Luteciam Parisiorum'' ('] of the ]') and is later attested as ''Parision'' in the 5th century AD, then as ''Paris'' in 1265.{{Sfn|Nègre|1990|p=155}}<ref name="Falileyev" /> During the Roman period, it was commonly known as {{Lang|la|Lutetia}} or {{Lang|la|Lutecia}} in Latin, and as ''Leukotekía'' in Greek, which is interpreted as either stemming from the ] root ''*lukot-'' ('mouse'), or from *''luto-'' ('marsh, swamp').{{Sfn|Lambert|1994|p=38}}{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=211}}<ref name="Falileyev" />
			The name ''Paris'' is derived from its early inhabitants, the ], a ] tribe from the ] and the ].{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=247}} The meaning of the Gaulish ] remains debated. According to ], it may derive from the Celtic root ''pario-'' ('cauldron').{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=247}} ] interpreted the name as 'the makers' or 'the commanders', by comparing it to the ] ''peryff'' ('lord, commander'), both possibly descending from a ] form reconstructed as *''kwar-is-io''-.{{Sfn|Busse|2006|p=199}} Alternatively, ] proposed to translate ''Parisii'' as the 'spear people', by connecting the first element to the ] ''carr'' ('spear'), derived from an earlier *''kwar-sā''.<ref name="Falileyev">{{harvnb|Falileyev|2010}}, s.v. ''Parisii'' and ''Lutetia''.</ref> In any case, the city's name is not related to the ] of ].
	Paris is home to the ] club ] and the ] club '']''. The 80,000-seat '']'', built for the ], is located in ]. Paris hosts the annual ] ] ] tournament on the red clay of ]. Paris played host to the ] and ], the ] and ], and the ]. The city is a major rail, highway, and air-transport hub, served by the two international airports ] and ]. Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the ], serves 5.23 million passengers daily. Paris is the hub of the national road network, and is surrounded by three orbital roads: the ], the ] motorway, and the ] motorway in the outer suburbs.
			Residents of the city are known in English as Parisians and in French as ''Parisiens'' ({{IPA|fr|paʁizjɛ̃||Parisien2.ogg}}). They are also pejoratively called ''Parigots'' ({{IPA|fr|paʁiɡo||Parigot.ogg}}).<ref group="note">The word was most likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke *argot*, then *parigot* was used in a provocative manner outside the Parisian region and throughout France to mean Parisians in general.</ref>{{sfn|Dottin|1920|p=535}}
	==Toponyms==
	:''See ] for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.''
	]
	The name "Paris" is derived from its early inhabitants, the Celtic tribe known as the ]. The city was called ] (more fully, ''Lutetia Parisiorum'', "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the Roman era of the 1st to the 4th century AD, but during the reign of ] (360–3), the city was renamed Paris.{{sfn|Tellier|2009|p=231}} It is believed that the name of the Parisii tribe comes from the Celtic Gallic word ''parisio'', meaning "the working people" or "the craftsmen".{{sfn|Dottin|1920|p=277}}
			==History==
	Paris is often referred to as "''La Ville-Lumière''" ("The City of Light").{{sfn|Robertson|2010|p=37}} The name is sometimes said to come from its reputation as a centre of education and ideas during the ]. The name took on a more literal sense when Paris became one of the first European cities to adopt gas ]ing: the '']'' was Paris' first gas-lit indoor passageway from 1817.{{sfn|Maréchal|1894|p=8}} The first gas street light was installed in 1822; ] was lit in 1825, and ] in 1829. During the reign of King ], the Champs-Elysées became known as the ''Avenue Lumière'' and Paris as the ''Ville Lumière''.<ref>Favier, Jean, ''Paris: Deux mille ans d'histoire'', p. 578</ref> Beginning in the 1860s, ] had the boulevards and streets of Paris illuminated by fifty-six thousand gas lamps, and the '']'', the ] and '']'' were decorated with garlands of lights.<ref>Du Camp, Maxime, ''Paris: ses organes, ses fonctions, et sa vie jusqu'en 1870.'' (1875) p. 596.</ref>
			{{Main|History of Paris}}
			{{For timeline}}
			===Origins===
	Since the mid-19th century, Paris is also known as ''Paname'' ({{IPA|"panam"}}) in the Parisian ] called '']'' (]'']'', i.e. "I'm from Paname").{{sfn|Oscherwitz|2010|p=135}} The singer ] repopularised the term among the younger generation with his 1976 album '']'' ("In love with Paname").{{sfn|Leclanche|1998|p=55}}
			{{main|Lutetia}}
			The '']'', a sub-tribe of the ]ic ], inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC.{{sfn|Arbois de Jubainville|Dottin|1889|p=132}}{{sfn|Cunliffe|2004|p=201}} One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the ] on the ], which gradually became an important trading centre.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=25}} The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=65–70}}
			], 1st century BC]]
			The ] conquered the ] in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's ].{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=88–104}} The Roman town was originally called ] (more fully, ''Lutetia Parisiorum'', "Lutetia of the Parisii", modern French ''Lutèce''). It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an ].{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=154–167}}
	Inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as ''Parisiens'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁizjɛ̃||Parisien2.ogg}}) and ''Parisiennes''. Parisians are also pejoratively called ''Parigots'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁiɡo||Parigot.ogg}}) and ''Parigotes'', a term first used in 1900 by those living outside the Paris region<!-- word was more likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke *argot*, then *parigot* was used in a provocative manner outside the Parisian region & throughout France to mean Parisians in general/FW-->.{{sfn|Dottin|1920|p=535}}
			By the end of the ], the town was known as ''Parisius'', a ] name that would later become ''Paris'' in French.{{Sfn|Meunier|2014|p=12}} ] was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint ], the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as ''Mons Martyrum'' (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "]", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the ], and many French kings are buried there.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=210–211}}
	==History==
	{{Main|History of Paris|Timeline of Paris}}
			], the first king of the ], made the city his capital from 508.<ref>Patrick Boucheron, et al., eds. ''France in the World: A New Global History'' (2019) pp 81–86.</ref> As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the ] to Paris and the Parisian ] dialects were born. Fortification of the ] failed to avert ], but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the ], for which the then ] (''comte de Paris''), ], was elected king of ].{{sfn|Jones|1994|p=48}} From the ] dynasty that began with the 987 election of ], Count of Paris and ] (''duc des Francs''), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=210–211}}
	===Origins===
	]
	The oldest known site of human habitation in Paris, a settlement of hunter-gatherers dating to between 9000 and 7500 BC, was found in 2006 near the Seine on rue Henri-Farman in the 15th arrondissement.<ref>''Dictionaire historique de Paris'' (2013), Le Livre de Poche, p. 606. See also Schmidt, Joël, ''Lutèce- Paris, des origins à Clovis'' (2009).</ref> The '']'', a sub-tribe of the ]ic ], inhabited the area near the river ] from around 250&nbsp;BC,{{sfn|Arbois de Jubainville|Dottin|1889|p=132}}{{sfn|Cunliffe|2004|p=201}} building a trading settlement on the island, later the '']'', the easiest place to cross.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=25}} They minted their own coins and traded by river with towns on the Rhine and the Danube, and also with Spain.<ref>Schmidt, Joël, ''Lutèce, Paris, des origines à Clovis'' (2009).</ref>
			===High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV===
	The ] conquered the Paris basin in 52&nbsp;BC,<ref>Schmidt, Joël, ''Lutèce, Paris, des origines à Clovis'' (2009)</ref> building a new town on the ] around the present site of the Pantheon, and on the ''Île de la Cité''. The ] town was originally called ], or Lutetia Parisorum but later Gallicised to ''Lutèce''.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=8}} It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an ].<ref name="roman_city">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/|title=Paris, Roman City – The City|publisher=Mairie de Paris|accessdate=16 July 2006}}</ref>
			{{See also|Paris in the Middle Ages|Paris in the 16th century|Paris in the 17th century}}
			] and ], viewed from the Left Bank, from the ] (month of June) (1410)]]
			By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}} The ], the royal residence, was located at the western end of the Île de la Cité. In 1163, during the reign of ], ], bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the ] at its eastern extremity.
	In 305 AD, the city began to be called ''Civitas Parisiorum'', ("The City of the Parisii"), and that name was inscribed on the milestones. By the end of the Roman Empire, it was known simply as ''Parisius'' in Latin and ''Paris'' in French.<ref>Meunier, Florian, ''Le Paris du Moyen Âge'' (2014), Éditions Ouest-France, P. 12</ref> ] was introduced into Paris in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint ], the Bishop of the Parisii. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on Mount Mercury. The hill where he was executed later became the "Mountain of Martyrs" (Mons Martyrum), eventually "]".<ref>Schmidt, Joël, ''Lutèce, Paris, des origines à Clovis'' (2009), pp. 210-211.</ref>
			After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in from around the 10th century,{{sfn|Bussmann|1985|p=22}} Paris's cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's ]) replaced the two smaller ones on the ] and ].{{sfn|de Vitriaco|Hinnebusch|1972|p=262}} The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's first municipal government.
	The collapse of the Roman empire, along with the ] of the 5th-century, sent the city into a period of decline. The Paris region was under full control of the ] by the late 5th century. The Frankish king ], the first king of the ], made the city his capital from 508, but in the late 8th century the ] moved the capital of the Franks to ], and the counts of Paris controlled little more than immediate area around the city. In the early 9th century, Paris suffered a series of devastating raids by the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}} In 987&nbsp;AD ], count of Paris, was elected king of France. Under the rule of the ] kings, Paris became the capital once more, and gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.
			In the late 12th century, ] extended the ] fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=36–40}} In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the ] and would draw students from all of Europe.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}}
	===Middle Ages and the Renaissance===
	] and ], viewed from the left bank, from the ''Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry'' (1410)]]
	By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious and cultural capital of France. {{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}} The ''Île de la Cité'' was the site of the new royal palace, and king ] had begun building the new cathedral of ] 1163. The ] (south of the Seine) was the site of the ], a guild of students and teachers formed in the mid-12th century to train scholars in theology.<ref>Sarmant, ''History of Paris'', pp. 28-29.</ref> {{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}} The ] (north of the Seine) became the centre of commerce and finance. A league of merchants, the ''Hanse parisienne'', was established and quickly became a powerful force in the city's affairs. Between 1190 and 1202, ] built the massive château du ] (a fortress) on the right bank, where the museum is today. He paved the first streets with stone, replaced the two wooden bridges over the Seine with stone bridges, and began the first wall around the city.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 36-40">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2012) p. 36-40.</ref>
			With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants.<ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |title=Paris history facts |date=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195637/https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by {{Lang|fr|merde}}, the French word for "shit".<ref>John Kelly, ''"The Great Mortality"'' (2005). pp 42</ref>
	Between 1241 and 1248, ], (1226–1270), known to history as "Saint Louis", built next to his ] (the ''Palais de la Cité'') the ], the masterpiece of '']'' ], to house relics from the crucifixion of Christ. At the same period that the Saint-Chapelle was built, the great eighteen meter high stained glass rose windows were added to the transept of Notre Dame Cathedral.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 36-40"/>
			] ({{Circa}} 15th–16th), former residence of the Archbishop of Sens]]
			During the ], Paris was occupied by England-friendly ] from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when ] entered the French capital in 1420;<ref>Du Fresne de Beaucourt, G., ''Histoire de Charles VII'', Tome I: ''Le Dauphin'' (1403–1422), Librairie de la Société bibliographiqque, 35 Rue de Grenelle, Paris, 1881, pp. 32 & 48</ref> in spite of a 1429 effort by ] to liberate the city,{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=52–53}} it would remain under English occupation until 1436.
			In the late 16th-century ], Paris was a stronghold of the ], the organisers of 24 August 1572 ] in which thousands of French Protestants were killed.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |archive-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bayrou|1994|pp=121–130}} The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne ], after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown of France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris's first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the ], built a Louvre extension connecting it to the ], and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now ]. In spite of Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near ] marketplace in 1610.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=577}}
	The ] struck Paris for the first time in 1348, killing as many as 800 people a day, and the English and Burgundians occupied Paris in 1356 during the ], not leaving Paris until 1436.
			During the 17th century, ], chief minister of ], was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the ], and a palace for himself, the ]. After Richelieu's death in 1642, it was renamed the ].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=582}}
	In 1534, ] transformed the Louvre from a fortress into a palace, and became the first king to reside there. Between 1564 and 1572, ] built a new royal residence, the ], and the '']''.
			]]]
	During the ], Paris was a stronghold of the ]. On 24 August 1572, the ] began in Paris, when thousands of French Protestants were killed. The war did not end until 1594, when ] converted to Catholicism and the city welcomed him as king.<ref>, Britannica Online Encyclopedia</ref><ref>], ''Henri&nbsp;IV, le roi libre'', Flammarion, Paris, 1994, pp. 121–30, (French).</ref>
			Due to the Parisian uprisings during the ] civil war, ] moved his court to a new palace, ], in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the ], the Academy of Painting, and the ]. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the ] demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the '']''.{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=42–43}} Other marks of his reign were the ], the ], the ], and ].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=590–591}}
			===18th and 19th centuries===
	Henry IV completed the '']'' the first Paris bridge not lined with buildings, constructed a new wing of the Louvre, the ''grande galerie'' or ''galerie au bord de l'eau'', connecting it with the Tuileries Palace on the south side, along the Seine, and built the first Paris residential square, the '']''.
			{{See also|Paris in the 18th century|Paris during the Second Empire|Haussmann's renovation of Paris}}
			Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |last1=Durant |first1=Will |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |title=The Story of Civilization XI The Age of Napoleon |date=1975 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=3 |access-date=11 February 2016 |isbn=978-0-671-21988-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229054200/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Story_of_Civilization_The_age_of_Nap.html?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> A new boulevard named the ] extended the city west to ],{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=45–47}} while the working-class neighbourhood of the ] on the eastern side of the city grew increasingly crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=129–133}}
			] on 14 July 1789, by ]]]
			], a major landmark on the ], was completed in 1790.]]
	===17th century===
			Paris was the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity, known as the ]. ] and ] published their '']'' in 1751, before the ] launched the first manned flight in a ] on 21&nbsp;November 1783. Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, as well the primary European centre for book publishing, fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=120}} On 22 October 1797, Paris was also the site of the first parachute jump in history, by ].
	After the assassination of Henry IV in 1610, his widow, ], built her own residence, the ] (1615-1634), on the left bank.<ref>Sarmand, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', pp. 90-92</ref>
			In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the ]. On 14&nbsp;July, a mob seized the arsenal at the ], acquiring thousands of guns, with which it ], a principal symbol of royal authority. The first independent ], or city council, met in the ''Hôtel de Ville'' and elected a ], the astronomer ], on 15&nbsp;July.{{sfn|Paine|1998|p=453}}
	], chief minister of ], was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the ], and a palace for himself, the ''Palais Cardinal'', which he bequeathed to the young Louis XIV and became, after his death in 1642, the ].
			] and the royal family were ] and incarcerated in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned increasingly radical, the king, queen and mayor were beheaded by ] in the ], along with more than 16,000 others throughout France.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=674}} The property of the aristocracy and the church was ], and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=144}} A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until ] (''coup d'état du 18 brumaire''), when ] seized power as First Consul.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=147}}
	] distrusted the Parisians; as a child he had been forced to flee the city during an uprising known as the '']'' and, in 1682, he moved his court permanently to ]; but he also wanted to add to the architecture of Paris. He built the '']'', '']'', '']'', and began '']''. More important, he wanted to show that Paris was safe from any invasion, and had the ] demolished. The place of the walls was later taken by the '']''.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', pp. 42-43.</ref>
			The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but after 1799 it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000 by 1815.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} Napoleon replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect that reported directly to him. He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the ], and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the ], ] and the city's first metal bridge, the ].{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}}
	===The 18th century and the French Revolution===
	{{Main|French Revolution}}
	]
	Between 1640 and 1789, Paris grew in population from 400,000 to 600,000. Under ], the city expanded westward. A large new square, ''Place Louis XV'', the future ], was created between 1766 and 1775, and new boulevard, the ], was built as far as the ].<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', pp. 45-47.</ref> The ''Faubourg Saint-Germain'' on the left bank became the most fashionable aristocratic neighborhood. The working-class ''Faubourg Saint-Antoine'' on the eastern site of the city grew more and more crowded.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry pp. 129-131">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', pp. 129-131</ref>
			], under construction in November 1888, startled Parisians—and the world—with its modernity.]]
	Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity known as the ]. ] and ] published their '']'' in 1751-52. By the 1720s, there were around 400 cafés in the city, and they became the centers for the exchanging of ideas and information.
			During the ], the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the ] in 1830 (commemorated by the ] on the ]) brought to power a constitutional monarch, ]. The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the ] to the city.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} In 1848, Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a ] in the streets of Paris. His successor, ], alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, ], launched a huge public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the ] and ].{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}} In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}}
			During the ] (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the ]. Following several months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28&nbsp;January 1871. After seizing power in Paris on 28&nbsp;March, a revolutionary government known as the ] held power for two months, before being harshly suppressed by the French army during the "]" at the end of May 1871.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|p=118}}
	In the summer of 1789, Paris became the center stage of the ]. On 11 July 1789, soldiers attacked a peaceful demonstration on ''Place Louis XV'', where a large crowd of Parisians were protesting the dismissal by the King of his reformist finance minister, ]. The reform movement turned quickly into a revolution. On 13 July, a crowd of Parisians occupied the ''Hôtel de Ville''. On 14 July, a mob seized the arsenal at the ], acquiring thousands of guns, and ], a symbol of royal authority, a prison which at the time held only seven prisoners, four counterfeiters, one libertine aristocrat imprisoned at the demand of his family, and two lunatics. The first independent ], or city council, met in the ''Hôtel de Ville'' and on 15 July, and a new Mayor, the astronomer ]. {{sfn|Paine|1998|p=453}}
	] on 14 July 1789]].
			In the late 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the ], which featured the new Eiffel Tower, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution; and the ] gave Paris the ], the ], the {{Lang|fr|]|italic=no}} and the first ] line.{{sfn|Fraser|Spalding|2011|p=117}} Paris became the laboratory of ] (]) and ] (] and ]), and of ] in art (], ], ], ]).{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=490–491}}
	On ], Louis XVI and his family were brought to Paris and made virtual prisoners within the Tuileries Palace. On 21 June 1791, the royal family fled ], was arrested in Varennes and brought back to Paris on the 25th. On 10 August 1792, mobs of the most militant revolutionaries, the ] attacked the Tuileries Palace. On 13 August, Louis XVI and his family were imprisoned in the Temple fortress. Between 2 and 7 September, ] took place in the prisons, which was the beginning of the ] (''la Terreur'') imposed upon France by the new government. On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI was guillotined on the ''Place de la Révolution'', the former ''Place Louis XV''. ] was executed on the same square on 16 October 1793. Bailly, the first Mayor of Paris, was sent to the guillotine. During the reign of terror, 16,594 persons were tried by the revolutionary tribunal and executed.<ref>''Dictionnaire historique de Paris'', p. 674.</ref> The property of the aristocracy and the church was ], and the churches closed, sold or demolished.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 144">Sarmant, Thierry, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 144.</ref>
			===20th and 21st centuries===
	A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris: on 1 June 1793, the ] seized power from the '']'', then were replaced by ] and his followers; in 1794, they were overthrown and guillotined by a new government led by ]. On 27 July 1794, Robespierre himself was executed by a coalition of ''Montagnards'' and moderates. This signaled the end of the ''Terreur''. The executions ceased and the prisons gradually emptied.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 145">Sarmant, Thierry, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 145.</ref> The new government, the ] (November 1795-November 1799), made its headquarters at the Luxembourg Palace. It was replaced in turn, on ] by the ] with ] as First Consul.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry,’’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 147.</ref>
			{{See also|Paris in the Belle Époque|Paris during the First World War|Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)|Paris in World War II|History of Paris (1946–2000)}}
			By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|p=61}} At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world including ], ], and ] made Paris their home. It was the birthplace of ], ] and ],{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=497}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118065327/https://books.google.com/books/about/Bohemian_Paris.html?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |url-status=dead |title=Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art |first=Dan |last=Franck |date=1 December 2007 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-8021-9740-5}}</ref> and authors such as ] were exploring new approaches to literature.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=491}}
			During the ], Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the ]. The city was also bombed by ]s and shelled by German ].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=750}} In the years after the war, known as '']'', Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]<ref>William A. Shack, ''Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars'', University of California Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-520-22537-4}},</ref> and ].<ref name=Meisler>{{cite web |last1=Meisler |first1=Stanley |title=The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |website=Smithsonian.com |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=12 July 2014 |date=April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518170614/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	During the Revolution, under the direction of ], who had been mandated by the ] in 1791, a group of scholars and historians collected statues and paintings from the demolished churches, and stored them at the ]. After the Revolution, the objects went back to their previous owners or, in case those could not be found, to the Louvre.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 145"/><ref>Musée des monuments français (1795): http://www.tombes-sepultures.com/crbst_1148.html</ref>
			In the years after the ], the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from ] and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as ], ] and ].<ref>Goebel, {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor |date=4 September 2015 }}.</ref>
	===19th century===
	{{Details|Paris during the Second Empire}}
	Between 1789 and 1799, the population of Paris dropped by one hundred thousand. Between 1799 and 1815, it gained 160,000 new residents, reaching a population of 660,000.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 148">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 148.</ref> ] placed the city government under the Prefect of the Seine, named by him. He turned the ] into the ''Musée Napoléon'', displaying paintings from the countries he conquered. He began building the '']'', erected a column made of the bronze of captured cannon in the '']'', built the '']'', a triumphal arch, on the '']'', began a much larger one at ], and built a ], which was consecrated as ''La Madeleine'' church during Louis-Philippe's reign, in 1842. He created ] and began building the ] to bring fresh water to the city's fountains. He also built the city's first iron bridge, the ].<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 148"/>
	After the fall of Napoleon, Paris was occupied by thirty thousand Russian and Allied soldiers, who camped in the ] and along the Champs-Élysées. The ] period ended with the ] of 1830, which brought a constitutional monarch, ], to power. Louis Philippe erected the ] on ''Place de la Concorde'' (1836) and the ] in the ] (1840), finished the ] (1836) and placed ] in his tomb at ''Les Invalides'' (1840). ] published ] in 1831, causing a revival of interest in Paris history, and the restoration of the Notre Dame cathedral.
	The first railroad line from Paris to ] opened in 1837, beginning a period of massive migration from the countryside to the city.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 148"/>
	] was the centerpiece of Napoleon III's new Paris. The architect, ], described the style simply as "Napoleon the Third."]]
	Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in 1848. ] became the first elected president of France in 1848, then declared himself Emperor in 1853. His prefect of the Seine, ], employed thousands of workers to build two hundred kilometers of wide new boulevards and streets, new acquducts and sewers, and 1,835 hectares of new public parks, including the '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and many smaller parks and squares.<ref name="Moncan, Patrice 2012 pp. 7-35">De Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris d'Haussmann'' (2012) pp. 7-35</ref> Haussmann imposed strict building standards on the new boulevards, setting the height, façade style, building material and color, which gave central Paris its distinctive look.<ref>De Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris d'Haussmann'' (2012) pp. 181-187</ref> {{sfn|Jones|2006|pp=318-9}} In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns to the city of Paris and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.<ref name="Moncan, Patrice 2012 pp. 7-35"/>
			] on the Champs-Élysées celebrating the liberation of Paris, 26 August 1944]]
	Napoleon III was captured and overthrown during ] (1870–71), and Paris was besieged by the Prussian Army. After months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28 January 1871.
			On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "]".{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=217}} On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the ] (''Vélodrome d'Hiver''), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at ]. None of the children came back.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=637}}{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=218}} On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the ] and the ] of the ]. General ] led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris and made a rousing speech from the ].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=242–243}}
			In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the ] for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence ] targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to ] between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed. The anti-independence ] (OAS) carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |title=France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on |author=Kim Willsher |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026114936/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=live |date=17 October 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=658}}
	On 28 March 1871, a revolutionary government called the ] seized power in Paris. The Commune held power for two months, until it was suppressed by the French army at the end of May 1871. Seven to ten thousand Communards were killed in the fighting or shot afterwards by summary firing squads during the ''Bloody Week'' (21 to 28 May 1871), eight thousand more were imprisoned, deported to New Caledonia, or fled abroad. Several Paris landmarks, including the ] and ''Hôtel de Ville'', were burned by the Communards in the last days of fighting.<ref>Rougerie, Jacques, ''La Commune de 1871," p. 118.</ref>
			In May 1968, protesting students occupied the ] and put up barricades in the ]. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The ] resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=226}} In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, ] became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=260}} The ], the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and {{cvt|210|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=222}} The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=107–108}} A suburban railway network, the ] (Réseau Express Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the ] expressway encircling the city, was completed in 1973.{{sfn|Bell|de-Shalit|2011|p=247}}
	Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the ], was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution, and featured the ]; and the ], which gave Paris the '']'', the '']'', the '']'' and the first ] line.{{sfn|Fraser|Spalding|2011|p=117}}
			Most of the postwar presidents of the ] wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President ] started the ] (1977), ] began the ] (1986); President ] had the ] built (1985–1989), the new site of the '']'' (1996), the ] (1985–1989) in ], as well as the ] with its underground courtyard (1983–1989); ] (2006), the ].{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=226–230}}
	===20th century===
	], the ] on the ''Champs Élysées'', 26 August 1944]]
			In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, ] became the first socialist mayor. He was re-elected in March 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Mayors: Bertrand Delanoe – Mayor of Paris |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/paris_mayor.html |website=www.citymayors.com |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722044933/http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/paris_mayor.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic, he introduced the ], a system which rents bicycles. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the ], which he inaugurated in June 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |title=Les berges de Seine rendues aux Parisiens |journal=Le Moniteur |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=2 December 2014 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220195103/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |archive-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to 2,715,000.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan 2013 p. 61">Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2013) p. 61</ref> The city became the birthplace of modern art; ], living in ], painted his famous '']'' and '']'' between 1904 and 1909.<ref>''Dictionnaire Historique de Paris'', p. 68</ref>
			], Paris, 11 January 2015, during the ] after the ]]]
			In 2007, President ] launched the ] project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the ], with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016.<ref name="Lichfield">{{cite news |title=Sarko's €35bn rail plan for a 'Greater Paris' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |date=29 April 2009 |newspaper=] |access-date=12 June 2009 |location=London |first=John |last=Lichfield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502102151/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the ], totalling {{cvt|205|km|mi|abbr=off}} of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and ] stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.<ref name=metro>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |title=€26.5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed |date=12 March 2013 |access-date=24 April 2013 |magazine=Railway Gazette International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318205908/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |archive-date=18 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |title=Le Metro du Grand Paris |publisher=Site of Grand Paris Express |language=fr |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020412/http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	In September 1914, at the beginning of the ], Paris found itself on the front line; it was spared by the French and British victory at the ], achieved with the assistance of some 600 to 1000 Paris taxis which carried six thousand soldiers to the front. (The taxis dutifully ran their meters, as required by law, and were reimbursed 70,002 francs by the French treasury).<ref>''Dictionnaire historique de Paris'', p. 750</ref> In the years after the war, known as '']'', Paris attracted artists, writers and musicians from around the world, including ], ] and ]. Paris gave birth to the art movements known as ] and ].
			In January 2015, ] claimed ] across the Paris region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |title=2015 Charlie Hebdo Attacks Fast Facts |last=Library |first=C.N.N. |website=CNN |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623154608/http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |work=Le Monde |date=15 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |title=Attentats terroristes : les questions que vous nous avez le plus posées |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114153341/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |archive-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |title=Les politiques s'affichent à la marche républicaine |work=Le Figaro |date=11 January 2015 |access-date=11 January 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213532/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November of the same year, ], claimed by ISIL,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State claims Paris attacks that killed 127 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |newspaper=Reuters |date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114014250/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/14/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> killed 130 people and injured more than 350.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Paris attacks death toll rises to 130 |website=] |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |language=en |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423123908/https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	On 14 June 1940, the German army entered Paris without resistance.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2012) p. 281.</ref> On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, in the great majority Jews who had fled eastern and central Europe and found refuge in France before World War II, among which 4115 were children, and confined them during five days at the ] (''Vélodrome d'Hiver''), from which they were taken by bus to French internment and transit camps at ], ] and ], before being transported by train to the extermination camp at ]. None of the children came back.<ref>"Dictionnaire historique de Paris'', p. 637</ref><ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 218">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 218</ref> Shortly after a resistance and police uprising, the city was liberated on 25 August 1944 by the ] and the ].
			On 22 April 2016, the ] was signed by 196 nations of the ] in an aim to limit the ] below 2&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2016|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|archive-date=29 June 2017|access-date=26 June 2023|work=United Nations}}</ref>
			==Geography==
	The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families departed for the suburbs.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 107-108</ref> A suburban railroad network, called the ], was built to complement the ''Métro,'' and the ] expressway encircling the city, was completed in 1973.{{sfn|Bell|de-Shalit|2011|p=247}}
			===Location===
			{{Main|Geography of Paris}}
			] mission]]
			Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river ], whose crest includes two islands, the ] and the larger ], which form the oldest part of Paris. The river's mouth on the ] (''La Manche'') is about {{cvt|233|mi}} downstream from Paris. Paris is spread widely on both banks of the river.<ref name=City>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris |title=Paris |access-date=4 July 2013 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083834/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Overall, Paris is relatively flat, and the lowest point is {{cvt|35|m}} ]. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is ] at {{cvt|130|m|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Blackmore|McConnachie|2004|p=153}}
			Excluding the outlying parks of ] and ], Paris covers an oval measuring about {{cvt|87|km2}} in area, enclosed by the {{cvt|35|km|adj=on}} ring road, the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} Paris' last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 gave it its modern form, and created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of {{cvt|78|km2}}, the city limits were expanded marginally to {{cvt|86.9|km2}} in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were annexed to the city, bringing its area to about {{cvt|105|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |website=Mairie de Paris |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748 |title=Key figures for Paris |publisher=Paris.fr |date=15 November 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306220509/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748 |archive-date=6 March 2009}}</ref> The metropolitan area is {{cvt|2300|km2}}.<ref name=City/>
	In May 1968, protesting students occupied the ] and put up barricades in the ]. Thousands of Paris workers joined the students, and the student movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority, but the ] resulted in the breakup of the University of Paris into thirteen independent campuses.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 226</ref>
			Measured from the ] in front of its ], Paris by road is {{cvt|450|km}} southeast of London, {{cvt|287|km}} south of ], {{cvt|305|km}} southwest of ], {{cvt|774|km}} north of ], {{cvt|385|km}} northeast of ], and {{cvt|135|km}} southeast of ].<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111052823/https://www.google.com/maps/place/48 |date=11 January 2019 }}, Retrieved 6 July 2013</ref>
	The tallest building in the city, the ], 57 stories and 210 meters high, was built between 1969 and 1973. Frequently criticized by Parisians, it remains the city's only skyscraper.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 218"/>
			===Climate===
	Each President of the postwar ] added his own monuments to Paris. President ] started the ] (1977), a museum of 20th century art; ] began the ] (1986), devoted to 19th century French art. President ], in power for fourteen years, built the ] (1985-1989), the ] (1996), the ] (1985-1989), and the ] and underground courtyard (1983-1989).<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 218"/>
			{{Main|Climate of Paris}}
			]
			Paris has an ] within the ], typical of western Europe. This climate type features cool winters, with frequent rain and overcast skies, and mild to warm summers. Very hot and very cold temperatures and weather extremes are rare in this type of climate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308094732/http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |archive-date=8 March 2013 |title=Climate |publisher=Paris.com |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{fv|reason=Much of this paragraph is unsourced. The source actually states that there are occasional heat waves, not that weather extremes are rare|date=November 2024}}
	===21st century===
	] (2006), showcasing the indigenous art of Africa, Oceania, Asia and the Americas]]
			Summer days are usually mild and pleasant, with average temperatures between {{cvt|15|and|25|°C|°F}}, and a fair amount of sunshine.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=309}} Each year there are a few days when the temperature rises above {{cvt|32|C}}. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the ] when temperatures exceeded {{cvt|30|°C}} for weeks, reached {{cvt|40|°C}} on some days, and rarely cooled down at night.{{sfn|Goldstein|2005|p=8}}
	In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011.
			Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and cool nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/useful-info/climate |title=Climate in Paris |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |website=ParisInfo |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205162747/http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/useful-info/climate |archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> In winter, sunshine is scarce. Days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing, with low temperatures around {{cvt|3|°C}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Courtney Traub |date=31 January 2018 |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/visiting-paris-in-the-winter-1618789 |title=Visiting Paris in the Winter: A Complete Guide |website=tripsavvy |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011030400/https://www.tripsavvy.com/visiting-paris-in-the-winter-1618789 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Light night frosts are quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below {{cvt|-5|°C}}. Paris sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kelby Carr |date=30 November 2017 |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/weather-in-france-1517972#step4 |title=Weather in France – Climate and Temperatures of French Cities |website=tripsavvy |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100742/https://www.tripsavvy.com/weather-in-france-1517972#step4 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The ] opened in 2006, designed to showcase the indigenous art of Africa, Oceania, Asia and the Americas.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 123.</ref>
			Paris has an average annual precipitation of {{cvt|641|mm|in|1}}, and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. Paris is known for intermittent, abrupt, heavy showers. The highest recorded temperature was {{cvt|42.6|°C}}, on 25 July 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=42.6 °C à Paris : record absolu de chaleur battu ! |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74506889-42-4-c-a-paris-record-absolu-de-chaleur-battu |website=meteofrance.fr |publisher=Météo France |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725135102/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74506889-42-4-c-a-paris-record-absolu-de-chaleur-battu |archive-date=25 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The lowest was {{cvt|-23.9|°C}}, on 10 December 1879.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579 |title=Géographie de la capitale – Le climat |publisher=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |via=Paris.fr |access-date=24 May 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225432/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579 |archive-date=3 October 2006}}</ref>
	In 2007, President ] launched the '']'' project, to integrate Paris more closely with the surrounding regions. It called for the construction of a €26.5 billion new automatic metro, connecting the ''Grand Paris'' regions to one another and to the centre of Paris.<ref name=metro>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html|title=€26⋅5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed|date=12 March 2013|accessdate=24 April 2013|publisher=Railway Gazette International}}</ref>
			{{Paris weatherbox}}
			==Administration==
	In March 2001, ] became the first Socialist mayor of Paris, and also the first openly gay mayor of the city. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic in the city, he introduced the ], a system which rents bicycles for the use of local residents and visitors. The new Mayor also transformed a section of the highway along the left bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the ].
			{{Main|Administration of Paris}}
			===City government===
	On April 5, 2014, ], a socialist, was elected the first woman mayor of Paris.
			{{Further|Arrondissements of Paris}}
			{{See also||Mayor of Paris}}
			]]]
	==Geography==
	{{Main|Topography of Paris}}
	] and ]]]
	Paris is located in northern central France. By road it is {{convert|450|km}} south-east of London, {{convert|287|km}} south of ], {{convert|305|km}} south-west of ], {{convert|774|km}} north of ], {{convert|385|km}} north-east of ], and {{convert|135|km}} south-east of ].<ref>, Retrieved 6 July 2013</ref> Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine, spread widely on both banks of the river, and includes two inhabited islands, the '']'' and the larger ''Île de la Cité'', which forms the oldest part of the city. The river’s mouth on the ] (''Manche'') is about {{convert|233|mi|abbr=on}} downstream of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is {{convert|35|m|abbr=on}} ]. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is ] at {{convert|130|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} .{{sfn|Blackmore|McConnachie|2004|p=153}} Montmartre gained its name from the martyrdom of ], first bishop of Paris atop the "Mons Martyrum" (Martyr's mound) in 250.
			For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. In 1974, Paris was granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=334}} The first modern elected mayor of Paris was ], elected March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1871 and only the fourth since 1794. The current mayor is ], a ], first elected ],<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/english/english/anne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor/rub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237 |title=Anne Hidalgo is new Mayor of Paris |publisher=City of Paris |access-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220194454/http://www.paris.fr/english/english/anne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor/rub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237 |archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> and re-elected ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=28 June 2020 |title=Greens surge in French local elections as Anne Hidalgo holds Paris |language=en-GB |work=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections |access-date=1 July 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630223850/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Excluding the outlying parks of '']'' and '']'', Paris occupies an oval measuring about {{convert|87|km2|abbr=on}} in area, enclosed by the {{convert|35|km|adj=on|abbr=on}} ring road, the '']''.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the twenty clockwise-spiralling ''arrondissements'' (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of {{convert|78|km2|abbr=on}}, the city limits were expanded marginally to {{convert|86.9|km2|abbr=on}} in the 1920s. In 1929, the ''Bois de Boulogne'' and ''Bois de Vincennes'' forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about {{convert|105|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mairie de Paris|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748|title=Key figures for Paris|publisher=Paris.fr|date=15 November 2007|accessdate=5 May 2009}}</ref> The metropolitan area of the city is {{convert|2300|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=City>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris|title=Paris|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Brittanica}}</ref>
	{{clear}}
			], or city hall]]
	===Climate===
	]|230x230px]]
	Paris has a typical Western European ] (]: ''Cfb '') which is affected by the ]. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |title=Climate|publisher=Paris.com|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref>
	Summer days are usually moderately warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between {{convert|15|and|25|°C|°F}}, and a fair amount of sunshine.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=309}} Each year, however, there are a few days where the temperature rises above {{convert|30|C}}. Some years have even witnessed long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the ] where temperatures exceeded {{convert|30|°C}} for weeks, surged up to {{convert|39|°C}} on some days and seldom cooled down at night.{{sfn|Goldstein|2005|p=8}}
	More recently, the average temperature for July 2011 was {{convert|17.6|°C}}, with an average minimum temperature of {{convert|12.9|°C}} and an average maximum temperature of {{convert|23.7|°C}}.
			The mayor of Paris is ] by Paris voters. The voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect members to the '']'' (Council of Paris), which elects the mayor. The council is composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement is allocated a number of seats dependent upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements, to 34 members for the most populated. The council is elected using ] ] in a ].<ref name="Election Code – Article L260">{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108 |title=Code électoral – Article L260 |language=fr |trans-title=Election Code – Article L260 |date=13 March 1983 |publisher=Legifrance |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225102129/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/practical-fact-sheets/climate |title=Climate|publisher=Parisinfo.com|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around {{convert|7|°C}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goparis.about.com/od/planningyourtrip/a/paris_in_the_winter.htm |title=Paris in the Winter|publisher=Goparisabout.com|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below {{convert|-5|°C}} for only a few days a year. Snowfall is uncommon, but the city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gofrance.about.com/od/travelplanning/ss/weatherinfrance_4.htm |title=Weather in France|publisher=GoFrance.about.com|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref>
			Party lists winning an absolute ] in the first round – or at least a ] in the second round – automatically win half the seats of an arrondissement. The remaining half of seats are distributed proportionally to all lists which win at least 5% of the vote, using the ].<ref name="Election Code – Article L260"/> This ensures that the winning party or coalition always wins a majority of the seats, even if they do not win an absolute majority of the vote.<ref name="Pariscouncil">{{cite web |title=Election Preview: France Municipal Elections 2014 – Part I |url=https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/ |website=World Elections |date=22 March 2014 |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211513/https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Rain falls throughout the year. Average annual precipitation is {{convert|652|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} with light rainfall fairly distributed throughout the year. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|40.4|°C}} on 28 July 1948, and the lowest is a {{convert|-23.9|°C}} on 10 December 1879.<ref name="climate">{{cite web|
	url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579|title=Géographie de la capitale – Le climat |publisher=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques, Paris.fr|accessdate=24 May 2006|language=French}}</ref>
			Prior to the ], each of Paris's 20 arrondissements had its own town hall and a directly elected council ({{Lang|fr|]}}), which elects an arrondissement mayor.{{sfn|Shales|2007|p=16}} The council of each arrondissement is composed of members of the Conseil de Paris, and members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. The number of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending upon its population. As of 1996, there were 20 arrondissement mayors and 120 deputy mayors.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=334}} The creation of ], a unified administrative division with a single mayor covering the first four arrondissements, took effect with the said 2020 election. The other 16 arrondissements continue to have their own mayors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paris.fr/pages/regroupement-des-4-premiers-arrondissements-le-secteur-paris-centre-sera-cree-le-6-avril-7384|title=Regroupement des 4 premiers arrondissements : le secteur Paris Centre sera créé le 11 juillet|work=Paris.fr|date=12 June 2020|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114161037/https://www.paris.fr/pages/regroupement-des-4-premiers-arrondissements-le-secteur-paris-centre-sera-cree-le-6-avril-7384|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<div style="width:100%;">
	{{Weather box
	|location = Paris (1981–2010 averages)
	|metric first = Y
	|single line = Y
	|Jan record high C = 16.1
	|Feb record high C = 21.4
	|Mar record high C = 25.7
	|Apr record high C = 30.2
	|May record high C = 34.8
	|Jun record high C = 37.6
	|Jul record high C = 40.4
	|Aug record high C = 39.5
	|Sep record high C = 36.2
	|Oct record high C = 28.4
	|Nov record high C = 21.0
	|Dec record high C = 17.1
	|year record high C = 40.4
	|Jan high C = 7.2
	|Feb high C = 8.3
	|Mar high C = 12.2
	|Apr high C = 15.6
	|May high C = 19.6
	|Jun high C = 22.7
	|Jul high C = 25.2
	|Aug high C = 25.0
	|Sep high C = 21.1
	|Oct high C = 16.3
	|Nov high C = 10.8
	|Dec high C = 7.5
	|year high C = 16.0
	|Jan mean C = 5.0
	|Feb mean C = 5.6
	|Mar mean C = 8.8
	|Apr mean C = 11.5
	|May mean C = 15.3
	|Jun mean C = 18.3
	|Jul mean C = 20.5
	|Aug mean C = 20.4
	|Sep mean C = 16.9
	|Oct mean C = 13.0
	|Nov mean C = 8.3
	|Dec mean C = 5.5
	|year mean C = 12.4
	|Jan low C = 2.7
	|Feb low C = 2.8
	|Mar low C = 5.3
	|Apr low C = 7.3
	|May low C = 10.9
	|Jun low C = 13.8
	|Jul low C = 15.8
	|Aug low C = 15.7
	|Sep low C = 12.7
	|Oct low C = 9.6
	|Nov low C = 5.8
	|Dec low C = 3.4
	|year low C = 8.9
	|Jan record low C = -14.6
	|Feb record low C = -14.7
	|Mar record low C = -9.1
	|Apr record low C = -3.5
	|May record low C = -0.1
	|Jun record low C = 3.1
	|Jul record low C = 6.0
	|Aug record low C = 6.3
	|Sep record low C = 1.8
	|Oct record low C = -3.1
	|Nov record low C = -14.0
	|Dec record low C = -23.9
	|year record low C = -23.9
	|Jan precipitation mm = 51.0
	|Feb precipitation mm = 41.2
	|Mar precipitation mm = 47.6
	|Apr precipitation mm = 51.8
	|May precipitation mm = 63.2
	|Jun precipitation mm = 49.6
	|Jul precipitation mm = 62.3
	|Aug precipitation mm = 52.7
	|Sep precipitation mm = 47.6
	|Oct precipitation mm = 61.5
	|Nov precipitation mm = 51.1
	|Dec precipitation mm = 57.8
	|year precipitation mm = 637.4
	|Jan precipitation days = 9.9
	|Feb precipitation days = 9.0
	|Mar precipitation days = 10.6
	|Apr precipitation days = 9.3
	|May precipitation days = 9.8
	|Jun precipitation days = 8.4
	|Jul precipitation days = 8.1
	|Aug precipitation days = 7.7
	|Sep precipitation days = 7.8
	|Oct precipitation days = 9.6
	|Nov precipitation days = 10.0
	|Dec precipitation days = 10.9
	|year precipitation days = 111.1
	|Jan sun = 62.5
	|Feb sun = 79.2
	|Mar sun = 128.9
	|Apr sun = 166.0
	|May sun = 193.8
	|Jun sun = 202.1
	|Jul sun = 212.2
	|Aug sun = 212.1
	|Sep sun = 167.9
	|Oct sun = 117.8
	|Nov sun = 67.7
	|Dec sun = 51.4
	|year sun = 1661.6
	|source 1 = ]<ref>{{cite web
	|url=http://climat.meteofrance.com/chgt_climat2/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F75114001 |title=Climatological Information for Paris, France|publisher=Météo-France|date=August 2011}}</ref>|date=August 2010}}
	</div>
			===Métropole du Grand Paris===
	==Administration==
			]
	{{main|Administration of Paris|Arrondissements of Paris}}
			In January 2016, the ], or simply ], came into existence.<ref name="MGP"/> It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs, ], ] and ], plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including ] in ] and ] in ], which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers {{cvt|814|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}. In 2015, it had a population of 6.945 million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte |title=Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la métropole du Grand Paris |access-date=27 February 2018 |publisher=Legifrance |language=fr |trans-title=Decree n° 2015-1212 of 30 September 2015 noting the perimeter fixing the seat and designating the public accountant of the metropolis of Greater Paris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100706/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lemoniteur1">{{cite journal |author=Nathalie Moutarde |url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917 |journal=Le Moniteur |date=17 July 2015 |title=La métropole du Grand Paris verra le jour le 1er janvier 2016 |trans-title=The metropolis of Greater Paris will be born 1 January 2016 |language=fr |access-date=3 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162156/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	], residence of the ]|270x270px]]
	As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's ]. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The ] resides at the ] (''Palais de l'Élysée'') in the ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2/|title=Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire|publisher=Elysee.fr|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref> while the ]'s seat is at the ] in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-us.org/spip.php?article633|publisher=Embassy of France, Washington|title=Matignon Hotel|date=1 December 2007|accessdate=19 June 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Knapp|Wright|2006|p=93–4}} Government ministries are located in various parts of the city; many are located in the 7th arrondissement, near the Matignon.
			The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing and protection of the environment.<ref name="MGP"/><ref name="lemoniteur1"/> In January 2016, ] was elected the first president of the metropolitan council. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1 |author=Manon Rescan |date=22 January 2016 |trans-title=From Greater Paris to Greater Paris Metropolis |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010075732/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=Du Grand Paris à la Métropole du Grand Paris |access-date=30 January 2016 |work=Le Monde |language=fr}}</ref>
	The two houses of the French Parliament are located on the left bank. The upper house, the ], meets in the '']'' in the ], while the more important lower house, the '']'', meets in the '']'' in the 7th arrondissement. The ], the third-highest public official in France,<ref>The President of the Senate is sometimes wrongly referred as the second-highest public official, probably because he replaces temporarily the President of the Republic who has resigned or died, but he is actually, as stated by the {{fr}} , the third-highest public official after the President and the Prime Minister. See also {{fr}} .</ref> resides in the '']'', a smaller palace annex to the ''Palais du Luxembourg''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html|title=Le "Petit Luxembourg"|language=French|publisher=Senat.fr|accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref>
	]|270x270px]]
			===Regional government===
	France's highest courts are located in Paris. The ], the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the ] on the ''Île de la Cité'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html|language=French|title=Introduction|publisher=Cour de Cassation|location=Paris|accessdate=27 April 2013}}</ref> while the ], which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the '']'' in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1/|language=French|publisher=Conseil d'Etat|title=Histoire & Patrimoine|location=Paris|accessdate=27 April 2013}}</ref> The ], an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws enacted by Parliament, also meets in the Montpensier wing of the ''Palais Royal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf|title=Le siège du Conseil constitutionnel|publisher=Conseil Constitutionnel|location=Paris|language=French|date=16 September 2011|accessdate=26 April 2013}}</ref> Each of Paris' twenty arrondissements has its own town hall and a directly elected council (''conseil d'arrondissement''), which, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor.{{sfn|Shales|2007|p=16}} A selection of members from each arrondissement council form the ] (''conseil de Paris''), which, in turn, elects the ].
			The ] of ], including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the ], composed of 209 members representing its different communes. In December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by ], narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. The regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin |title=Régionales 2015 : les chiffres clés du scrutin |language=fr |trans-title=Results of 2015 Regional Elections |publisher=Regional Council of Île-de-France |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219075856/http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin |archive-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			===National government===
	Paris and its region host the headquarters of many international organisations including ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the '']'', the ], the ], the ] and the ]. Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major ].<ref>According to : study by the University of Loughborough, 2010 / by A.T. Kearney, 2012 / by the Mori Memorial Foundation, 2011 / by Knight Frank for CitiBank, 2012</ref> Paris has ],<ref name="partners1">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="partners2"/> but according to the motto "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris";<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Twinning with Rome">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784|title=Twinning with Rome
			], official residence of the ]]]
	|accessdate=19 June 2013|publisher=Mairie de Paris}}</ref> the only ] of Paris is ]<ref name="partners2">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |work=Mairie de Paris|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|title=International relations: special partners|archivedate=25 December 2008|accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref> and vice-versa.
			As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's ]. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The ] resides at the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2/ |title=Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire |language=fr |trans-title=The Elysée Palace and its history |publisher=Elysee.fr |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519171226/http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ]'s seat is at the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633 |publisher=Embassy of France, Washington |title=Matignon Hotel |date=1 December 2007 |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405081105/http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Knapp|Wright|2006|pp=93–94}} Government ministries are located in various parts of the city, many near the Hôtel Matignon.{{sfn|Borrus|2012|p=288}}
			Both houses of the ] are located on the Rive Gauche. The upper house, the ], meets in the ]. The more important lower house, the ], meets in the ]. The ], the second-highest public official in France, with the President of the Republic being the sole superior, resides in the ], a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html |title=A la découverte du Petit Luxembourg |language=fr |trans-title=Discovering Petit Luxembourg |publisher=Senat.fr |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617015850/http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html |archive-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	===City government===
	{{Main|Paris mayors|Arrondissements of Paris}}
	]|270x270px]]
	Paris has been a '']'' (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). At the 1790 division (during the French Revolution) of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, composed of 12 arrondissements,{{sfn|Papayanis|2004|p=195}} but, in 1860, it annexed bordering communes, totally enclosing the surrounding towns (''bourgs'') either fully or partly, to create the new administrative map of 20 ''arrondissements'' (municipal districts) the city still has today. Every ''arrondissement'' has its own mayor, town hall, and special characteristics.{{-}}
			]]]
	==Demographics==
	]
	]
	{{Collapsible Table Paris Region top countries & territories of birth}}
	{{Main|Demographics of Paris}}
			France's highest courts are located in Paris. The ], the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the ] on the ''Île de la Cité''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html |language=fr |title=Introduction |work=Cour de Cassation |access-date=27 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515150732/http://courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ], which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the ] in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1/ |language=fr |publisher=Conseil d'Etat |title=Histoire & Patrimoine |trans-title=History & Heritage |access-date=27 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410103133/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1 |archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> The ], an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf |title=Le siège du Conseil constitutionnel |publisher=Conseil Constitutionnel |trans-title=The seat of the Constitutional Council |language=fr |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323125504/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	As of the January 2011 census, the population of the city of Paris proper stood at 2,249,975,<ref name="paris_pop" /> while that of the ] (the city, its suburbs, and the surrounding commuter belt) stood at 12,292,895.<ref name="paris_AU10_pop" /> Though substantially lower than at its peak in the early 1920s, the density of the city proper is one of the highest in the developed world. Compared to the rest of France, the main features of the Parisian population are a high average income, relatively young median age, high proportion of international migrants and high economic inequalities. Similar characteristics are found in other large cities throughout the world.
			Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations, including ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the '']'', the ], the ], the ], and the ].
	===Population evolution===
	The population of the city proper reached a maximum shortly after World War I, with nearly 3 million inhabitants, and then decreased for the rest of the 20th century to the benefit of the suburbs. Most of the decline occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, when it fell from 2.8 to 2.2 million.<ref>{{cite web|author=]|title=Note communale. Paris|language=French|url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=26207}}</ref> This trend toward de-densification of the centre was also observed in other large cities like ] and ].
			===Police force===
	Since the beginning of 21st century, the population of the city of Paris proper has started once again to rise, gaining 125,000 inhabitants between 1999 and 2011,<ref name="paris_pop" /> despite persistent negative net migration and a fertility rate well below 2.<ref>{{cite book|title=Santé des mères et des enfants de Paris|author=Observatoire régional de santé dÎle-de-France, département de Paris|pages=21–26|language=French|url=http://www.ors-idf.org/dmdocuments/MereEnfant/4_fiche1-2_Web.pdf}}</ref> The population growth is explained by the high proportion of people in the 18-40 age range who are most likely to have children.<ref>{{cite news|author =Kévin de Biasi, Sandrine Beaufils|title=L'Île-de-France, de plus en plus une étape dans les parcours résidentiels|language=French|journal=Île-de-France à la page|issue=336|date=June 2010|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap336/alap336.pdf}}</ref> The ], whose population has grown uninterruptedly since the end of World War II, gained 937,000 inhabitants between 1999 and 2011.<ref name="paris_AU10_pop" /> Contrary to the city of Paris proper, the fertility rate of the overall metropolitan area is above 2 children per woman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/irweb/irsocsd2012/dd/excel/irsocsd2012_p3d_fe.xls |title=TABLEAU P3D - INDICATEURS GÉNÉRAUX DE POPULATION PAR DÉPARTEMENT ET RÉGION|publisher=INSEE|language=French|accessdate=2014-07-29}}</ref>
			] motorcyclists]]
			The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the ], a subdivision of the ]. It supervises the units of the ] who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the ]. Its headquarters is on ] on the ].<ref name="Presentation Generale">{{cite web |url=http://www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr/Presentation-generale |title=Présentation générale |trans-title=General Presentation |publisher=Police nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur |language=fr |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308061047/http://www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr/Presentation-generale |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			There are 43,800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters.<ref name="Presentation Generale"/> The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings, called the ] (CRS). Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of Paris when there are demonstrations and public events. The police are supported by the ], a branch of the ]. Their police operations are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr |title=Accueil |language=fr |trans-title=Home |publisher=Gendarmerie nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226055256/http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/ |archive-date=26 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Paris is one of the most densely populated cities in the world.{{sfn|Madge|Willmott|2006|p=11}} Its population density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of ] and ], was 25,864 inhabitants per square kilometre (66,986 /sq mi) at the 2011 census, which could be compared only with some Asian megapolises and the New York City borough of Manhattan. Even including the two woodland areas, its population density was 21,347 /km2 (55,288 /sq mi),<ref name="paris_AU10_pop" /> the fifth-most-densely populated commune in France after ], ], ], ], and ]—all of which border the city proper. The most sparsely populated quarters are the western and central office and administration-focused arrondissements. The city's population is densest in the northern and eastern arrondissements; the ] had a density of 42,138 inhabitants per square kilometre (109,137 /sq mi) in 2011, and some of its eastern quarters had densities close to 100,000 /km2 (260,000 /sq mi) in the same year.
			Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence.<ref>{{cite web |title=France |website=Travel.State.Gov |publisher=U.S. Department of State |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/france.html |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404010203/https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/france.html |archive-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	===Income===
	The ] in the ''Île-de-France'' region was around 49,800 euros in 2010.<ref>, Eurostat, 21 March 2013</ref> The average net household income (after social, pension and health insurance contributions) was 36,085 euros in Paris for 2011.<ref>, INSEE</ref> It ranges from €22,095 in the 19th<ref>{{cite web|publisher=]|title=Arrondissement municipal de Paris 19e Arrondissement (75119)|language=French|accessdate=11 August 2013|url= http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=arm-75119}}</ref> arrondissement to €82,449 in the 7th<ref>{{cite web|publisher=]|title=Arrondissement municipal de Paris 7e Arrondissement (75107)|language=French|accessdate=11 August 2013|url= http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=arm-75107}}</ref> arrondissement. The median ] for 2011 was around 25,000 euros in Paris and 22,200 for ''Île-de-France''.<ref>Taxable income by "consumption unit" as defined by INSEE, see {{cite web|publisher=]|title=Revenu fiscal annuel en 2011|language=French|accessdate=11 August 2013|url= http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=revtc04201}}</ref> Generally speaking, incomes are higher in the Western part of the city and in the Western suburbs than in the Northern and Eastern parts of the urban area.
	===Migration===		==Cityscape==
			{{wide image|Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg|1600px|align-cap=center|A panorama of Paris from the Eiffel Tower, in a 360-degree view. The ] river flows from the north-east to the south-west, right to left|dir=rtl}}
	In 1954, there were 135,000 foreign immigrants living in Paris, mostly from from Algeria, Morocco, Italy and Spain.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 107</ref> Today Paris and its metropolitan area is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: at the 2010 census, 23.0% of the total population in the ] was born outside of ], up from 19.7% at the 1999 census.<ref>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=fd-rp19682010&page=fichiers_detail/rp19682010/telechargement.htm |title=Fichier Données harmonisées des recensements de la population de 1968 à 2010|publisher=]|accessdate=25 November 2013}}</ref>
			===Urbanism and architecture===
	About one third of persons who have recently moved to Metropolitan France from foreign countries settle in the Paris Region, about a third of whom in the city of Paris proper.<ref name="immigrants_IDF">{{cite news|author =Mariette Sagot|title=Arrivées de l'étranger : l'Île-de-France attire des jeunes qualifiés|language=French|journal=Île-de-France à la page|issue=336|date=October 2010|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap343/alap343.pdf}}</ref> 20% of the Paris population are first-generation international immigrants, and 40% of children have at least one immigrant parent. Recent immigrants tend to be more diverse in terms of qualification: more of them have no qualification at all and more of them have tertiary education.<ref name="immigrants_IDF" />
			{{See also|Architecture of Paris|Haussmann's renovation of Paris|Religious buildings in Paris|List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region}}
			]]]
			], the oldest planned square in Paris]]
			Paris is one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war. As a result, even its earliest history is visible in its streetmap, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital has resulted in an accumulated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty plays a large part in giving Paris the reputation it has today.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Paris Street Evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |date=8 July 2013 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=2153 |doi=10.1038/srep02153 |last1=Barthelemy |first1=Marc |last2=Bordin |first2=Patricia |last3=Berestycki |first3=Henri |last4=Gribaudi |first4=Maurizio |pmid=23835429 |s2cid=11824030 |pmc=3703887 |issn = 2045-2322}}</ref> At its origin, before the Middle Ages, Paris was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the ]. Of those, two remain today: ] and the ]. A third one is the 1827 artificially created ].
			Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to ] and his Prefect of the Seine, ]. Between ], created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey "]". They built the major parks around central Paris.<ref>De Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris de Haussmann'', Les Éditions de Mecene, Paris, {{ISBN|978-2-907970-98-3}}</ref> The high residential population of the city centre makes Paris much different from most other major western cities.{{sfn|Braimoh|Vlek|2008|p=12}}
	Though international migration rate is positive, population flows from the rest of France are more intense, and negative. They are heavily age dependent: while many retired people leave Paris for the southern and western parts of France, migration flows are positive in the 18-30 age range.<ref>{{cite news|author =Kévin de Biasi, Sandrine Beaufils|title=L'Île-de-France, de plus en plus une étape dans les parcours résidentiels|language=fr|journal=Île-de-France à la page|issue=336|date=June 2010|language=French|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap336/alap336.pdf}}</ref> About one half of ''Île-de-France'' population was not born in the region.
			Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century,<ref name="plan hauteurs">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=21647 |title=Plan des hauteurs |access-date=1 November 2014 |language=fr |publisher=Paris.fr |website=Mairie de Paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410225515/http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=21647 |archive-date=10 April 2014}}</ref> particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned.<ref name="plan hauteurs"/> The {{cvt|210|m}} ] was both Paris's and France's tallest building since 1973,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping/ |title=Plan Local d'Urbanisme – Règlement à la parcelle |website=Mairie de Paris |access-date=31 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822194654/http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping |archive-date=22 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2011, this record has been held by the ] quarter ] tower in ].
	==Economy==
	{{Main|Economy of Paris}}
	{{wide image|Panorama La Défense.jpg|1200px|], the largest dedicated business district in Europe.<ref name="France.fr">{{cite web|url=http://www.france.fr/en/paris-capital-region/la-defense-europes-largest-business-district|title=La Défense, Europe's largest business district|author=France.fr|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref>}}
			===Housing===
	The Paris Region is France's premier centre of economic activity, and with a 2011 ] of ]607&nbsp;billion<ref name=Paris_GDP>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/pib-va-reg-base-2005/produit-interieur-brut-reg-2008-2011.xls|title=Produits Intérieurs Bruts Régionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d'euros|publisher=INSEE|format=XLS|accessdate=5 May 2013}}</ref> (US$845&nbsp;billion), it is not only the wealthiest area of France, but has one of the ], after Tokyo and New York,<ref name="McKinsey">{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025|title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025|publisher=Foreign Policy|accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref> making it an engine of the global economy. Were it a country, it would rank as the seventeenth-largest economy in the world.<ref name="gdp_world_rank">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/marketplacek12/GDP.pdfWorldBanjk.pdf|format=PDF|title=Gross domestic product 2011|author=World Bank|accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref> While its population accounted for 18.8 percent of the total population of metropolitan France in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/estim-pop/estim-pop-reg-sexe-gca-1975-2012.xls|title=Estimation de population au 1er janvier, par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge|work=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=5 May 2013|language=French}}</ref> its GDP accounted for 31.0 per cent of metropolitan France's GDP.<ref name=Paris_GDP /> Wealth is heavily concentrated in the western suburbs of Paris, notably ], one of the wealthiest areas of France.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-parisian-suburb-where-presidents-are-made-7648308.html|title=The Parisian suburb where presidents are made |publisher=''The Independent''|date=17 April 2012|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> This mirrors a sharp political divide, with political conservatism being much more common towards the western edge, whilst the political spectrum lies more to the left in the east.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=19}}
			] development along the river ]]]
			In 2018, the most expensive residential street in Paris by average price per square metre, was ], at 22,372 euros per square metre.<ref>''Challenges'', www. Challenges.fr, 3 July 2018.</ref> In 2011, the number of residences in the City of Paris was {{formatnum:1356074}}. Among these, {{formatnum:1165541}} (85.9 percent) were main residences, {{formatnum:91835}} (6.8 percent) were secondary residences, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty.<ref name="insee_logement">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=LOG&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&search=75 |title=Chiffres Cléfs Logements (2011) – Département de Paris (75) |publisher=INSEE |date=2011 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=LOG&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&search=75 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The Parisian economy has been gradually shifting towards high-value-added service industries (], IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.). However, in the 2009 European Green City Index, Paris was still listed as the second most "green" large city in Europe, after Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf |title=European Green City Index|publisher= Economist Intelligence Unit for Siemens, 2009|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central ] département and suburban La Défense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the ], ''La Défense'' and the '']''. While the Paris economy is largely dominated by ], it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. The Paris Region hosts the headquarters of 30 of the ] companies.<ref name="fortune500" />
			Sixty-two percent of buildings date from 1949 and before, with 20 percent built between 1949 and 1974. 18 percent of Paris buildings were built after 1974.<ref name="notaires_idf">{{cite web |url=http://www.notaires.paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/deux_decennies_dimmobilier_final.pdf |title=Un territoire ancien et de petite taille |publisher=www.notaires.paris-idf.fr |date=February 2012 |access-date=1 November 2014 |language=fr |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101214159/http://www.notaires.paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/deux_decennies_dimmobilier_final.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-room apartments. Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, which is less than Île-de-France's 2.33 person-per-residence average. Only 33 percent of principal residence Parisians own their habitation, against 47 percent for the wider Île-de-France region. Most of Paris' population rent their residence.<ref name="notaires_idf"/> In 2017, social or public housing was 19.9 percent Paris' residences. Its distribution varies widely throughout Paris, from 2.6 percent of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement, to 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement.<ref>''Le Logement Parisien en Chiffres'', Agence Departmentale de l'information sur le lodgment de Paris, October 2017.</ref>
	The 1999 census indicated that, of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the ], 16.5 per cent worked in business services; 13% in commerce (retail and wholesale trade); 12% in manufacturing; 10.0 per cent in ]s and ]; 8.7 per cent in ] services; 8% in transport and communications; 6.6 per cent in education, and the remaining 25% in many other economic sectors. In the manufacturing sector, the largest employers were the ] and electrical industry (17.9 per cent of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the publishing and printing industry (14.0 per cent of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68% of the manufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. ] and tourist related services employ 6% of Paris' workforce, and 3.6 per cent of all workers within the ]. Sources place ] in the Paris "immigrant ]" at 20 to 40 per cent.<ref name=riot>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=1280843 |title=Paris Riots in Perspective |publisher=ABC News |date=4 November 2005 |accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref>
			]
			In February 2019, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. More than half had been homeless for more than a year. 2,885 were living in the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter. This was an increase of 588 persons since 2018.<ref>''Le Monde'', 18 March 2019.</ref>
	Paris receives around 28 million tourists per year,<ref name="Paris Region Key Figures">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/images/publications/pdf/--~~~~chiffres_cles_en/2011/chiffres_cles_en_2011_complet.pdf |title=Paris Region Key Figures |author=Martine Delassus, Florence Humbert, Christine Tarquis, Julie Veaute |date=February 2011 |work=|publisher=Paris Region Economic Development Agency |accessdate=21 July 2011}} (PDF file)</ref> of which 17 million are foreign visitors,.<ref>{{cite web|title=Une Dynamique pour Paris Capitale mondiale du tourisme|language=French|publisher=Mairie du Paris|location=Paris, France|accessdate=20 June 2013|format=PDF|url=http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=33133}}</ref> In 2013-2014, Paris received 15.57 million international overnight visitors, which made Paris the third most popular tourist destination city, after London and Bangkok.<ref>MasterCard Global Destination Cities Survey 2014, published July 9, 2014.</ref> Paris has four ]. Its museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's top tourist attraction was the Cathedral of ], which welcomed 14 million visitors in 2013. The ] museum had more than 9.2 million visitors in 2013, making it the most visited museum in the world. The other top cultural attractions in Paris in 2013 were the ] (10,500,000 visitors); the ] (6,740,000 visitors); the ] (3.745.000 visitors) and ] (3,467.000 visitors).<ref>Press release of the Mairie de Paris and Paris Office of Tourism and Conventions, 16 July 2014</ref> ], in ], 32&nbsp;km (20 miles) east of centre of Paris, is a major tourist attraction for visitors to not only Paris but also the rest of Europe, with 14.5&nbsp;million visitors in 2007.
	==Cityscape==		===Suburbs===
			] satellite]]
	{{wide image|Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg|1600px|Panorama of Paris as seen from the ] as a 270-degree view. The river flows from right to left, from the north-east to the south-west.}}
			], 2019]]
			Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative ] department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. To address this problem, the parent "District de la région parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed "]" in 1977, but this abbreviated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Chapitre5_de_Breve_histoire_de_amenagement_de_Paris_DREIF_Auteur_Claude_Cottour_cle0344bc.pdf |title=Une brève histoire de l'aménagement de Paris et sa région Du District à la Région Île-de-France |access-date=26 November 2014 |publisher=DRIEA Île-de-France |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101005621/http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Chapitre5_de_Breve_histoire_de_amenagement_de_Paris_DREIF_Auteur_Claude_Cottour_cle0344bc.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began in January 2016, when the Métropole du ] came into existence.<ref name=MGP>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig |title=Code général des collectivités territoriales – Article L5219-1 |access-date=29 November 2015 |publisher=Legifrance |language=fr |trans-title=General Code of Territorial Communities – Article L5219-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. ] promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs ''mésentente'' when he became head of the Paris region in 1961.{{sfn|Masson|1984|p=536}} Two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban "villes nouvelles" ("new cities"){{sfn|Yarri|2008|p=407}} and the ] commuter train network.{{sfn|Gordon|2006|pp=46–47}}
	===Architecture===
	{{See also|Haussmann's renovation of Paris|List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region}}
	] (1897)|270x270px]]
	The architecture in Paris has been constrained by laws related to the height and shape of buildings at least since the 17th century,<ref>The Ordonnance of 18 August 1667 stated that the maximal height of the ] should be no more than 16m; compare with the {{fr}} {{PDFlink|1=}} which still limits the height to 18m in some streets of central Paris.</ref> to the point that ''alignement'' and (often uniformity of height) of buildings is a characteristic and recognizable trait of Paris streets in spite of the evolution of architectural styles. However, a large part of contemporary Paris has been affected by the vast mid-19th century urban remodelling.
			Many other suburban residential districts (''grands ensembles'') were built between the 1960s and 1970s, to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population.{{sfn|Castells|1983|p=75}} These districts were socially mixed at first,{{sfn|Tomas|Blanc|Bonilla|IERP|2003|p=237}} but few residents actually owned their homes. The growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s.<ref name="villes nouvelles">{{cite web |url=http://www.laburba.fr/app/download/7815645/Article+villes+nouvelles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326035711/http://www.laburba.fr/app/download/7815645/Article%2Bvilles%2Bnouvelles.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2016 |title=Les Politiques Nationales du Logement et le Logement dans les Villes Nouvelles |publisher=Laburba.fr |access-date=25 November 2014 |page=6 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere, and their repopulation by those with more limited resources.<ref name="villes nouvelles"/>
	By the middle of the 19th century, the centre of the city was a labyrinth of narrow, winding streets, without sidewalks, between crumbling four and five story buildings; many neighbourhoods were dark, unhealthy, and dangerous. Beginning in 1853, ] and his ''préfet de Seine'' ], demolished two thousand buildings and eliminated forty streets, and built two hundred kilometres of wide new boulevards, squares and parks, along with sidewalks, sewers, and street lighting. Haussmann established standards for the height, general design and the materials used for the buildings along the new boulevards, giving the centre of Paris the distinct unity and look that it has today.<ref>de Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris d'Haussmann''</ref>
			These areas, ''quartiers sensibles'' ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its ] and ] neighbourhoods. To the north of Paris, they are grouped mainly in the ] ], and to a lesser extreme to the east in the ] ]. Other difficult areas are located in the ] valley, in ] et ] (]), in ], ] (]), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ |title=Atlas des Zones urbaines sensibles (Zus) |access-date = 10 November 2014 |website=SIG du secretariat générale du SIV |publisher=Ministère de l'Egalité des Territoires et du Logement |language=fr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170816133325/http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ |archive-date = 16 August 2017 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
	The building code has been slightly relaxed since the 1850s, but the Second Empire plans are in many cases more or less followed. An "''alignement''" law is still in place, which regulates a building's height according to the width of the streets it borders, and under the regulation, it is almost impossible to get an approval to build a taller building.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=17}} However, specific authorizations allowed for the construction of many ] buildings in the 1960s and early 1970s, most of them limited to a height of 100 m, in peripheral arrondissements.
			The Paris agglomeration's ] is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southwest, and the middle-to-working classes are in the north and east. The remaining areas are mostly middle-class, dotted with wealthy islands in areas of historical importance, namely ] to the east and ] to the north of Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=20529&page=alapage/alap414/alap414_carte.htm#carte1 |title=Une forte hétérogénéité des revenus en Île-de-France |publisher=INSEE |access-date=26 November 2014 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229014922/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=20529&page=alapage%2Falap414%2Falap414_carte.htm#carte1 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Churches are the oldest intact buildings in the city, and show high Gothic architecture at its best—Notre Dame cathedral and the '']'' are two of the most striking buildings in the city.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=46}} The latter half of the 19th-century was an era of architectural inspiration, with buildings such as the '']'', built between 1875 and 1919 in a neo-Byzantine design.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=163}} Paris' most famous architectural piece, the Eiffel Tower, was built as a temporary exhibit for the 1889 World Fair and remains an enduring symbol of the capital with its iconic structure and position, towering over much of the city.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=48}} Many of Paris' important institutions are located outside the city limits; the financial business district is in La Défense, and many of the educational institutions lie in the southern suburbs.
			==Demographics==
	===Landmarks by district===
			{{Main|Demographics of Paris}}
	{{Main|Landmarks in the City of Paris|Paris districts|List of visitor attractions in Paris}}
			]
			{{Collapsible Table Paris Region top countries & territories of birth}}
			The population of the City of Paris was 2,102,650 in January 2023, down from 2,165,423 in January 2022, according to the ], the French statistical agency. Between 2013 and 2023, the population fell by 122,919, or about five percent. The Mayor of Paris, ], declared that this illustrated the "de-densification" of the city, creating more green space and less crowding.<ref>"Paris Population Shrank By 122,000 Over Past Decade","Forbes Magazine", 24 February 2023</ref><ref>"Le Parisien, "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December 2021</ref> Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely-populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks.<ref name="Le Monde, 22 January 2019">''Le Monde'', 22 January 2019</ref> This drop was attributed partly to a lower birth rate, the departure of middle-class residents and the possible loss of housing in Paris, due to short-term rentals for tourism.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Paris perd ses habitants, la faute à la démographie et aux... meublés touristiques pour la Ville." ''Le Parisien'', 28 December 2017</ref>
			Paris is the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, after ], ] and ]. ] places Paris (6.5 million people) behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities |title=Statistics on European cities |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114142816/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities |archive-date=14 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The ], on the right bank of the Seine and partly on ''Île de la Cité'' (which it shares with the 4th arrondissement), forms much of the historic centre of Paris. The ], ], '']'', '']'' are among Paris' oldest buildings. The 1st arrondissement is also home to '']'', '']'', '']'', '']''. '']'' were formerly Paris' central meat and produce market and, since the late 1970s, have been a major shopping centre.<ref>{{cite book|title=Caterer & Hotelkeeper|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KFosAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=2 July 2013|date=November 1993|publisher=IPC Consumer Industries Press|page=48}}</ref> '']'' is famous for its elegant ''hôtels particuliers'', such as the ''Hôtel de Gramont'' (18th century), now the luxurious palace-hotel ], the ''Hôtel Duché des Tournelles'' (18th century), which now belongs to ]. The '']'' (17th century), near '']'', the Parisian residence of the ], is since 1811 the seat of the '']''. Luxury hotels such as ], the '']'', and the '']'' are also located in the 1st arrondissement, all close to the Tuileries Gardens.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=147–8}}
			The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921.<ref>{{Cassini-Ehess|26207|Paris}}</ref> The principal reasons are a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included ], high rent, the ] of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. Paris's population loss came to a temporary halt at the beginning of the 21st century. The population increased from 2,125,246 in 1999 to 2,240,621 in 2012, before declining again slightly in 2017, 2018, and again in 2021.<ref>"Le Parisien", "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December 2021</ref><ref name="pophis">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-75056 |title=Population en historique depuis 1968: Commune de Paris (75056) |author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |access-date=11 September 2020 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215061844/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-75056 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The '']'' (historical axis), is an unobstructed line of monuments that begins in the 1st arrondissement at the ] in the ''Cour Napoléon'' of the Louvre, runs east to west through the center of the '']'', the ], the ] at the center of '']'', '']'', ], ''Avenue de la Grande Armée'', '']'' and ends at '']'' in ]. With its start in the 1st arrondissement, the ''Axe historique'' crosses the 8th, then the border between the 16th and 17th arrondissements before continuing its straight course outside of Paris.<ref>{{cite web|title=L'Axe historique|accessdate=21 April 2013|url=http://omnilogie.fr/O/L'Axe_historique|language=French}}</ref>
			Paris is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the ''agglomération Parisienne'', and statistically as a '']'' (a measure of ]), the Paris agglomeration's population of 10,785,092 in 2017 made it the ].<ref name=pop_UU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=UU2020-00851 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851) |author=INSEE |access-date=17 June 2022 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617121211/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=UU2020-00851 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=urbaneurope>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-01-16-691 |title=Urban Europe — Statistics on cities, towns and suburbs |date=2016 |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012194422/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-01-16-691 |url-status=live}}</ref> City-influenced commuter activity reaches further, in a statistical ], "functional area", a statistical method comparable to a ],<ref name=FU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173 |title=Functional areas – Definition |publisher=] |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409035813/https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173 |url-status=live }}</ref>), that had a population of 13,024,518 in 2017,<ref name=pop_AU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=AAV2020-001 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |author=INSEE |access-date=17 June 2022 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617120814/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=AAV2020-001 |url-status=live }}</ref> 19.6% of the population of France,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=FE-1 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: France entière |author=INSEE |access-date=11 September 2020 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195634/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=FE-1 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the ] in the ].<ref name=urbaneurope/>
	The ], on the right bank, lies to the north of the 1st and is overlapping into the 3rd. It is the theatre district of Paris,{{sfn|Rousseau|2004|p=37}} with the '']'', '']'', ''], ], ], ]'' and '']''. Also of note are the '']'', '']'' (former ''Palais Mazarin'', 17th century), '']'' and '']''.{{sfn|Boogert|2012|p=58}} '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']'' are major thoroughfares running through the district.
			In 2012, according to ], the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union. There were 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits, the NUTS-3 statistical area, ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. In the same census, three departments bordering Paris, ], ] and ], had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level |title=Population statistics at regional level |publisher=Eurostat |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407164439/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level |archive-date=7 April 2015}}</ref>{{verify source|date=June 2019 |reason=Old data, 2012 does not match with report date (March 2014). Current report could be different.}}
	]|270x270px]]
	The ] is located to the north-east of the 1st, on the right bank of the Seine. It is a culturally open place with Chinese, Jewish and gay communities, and architecturally very well preserved. At 51 ''rue de Montmorency'', stands the oldest house of Paris, the ''Maison de Nicolas Flamel'', built in 1407. Museums are in former ''hôtels particuliers'': the ] ('']'', 16th and 17th centuries), the ] (''Hôtel Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau'', 17th century). The '']'' (], 12th/20th centuries). The ] (''Hôtel de Saint-Aignan'', 17th century) and the '']'' (''Hôtel Salé'', 17th century) are in '']'', a trendy district spanning the 3rd and 4th arrondissements. Two well-known theatres are '']'' and '']''.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=70}} '']'', the oldest planned square in Paris, built by ] at the turn of the 17th century, lies at the border of the 3rd and 4th arrondissements. {{sfn|Frommer's|2012|p=103}} The 3rd arrondissement extends to '']'' (former ''Place du Château d'eau''), which it shares with the 10th and 11th arrondissements.
			===Migration===
	The ], on the right bank of the Seine and also the eastern part of ''Île de la Cité'' and '']'', is located to the east of the 1st. The 12th-century cathedral '']'' on the ''Île de la Cité'' is the best-known landmark of the 4th arrondissement. Among other notable monuments are the ], '']'', ], also known as ''Beaubourg'', . In ''Le Marais'', the '']'', '']'' ('']'', 17th century), '']'' (demolished in 1845), '']'', '']'' ('']''), the ''Mémorial de la Shoah'', and others. '']'' (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) is a district of great historical significance, for not just Paris, but for all of France. Because of its symbolic value, the square is often the site of political demonstrations. In its center, stands the ] commemorating the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=178}}
			Under French law, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth are defined as immigrants. In the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from ], 112,369 were immigrants from the ], 70,852 from ] and ], 5,059 from ], 91,297 from ] outside Turkey, 38,858 from the ], and 1,365 from the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |title=Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Département de Paris (75) |trans-title=Immigrants by sex, age and country of birth – Department of Paris (75)|work=] |access-date=19 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			In the Paris Region, 590,504 residents were immigrants from Europe, 627,078 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 435,339 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 69,338 from Turkey, 322,330 from Asia outside Turkey, 113,363 from the Americas, and 2,261 from the South Pacific.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |title=Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |trans-title=Immigrants by sex, age and country of birth – Île-de-France region (11) |work=] |access-date=19 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	]'' with the ] in its center|270x270px]]
			In 2012, there were 8,810 British citizens and 10,019 United States citizens living in the City of Paris (Ville de Paris), and 20,466 British citizens and 16,408 United States citizens living in the entire Paris Region (]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |title=Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |trans-title=Population by sex, age and nationality – Île-de-France region (11) |work=] |access-date=20 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |title=Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Département de Paris (75) |trans-title=Population by sex, age and nationality – Department of Paris (75) |work=] |access-date=20 November 2015 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	The ], on the left bank, contains the ] (also spanning the 6th), a 12th-century scholastic centre, formerly stretching between the left bank's ''Place Maubert'' and the ] campus of the ], its oldest and most famous college.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=195}} It also houses other higher-education establishments, such as the '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']''. Of high interest are also the '']'', '']'', ], the '']'', '']'', the church '']'', the ], the '']''. The ] is a mausoleum where many of France's illustrious personalities are buried: 70 men and two women: ] and Sophie Berthelot.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=227–8}} In addition to places of learning and monuments, the 5th arrondissement, known for its lively atmosphere, is filled with bookstores, restaurants, cafés, places of entertainment such as the '']'', '']'' (a jazz club), and others.
			In 2020–2021, about 6 million people, or 41% of the population of the Paris Region, were either immigrants (21%) or had at least one immigrant parent (20%). These figures do not include French people born in Overseas France and their direct descendants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Localisation des immigrés et des descendants d'immigrés |trans-title=Location of immigrants and descendants of immigrants |language=fr |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793282?sommaire=6793391 |work=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012045430/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793282?sommaire=6793391 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>
	The ], to the south of the centre and on the left bank of the Seine, has numerous hotels, cafés, restaurants, cinémas and also educational institutions. One of the most expensive residential districts of Paris per square meter, it includes the ] (''Palais du Luxembourg'') and the '']'' quarter. Adjoining the ''Palais du Luxembourg'' is the renowned '']'' (with a replica of the ] offered by its creator ] in 1900). Although not as many as its neighbouring 5th arrondissement, the 6th holds several prestigious institutions, such as the '']'', the ], the '']'', ''Lycée Fénelon'', '']'', ''Lycée Saint-Louis'', the '']''. The ''Saint-Germain-des-Prés'' quarter was named after the medieval ]. Some of its main points of interest are cafés such as '']'', '']'', '']'' and also ''Brasserie Lipp''. The '']'' and '']'' (which houses the ]), are former ''hôtels particuliers''.
			===Religion===
	The ] lies to the southwest of the centre, on the left bank of the Seine. Like the sixth, it is one of the most expensive residential districts of Paris. Its main tourist attraction, the ] (''Tour Eiffel''), was built as a "temporary" construction for the 1889 ]. Among other monuments and historical landmarks of the 7th arrondissement are, the '']'', ], '']'', where are buried ], his son, ], known as the ''Roi de Rome'', as well as France's great field marshals, generals and war heroes. Also in the 7th arrondissement are the '']'', which houses the ], the '']'', official residence of the Prime Minister, most of the important ministries (agriculture, ], education, foreign affairs, health, transports), several embassies, the '']'' and the '']'', an 18th-century ''hôtel particulier'', which houses the '']''.
			{{See also|Religious buildings in Paris}}
			] in ]]]
			At the beginning of the twentieth century, Paris was the largest ] city in the world.<ref>{{cite book |title=Catholicism and Politics in Argentina, 1810–1960 |first=Austen |last=Ivereigh |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-13618-6 |page=76 |publisher=Springer |quote=Buenos Aires was the second largest Catholic city in the world (after Paris)}}</ref> French census data does not contain information about religious affiliation.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |title=After Integration: Islam, Conviviality and Contentious Politics in Europe |last1=Burchardt |first1=Marian |last2=Michalowski |first2=Ines |date=26 November 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-658-02594-6 |language=en |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001032126/https://books.google.fr/books?id=mPibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2011 survey by the ] (IFOP), a French public opinion research organisation, 61 percent of residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France) identified themselves as ]. In the same survey, 7 percent of residents identified themselves as Muslims, 4 percent as Protestants, 2 percent as Jewish and 25 percent as without religion.
	] during Christmas and New Year's celebrations|270x270px]]
	The 8th arrondissement, on the right bank, is bordered by the 1st and 9th arrondissements (east), the 16th (west), the 17th (north), and the 7th across the Seine (south). It is a highly touristic and business area of Paris with shopping and elegant streets, such as '']'', '']'', ''Avenue George V'', '']'', '']'', streets and avenues that host world-renowned labels: ], ],{{sfn|Boogert|2012|p=252}} ], ], ], ], as well as ], ], ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=148–9}} Several former ''hôtels particuliers'' or princely residences have now become government buildings: in the ''rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré'', the ], residence of the President of the Republic, the ] and the '']'', residence of the ]; in the ''Avenue Marigny'', the '']'', residence of visiting high foreign dignitaries; on '']'', the '']'', which houses the headquarters of the ], with its twin building to the west, the '']'', a luxury hotel owned by the ] of ] and which faces the ]. Among its historical landmarks are the ], '']'' church, '']'', the museums '']'' and '']'', '']'', the '']'', the '']'', the concert halls '']'' and '']'', cabarets '']'' and '']'', luxury hotels, such as ], and several renowned restaurants, among which ], '']'', '']'', ] and ].
			According to the INSEE, between 4 and 5 million French residents were born, or had at least one parent born, in a predominantly Muslim country, particularly ], ] and ]. An IFOP survey in 2008 reported that, of immigrants from these predominantly Muslim countries, 25 percent went to the mosque regularly. 41 percent practised the religion, and 34 percent were believers, but did not practice the religion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html |title=que pese l'Islam en France |work=Le Monde |date=21 January 2015 |language=fr |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127053220/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html |archive-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |title=How does France count its muslim population? |work=Le Figaro |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105002152/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |archive-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012 and 2013, it was estimated that there were almost 500,000 Muslims in the City of Paris, 1.5 million Muslims in the Île-de-France region and 4 to 5 million Muslims in France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.francesoir.fr/actualite/societe/dalil-boubakeur-%E2%80%9Cil-faut-doubler-nombre-mosquees-en-france%E2%80%9D-54083.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112504/http://archive.francesoir.fr/actualite/societe/dalil-boubakeur-%E2%80%9Cil-faut-doubler-nombre-mosquees-en-france%E2%80%9D-54083.html |url-status=live |archive-date=28 January 2015 |title=Interview with Dalil Boubakeur |work=Le Soir |language=fr |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Riou |first1=Mathilde |title=Le manque de mosquée en Ile-de-France |url=http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/2013/04/29/le-manque-de-mosquee-en-ile-de-france-243225.html |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=France 3 |date=29 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174949/http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/2013/04/29/le-manque-de-mosquee-en-ile-de-france-243225.html |archive-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The ], north of the heart of Paris, on the right bank, is a district where stands the renowned '']'' built in the later ] period, on the '']''. It houses the ] and the ].{{sfn|Kaberry|Brown|2001|p=46-7}} Among the theatres, cinemas, music halls, concert halls, cafés and museums of the 9th arrondissement are ], '']'', the cinema ''Gaumont-Opéra'', since 1927 on the site of the former '']'', '']'', '']'', ], '']'', ''Grand Café Capucines'', '']'', '']'', ], and '']''. The 9th arrondissement is also the location of the ], and the capital's densest concentration of department stores and office buildings including the '']'' and '']'' department stores, and the Paris headquarters of '']'' and ].{{sfn|Fallon|Williams|2008|p=404}}
			In 2014, the Jewish population of the Paris Region was estimated to be 282,000, the largest concentration of Jews in the world outside of ] and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=776 |title=World Jewish Population 2014 |author=Berman Jewish Databank |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104100328/http://jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=776 |archive-date=4 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The ], on the right bank, lies north-east of the centre and is a continuation of the theatre district with several theatres including '']'', '']'' and '']''. Also of note are '']'', '']'', ], ], '']'', '']'' and the ] and ] churches.{{sfn|Rossiter|Muirhead|1968|p=96}} The ] music hall opened in 2008. The train stations '']'' and '']'' are both located in the 10th arrondissement. At ''39, rue du Château-d'Eau'' is Paris smallest house with a width of 1,10 m and a height of 5 metres.
			==Economy==
	The ], on the right bank, is located west of the 20th arrondissement in the eastern part of Paris. It contains the squares '']'', '']'', '']'', the theatres ], '']'', '']'', '']'', ''Théâtre de la Bastille'' and '']'', the museums '']'' and '']'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.parisinfo.com/cross_selling/cult/%28type%29/10/%28cp_type%29/aron/%28cp%29/75011/%28offset%29/0|title=Musée à Paris dans le 11 arrondissement|publisher=Parisinfo.com|accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref> and the ] (closed in 1974).
			{{Main|Economy of Paris}}
			], the largest dedicated business district in Europe, located to the west of Paris<ref name="France.fr">{{cite web |url=https://www.france.fr/en/paris/list/paris-what-to-do-what-to-see |title=La Défense, Europe's largest business district |publisher=France.fr |access-date = 8 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530043643/http://www.france.fr/en/paris-capital-region/la-defense-europes-largest-business-district |archive-date = 30 May 2013}}</ref>]]
			] of ], the largest banking group in Europe, in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/269845/largest-banks-in-the-world-by-total-assets/|title=Largest banks worldwide as of December 2021, by assets|date=29 August 2022|website=statista.com|publisher=Statista|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810163936/https://www.statista.com/statistics/269845/largest-banks-in-the-world-by-total-assets/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
			] headquarters at Hôtel de La Vaupalière]]
			]|italic=no}} headquarters in ], south of Paris<ref name=sieges>{{cite web |website=Crédit Agricole |title=De Las Cases à Jean Jaurès : Crédit Agricole S.A. à travers ses sièges |date=2011 |url=https://www.credit-agricole.com/pdfPreview/189647 |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725035725/https://www.credit-agricole.com/pdfPreview/189647 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
			The economy of the City of Paris is based largely on services and commerce. Of the 390,480 enterprises in Paris, 80.6 percent are engaged in commerce, transportation, and diverse services, 6.5 percent in construction, and 3.8 percent in industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056 |publisher=INSEE |title=Department of Paris; Complete Dossier |access-date=25 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307200924/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The story is similar in the ] (Île-de-France): 76.7 percent of enterprises are engaged in commerce and services, and 3.4 percent in industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=REG-11 |publisher=INSEE |title=Île-de-France Region – Complete dossier |access-date=25 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316053531/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=REG-11 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |publisher=INSEE |title=EMP2 – Emplois au lieu de travail par sexe, statut et secteur d'activité économique – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |access-date=26 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures/agregatnaf2008/agregatnaf2008.htm |publisher=INSEE |title=La nomenclature agrégée – NA, 2008 |access-date = 26 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151219154702/http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures%2Fagregatnaf2008%2Fagregatnaf2008.htm |archive-date = 19 December 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref>
	]|270x270px]]
	The ], on the right bank in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, is separated from the 13th by the Seine with several bridges. The district contains '']'' and '']'' (bordering the 11th), with '']'' one of its main thoroughfares, the train station ], '']'', ''Hôpital Saint-Antoine'', the former 12th century '']'' abbey converted into a hospital in 1791 during the Convention period of the ], ], '']'', '']'', the Buddhist temples ] and '']'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goparis.about.com/b/2010/02/16/french-tibetans-culminate-own-new-year-celebrations.htm|title=French Tibetans Begin Own New Year Celebrations|publisher=Goparis.about.com|accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref> ], the main facility of the ], whose architect was the Uruguayan ], was inaugurated in 1989 as part of President ]’s “]”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.operadeparis.fr/en/L_Opera/Opera_Bastille/|title=Opera Bastille|publisher=Opera de Paris|accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref>
			The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 ''pôles d'emplois'' or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or ''quartier central des affaires''. In 2010, it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about 30 percent of the salaried employees in Paris and 10 percent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.<ref name="INSEE">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=20718 |title=En Île-de-France, 39 poles d'emploi structurent l'economie régionale |publisher=INSEE |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=20718 |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref>
	The ], on the left bank, lies on the southeast of Paris, south of the 5th, east of the 14th and west of the 12th, with the Seine separating these two arrondissements. It contains the '']'' (Asian Quarter), ], '']'', the ] shopping centre with some 130 stores,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.italie2.com/|title=A La Line|publisher=Italie2.com|accessdate=9 July 2013|language=French}}</ref> the train station '']'', the tapestry making ] and institutions such as the '']'' and '']''.
			The second-largest business district in terms of employment is ], just west of the city. In 2010, it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, ] and ], are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Défense. Another district, including ], ] and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a centre of activity for the media and information technology.<ref name="INSEE" />
	The ], on the left bank and in the southern part of Paris, between the 13th (on its east) and the 15th (on its west), bordered on its north by the 5th and 6th arrondissements, contains the historic ] famous for its artists' studios, music halls, theatres ('']''), cinemas, restaurants (''La Coupole'') and café life.{{sfn|Rynn|2009|p=365}} The ], the large ] metro station adjacent to '']'' train station (sharing its location with the 15th), and the lone 59-story ] '']'' are located there. Among other sites of interest are the ], with entrance at '']'', the ], the '']'', ] and '']''.
			In 2021, the top French companies listed in the ] all have their headquarters in the Paris Region. Six are in the central business district of the City of Paris, four are close to the city in the ] Department, three are in ] and one is in ]. Some companies, like ], have offices in both Paris and La Défense. The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a ] of ]765 billion, of which €253 billion was in Paris city.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions | website=ec.europa.eu | access-date=1 January 2024 | archive-date=1 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101045308/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, its GDP ranked first among the metropolitan regions of the EU, and its per-capita GDP PPP was the 8th highest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2023 |title=Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant) by NUTS 2 regions |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TGS00005/default/table?lang=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=ec.europa.eu |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613192346/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TGS00005/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=21341#trois |publisher=Insee |title=L'Île-de-France, une des régions les plus riches d'Europe |access-date=11 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=21341#trois |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="McKinsey">{{cite magazine |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |magazine=Foreign Policy |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828041241/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |archive-date=28 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2019,<ref name=pop2023>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2023 |title=Population estimate as of January 1, 2023 – Series by region, department, sex and age from 1975 to 2023 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.insee.fr |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421215403/http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Paris region's GDP accounted for 32 percent of metropolitan France's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=GDP in value (current prices) – Metropolitan France |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751746 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.insee.fr |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816202919/https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751746 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=GDP in value (current prices) – Île-de-France |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751748 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.insee.fr |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816222906/https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751748 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	The ], on the left bank and in the south-western part of the city, is the most heavily populated arrondissement. It is has six bridges, among which '']'', '']'', and '']'' (reserved for automobile traffic only). A number of institutions are based in the 15th arrondissement including the hospitals '']'' and ], and the French automobile company ] had several factories which were replaced by the '']''. There are above forty ''espaces verts'', i.e. public gardens, squares and open spaces, in the 15th, among which, the ''Allée des Cygnes'' on the '']'', the '']'', created on the roof covering the platform above the rails at the ''Gare Montparnasse'' train station, the '']'', with the reputation of being one of the most beautiful of the arrondissement. The ] was built in 1960 to replace the old '']'' and has hosted many notable spectacles over the years, such as musical events, ] matches, the Moscow Circus, and more. {{sfn|Labourdette|Auzias|Chapalain|2009|p=13}} The business district ], straddling the 15th arrondissement and the communes of ] and ] to the south-west of central Paris, is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the headquarters of most of France's TV networks such as ], ] and ].{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=408}}
			The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (], IT services) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).<ref name="INSEE 201210">{{cite web |url=http://www.ile-de-france.gouv.fr/content/download/5429/38877/file/L’industrie%20en%20Ile-de-France%20–%20Principaux%20indicateurs%20régionaux.pdf |title=L'Industrie en Île-de-France, Principaux Indicateurs Régionaux |publisher=INSEE |access-date = 24 November 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150223184616/http://www.ile-de-france.gouv.fr/content/download/5429/38877/file/L%E2%80%99industrie%20en%20Ile-de-France%20%E2%80%93%20Principaux%20indicateurs%20r%C3%A9gionaux.pdf |archive-date = 23 February 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central ] department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris's economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the {{lang|fr|]}}, ''La Défense'' and the '']''.<ref name="INSEE 201210" /> While the Paris economy is dominated by ], and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and "eco" industries.<ref name="INSEE 201210" />
	] against ] at the ]|270x270px]]
	The ], on the right bank and marking the western side of the city, is the largest district of Paris. It lies between the 15th and 7th arrondissements (on its east and separated by the Seine), the 8th and 17th (north) up to '']'', the '']'' (west), and the suburb of ] (south). It is a wealthy residential district, where are located many embassies and consulates, several museums and theatres, ] and the ] (OECD). Sport installations, such as the '']'', home of the football club '']'', the '']'', which hosts the annual ] tennis tournament, the '']'', the '']'' rugby club, ], and the ], a horse racing venue established in 1873 and which hosted the equestrian events of the ], are in the 16th arrondissement.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=320}} Among the many points of interest are the '']'' between the Eiffel Tower (in the 7th, on the other side of the Seine) and the ], which also houses the '']'', the '']'', '']'', '']'', the '']'', ], the ''Parc de Bagatelle'', in the ''Bois de Boulogne'', with its beautiful rose garden, the ''Roseraie de Bagatelle'' created in 1905, and which is the site every June of the '']'', an international competition of newly created roses. The 16th arrondissement has also been the site of the shooting of many films.<ref>]</ref>
			In the 2017 worldwide cost of living survey by the ], based on a survey made in September 2016, Paris ranked as the seventh most expensive city in the world, and the second most expensive in Europe, after ].<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, based in September 2016 data, retrieved July 2017.</ref> In 2018, Paris was the most expensive city in the world with ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Classement.Singapour, Hong Kong, Paris : le trio des villes les plus chères du monde |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/classement-singapour-hong-kong-paris-le-trio-des-villes-les-plus-cheres-du-monde |website=courrierinternational.com |publisher=] |date=20 March 2019 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327081301/https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/classement-singapour-hong-kong-paris-le-trio-des-villes-les-plus-cheres-du-monde |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}.</ref> ] is a ] for startups, noted as the world's largest startup facility.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Medeiros |first1=João |title=Station F, the world's largest startup campus opens in Paris |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/station-f |access-date=21 August 2017 |magazine=Wired |date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085053/http://www.wired.co.uk/article/station-f |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	] and the Arc de Triomphe|270x270px]]
	] in ]|270x270px]]
	The ], on the right bank, is on the north-west side of Paris, bordering the suburbs of ] and ] (west), ] and ] (north), 18th arrondissement (east), and 16th (south), from which it is separated by the ''avenue de la Grande-Armée'' which leads beyond Neuilly-sur-Seine to the '']'', the western end of the '']'', in ] business district. Like the arrondissements surrounding it (except the 18th), the 17th is a wealthy residential district home to several embassies. It has several squares, including '']'' (meeting point of the 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements), '']'', '']'', and green spaces, such as '']'', not far from the '']'', in the ] quarter, and the ] (which has some 900 trees), in the ] quarter.
			===Employment and income===
	The ], on the right bank and on the northern edge of the city, is also the capital's highest point, with an altitude of 130,53 metres. It borders the 17th arrondissement (west), the 9th and 10th (south), the 19th (east) and the Seine-Saint-Denis department (north). It includes the former village of ], a historic area on the hill ''Butte Montmartre'', associated with artists, studios and cafés.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=159–75}} After the 15th, it is the most populated arrondissements of Paris. Some of its interesting landmarks are the ] (most visited monument in France after ]), the windmill ], the cabarets '']'' and '']'', the bar-restaurant theatre ''Les Trois Baudets'', ], the market ''Marché de La Chapelle'' and the ], one of the three largest cemeteries in Paris.
			]
			In 2007, the majority of Paris's salaried employees filled 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements.<ref name="AlapageINSEE">{{cite press release |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap288/alapage288.pdf |title=Île-de-France – A la Page Nº288 – INSEE 2007 |date=November 2007 |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229014929/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap288/alapage288.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris's financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Paris's department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ ten percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these in the retail trade.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Fourteen percent of Parisians worked in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/>
			Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either administration or education. The majority of Paris's healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing, concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department ] district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> The north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/>
	The ], on the right bank and on the northeastern edge of the city, is bordered on the north by the suburb of ], on the east by those of ], ] and ], on the south by the 20th arrondissement, and on the west by the 18th and 10th. Several canals run through the 19th arrondissement: ] becomes ] below the '']'', which commemorates the ] ]. The '']'', a prestigious music and dance school, established in 1795, is located in the 19th arrondissement,{{sfn|Clark|2008|p=101}} as are the cultural centre ''Cent Quatre'', and several theatres: ''Théâtre Paris-Villette'', ''Théâtre des Artisans'', and ''Théâtre Darius Milhaud''. The '']'', one of the largest concert halls in Paris with a capacity of 6,293 spectators,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theconcertdatabase.com/venues/z%C3%A9nith-de-paris|title=Zénith de Paris|publisher=The Concert Database|accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref> is located in '']'', one of several parks and green spaces in the 19th arrondissement with '']'' and '']''.
			Paris's manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs. Paris has around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> In 2015, the Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers. Many of these are centred in the ] department, around the Renault and PSA-Citroën plants. This department alone employs 33,000.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> In 2014, the industry as a whole suffered a major loss, with the closing of a major ] Citroën assembly plant.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/>
	The ], on the right bank and on the eastern edge of the city, is bordered to the north by the 19th arrondissement, to the east by the suburbs of ], ], ] and ], to the south by the 12th arrondissement and to the west by the 11th. It contains the neighbourhood of ], a working-class neighbourhood, which includes the ], close to the Paris of artists, writers and singers such as ], ], ], ], ], to name a few. Among films shot in that part of Paris is ]. During the first half of the 20th century, right after the end of the ], many immigrants settled in this area: ], ], Jews from central Europe, ] fleeing the ] in 1933, and ] fleeing the ] during the 1936-1939 ]. ]ns and ] arrived in the early 1960s. Belleville is home to one of the largest congregations of the ], and contains the ''Église Réformée de Belleville''. Place of interests of the 20th arrondissement are the ], one of Paris most famous cemeteries, and the nearby '']''.
			The southern ] department specialises in science and technology.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> The south-eastern ], with its wholesale ], specialises in food processing and beverages.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries. These employ about 100,000 workers.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/>
	===Parks and gardens===
	{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Paris|History of Parks and Gardens of Paris}}
	], the oldest garden in the city.]]
	]'' on a sunny day]]
	Paris today has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than three thousand hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees.<ref name="Jarrassé, Dominique 2007">Jarrassé, Dominique, ''Grammaire des jardins parisiens'' (2007), Parigramme, (ISBN 978-2-84096-476-6)</ref> Two of Paris' oldest and most famous gardens are the ], created in 1564 for the ], and redone by ] between 1664 and 1672, {{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=125}} and the ], for the ], built for ] in 1612, which today houses the ]. {{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=208}} The '']'' was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626 by ]'s doctor ] for the cultivation of medicinal plants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Jardin de Plantes|url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?AE_ID=214&INFO_ID=21&LIEU_ID=158&MAN_ID=273&SITE_ID=10&i=1&idx=6&nav=liste|accessdate=22 June 2013}}</ref> Between 1853 and 1870, the Emperor ] and the city's first director of parks and gardens, ], created the '']'', the '']'', '']'' and the '']'', located at the four points of the compass around the city, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris' quarters.<ref name="Jarrassé, Dominique 2007"/> One hundred sixty-six new parks have been created since 1977, most notably the '']'' (1987-1991) and '']'' (1992).<ref name="Jarrassé, Dominique 2007"/> The newest park in Paris, the '']'', built on a former highway on the left bank of the Seine between the ''Pont de l'Alma'' and the '']'', offers floating gardens and an exceptional view of the city's landmarks.
			Incomes are higher in the Western part of Paris and in the western suburbs, than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area.<ref name="wealth distribution">{{cite web |title=Structure et distribution des revenus, inégalité des niveaux de vie en 2013 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2388413 |website=insee.fr |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620170141/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2388413 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in Paris earned less than €977 per month, the official ]. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line. In Paris' wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metronews.fr/paris/des-quartiers-de-paris-compteraient-plus-de-40-de-pauvres/mnaB!OVs3O27zkRe6/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140406124836/http://www.metronews.fr/paris/des-quartiers-de-paris-compteraient-plus-de-40-de-pauvres/mnaB!OVs3O27zkRe6/ |archive-date=6 April 2014 |title=Neighborhoods of Paris with more than 40 percent living below poverty line |publisher=Metronews |language=fr |access-date=28 November 2013}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The unemployment rate in Paris in the 4th trimester of 2021 was six percent, compared with 7.4 percent in the whole of France. This was the lowest rate in thirteen years.<ref>Reuters, "France unemployment hits 13-year low", 18 February 2022</ref><ref>INSEE data published 1 April 2022</ref>
	===Water and sanitation===
	]|270x270px]]
	Paris in its early history had only the Seine and ] rivers for water. From 1809, the ] provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931|title=Historique des égouts|accessdate=18 June 2013|language=French|publisher=Paris.fr}}</ref> From 1857, the civil engineer ], under ], oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation.{{sfn|Burchell|1971|p=93}} From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water-supply network.
	Today Paris has over {{convert|2400|km|0|abbr=on}} of underground passageways<ref name="sewers">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139|title=Les égouts parisiens|publisher=Mairie de Paris|accessdate=15 May 2006|language=French}}</ref> dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes.
			===Tourism===
	In 1982, the then mayor, ], introduced the motorcycle-mounted ] to remove dog faeces from Paris streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/21/stuartjeffries.theobserver|title=Merde! Foul Paris goes to the dogs|publisher=''The Guardian''|date=21 October 2001|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> The project was abandoned in 2002 for a new and better enforced local law, under the terms of which dog owners can be fined up to 500 ]s for not removing their dog faeces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/apr/12/worlddispatch.jonhenley|title=Merde most foul|work=The Guardian|location=UK |date=12 April 2002|accessdate=29 July 2010 | first=Jon | last=Henley}}</ref> The air pollution in Paris, from the point of view of particulate matter (pm10), is the highest in France, with 38&nbsp;µg/m³.<ref> according to L'internaute</ref>
			{{Main|Tourism in Paris}}
			{{Further|Landmarks in Paris|Historical quarters of Paris|List of tourist attractions in Paris}}
			], the ]]]
			Tourism continued to recover in the Paris region in 2022, increasing to 44&nbsp;million visitors, an increase of 95&nbsp;percent over 2021, but still 13&nbsp;percent lower than in 2019.<ref name="pro.visitparisregion.com">{{cite web|url=https://pro.visitparisregion.com/chiffres-du-tourisme/conjoncture/bilans/bilan-de-l-annee-touristique-2022-a-paris-ile-de-france-mars-2023 |title=Bilan de l'année touristique 2022 à Paris Île-de-France (mars 2023) |trans-title=Review of the 2022 tourist year in Paris Île-de-France (March 2023) |website=pro.visitparisregion.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325170709/https://pro.visitparisregion.com/chiffres-du-tourisme/conjoncture/bilans/bilan-de-l-annee-touristique-2022-a-paris-ile-de-france-mars-2023|archive-date=25 March 2023 |url-status=live |date=20 March 2023}}</ref>
	===Cemeteries===
	] hold the remains of approximately 6 million people|270x270px]]
			], comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received a record 38&nbsp;million visitors in 2019, measured by hotel arrivals.<ref name=KeyFigures>{{cite web |url=https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures |title=Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2020 |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |website=press.parisinfo.com |access-date=10 September 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910112723/https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures |url-status=dead}}</ref> These included 12.2&nbsp;million French visitors. Of the foreign visitors, the greatest number came from the United States (2.6&nbsp;million), United Kingdom (1.2&nbsp;million), Germany (981&nbsp;thousand) and China (711&nbsp;thousand).<ref name=KeyFigures/>
	In Paris' Roman era, its main cemetery was located to the outskirts of the left bank settlement, but this changed with the rise of Catholicism, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris' growth many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, ], were filled to overflowing, creating quite unsanitary conditions for the capital. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' stone mines outside the "Porte d'Enfer" city gate, today ] in the 14th arrondissement.{{sfn|Whaley|2012|p=101}}{{sfn|Broadwell|2007|p=92}} The process of moving bones from ] to the ] took place between 1786 and 1814;{{sfn|Andia|Brialy|2001|p=221}} part of the network of tunnels and remains can be visited today on the official tour of the catacombs. After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under ] provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=271}} Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of ], ], ], and later ]; these cemeteries became inner-city once again when Paris annexed all neighboring communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the ], the '']'' (also known as ''Cimetière parisien de ]-]'', the ''Cimetière parisien d']'', and the ''Cimetière parisien de ]''.
			In 2018, measured by the ] Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10&nbsp;million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78&nbsp;million) but ahead of London (19.09&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Eric |title=The World's Most-Visited City Is Bangkok |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2019/09/04/the-worlds-most-visited-city-is-bangkok/ |work=] |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914054101/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2019/09/04/the-worlds-most-visited-city-is-bangkok/ |archive-date=14 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, 393,008 workers in Greater Paris, or 12.4&nbsp;percent of the total workforce, were engaged in tourism-related sectors such as hotels, catering, transport and leisure.<ref name=TIP2016/>
			Paris' top cultural attractions in 2022 were the ] (7.7&nbsp;million visitors), the ] (5.8&nbsp;million visitors), the ] (3.27&nbsp;million visitors) and the ] (3&nbsp;million visitors).<ref name="pro.visitparisregion.com" />
			In 2019, Greater Paris had 2,056 hotels, including 94 five-star hotels, with a total of 121,646 rooms.<ref name=KeyFigures/> In 2019, in addition to the hotels, Greater Paris had 60,000 homes registered with ].<ref name=KeyFigures/> Under French law, renters of these units must pay the Paris tourism tax. The company paid the city government 7.3&nbsp;million euros in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vidalon |first=Dominique |date=2017-07-05 |title=hoteliers-welcome-paris-decision-forcing-airbnb-hosts-to-register-rentals-idUSL8N1JW2DD |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/hoteliers-welcome-paris-decision-forcing-airbnb-hosts-to-register-rentals-idUSL8N1JW2DD/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>Fortune Magazine, 5 July 2017.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=November 2023}}
			A minuscule fraction of foreign visitors suffer from ], when their experiences do not meet expectations.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6197921.stm|title = 'Paris Syndrome' strikes Japanese|work = ]|access-date = 4 November 2009|last = Wyatt|first = Caroline|date = 20 December 2006|archive-date = 31 October 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091031110724/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6197921.stm|url-status = live}}</ref>
	==Culture==		==Culture==
			===Painting and sculpture===
	{{Main|Culture of Paris}}
			{{Main|Art in Paris}}
			], '']'', 1876, oil on canvas, {{cvt|131|x|175|cm|0}}, ]]]
			For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art".{{sfn|Montclos|2003}} Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royal family commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the ] era. Sculptors such as ], ] and ] acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. ] became the first painter to King ] during this period. In 1648, the '']'' (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}}
			Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: ], ], ], ], ], ] and others. Paris was central to the development of ] in art, with painters such as ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} ], ], ], ], ] and ] movements all evolved in Paris.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves.{{sfn|Perry|1995|p=19}} Artists such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and many others became associated with Paris.
			The most prestigious sculptors who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era are ] (]), ], ], ], ] (statue of ] in ]) and ]. The ] of the ] ended between the two world wars.
			===Museums===
			{{Main|List of museums in Paris}}
			]]]
			The ] received 2,8 million visitors in 2021, up from 2.7 million in 2020,<ref name="ReferenceC">"Visitor Figures 2021", "The Art Newspaper", 5 January 2022.</ref> holding its position as first among the ]. Its treasures include the '']'' (''La Joconde''), the '']'' statue, and '']''. The second-most visited museum in the city in 2021, with 1.5 million visitors, was the ], also known as Beaubourg, which houses the {{lang|fr|]|italic=no}} The third most visited Paris museum in 2021 was the ] with 1,4 million visitors. It is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections and its Gallery of Evolution. It was followed by the ], featuring 19th century art and the ], which had one million visitors. Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the ], (984,000 visitors in 2020). The other most-visited Paris museums in 2021 were the ] (691,000), the ], featuring the indigenous art and cultures of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. (616,000); the ] (History of Paris) (606,000), and the {{Lang|fr|]|italic=no}}, the art museum of the City of Paris (518,000).<ref>"Le Tourisme a Paris – Chiffres Cles -Edition 2021,"the Office of Tourism and Congresses of the City of Paris.(published 2022)</ref>
			]]]
			The ], near both the Louvre and the Orsay, also exhibits Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, including most of ]'s large '']'' murals. The ], or Cluny Museum, presents ]. The ], or ''Musée national des arts asiatiques'', has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the ], the ] and the ].
			The military history of France is presented by displays at the ] at ]. In addition to the national museums, run by the ], the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the ] on the history of Paris, ], ], the ], the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/musees |title=Municipal museums |publisher=Maire de Paris |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123165959/http://www.paris.fr/musees |archive-date=23 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are also notable private museums. The Contemporary Art museum of the ], designed by architect ], opened in October 2014 in the ].
	===Art===
	{{main|Art in Paris}}
			===Theatre===
	====Painting and sculpture====
			The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical ]) and modern ]; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=178}} In the middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), ] and ] (which in modern times changed its profile and name to ]).{{Sfn|Schumacher|1996|p=60}} ], the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the ], where the first performances of Diaghilev's ] took place in 1913.
	], self-portrait|342x342px]]
			] (Salle Richelieu)]]
	For centuries, Paris has attracted foreign artists arriving in the city to share their creativity, educate themselves, or seek inspiration from its vast pool of artistic resources and galleries. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art".{{sfn|Pérouse de Montclos|2003}} Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particular in sculpture and reliefs. In 1648, the '']'' (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy, and the French royals and wealthy aristocrats commissioned French (and foreign) artists to adorn their palaces during the ] era. Sculptors such as ], ], ], ], were among the finest at the royal court in 17th and 18th centuries France. ], ] and ] succeeded one another as '']'' ("First Painter to the King") to ].
	<!--] painting "]", now in the Louvre]]-->
	At the end of the 18th century, the French Revolution, which brought political and social changes in France, had a profound influence on art in the capital. Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and central to the development of ] in art, with painters such as ], {{sfn|Michelin|2011}} ], ] and ], father and son, ]. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Paris had a colony of artists established in the city, with art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times - ], ], ], ], ], ] and so many more - when ], ], ] and ] movements evolved. {{sfn|Michelin|2011}} In the late 19th century, artists from the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions, and to make a name for themselves.{{sfn|Perry|1995|p=19}} Painters such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (painter and sculptor), ] and many others became associated with Paris. ] and ] became centers for artistic production. The most prestigious names of French and foreign sculptors, who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era, are ] (]), ], ], ] (statue of ] in ]), ]. The Golden Age of the Paris School ended with World War II, but Paris remains extremely important to the art world and art schooling, with institutions ranging from the '']'', the former ''Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture'', to the American ].
			Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the ], founded in 1680. Run by the Government of France, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the ].{{Sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1173}} Other famous theatres include the ], also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador; and the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Who's Where |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4WAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2 July 2013 |date=1961 |page=304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907162159/http://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4WAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	====Museums====
	{{main|List of museums in Paris}}
	]
	] is the ], housing many works of art, including the ] (''La Joconde'') and the ] statue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masterpieces, Accessible Visitor Trail|publisher=The Louvre|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/routes/masterpieces-0|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> There are hundreds of museums in Paris. Works by ] and ] are found in the Musée Picasso<ref>{{cite web|title=From the hotel Salé to the Picasso Museum|url=http://www.musee-picasso.fr/pages/page_id18521_u1l2.htm|publisher=Museo Picasso|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> and the Musée Rodin,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Musée Rodin|publisher=Musée Rodin|url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/musee-rodin|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> respectively, while the artistic community of Montparnasse is chronicled at the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=211}} Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, houses the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=106-7}}
			The music hall and ] are famous Paris institutions. The '']'' was opened in 1889 and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French ]. It helped make famous the singers ] and ] and the painter ], who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall ] invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the '']''. Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer ]. Later, Olympia Paris presented ], ], ], ], ] and the ].
	Art and artefacts from the Middle Ages and Impressionist eras are kept in the ] and the ],{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=236}} respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle ]. Paris' newest (and third-largest) museum, the Musée du quai Branly, opened its doors in June 2006 and houses art from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas, including many from ] cultures.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=224}}
			The ] presented many famous French singers, including ], ] and ]. Other famous Paris music halls include '']'', on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the ], featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city.{{Sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=1005–1006}}
	====Photography====
	Paris has attracted communities of photographers, and was an important centre for the development of photography. Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including ], noted for his depictions of early-19th-century street scenes; the early 20th-century ] movement's ]; ], noted for his playful pictures of 1950s Parisian life; ], noted for his night scenes, and others such as ] and ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} Paris also become the hotbed for an emerging art form in the late 19th century, ], advocated by the likes of ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}}
	===Literature===		===Literature===
			{{Main|Writers in Paris}}
	]
			]]]
	Countless books and novels have been set in Paris. Victor Hugo's '']'', is one of the best known. The book was received so rapturously that it inspired a series of renovations of its setting, the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html|title= Notre Dame Renovations|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher=Adoremus Organization}}</ref> Another of Victor Hugo's works, '']'' is set in Paris, against the backdrop of slums and penury.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm|title= Les Miserables|work=Preface|language=English Translation|year=1862|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher= Gutenberg Organization}}</ref> Another immortalised French author, ], completed a good number of his works in Paris, including his masterpiece '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balzacsparis.ucr.edu|title= Balzac’s Paris A Guided Tour|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher=University of California, Riverside}}</ref> Other Parisian authors (by birth or residency) include ] ('']'', '']'', '']''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35125/35125-h/35125-h.htm|title= Dumas's Paris|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher=Gutenberg Organization}}</ref>
			The first book printed in France, ''Epistolae'' ("Letters"), by ] (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by ]. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108017c.r=Labyrinte+de+Versailles+Perrault.langEN |title=scan of the book at the Bibliothèque nationale de France |publisher=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612140924/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108017c.r=Labyrinte+de+Versailles+Perrault.langEN |url-status=live}}</ref> several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the {{Lang|fr|]|italic=no}}.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=488}} In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons; it was dominated by ], ], ] and ].
			During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Victor Hugo's '']'' inspired the renovation of its setting, the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html |title=Notre Dame Renovations |access-date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Adoremus Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207134139/http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html |archive-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another of Victor Hugo's works, '']'', described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm |title=Les Miserables |work=Preface |date=1862 |access-date= 4 July 2013 |publisher=Gutenberg Organization |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131011091018/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm |archive-date= 11 October 2013 |url-status= live}}</ref> One of the most popular of all French writers, ], worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jules Verne |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jules-Verne |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>
	The American novelist ], like many other expatriate writers, emigrated to Paris, where he was introduced to such varying cultural figures as Pablo Picasso, ], ], and ], who became his mentor. While in Paris, he produced works including '']'' and '']''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/04/specials/hemingway-feast.html|title=Ernest Hemingway's Memoir of Paris in the Twenties|accessdate=4 July 2013|date=5 May 1964|publisher=''The New York Times''}}</ref> The Irish author James Joyce emigrated to Paris and lived there for more than 20 years, concluding his '']'', in the city. He also produced numerous poems while in Paris, published in collections including '']'', and '']''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/04/specials/hemingway-feast.html |title=In the footsteps of James Joyce Paris|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher=New York Times}}</ref> Another Irish author to have emigrated to Paris is ], referred to as either the last ] or the first ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=*SBECKETT&n=22071|title=The Samuel Beckett Endpage|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher= The Samuel Beckett Society}}</ref>
			In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as ], ], ], ], ], and, after World War II, by ] and ]. Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including ], ], ], ] and, ]. The winner of the 2014 ], ], based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/bio-bibl.html |title=Official site of the Nobel Prize |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216224108/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/bio-bibl.html |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	===Entertainment and performing arts===
	]|270x270px]]
			Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=840}} It is also a city of small bookstores. There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.<ref>"The French Still Flock to Bookstores", ''New York Times'', 20 June 2012</ref>
	====Theatre====
	The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical ]) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=178}} In the middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), ], and ] (which in modern times changed its profile and name to ]).
			===Music===
	Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Some of Paris' major theatres include ], the Théâtre Mogador, and the ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's Where|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4WAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=2 July 2013|year=1961|page=304}}</ref> Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls. Many of France's greatest musical performers, such as ], ], ], and ], found their fame in Parisian concert halls such as ], Bobino, ] and ].
			{{Main|Music in Paris|History of music in Paris}}
			] music hall]]
			In the late 12th century, a school of ] was established at Notre-Dame. Among the ] of northern France, a group of Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs. ], from the south of France, were also popular. During the reign of ], in the ], the ] became popular in the French court. The French royal family and courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and a national musical printing house was established.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} In the ], noted composers included ], ], and ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} The ] was founded in 1795.{{sfn|Damschroeder|Williams|1990|p=157}} By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music.
			] composers (in Paris) include ], ], ], ] and ], among others.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} ] '']'' premiered 3 March 1875. ''Carmen'' has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical ].<ref name="McClary"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=UNGaPmlHFzgC&pg=PA120 |date=26 March 2023 }}, Susan McClary, p. 120</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p27gT7VcuNUC&pg=PA146 |title=The Essential Canon of Classical Music |first=David |last=Dubal |page=346 |date=2003 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4668-0726-6 |access-date=9 January 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201223150/https://books.google.com/books?id=p27gT7VcuNUC&pg=PA146 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the ] composers who created new works for piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular, ], ] and ]. Several foreign-born composers, such as ], ], ], ], and ], established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris.
	====Music====
	{{main|Music in Paris}}
	In the late 12th century, a school of polyphony was established at the Notre-Dame. A group of Parisian aristocrats, known as ], became known for their poetry and songs. During the reign of ], the lute became popular in the French court, and a national musical printing house was established.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} During the Renaissance era, the French royals "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, opera and comedy", and composers such as ] became popular.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795.{{sfn|Damschroeder|Williams|1990|p=157}} By 1870, Paris had become the most important centre for ballet music, and composers such as ] and ] contributed much to symphonic music.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} <!--]]]-->] is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city.{{sfn|Dregni|2004|p=19}} Patrons danced the ] to the accompaniment of the ] (a ]-blown ] locally called a "musette") and often the vielle à roue (]) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the ] adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars especially in the 19th arrondissement,{{sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} and the romantic sounds of the accordion has since become one of the musical icons of the city. Paris became a major centre for ], and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafes.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}
			] is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls.{{sfn|Dregni|2004|p=19}} Patrons danced the ] to the accompaniment of the ] (a ]-blown ] locally called a "musette") and often the ] (]) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the ] adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars,{{sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} and Paris became a major centre for ] and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}
	Paris is the spiritual home of ] in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.{{Sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} ] rose to fame in Paris, having moved to the 18th arrondissement in a caravan as a young boy, and performed with violinist ] and their ] in the 1930s and 40s.<ref name="Gjazz">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt|title=Best Gypsy jazz bars in Paris|publisher=''The Guardian''|date=3 March 2010|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Some of the finest ] musicians in the world are found here playing the cafes of the city at night.<ref name="Gjazz"/> Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}<ref name="Gjazz"/> Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the ] and the rock festival ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock en Seine '13|url=http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013/|publisher=Efestivals.co.uk|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref> The ] was established in 1967.<ref name=andante>{{cite web | author=Andante | year=2004 | title=Orchestre de Paris | publisher=Andante.com | url=http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 | accessdate=3 July 2013 }}</ref>
			Paris is the spiritual home of ] in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.{{Sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} ] rose to fame in Paris, having moved to the 18th arrondissement in a caravan as a young boy, and performed with violinist ] and their ] in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name="Gjazz">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt |title=Best Gypsy jazz bars in Paris |work=The Guardian |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320040950/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	====Cinema====
	{{See also|List of films set in Paris}}
	]
			] has hosted many singers including Parisian ]]]
	] launched the world's first projection, the ], in Paris on 28 December 1895.{{sfn|Lester|2006|p=278}}<ref>Georges Sadoul, ''Histoire du cinéma mondial, des origines à nos jours'', Flammarion, Paris, 1968, p. 19</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.institut-lumiere.org/francais/patrimoinelumiere/premiereseance.html |title=Institut Lumière |publisher=Institut-lumiere.org |accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref> Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms. Paris' largest cinema today is by far ] theatre with 2,800 seats,<ref>{{cite book|title=Films and Filming|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0kEbAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=2 July 2013|year=1989|publisher=Hansom Books|page=72}}</ref> whereas other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens.
			Immediately after the War the ] quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, including the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, ]. They introduced Parisians to the music of ], ], ], ], and ]. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.{{Sfn|Bezbakh|2004|page=872}}
			Some of the finest ] musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night.<ref name="Gjazz"/> Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}<ref name="Gjazz"/> Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the ] and the rock festival ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rock en Seine '13 |url=http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013/ |publisher=Efestivals.co.uk |access-date=23 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513220755/http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ] was established in 1967.<ref name=andante>{{cite web |author=Andante |date=2004 |title=Orchestre de Paris |publisher=Andante.com |url=http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312035555/http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> December 2015 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of ]—widely regarded as France's national ], as well as being one of France's greatest international stars.<ref name="yahoomusicbio">{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000150629|tab=biography|label=Édith Piaf biography|first=Steve|last=Huey |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
	Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. ] comes a close second, with major directors (''réalisateurs'') such as ], ], ], ], and ], and the more slapstick/popular genre with director ] as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-27/news-interviews/36021870_1_tamil-films-screen-films-south-asian-films|title=2 Tamil Films in 1st SAFF in Paris|publisher=''The Times of India''|date=27 December 2012|accessdate=2 July 2013}}</ref> On 2 February 2000, Philippe Binant realised the first ] projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by ], in Paris.<ref>'']'', n°hors-série, Paris, April 2000, p. 32 (''cf.'' also {{dead link|date=July 2013}}).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://motion.kodak.com/motion/uploadedFiles/FR_plugins_acrobat_fr_motion_action_actions29.pdf |title='&#39;Cf.'&#39; Binant, " Au cœur de la projection numérique ", '&#39;Actions'&#39;, '&#39;'29'&#39;', Kodak, Paris, 2007, p. 12. |format=PDF |accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.fr/books?id=n_wTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT77&lpg=PT77&dq=creton+kitsopanidou+binant&source=bl&ots=2ZaoxMKyfv&sig=g8RzftJFbIgRmkgybtbNlhH7dFI&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=kD-kUuCBHMSq0QXn0YD4CA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=creton%20kitsopanidou%20binant&f=false |title=Claude Forest, " De la pellicule aux pixels : l'anomie des exploitants de salles de cinéma ", in Laurent Creton, Kira Kitsopanidou (sous la direction de), '&#39;Les salles de cinéma : enjeux, défis et perspectives'&#39;, Armand Colin / Recherche, Paris, 2013, p. 116 |publisher=Books.google.fr |date=20 November 2013 |accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref>
			Paris has a big ] scene. This music became popular during the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/14/is-france-becoming-too-american/hip-hop-a-la-francaise-29 |title=Hip-Hop à la Française |work=] |date=15 October 2013 |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209163816/http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/14/is-france-becoming-too-american/hip-hop-a-la-francaise-29 |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The presence of a large African and Caribbean community helped to its development, giving political and social status for many minorities.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Between New York and Paris: Hip Hop and the Transnational Politics of Race, Culture, and Citizenship |last=Meghelli |first=Samir |publisher=Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University |year=2012 |pages=54–108}}</ref>
	===Cuisine===
			===Cinema===
			{{See also|List of films set in Paris}}
			] 1895 film '']'', the earliest comedy, and the first film to portray a fictional story.]]
			The movie industry was born in Paris when ] projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/presentation-du-cinematographe-lumiere/ |title=PRÉSENTATION DU CINÉMATOGRAPHE LUMIÈRE |first=Encyclopædia |last=Universalis |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |date=27 March 2002 |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011041100/https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/presentation-du-cinematographe-lumiere/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Paris's largest cinema room today is in the ] theatre with 2,700 seats.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Grand Rex ... and its Etoiles |url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/visiting-france/20101024-grand-rex-and-its-etoiles |website=RFI |date=24 October 2010 |access-date = 5 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151007024417/http://www.english.rfi.fr/visiting-france/20101024-grand-rex-and-its-etoiles |archive-date = 7 October 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> Big multiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s. UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Cinéma à Paris |url=http://www.paris.fr/services-et-infos-pratiques/culture-et-patrimoine/cinema/le-cinema-a-paris-2347 |publisher=Paris.fr |access-date = 5 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022258/http://www.paris.fr/services-et-infos-pratiques/culture-et-patrimoine/cinema/le-cinema-a-paris-2347 |archive-date = 16 October 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref>
			Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. ] comes a close second, with major directors (''réalisateurs'') such as ], ], and ], and the more slapstick/popular genre with director ] as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/2-Tamil-Films-in-1st-SAFF-in-Paris/articleshow/17781374.cms |title=2 Tamil Films in 1st SAFF in Paris |date=27 December 2012 |access-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702190758/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-27/news-interviews/36021870_1_tamil-films-screen-films-south-asian-films |archive-date=2 July 2013 |work=] |url-status=live}}</ref>
			==={{anchor|Cuisine}}Restaurants and cuisine===
	{{See also|French cuisine}}		{{See also|French cuisine}}
			]]]
	] in ]|270x270px]]
			Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and '']'', food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the ] by ]; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant ] in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=1136–1138}} The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the ], the ], ] and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the ]. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the '']'', including ] on Rue Royale, ] in the gardens of the ], and the ] on the Quai de la Tournelle.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=1137}}
	Paris is renowned for its '']'', food meticulously prepared and presented, often accompanied by fine ], served and celebrated by expensive restaurants and hotels. A city of culinary finesse, as of 2013 Paris has 85 Michelin-starred restaurants, second in the world to only ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-14/tokyo-tops-paris-with-more-michelin-stars-and-better-food.html|title=Tokyo Tops Paris With More Michelin Stars and Better Food|publisher=Bloomberg|date=14 May 2013|accessdate=28 July 2013}}</ref> and many of the world's leading chefs operate restaurants serving ] in Paris such as ] and ].<ref name="TMcuisine">{{cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/paris/en/restaurants-cafes/michelin-starred-restaurants-in-paris|title=Michelin starred restaurants in Paris|publisher=Time Out|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> As of 2013, Paris has ten 3-Michelin-star restaurants, the most coveted award in the restaurant business; these include Ducasse's ], ]'s ], ]'s Le Meurice in the ], ]'s restaurant at ], and ].<ref name="TMcuisine"/> Joël Robuchon, the chef with the most Michelin stars worldwide, runs ] and ] in Paris, both of which are 2 Michelin-star restaurants.<ref name="TMcuisine"/>
			Today, owing to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants.{{sfn|Dominé|2014}} The ] has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2018, of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as ] in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as ], which combines French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including ], ], ] and ], have three-star restaurants in Paris.<ref>''Le Monde'', 2 February 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://restaurant.michelin.fr |title=Michelin Guide |publisher=] |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125110232/http://restaurant.michelin.fr/ |archive-date=25 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The growth of the railway in the late 19th century led to the capital becoming a focal point for immigration from France's many different regions and gastronomical cultures. As a result, cuisine in the city is diverse, and almost any cuisine can be consumed in the city, with over 9,000 restaurants.<ref name="Domine">{{Cite book | last = Dominé | first = André | title = Culinaria France | publisher=Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbh | location = Cologne | isbn = 978-3-8331-1129-7}}</ref> Hotel building was another result of widespread travel and ] in the 19th century, especially Paris' late-19th-century '']'' (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the Hôtel Ritz appeared in the Place Vendôme in 1898,{{sfn|Ryersson|Yaccarino|2004|p=25}}{{sfn|Metzelthin|1981}} and the Hôtel de Crillon opened its doors on the north side of the Place de la Concorde, starting in 1909.
			]|italic=no}} café on Boulevard Saint-Germain]]
			Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The ] arrived in Paris in the 17th century, and by the 18th century Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The ] on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially ] and ] in Montparnasse and ] and {{lang|fr|]|italic=no}} on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=1137}} A ] is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition, and different eating habits of Parisian diners.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=715}} A ] originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the ], it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage. Now brasseries, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=773}}
	===Fashion===		===Fashion===
			{{Main|Fashion in Paris}}
	]
			] at ] (Autumn 2011)]]
			Since the 19th century, Paris has been an international ], particularly in the domain of ] (clothing hand-made to order for private clients).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carr-Allinson |first1=Rowena |title=11 Ways to Look like a Local in Paris |url=http://www.iexplore.com/destinations/paris/how-to-look-like-a-local-in-paris |website=iExplore.com |publisher=Inside-Out Media |access-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924211810/http://www.iexplore.com/destinations/paris/how-to-look-like-a-local-in-paris |archive-date=24 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is home to some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including ] and ], as well as many other well-known and more contemporary fashion designers, such as ], ], ], ], and ]. ], held in January and July in the ] among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fashion calendar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradford |first1=Julie |title=Fashion Journalism |publisher=] |date=2014 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |isbn=978-1-136-47536-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Susan |last=Dillon |title=The Fundamentals of Fashion Management |publisher=A&C Black |date=2011 |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |isbn=978-2-940411-58-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, Paris is also the home of the world's largest ] company: ] as well as three of the top five global makers of luxury fashion accessories: ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/top-8-luxury-brands-in-the-world-317665/7/ |publisher=Insidermonkey.com |title=Global ranking of manufacturers of luxury goods |access-date=16 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119134339/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/top-8-luxury-brands-in-the-world-317665/7/ |archive-date=19 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the major fashion designers have their showrooms along the ], between the ] and the Seine.
			===Photography===
	Paris is a global hub of fashion and has been referred to as the "international capital of style".{{sfn|Steele|1998|p=3}} It ranks alongside New York, Milan and London as a major centre for the fashion industry. Paris is noted for its ] tailoring, usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finished by the most experienced and capable seamstresses, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. The twice-yearly ], an apparel ], is one of the most important events on the ] and attracts fashion aficionados from all around the world. Established in 1976, the Paris Fashion Institute offers courses in design, manufacturing, marketing, merchandising, and retailing.<ref name=parisfashion.org>{{cite web|title=Paris Fashion Institute|url=http://www.parisfashion.org/|publisher=Paris Fashion Institute|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> ] is an international fashion school, established in 1982 and headquartered in Paris, with branches in Shanghai and Istanbul.<ref name=ifaparis.com>{{cite web|title=IFA Paris|url=http://www.ifaparis.com/|publisher=IFA Paris|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref>
			The inventor ] produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825. In 1839, after the death of Niépce, ] patented the ], which became the most common form of photography until the 1860s.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} The work of ] in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of ] and ].<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213005005/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phsr/hd_phsr.htm |date=13 February 2015 }}, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2000.</ref>{{sfn|Hazan|2011|p=362}} Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including ], noted for his depictions of street scenes, ], noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which ''Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville'' has become iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), ], noted for his night scenes, as well as others such as ] and ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} ] also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}}
	] on ]|360x360px]]
	Paris has a large number of high-end fashion boutiques, and many top designers have their flagship stores in the city, such as Louis Vuitton's store, Christian Dior's 1200 square foot store and Sephora's 1500 square foot store.<ref name="Marie">{{cite web|url=http://www.mariéclaire.co.uk/travel/best/11921/9/paris-shops.html|title=Paris Shops & Boutiques|publisher=''Marie Claire''|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Printemps has the largest shoe and beauty departments in Europe.<ref name="Marie"/> ] is considered to the "grand dame of French fashion" and "synonymous with Parisian fashion", with clothes which are embraced by "left bank fashionistas".<ref name="Marie"/> ] is cited as one of the most popular high street stores in the city,<ref name="Marie"/> the ] store on the ] has been cited as a "shoe lover's haven",<ref name="Marie"/> and ] is noted for its ] clothing and ]. The jeweller ], with its flagship boutique near Paris' ], has a long history of sales to royalty and celebrities:<ref name=nyt2005>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/19/style/19iht-fcartier.html|title=A ball for the 'king of jewellers'|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=19 December 2005|accessdate= 3 July 2013}}</ref> King ] of England once referred to Cartier as "the jeweller of kings and the king of jewellers."<ref>{{cite web |last=Prat |first=Véronique |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/lefigaromagazine/2009/08/29/01006-20090829ARTFIG00064--les-joyaux-de-cartier-exposes-dans-la-cite-interdite-.php |title=Les joyaux de Cartier exposés dans la Cité interdite |language=French |publisher=''Le Figaro'' |date=28 August 2009|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Guerlain, one of the world's oldest existing perfumeries, has its headquarters in the north-western suburb of Levallois-Perret.
	====Festivals====		===Media===
			]'' is still considered a ].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Le Figaro |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2 October 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/206556/Le-Figaro |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113062553/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/206556/Le-Figaro |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
	The earliest grand festival held on 14 July 1790 was the Federation of July festival at the ]. Since then many festivals have been held such as the Festival of Liberty in 1774, the Festival for the Abolition of Slavery in 1793, the festival of Supreme Being in 1794, and the 1798 funeral festival on the death of ]. On every anniversary of the Republic, the Children of the Fatherland festival is held.{{Sfn|Singleton1912|pp=211-12}} ], a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, is the biggest festival in the city, held every year on 14 July. This includes a parade of colourful floats and costumes along with armed forces march in the Champs Élysées which concludes with a display of fireworks.{{sfn|Blackmore|McConnachie|2004|p=204}} The Paris Beach festival known as the "Paris Plage" is a festive event, which lasts from the middle of July to the middle of August, when the bank of the River Seine is converted into a temporary beach with sand and deck chairs and palm trees.{{sfn|Blackmore|McConnachie|2004|p=204}}
			Paris and its close suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' (in '']''), '']'', ''Paris Match (])'', ''Réseaux & Télécoms'', ] France, '']'' (]) and ''L'Officiel des Spectacles''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://french.about.com/od/newspapers/French_and_Francophone_Newspapers_and_Magazines.htm |title=French and Francophone Publications |publisher=French.about.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513093151/http://french.about.com/od/newspapers/French_and_Francophone_Newspapers_and_Magazines.htm |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> France's two most prestigious newspapers, ''Le Monde'' and ''Le Figaro'', are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://about-france.com/french-newspapers.htm |title=Paris's Top Newspapers |publisher=About-France.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628080310/http://about-france.com/french-newspapers.htm |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.com/en/ |title=Agence France-Presse |date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Agence France-Presse website |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708144823/http://www.afp.com/en |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/ |title=France 24 |publisher=France24.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141015174237/http://www.france24.com/en/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the ], and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ |title=France Diplomatie |publisher=Diplomatie.gouv.fr |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629133112/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ |archive-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	==Religion==
	{{double image|left| NotreDameI.jpg|160|Invalides 2007 03 11.jpg|124|Left: ]; right:Chapel of the Invalides.}}
	{{see also|List of religious buildings in Paris}}
	Like the rest of France, Paris has been predominantly ] since the Middle Ages, though religious attendance is now low. Political instability in the Third Republic was a result of disagreements about the role of the Church in society.{{Sfn|Tallett|Atkin|1991|p=vii}} The French Constitution makes no mention of the religious affiliations of its people and allows the freedom to practice any religion of their choice provided it was done as a private matter.{{Sfn|Korgen|White|2008|p=64}}
			The most-viewed network in France, ], is in nearby ]. ], ], ], ], ] (]), ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] are other stations located in and around the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://french.about.com/od/tv/French_and_Francophone_Television_Stations_Watch_French_TV.htm |title=French and Francophone TV Stations |publisher=French.about.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520074251/http://french.about.com/od/tv/French_and_Francophone_Television_Stations_Watch_French_TV.htm |archive-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ], France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris's ]. ], another public broadcaster is also based in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.listenlive.eu/france.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010073101/http://www.listenlive.eu/france.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=France's Radio Stations |publisher=Listenlive.eu |access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> Paris also holds the headquarters of the ], France's national postal carrier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laposte.com |title=La Poste |publisher=Laposte.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712042008/http://www.laposte.com/ |archive-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	Some of the notable churches in Paris are: ], the most famous Gothic structure (the cathedral where Napoleon declared himself emperor in 1804);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/420752/Notre-Dame-de-Paris|title=Notre-Dame de Paris|accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> ] (Church of St. Mary Magdalene), built in 1806 in the form of a Roman temple;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/355717/Madeleine|title= Église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine |accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> ], built in 1247–50 in Gothic ] style and damaged in the ], it was restored in the 19th century by ];<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/518429/Sainte-Chapelle |title= Sainte-Chapelle |accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Chapel of ] (Church of Saint-Louis), built between 1671–91;<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/517636/Church-of-Saint-Louis|title= Church of Saint-Louis |accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> ] (Basilique du Sacré-Coeur), built from 1876–1912;<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515541/Sacred-Heart-Basilica|title= Sacred-Heart-Basilica |accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> ] (1646–1776); ] (1756–97), in Neoclassical style; and ] (1136).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.paris-architecture.info/TEN/TEN-Churches.htm|title= Top Paris Churches|accessdate=3 July 2013|publisher=Paris Architecture Info}}</ref>
			===Holidays and festivals===
	==Sports==
			], a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the biggest festival in the city, is a military parade taking place every year on 14 July on the ], from the ] to ]. It includes a ] over the Champs Élysées by the ], a parade of military units and equipment, and a display of fireworks in the evening, the most spectacular being the one at the Eiffel Tower.{{sfn|BlackmoreMcConnachie|2004|p=204}}
	Paris' most popular sport clubs are the ] club ], the ] team ], and the ] clubs ] and ]. The 80,000-seat ], built for the ], is located in Saint-Denis.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=300–1}} It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts annually ]'s home matches of the ], ] for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, and several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=300–1}} In addition to Paris Saint-Germain FC, the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: ], ], ] and ].
			Some other yearly festivals are ], a festive summertime event when the Right Bank of the Seine is converted into a temporary beach;{{sfn|BlackmoreMcConnachie|2004|p=204}} ], ], Techno Parade, ], Cinéma au clair de lune, Printemps des rues, Festival d'automne, and Fête des jardins. The ], one of the oldest festivals in Paris, dates back to the Middle Ages.
	]
	Paris hosted the ] and ] ] and was venue for the ] and 1998 ]s and for the ]. Although the starting point and the route of the famous ] varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris, and, since 1975, the race has ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.fr/le-tour/2013/us/overall-route.html|title=2013 route|publisher=Le Tour|accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> The ] between ] and ] was played in the Stade de France.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4750383.stm|accessdate=21 April 2013|date=16 June 2006|title=Arsenal aim to upset the odds|publisher=BBC Sport|location=London}}</ref> Paris hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup final at Stade de France on 20 October 2007.{{sfn|Nevez|2010|p=95}} ] is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the ], held every year on the red clay of the ],<ref>{{cite web|title=Roland-Garros 2013|url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/|publisher=Rolandgarros.com|accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> is one of the four ] events of the world professional tennis tour. The city has also hosted the ] since 1925, and has also hosted the ] and ].
	==Education==		===Libraries===
	{{main|Education in Paris}}		{{Main|Libraries in Paris}}
			The '']'' (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm |title=How to find us |work=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016135133/http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm |archive-date=16 October 2005}}</ref>
	{{multiple image
			]]]
	| align = Right
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	| width = 270
			The ], in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the ], also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. The ], designed by ] and built in the mid-1800s, contains a rare book and manuscript division.<ref name=Woodward2006>{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Richard B. |title=At These Parisian Landmarks, Shhh Is the Word |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/travel/05journeys.html |access-date=4 July 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214124549/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/travel/05journeys.html |archive-date=14 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] is the oldest public library in France. The ] opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The François Mitterrand Library (nicknamed ''Très Grande Bibliothèque'') was completed in 1994 to a design of ] and contains four glass towers.<ref name=Woodward2006/>
	| image1 = Sorbonne 17thc.jpg
	| alt1 = Sorbonne
	| caption1 = The ]
			There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The ] is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the ] location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-], Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paris-Sorbonne libraries |url=http://www.english.paris-sorbonne.fr/libraries/ |publisher=Paris-Sorbonne University |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703101116/http://www.english.paris-sorbonne.fr/libraries/ |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the René Descartes University Library.<ref name=nd.edu>{{cite web |title=French Libraries and Archives |url=http://www.library.nd.edu/help/study-abroad/France.shtml |publisher=University of Notre Dame, Hesburgh Libraries |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017053726/http://library.nd.edu/help/study-abroad/France.shtml |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	| image2 = DSC 7111-lycee-louis-le-gra.jpg
	| alt2 = Louis le Grand
	| caption2 = The ]
			===Sports===
	| image3 = P1000874 Paris XIII Boulevard de l'Hopital ENSAM reductwk.JPG
			{{see also|Football in Paris}}
	| alt3 = ENSAM
			]]]
	| caption3 = The ]
			Paris's most popular sport clubs are the ] club ] and the ] clubs ] and ] (the latter based in ], a western inner suburb just outside the city proper). The 80,000-seat ], built for the ], is located just north of Paris in the commune of ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=300–301}} It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts the ] for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the ]'s home matches of the ], and hosts several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=300–301}} In addition to Paris Saint-Germain F.C., the city and closer suburbs have a number of other professional and amateur football clubs: ], ], ] ] and ].
	}}
	Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 per cent of Parisians hold a diploma '']''-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form|title=Indicateurs départementaux et régionaux sur les diplômes et la formation en 2009|publisher=INSEE|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> while 13 per cent have no diploma, the third lowest percentage in France.
			Paris hosted the ], ] and ]. The city also bid for the ], ], and ] but lost to ], ], and ].
	In the early 9th century, the emperor ] mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals to give a higher-education in the finer arts of language, physics, music, and theology; at that time, Paris was already one of France's major cathedral towns and beginning its rise to fame as a scholastic centre. By the early 13th century, the Île de la Cité Notre-Dame cathedral school had many famous teachers, and the controversial teachings of some of these led to the creation of a separate left bank ] University that would become the centre of Paris' scholastic ] best represented by the ].{{sfn|Bell|de-Shalit|2011|p=224}} Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9&nbsp;million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<ref name="idf_education">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm|author=La Préfecture de la Région d'Île-de-France|title=L'enseignement|accessdate=9 October 2007 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |archivedate = 24 August 2007}}</ref>
			The city hosted the finals of the ], at the ], and the ], ] and ], at the Stade de France. Paris hosted as well as the finals of the ], ] (both at ] stadium) and ] UEFA European Championships.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |date=1 January 2023 |title=EURO 2016: All you need to know {{!}} UEFA EURO |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/025a-0ec0db63e375-e3d06be8c923-1000--euro-2016-all-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=UEFA.com |language=en}}</ref> Three ] in the current century have also been played in the Stade de France: the ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4750383.stm |access-date=21 April 2013 |date=16 June 2006 |title=Arsenal aim to upset the odds |work=BBC Sport |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912155904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4750383.stm |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as ], ], ] and Lycée Condorcet. Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the ] and the ].
			]]]
			The final stage of the most famous ] in the world, ], always finishes in Paris. Since 1975, the race has ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.letour.fr/le-tour/2013/us/overall-route.html |title=2013 route |work=Le Tour |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517063542/http://www.letour.fr/le-tour/2013/us/overall-route.html |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the prestigious '']'' – specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered '']''. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the ] has remained on rue d'Ulm in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en|title=Contact and Maps|accessdate=18 June 2013|language=French|publisher=]}}</ref> There are a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious Paris Institute of Technology (]) which comprises several colleges such as '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''. There are also many business schools, including ], ], ] and ]. The administrative school such as ] has been relocated to ], the political science school ] is still located in Paris' 7th arrondissement. The Parisian school of journalism ] department of the Paris-Sorbonne University is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celsa.fr/acces.php|language=French|title=Accès|publisher=Celsa.fr|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref>
			] is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the ], held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre,<ref>{{cite web |title=Roland-Garros |url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/ |publisher=Roland Garros |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415075857/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/ |archive-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> is one of the four ] events of the world professional tennis tour. The 17,000-seat ] (officially named ''AccorHotels Arena'' and formerly known as the ''Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy'') is the venue for the annual ] ] tennis tournament. The Bercy Arena also hosted the ], together with ], Germany. The final stages of the FIBA ] and ] were also played in Paris, the latter at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy.
	{{clr}}
			] teams ] and ] merged in 2007 to create club ], which plays some of its games at the 4,000 capacity ].<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713191550/http://equipement.paris.fr/stade-pierre-de-coubertin-3024 |date=13 July 2017 }}. Équipement-Paris. Retrieved 4 April 2017</ref> Another top-level professional team, ], plays in Nanterre. Founded in 2018, ] has seen rapid growth to succes, winning the ]
	==Libraries==
	{{main|Libraries in Paris}}
	]|270x270px]]
	The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François-Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and ].<ref>"." '']''. Retrieved 21 January 2009.</ref> <br />
	<br>There are 74 public libraries in Paris, including specialised collections spread throughout the city. In the 4th arrondissement, the ] is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the ], also located in ], contains the Paris historical research service. <br />
	Designed by ] and built in the mid-1800s, the ] hosts a rare books and manuscripts section.<ref name=Woodward2006>{{cite news|last=Woodward|first=Richard B.|title=At These Parisian Landmarks, Shhh Is the Word|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/travel/05journeys.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|accessdate=4 July 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 March 2006}}</ref> ], in the 6th arrondissement, is the oldest public library in France. The ] in the 8th arrondissement opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music while the four glass towers of the François Mitterrand Library (nicknamed ''Très Grande Bibliothèque'') stand out in the 13th arrondissement thanks to a design by ].<ref name=Woodward2006 />
			Professional ] club ] (the handball department of Paris Saint-Germain Football Club) plays in the highest tier of French handball, the ].
	There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The ] in the 5th arrondissement is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the ] location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d’Art et d’Archéologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paris-Sorbonne libraries|url=http://www.english.paris-sorbonne.fr/libraries/|publisher=Paris-Sorbonne University|accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref> <br />
	Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, ] Library, and the René Descartes University Library.<ref name=nd.edu>{{cite web|title=French Libraries and Archives|url=http://www.library.nd.edu/help/study-abroad/France.shtml|publisher=University of Notre Dame, Hesburgh Libraries|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref>
			In 2023, a professional ] team, the ], were formed in the city<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris Football Team {{!}} The Paris Football Team is an American football franchise of the European League of Football, based in Paris, France. |url=https://www.parisfootballteam.com/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923203752/https://www.parisfootballteam.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> joining the ].
	==Media==
	]
	Paris and suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://french.about.com/od/newspapers/French_and_Francophone_Newspapers_and_Magazines.htm |title=French and Francophone Publications|publisher=French.about.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> France's two most prestigious newspapers, ''Le Monde'' and ''Le Figaro'', are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about-france.com/french-newspapers.htm |title=Paris' Top Newspapers|publisher=About-France.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> ] is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afp.com/en/|title=Agence France-Presse|publisher= Agence France-Presse website|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> ] is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/ |title=France 24 |publisher=France24.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the ], and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ |title=France Diplomatie|publisher=Diplomatie.gouv.fr|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref>
			==Infrastructure==
	The most-viewed network in France, ], is based in ], near Paris, along with a plentiful number of others, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], along with a multitude of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://french.about.com/od/tv/French_and_Francophone_Television_Stations_Watch_French_TV.htm|title= French and Francophone TV Stations|publisher=French.about.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> ], France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, are based in Paris. ], another public broadcaster is also based in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.listenlive.eu/france.html |title=France's Radio Stations|publisher=Listenlive.eu|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> The national postal carrier of France, including overseas territories, is known as ]. Headquartered in the 15th arrondissement, it is responsible for postal service in France and Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laposte.com |title=La Poste |publisher=Laposte.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref>
			===Transport===
			{{Main|Transport in Paris}}
			] railway station is the busiest in Europe.]]
			Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The ] (IDFM) oversees the transit network in the region.<ref name="stif">{{cite web |url=http://www.stif-idf.fr |title=Le web des voyageurs franciliens |author=Syndicat des Transports d'Île-de-France (STIF) |access-date=10 April 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411124843/http://www.stif-idf.fr/ |archive-date=11 April 2006}}</ref> The syndicate coordinates public transport. The ] operates 347 ] lines, the ], eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER. The ] operates suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER. The ] consortium of private operators manages 1,176 bus lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.optile.com/notre-mission/ |title=Optile en bref |publisher=Optile |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208081030/http://www.optile.com/notre-mission/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			Paris has one of the most ] transportation systems in the world,<ref name=ICLEI>{{cite web |last1=Zhang |first1=Yiqian |title=Paris leads the way for sustainable urban mobility |url=https://sustainablemobility.iclei.org/paris-leads-the-way-for-sustainable-mobility/ |website=ICLEI – Sustainable Mobility, 2024 |date=26 November 2019 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107143059/https://sustainablemobility.iclei.org/paris-leads-the-way-for-sustainable-mobility/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vigneau |first1=Laurent |title=On foot or by bike? While Paris walks, Amsterdam pedals |url=https://medium.com/la-fabrique-de-la-cit%C3%A9/on-foot-or-by-bike-while-paris-walks-amsterdam-pedals-17d64623b464 |website=Medium |date=30 May 2018 |publisher=La Fabrique de la Cité |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807154741/https://medium.com/la-fabrique-de-la-cit%C3%A9/on-foot-or-by-bike-while-paris-walks-amsterdam-pedals-17d64623b464 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is one of only two cities that received the ] twice, in 2008 and 2023.<ref name=Award>{{cite web |title=Paris, France Honored with the 2023 Sustainable Transport Award |url=https://www.itdp.org/2023/01/10/paris-2023-sustainable-transport-award/ |website=Institute for Transportation & Development policy |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142955/https://www.itdp.org/2023/01/10/paris-2023-sustainable-transport-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022–2023, 53.3% of trips in Paris were made on foot, 30% on public transport, 11.2% on bicycles and 4.3% on cars.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bikes overtake cars as means of transport in Paris |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20240412/bikes-overtake-cars-as-means-of-transport-in-paris |access-date=15 May 2024 |agency=The Local |publisher=AFP |date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515153251/https://www.thelocal.fr/20240412/bikes-overtake-cars-as-means-of-transport-in-paris |archive-date=15 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Frost |first1=Rosie |title=Cycling is now more popular than driving in the centre of Paris, study finds |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/04/12/cycling-is-now-more-popular-than-driving-in-the-centre-of-paris-study-finds |access-date=15 May 2024 |agency=Euronews |date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619165308/https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/04/12/cycling-is-now-more-popular-than-driving-in-the-centre-of-paris-study-finds |archive-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> Bike lanes are being doubled, and electric car incentives are being created. Paris is banning the most polluting automobiles from key districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 reasons the world looks to Europe's cities |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/future-european-cities |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154103/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/future-european-cities |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McMahon |first=Jeff |title=How Bike Lanes Are Transforming Paris |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/28/how-bike-lanes-are-transforming-paris/ |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154047/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/28/how-bike-lanes-are-transforming-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	==Healthcare==
	]
	Most health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the ''] (AP-HP)'', a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators) in 44 hospitals.<ref name="hospital"/> It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. It employs more than 90,000 people (including 15,800 physicians) in 44 hospitals and receives more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web|url=http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php|title=Rapport Annuel 2008|publisher=Rapport Activite|accessdate=21 April 2013|language=French}}</ref>
			====Railways====
	One of the most notable hospitals is the ], said to have been founded in 651, the oldest hospital in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx|title=Hotel Dieu|publisher=London Science Museum|accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> Other hospitals include the ], Hôpital Bichat-Claude-Bernard, ], ], ], ], ], ], Hôpital Saint-Antoine, ], Hôpital Tenon and ].
			{{See also|List of Paris railway stations}}
			{{main|Paris Métro|Réseau Express Régional|Transilien|Tramways in Île-de-France}}
			] is the busiest subway network in the European Union.]]
			A central hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations (], ], ], ], ], ]) and a minor one (]) are connected to three networks: ] lines (], ], ], ]), normal speed trains (], ], ], ]), and the suburban rails (]). The Transilien is the ] network serving ], through 9 lines, 392 stations and {{cvt|1,294|km|mi|1}} of rails.
	==Transport==
	{{Main|Transport in Paris}}
	{{See also|List of railway stations in Paris}}
	{{double image|right|Thalys.JPG|200|Gare du Nord night Paris FRA 002.JPG|225| Left: ] trains with service to Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany; right: ] railway station is the busiest in Europe, and home to the ] train service to ]}}
	Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF), formerly ''Syndicat des transports parisiens'' (STP) oversees the transit network in the region.<ref name="stif">{{cite web|url=http://www.stif-idf.fr|title=Le web des voyageurs franciliens|author=Syndicat des Transports d'Île-de-France (STIF)|accessdate=10 April 2006|language=French}}</ref> The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the ] (operating 654 ] lines, the ], three tramway lines, and sections of the RER), the ] (operating ], one tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the ] consortium of private operators managing 1,070 minor bus lines.
			Since the inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Métro network has grown to become the city's most widely used local transport system. In 2015, it carried about 5.23 million passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/ |title=Métro2030, notre nouveau métro de Paris |publisher=RATP |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095822/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> There are 16 lines, 320 stations (404 stops) and {{cvt|245.6|km|mi|1}} of rails. Superimposed on this is a "]", the RER, whose five lines, 257 stops and {{cvt|602|km|mi|0}} of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area. With over 1.4 million passengers per day ] is the busiest metro line in Europe. The ] is served by ]. Opened since 1992, fourteen lines are operational. The network is {{convert|186.6|km|mi}} long, with 278 stations.
	]
	] at ]]]
			====Air====
	The city's subway system, the Métro, was opened in 1900 and is the most widely used Transport system within the city proper, carrying 5.23 million passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/|title=Métro2030, notre nouveau métro de Paris|publisher=RATP|accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> It comprises 303 stations (385 stops) connected by {{convert|220|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} of rails, and 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis. An additional express network, the RER, with five lines (A, B, C, D, & E), connects to more-distant parts of the urban area, with 257 stops and {{convert|587|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of rails.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=278–83}} Over €26.5 billion will be invested over the next 15 years to extend the Métro network into the suburbs.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=278–83}} In addition, the ] is served by a light rail network of six lines, the tramway: ] runs from Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec, ] runs from Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles, ] runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte de Vincennes, ] runs from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle, line T5 runs from Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles,{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=278-83}} all of which are operated by the '']'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5045/tramway/|title=RATP's tram network in Île-de-France|publisher=RATP|accessdate=24 April 2013}}</ref> and ] runs from Bondy RER to Aulnay-sous-Bois, which is operated by the state rail carrier SNCF.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=278–83}} Six new light rail lines are currently in various stages of development.
			] was the third-busiest airport in Europe and the eleventh-busiest airport in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2023.pdf|title=2023 Airport Traffic Report|work=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|date=April 2024|page=32}}</ref>]]
			Paris is a major international air transport hub, and the ]. Paris is served by three commercial international airports: ], ] and ]. In 2019, these three airports recorded traffic of 112 million passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/Bulletin_Statistique_2014.pdf |title=Bulletin statistique, trafic aérien commercial – année 2014 |page=15 |publisher=Direction générale de l'Aviation civile |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329083555/http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/Bulletin_Statistique_2014.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also one ] airport, ], historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/DEFAULT/doc/IFD/IFD_REFDOC_TEMIS_0077449/trafic-aeroportuaire-1986-2012-flux-de-trafic-commercial-1986-2012 |title=Trafic aéroportuaire 1986–2013 |pages=15–17 |publisher=Direction générale de l'Aviation civile |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170444/http://www.side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/DEFAULT/doc/IFD/IFD_REFDOC_TEMIS_0077449/trafic-aeroportuaire-1986-2012-flux-de-trafic-commercial-1986-2012 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, it was the ] and it is the hub for the nation's ], ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=278–283}} Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located {{cvt|69|km|abbr=off}} north of Paris's city centre, is used by charter airlines and ].
	Paris is a central hub of the national rail network. The six major railway stations—], ], ], ], ], ]—and a minor one—]—are connected to three networks: The ] serving four ] lines, the normal speed ] trains, and the suburban rails (Transilien).
			====Motorways====
	Four international airports, ], ], ] and ], serve the city. The two major airports are Orly Airport, which is south of Paris; and the Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, in ], which is one of the busiest in the world and is the hub for the unofficial ] ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=278–83}}
			]]]
			Paris is the most important hub of France's ] network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the ],{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the ] motorway in the inner suburbs, and the ] motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over {{cvt|2000|km|mi|0}} of highways and motorways.
			====Waterways====
	The city is also the most important hub of France's ] network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the ],{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the ] motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the ] motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over {{convert|2000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of highways and motorways. By road, Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in six&nbsp;hours and Barcelona in 12&nbsp;hours. By train, London is now just two hours and 15 minutes away.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishrail.com/news-faqs/popular-routes/london-paris|title=London-Paris|publisher=]|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref>
			The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France. Most of the cargo is handled by the ], in facilities located around Paris. The rivers ], ], ], ], and ] can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the ], ], and the Canal de l'Ourcq.{{sfn|Jefferson|2009|p=114}}
			====Cycling====
	There are {{convert|440|km|abbr=on}} of ] in Paris. These include ''piste cyclable'' (bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers such as a kerb) and ''bande cyclable'' (a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some {{convert|29|km|abbr=on}} of specially marked bus lanes are free to be used by cyclists, with a protective barrier protecting against encroachments from vehicles.{{sfn|Hart|2004|p=355}} Cyclists have also been given the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris offers a ] system called ] with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations,{{sfn|Rand|2010|p=165}} which can be rented for short and medium distances including ] trips.
			] at the ]]]
			There are {{cvt|440|km}} of ] in Paris. These include ''piste cyclable'', bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers, and ''bande cyclable'', a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some {{cvt|29|km}} of specially marked bus lanes are free for use by cyclists, with a protective barrier against encroachments from vehicles.{{sfn|Hart|2004|p=355}} Cyclists have the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris has a ] system called ] with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations.{{sfn|Rand|2010|p=165}}
			===Electricity===
	The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France, with most of the cargo handled by ] in facilities located around Paris. The Loire, Rhine, Rhone, Meuse and Scheldt rivers can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the ], Canal Saint-Denis, and the Canal de l'Ourcq.{{sfn|Jefferson|2009|p=114}}
			Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid, fed by multiple sources. In 2012, around 50% of electricity generated in the ] came from cogeneration energy plants. Other energy sources included thermal power (35%), waste incineration (9% – with cogeneration plants, these provide the city in heat as well), methane gas (5%), hydraulics (1%), solar power (0.1%) and a negligible amount of wind power.<ref name="prod_electrique_IDF">{{cite web |url=http://www.driee.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Seminaire_du_6_mars_2012_-_Presentations_Approvisionnement_electrique_du_Grand_Paris__cle2dcb2f-1.pdf |title=La production électrique en IdF |publisher=La DRIEE – Prefet de la région d'Île-de-France |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007034916/http://www.driee.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Seminaire_du_6_mars_2012_-_Presentations_Approvisionnement_electrique_du_Grand_Paris__cle2dcb2f-1.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> A quarter of the city's ] is to come from a plant in ], burning a 50/50-mix of coal and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/paris-to-import-wood-pellets-from-the-us/ |title=Paris to be heated with US wood pellets |work=Global Wood Markets Info |access-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072201/http://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/paris-to-import-wood-pellets-from-the-us/ |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live |date=11 March 2016}}</ref>
	==Twin towns and sister cities==		===Water and sanitation===
			] and a ]]]
	Due to the motto "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris";<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Twinning with Rome"/> the only ] Paris in France will ever have is Rome in Italy<ref name="partners2">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |work=Mairie de Paris|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|title=International relations: special partners|archivedate=25 December 2008|accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref> and vice-versa. However, both Paris and Rome has partnered with several cities while not technically becoming sister cities.
			Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and ] for water. From 1809, the ] provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931 |title=Historique des égouts |access-date=18 June 2013 |language=fr |publisher=Paris.fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410232647/http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1857, the civil engineer ], under ], oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs.{{sfn|Burchell|1971|p=93}}
			From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water. The remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's water-supply network. Today Paris has more than {{cvt|2400|km|0}} of underground sewers.<ref name="sewers">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139 |title=Les égouts parisiens |website=Mairie de Paris |access-date=15 May 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225317/http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139 |archive-date=3 October 2006}}</ref>
	Paris is twinned with:
	* {{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy, since 1956<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784|title=Twinning with Rome
			] in Paris, from the point of view of ] (PM10), is the highest in France with 38&nbsp;μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924012702/http://www.linternaute.com/actualite/monde/classement-des-villes-selon-pollution-de-l-air/ |date=24 September 2012 }} according to L'internaute</ref> From the point of view of nitrogen dioxide pollution, Paris has one of the highest levels in the EU.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=Air pollution in Europe: These are the worst-hit cities to live in |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/24/air-pollution-new-report-shows-which-european-cities-have-the-worst-air-quality |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401104131/https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/24/air-pollution-new-report-shows-which-european-cities-have-the-worst-air-quality |url-status=live}}</ref>
	|accessdate=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Paris1">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Paris2">{{cite web | url = http://www.paris.fr/ | title = International relations: Special partners | accessdate = 28 August 2013 | work = Mairie de Paris | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070806151309/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |archivedate = 6 August 2007}}</ref>
	<div class="noprint">
			===Parks and gardens===
	{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
			{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Paris|History of Parks and Gardens of Paris}}
	|-
			] on a sunny day]]
	! colspan="3"|] with many cities around the world:<ref name="partners1">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="partners2">{{cite web
	|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|work=Mairie de Paris|title=International relations : special partners|accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref>
			Paris has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees.{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|p=6}} Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the ], created in 1564 for the ] and redone by ] between 1664 and 1672,{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=125}} and the ], for the ], built for ] in 1612, which today houses the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=208}} The '']'' was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Jardin de Plantes |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?AE_ID=214&INFO_ID=21&LIEU_ID=158&MAN_ID=273&SITE_ID=10&i=1&idx=6&nav=liste |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615203149/http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?i=1&nav=liste&INFO_ID=21&SITE_ID=10&AE_ID=214&LIEU_ID=158&idx=6&MAN_ID=273 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	|-
	{|style="width:100%"
			Between 1853 and 1870, Emperor ] and the city's first director of parks and gardens, ], created the ], ], ] and ], located at the four compass points around Paris, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters.{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|pp=122–161}} Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the ] (1987), ] (1992), ] (1997) and ] (2007).{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|pp=242–256}} One of the newest parks, the ] (2013), built on a former highway on the ] of the Seine between the ] and the ], has floating gardens.
	|-
	| style="width:33.3%;"|
			===Cemeteries===
	* {{flagicon|ALG}} ], Algeria, since 2003.<ref name="partners1"/>
			] hold the remains of approximately 6 million people.]]
	* {{flagicon|GRE}} ], Greece, since 2000.<ref name="partners1"/>
			During the Roman era, Paris' main cemetery was located on the outskirts of the ] settlement. This changed with the rise of Catholic Christianity, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth, many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the ], were filled to overflowing. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of ], today ] in the 14th arrondissement.{{sfn|Whaley|2012|p=101}}{{sfn|Broadwell|2007|p=92}}
	* {{flagicon|PRC}} ], China, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|LIB}} ], Lebanon, since 1992.<ref name="partners1"/>
			After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under ] Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution, in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=271}} Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of ], ], ], and later ]. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the ], the ], also known as Cimetière parisien de ]-], the Cimetière parisien d'], and the Cimetière parisien de ].<ref name="Parisian Cemeteries">{{cite web |title=Les 20 cimetières Parisiens |url=http://www.paris.fr/cimetieres |publisher=Paris.fr |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170430/http://www.paris.fr/cimetieres |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Famous people buried in Parisian cemeteries include ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Les célébrités du cimetière du Père Lachaise à Paris |url=https://www.oui.sncf/article/les-tombes-de-celebrites-au-cimetiere-du-pere-lachaise-106832 |website=www.oui.sncf |date=7 November 2018 |language=fr |access-date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414034945/https://www.oui.sncf/article/les-tombes-de-celebrites-au-cimetiere-du-pere-lachaise-106832 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany, since 1987.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Berlin twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html|title=Berlin - City Partnerships|accessdate=17 September 2013|work=Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html |archivedate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|title=Berlin's international city relations|publisher=Berlin Mayor's Office|accessdate=1 July 2009 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080822100321/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html |archivedate = 22 August 2008}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|ARG}} ], Argentina, since 1999.<ref name="partners1"/>
			===Education===
	* {{flagicon|EGY}} ], Egypt, since 1985.<ref name="partners1"/>
			{{Main|Education in Paris}}
	* {{flagicon|VEN}} ], Venezuela, since 1991.<ref name="partners2"/>
			]]]
	* {{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco, since 2004.<ref name="partners1"/>
			Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 percent of Parisians held a '']''-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form |title=Indicateurs départementaux et régionaux sur les diplômes et la formation en 2009 |publisher=INSEE |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910144530/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form |archive-date=10 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest percentage in France. Education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors, teaching approximately 2.9 million students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<ref name="idf_education">{{cite web |url=http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |author=La Préfecture de la Région d'Île-de-France |title=L'enseignement |access-date=9 October 2007 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |archive-date = 24 August 2007 |language=fr}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|USA}} ], United States, since 1996.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|DEN}} ], Denmark, since 2005.<ref name="partners1"/>
			The ], founded in the 12th century, is often called the ] after one of its original medieval colleges. In 1970, it was broken up into ], following the ]. Most of the campuses today are in the ] where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2013|pages=213–214}}
	* {{flagicon|UAE}} ], ], since 2002.<ref name="Dubai Partner Cities">{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149|title=Dubai Partner Cities}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|SUI}} ], Switzerland, since 2002.<ref name="partners1"/>
			The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the '']'' – 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside or inside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered '']''. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris. The ], ] has remained on rue d'Ulm in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en |title=Contact and Maps |access-date=18 June 2013 |language=fr |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607052638/http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en |archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|IDN}} ], Indonesia, since 1995.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine, since 1992.<ref name="partners1"/>
			In 2024, Paris is the home of prestigious universities in science and technology (], ], ], ]), political science (]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.planetegrandesecoles.com/classement-qs-2024-politics |author=Planête grandes écoles |title=Classement QS 2024 : Sciences Po devient la 2ème meilleure université mondiale en "Politics" |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> management (], ], ], ])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rankings.ft.com/rankings/2954/european-business-school-rankings-2023 |author=] |title=European Business School Rankings 2023 |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> as well as multidisciplinary universities (]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |author=] |title=2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|JPN}} ], Japan, since 1958.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Kyoto twinnings">{{cite web | url =http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html|title=Sister and Other Associated Cities|accessdate=6 August 2013|work=Kyoto General Affairs Bureau|publisher=City of Kyoto|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728154629/http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html|archivedate=28 July 2013}}</ref>
	||
			===Healthcare===
	* {{flagicon|POR}} ], Portugal, since 1998.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Lisbon twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100|title=Lisboa - Geminações de Cidades e Vilas|accessdate=23 August 2013|work=Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses |language=Portuguese|trans_title=Lisbon - Twinning of Cities and Towns}}</ref><ref name="Lisbon twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais|title=Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa|accessdate=23 August 2013|work=Camara Municipal de Lisboa|language=Portuguese|trans_title=Lisbon -Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship}}</ref>
			] is the oldest hospital in Paris.]]
	* {{flagicon|UK}} ], United Kingdom, since 2001.<ref name="partners1"/>
			Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the ] (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people, including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators, in 44 hospitals.<ref name="hospital"/> It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web |url=http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327062949/http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php |archive-date=27 March 2014 |title=Rapport Annuel 2008 |publisher=Rapport Activite |access-date=21 April 2013 |language=fr |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain, since 2000.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|MEX}} ], Mexico, since 1999.<ref name="partners1"/>
			One of the most notable hospitals is the ], founded in 651, the oldest hospital in Paris and the oldest worldwide still operating,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx |title=Hotel Dieu |publisher=London Science Museum |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508100917/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> although the current building is the product of a reconstruction of 1877. Other hospitals include ], one of the largest in Europe, ], ], ], ], ], the ], ], ], ], ] and the ].
	* {{flagicon|CAN}} ], Canada, since 2006.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia, since 1992.<ref name="partners1"/>
			==International relations==
	* {{flagicon|IND}} ], India, since 1987.<ref name="partners1"/>
			===International organisations===
	* {{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil, since 2001.<ref name="partners1"/>
			The ] (UNESCO) has had its headquarters in Paris since November 1958. Paris is also the home of the ] (OECD).<ref>.</ref> Paris hosts the headquarters of the ], the ], ] and the ].
	* {{flagicon|CZE}} ], Czech Republic, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Prague twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html#|title=Partnerská města HMP|accessdate=5 August 2013|date=18 July 2013|work = Portál „Zahraniční vztahy“ |language=Czech|trans_title=Prague - Twin Cities HMP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html|archivedate =25 June 2013}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|CAN}} ], Canada, since 2003.<ref name="partners1"/>
			===Twin towns – sister cities===
	* {{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco, since 2004.<ref name="partners1"/>
			{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}
	* {{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil, since 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |publisher=Paris.fr |date=17 March 2010 |accessdate=15 June 2010}}</ref>
			Since April 1956, Paris is exclusively and reciprocally ] with:<ref name=IR>{{cite web |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |url=https://api-site.paris.fr/images/74497 |publisher=Paris |language=fr |date=September 2015 |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308095626/https://api-site.paris.fr/images/74497 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Twinning Rome – Paris |language=fr |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Gemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf |date=30 January 1956 |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113084709/https://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Gemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=live}}<br />{{cite web |title=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |language=it |publisher=Commune Roma |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archive-date=9 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|KSA}} ], Saudi Arabia, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/>		*{{flagicon|ITA}} ], 1956
			: ''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.'' {{in lang|fr}}
	* {{flagicon|YEM}} ], Yemen, since 1987.<ref name="partners1"/>
			: ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.'' {{in lang|it}}
	* {{flagicon|USA}} ], United States, since 1996.<ref name="partners1"/>
			: "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |title=Dichiarazione congiunta Roma – Parigi – (2014) |format=PDF |location=Rome |date=1 October 2014 |publisher=Commune Roma |language=fr |work=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |access-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905235843/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2012 |title=Twinning with Rome |access-date=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Paris1">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |access-date=14 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162140/http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Paris2">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |work=Mairie de Paris |title=International relations: special partners |access-date=14 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070806151309/http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |archive-date=6 August 2007}}</ref>
	||
	* {{flagicon|CHI}} ], Chile, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/>
			===Other relationships===
	* {{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil, since 2004.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="São Paulo">{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>
			Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with:<ref name=IR/>
	* {{flagicon|USA}} ], United States<ref name="NYC Global Partners">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/partner/partner.shtml|title=NYC Global Partners}}</ref>
			{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
	* {{flagicon|KOR}} ], South Korea, since 1991.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|archivedate=10 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 | title = Seoul -Sister Cities |accessdate=23 August 2013|work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 25 April 2012)}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|BUL}} ], Bulgaria, since 1998.<ref name="partners1"/>		*{{flagicon|ALG}} ], 2003
	* {{flagicon|AUS}} ], Australia, since 1998.<ref name="partners1"/>		*{{flagicon|JOR}} ], 1987
	* {{flagicon|GEO}} ], Georgia, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/>		*{{flagicon|NED}} ], 2013
	* {{flagicon|ISR}} ], Israel, since 1985.<ref name="partners1"/>		*{{flagicon|GRE}} ], 2000
			*{{flagicon|PRC}} ], 1997
	* {{flagicon|ALB}} ], Albania.<ref name="International relations">{{cite web|title=Twinning Cities: International Relations|url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf|accessdate=23 June 2009|work=Municipality of Tirana|publisher=www.tirana.gov.al|format=PDF}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|JPN}} ], Japan, since 1982.<ref name="partners1"/>		*{{flagicon|LIB}} ], 1992
	* {{flagicon|TUN}} ], Tunisia, since 2004.<ref name="partners1"/>		*{{flagicon|GER}} ], 1987
	* {{flagicon|POL}} ], Poland, since 1999.<ref name="partners1"/>		*{{flagicon|COG}} ], 2015
			*{{flagicon|ARG}} ], 1999
	* {{flagicon|USA}} ], USA, since 2000.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Washington DC">{{cite web|url=http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp|title=Protocol and International Affairs|publisher=DC Office of the Secretary|accessdate=12 July 2008}}{{Dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref>
			*{{flagicon|EGY}} ], 1985
	* {{flagicon|ARM}} ], Armenia, since 1998.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Yerevan partnerships">{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html|title=Yerevan - Partner Cities|accessdate=4 November 2013|work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website|publisher=© 2005—2013 www.yerevan.am}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|DOM}} ], Dominican Republic<ref name="partners1"/>		*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], 2004
			*{{flagicon|USA}} ], 1996
	|}
			*{{flagicon|DEN}} ], 2005
	|}
			*{{flagicon|SEN}} ], 2011
			*{{flagicon|QAT}} ], 2010
			*{{flagicon|SUI}} ], 2002
			*{{flagicon|TUR}} ], 2009
			*{{flagicon|IDN}} ], 1995
			*{{flagicon|PSE}} ], 2009
			*{{flagicon|COD}} ], 2014
			*{{flagicon|JPN}} ], 1958
			*{{flagicon|POR}} ], 1998
			*{{flagicon|GBR}} ], 2001
			*{{flagicon|ESP}} ], 2000
			*{{flagicon|MEX}} ], 1999
			*{{flagicon|URY}} ], 2013
			*{{flagicon|CAN}} ], 2006
			*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], 1992
			*{{flagicon|KHM}} ], 2007
			*{{flagicon|BRA}} ], 2001
			*{{flagicon|CZE}} ], 1997
			*{{flagicon|CAN}} ], 1996
			*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], 2004
			*{{flagicon|PSE}} ], 2011
			*{{flagicon|BRA}} ], 2009
			*{{flagicon|KSA}} ], 1997
			*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], 1997
			*{{flagicon|YEM}} ], 1987
			*{{flagicon|USA}} ], 1996
			*{{flagicon|CHI}} ], 1997
			*{{flagicon|BRA}} ], 2004
			*{{flagicon|KOR}} ], 1991
			*{{flagicon|BUL}} ], 1998
			*{{flagicon|AUS}} ], 1998
			*{{flagicon|GEO}} ], 1997
			*{{flagicon|ISR}} ], 2010
			*{{flagicon|JPN}} ], 1982
			*{{flagicon|TUN}} ], 2004
			*{{flagicon|POL}} ], 1999
			*{{flagicon|USA}} ], 2000
			*{{flagicon|ARM}} ], 1998
			{{div col end}}
	==See also==		==See also==
			{{portal bar|France|Cities}}
	* ]
			*]
	* ]
	* ]		*]
			*]
	* ]
			*] held in Paris in 1925
	{{Portal bar|Paris|France}}
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]
	==References==		==Notes==
			{{notelist}}
			{{NoteFoot}}
	===Footnotes===		==References==
			===Citations===
	{{reflist|20em}}
			{{Reflist
			|refs =
			<ref name="TIP2016">{{cite web |title=Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2016 |url=https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures/key-figures/Tourism-in-Paris-Key-Figures-2016 |date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date = 18 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151215/https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures/key-figures/Tourism-in-Paris-Key-Figures-2016 |archive-date = 19 February 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref>
			<!--unused<ref name="TIP2017">{{cite web |title=Tourism in Paris, Key Figures (2017) |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau}}</ref>-->
			}}
	===Bibliography===		===Sources===
	{{refbegin|30em}}		{{refbegin|40em}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Andia|first1=Béatrice de|last2=Brialy|first2=Jean-Claude|title=Larousse Paris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5w0jAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Larousse|isbn=978-2-03-585012-6|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Andia |first1=Béatrice de |last2=Brialy |first2=Jean-Claude |title=Larousse Paris |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5w0jAQAAIAAJ |date=2001 |publisher=Larousse |isbn=978-2-03-585012-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=5w0jAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Arbois de Jubainville|first1=Henry|last2=Dottin|first2=George|title=Les premiers habitants de l'Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132|year=1889|publisher=E. Thorin|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Arbois de Jubainville |first1=Henry |last2=Dottin |first2=George |title=Les premiers habitants de l'Europe |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132 |date=1889 |publisher=E. Thorin |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Ayers|first=Andrew|title=The Architecture of Paris|year=2004|publisher=Axel Mendes|url=http://books.google.com/?id=0eJxj9Xos_UC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9783930698967|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Ayers |first=Andrew |title=The Architecture of Paris |date=2004 |publisher=Axel Mendes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eJxj9Xos_UC |isbn=978-3-930698-96-7 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123205256/https://books.google.com/books?id=0eJxj9Xos_UC |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Beevor|first1=Antony|last2=Cooper|first2=Artemis|title=Paris After the Liberation: 1944 - 1949: 1944 - 1949|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zoWtMt2hJIYC&pg=PT242|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-191288-2|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Bayrou |first=François |author-link=François Bayrou |title=Henri IV: le roi libre |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZVLPwAACAAJ |date=1994 |publisher=le Grand livre du mois |isbn=978-2-7028-3282-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=bZVLPwAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Bell|first1=Daniel A.|last2=de-Shalit|first2=Avner| year=2011| title=The Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iRrglOH4kKkC&pg=PA247|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3972-8|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Beevor |first1=Antony |last2=Cooper |first2=Artemis |title=Paris After the Liberation: 1944–1949: 1944–1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoWtMt2hJIYC&pg=PT242 |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-191288-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=zoWtMt2hJIYC&pg=PT242 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Berg|first1=Leo van den|last2=Braun|first2=Erik|title=National Policy Responses to Urban Challenges in Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3jU3Td7GI4oC&pg=PA85|year=2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-8725-8|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=Daniel A. |last2=de-Shalit |first2=Avner |date=2011 |title=The Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRrglOH4kKkC&pg=PA247 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3972-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRrglOH4kKkC&pg=PA247 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Blackmore|first1=Ruth |last2=McConnachie|first2=James |title=Rough Guide Paris Directions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8ixR236aqQoC&pg=PA206|year=2004|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-317-7|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Berg |first1=Leo van den |last2=Braun |first2=Erik |title=National Policy Responses to Urban Challenges in Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jU3Td7GI4oC&pg=PA85 |date=2012 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-8725-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jU3Td7GI4oC&pg=PA85 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Boogert|first=Kate van der|title=Frommer's Paris 2013|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PB5d0pRRn6IC&pg=PT43|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-33143-9|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Bernard |first=Léon |title=The emerging city: Paris in the age of Louis XIV. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vFnAAAAMAAJ |date=1970 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-0214-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=7vFnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Broadwell|first=Valerie|title=City of Light, City of Dark: Exploring Paris Below|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N9cPFcaOKBwC&pg=PA92|year=2007|publisher=Valerie Broadwell|isbn=978-1-4257-9022-6|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Bezbakh |first=Pierre |title=Petit Larousse de l'histoire de France |language=fr |date=2004 |publisher=Larousse |isbn=978-2-03-505369-5}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Blackmore |first1=Ruth |last2=McConnachie |first2=James |title=Rough Guide to Paris |edition=9th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nEcC1zeg-MC&pg=PA394 |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-078-7 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nEcC1zeg-MC&pg=PA394 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Burchell|first=S. C.|title=Imperial Masquerade: The Paris of Napoleon III|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JbFBAAAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Atheneum|ref=harv}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Blackmore |first1=Ruth |last2=McConnachie |first2=James |title=Rough Guide Paris Directions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ixR236aqQoC&pg=PA153 |date=2004 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-317-7 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ixR236aqQoC&pg=PA153 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Byrne|first=Jim|title=Conflict and Change: Europe 1870-1966|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HmemAAAAIAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Educational Company|ref=harv}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Blanchard |first1=Pascal |last2=Deroo |first2=Eric |last3=El Yazami |first3=Driss |last4=Fournié |first4=Pierre |last5=Manceron |first5=Gilles |title=Le Paris Arabe |language=fr |publisher=La Découverte |date=2003 |isbn=978-2-7071-3904-7}}
	* {{cite book|last=Byrne |first=Joseph P.|title=Encyclopedia of the Black Death|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA259|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-254-8|ref=harv}}
	* {{cite book|last=Clark|first=Linda L.|title=Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NtitRt1uUXMC&pg=PA101|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65098-4|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Blum |first=Carol |title=Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkaWS7yDl8C&pg=PA233 |date=2002 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6810-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkaWS7yDl8C&pg=PA233 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Boogert |first=Kate van der |title=Frommer's Paris 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5d0pRRn6IC&pg=PT43 |date=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-33143-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5d0pRRn6IC&pg=PT43 |url-status=live}}
	*{{cite book|last=Combeau|first=Yvan|title=Histoire de Paris|year=2013|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris|ISBN=978-2-13-060852-3}}
			*{{cite book |last=Borrus |first=Kathy |title=Five Hundred Buildings of Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8KuR2TxJY4C&pg=PA288 |date=2012 |publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers |isbn=978-1-60376-267-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=i8KuR2TxJY4C&pg=PA288 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Cunliffe|first=Barry|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3lkEgdtOvGEC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain#v=onepage&q&f=false|edition=4th|title=Iron Age communities in Britain : an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-34779-2|ref=harv}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Damschroeder|first1=David|last2=Williams|first2=David Russell|title=Music Theory from Zarlino to Schenker: A Bibliography and Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yAw3PBpdEw4C&pg=PA157|year=1990|publisher=Pendragon Press|isbn=978-0-918728-99-9|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |editor-last1=Braimoh |editor-first1=Ademola K. |editor-last2=Vlek |editor-first2=Paul L. G. |title=Land Use and Soil Resources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV7Jp9Iz1hsC&pg=PA212 |date=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-6778-5 |pages=212– |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uV7Jp9Iz1hsC&pg=PA212 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Broadwell |first=Valerie |title=City of Light, City of Dark: Exploring Paris Below |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9cPFcaOKBwC&pg=PA92 |date=2007 |publisher=Valerie Broadwell |isbn=978-1-4257-9022-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=N9cPFcaOKBwC&pg=PA92 |url-status=live}}
	*{{cite book|last=De Moncan|first=Patrice|year= 2007|title=Les jardins du Baron Haussmann|publisher=Les Éditions du Mécène|location=Paris|ISBN=978-2-907970-914}}
	*{{cite book|last=De Moncan|first=Patrice|title=Le Paris d'Haussmann|year=2012|publisher=Les Editions du Mecene|location=Paris|ISBN=978-2-9079-70983}}		*{{cite book |last=Burchell |first=S.C. |title=Imperial Masquerade: The Paris of Napoleon III |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialmasquera00burc |url-access=registration |date=1971 |publisher=Atheneum}}
			*{{Cite book |last=Busse |first=Peter E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |pages=195–200 |language=en |chapter=Belgae |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819063413/https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Dosch|first=Dee Davidson|title=A Summer in '69|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bcD41kgBYTMC&pg=PA16|year= 2010|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|isbn=978-1-60976-878-2 |ref=harv}}
			*{{cite book |first=Klaus |last=Bussmann |title=Paris and the Ile de France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nYnAQAAMAAJ |date=1985 |publisher=Webb & Bower |isbn=978-0-86350-038-1 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201443/https://books.google.com/books?id=1nYnAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Dottin|first=George|title=La Langue Gauloise : Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire|location=Paris|publisher=C. Klincksieck|year=1920|isbn=2051002088|language=French|ref=harv}}
	* {{cite book|last=Dregni|first=Michael|title=Django : The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3t8SLVloJjsC&pg=PA19|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803743-9|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Byrne |first=Jim |title=Conflict and Change: Europe 1870–1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmemAAAAIAAJ |date=1987 |publisher=Educational Company |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=HmemAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Dregni |first=Michael|title=Gypsy Jazz : In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=smcDVbulh1gC&pg=PA32|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-804262-4|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Byrne |first=Joseph P. |title=Encyclopedia of the Black Death |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA259 |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-254-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA259 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Dutton|first=Paul Edward|title=The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UHQEP3oJDsoC&pg=PA142|year=1994|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1653-2|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Castells |first=Manuel |title=The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbZLcYsA_QC&pg=PA75 |date=1983 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05617-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbZLcYsA_QC&pg=PA75 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Graeme|title=Cultural Planning: An Urban Renaissance?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LVpIIHrUOZEC&pg=PA68|year= 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-45974-4|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Linda L. |title=Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtitRt1uUXMC&pg=PA101 |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65098-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=NtitRt1uUXMC&pg=PA101 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Combeau |first=Yvan |title=Histoire de Paris |date=2013 |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |isbn=978-2-13-060852-3 |language=fr |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredeparis0000comb}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Fallon|first1=Steve|first2=Nicola|last2=Williams|edition=7|title=Paris|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=1-74059-850-4|ref=harv}}
			*{{cite book |last=Combeau |first=Yvan |title=Histoire de Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmfGAAACAAJ |date=2003 |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |language=fr |isbn=978-2-13-053865-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmfGAAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Favier|first=Jean|title=Paris - deux mille ans d'histoire|publisher=Fayard|year=1997|isbn=2-213-59874-6}}
			*{{cite book |last=Compayré |first=Gabriel |title=Abelard And the Origin And Early History of Universities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bwH0j_EOtIC&pg=PA205 |date=2004 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4179-4646-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=_bwH0j_EOtIC&pg=PA205 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last= Forsyth|first=David|title=Marie Antoinette in the Conciergerie, a lecture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=I0KTnvvPwJ0C|year=1867|ref=harv}}
			*{{cite book |last=Cunliffe |first=Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lkEgdtOvGEC&q=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain&pg=PA201 |edition=4th |title=Iron Age communities in Britain : an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-34779-2 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203913/https://books.google.com/books?id=3lkEgdtOvGEC&q=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain&pg=PA201 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Fraser|first1=Benjamin|last2=Spalding|first2=Steven D.|title=Trains, Culture, and Mobility: Riding the Rails|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fUOY8941RjMC&pg=PA117|year=2011|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-6749-6|ref=harv}}
	* {{cite book|author=Frommer's|title=AARP Paris 2012|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mTmRa1s1Z48C&pg=PA103|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-26621-2|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |author=Daniel Jay Grimminger Ph.D. |title=Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbNpLIZzFKoC&pg=PT95 |date=2010 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-1-4396-4101-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PbNpLIZzFKoC&pg=PT95 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Damschroeder |first1=David |last2=Williams |first2=David Russell |title=Music Theory from Zarlino to Schenker: A Bibliography and Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAw3PBpdEw4C&pg=PA157 |date=1990 |publisher=Pendragon Press |isbn=978-0-918728-99-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAw3PBpdEw4C&pg=PA157 |url-status=live}}
	*{{Citation|last=Girard |first=Louis |title=Napoléon III |location=Paris |publisher=Fayard |year=1986 |isbn=2-01-27-9098-4}}
	* {{cite book|last=Goldstein|first=Natalie|title=Droughts And Heat Waves: A Practical Survival Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CPZuf6gxIBAC&pg=PP8|year=2005|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4042-0536-9|ref=harv}}		*{{Cite book |last=Delamarre |first=Xavier |title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental |date=2003 |publisher=Errance |isbn=978-2-87772-369-5 |language=fr |author-link=Xavier Delamarre}}
			*{{cite book |last=De Moncan |first=Patrice |date=2007 |title=Les jardins du Baron Haussmann |publisher=Les Éditions du Mécène |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-907970-91-4}}
	* {{cite book|last=Haine|first=W. Scott|title=The World of the Paris Café: Sociability Among the French Working Class, 1789-1914|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=65r1hSAq-dQC&pg=PA144|year=1998|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6070-6|ref=harv}}
	* {{cite book|last=Harding|first=Vanessa|title=The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500-1670|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&pg=PA25|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81126-2|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=De Moncan |first=Patrice |title=Le Paris d'Haussmann |language=fr |date=2012 |publisher=Les Editions du Mecene |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-907970-98-3}}
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	* {{cite book|last=Hart|first=Alan|title=Going to Live in Paris: How to Live and Work in France's Great Capital|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4pNBaIocHNUC&pg=PA355|year=2004|publisher=How To Books Ltd|isbn=978-1-85703-985-6|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Dosch |first=Dee Davidson |title=A Summer in '69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcD41kgBYTMC&pg=PA16 |date=2010 |publisher=Strategic Book Publishing |isbn=978-1-60976-878-2 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229020537/https://books.google.com/books?id=bcD41kgBYTMC&pg=PA16 |url-status=live}}
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	* {{cite book|last=Rand|first=Tom|title=Kick the Fossil Fuel Habit: 10 Clean Technologies to Save Our World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DCYf7F5erwYC&pg=PA165|year=2010|publisher=Greenleaf Book Group|isbn=978-0-9812952-0-6|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Knapp |first1=Andrew |last2=Wright |first2=Vincent |title=The Government and Politics of France |url=https://archive.org/details/governmentpoliti0000knap |url-access=registration |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35732-6}}
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	* {{cite book|last=Reeves|first=Tom|title=Paris Insights - An Anthology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x3r5dwETLIMC&pg=PA110|publisher=Discover Paris!|isbn=978-0-9815292-0-2|ref=harv}}
	* {{cite book|last=Robertson|first=Jamie Cox|title=A Literary Paris: Hemingway, Colette, Sedaris, and Others on the Uncommon Lure of the City of Light|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PNDki71jxYQC&pg=PA37|year=2010|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=978-1-4405-0740-3|ref=harv}}		*{{Cite book |last=Lambert |first=Pierre-Yves |title=La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies |date=1994 |publisher=Errance |isbn=978-2-87772-089-2 |author-link=Pierre-Yves Lambert}}
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	* {{cite book|last=Rodgers|first=Eamonn J.|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ymIXLhegGnwC&pg=PA60|year=1999|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-13187-2|ref=harv}}
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	* {{cite book|last=Rousseau|first=George Sebastian|title=Yourcenar|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uDxlAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Haus Bublishing|isbn=978-1-904341-28-4|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Madge |first1=Charles |last2=Willmott |first2=Peter |title=Inner City Poverty in Paris and London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFDIS847zl8C&pg=PA11 |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-41762-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=gFDIS847zl8C&pg=PA11 |url-status=live}}
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	* {{cite book|last=Rynn|first=Margie|title=Pauline Frommer's Paris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LDAEyT2DvjwC&pg=PA365|date=16 March 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-48528-6|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Mehra |first1=Ajay K. |last2=Levy |first2=Rene |title=The Police, State and Society: Perspectives from India and France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JJdEhSWS90C&pg=PA138 |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3145-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=0JJdEhSWS90C&pg=PA138 |url-status=live}}
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	*{{cite book|last=Sarmant|first=Thierry|title=Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation|year=2012|publisher=Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot|ISBN=978-2-755-803303}}
	*{{cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Joël|title=Lutèce: Paris, des origines à Clovis|year=2009|publisher=Perrin|ISBN=978-2-262-03015-5}}		*{{cite book |last=Meunier |first=Florian |title=Le Paris du Moyen Âge |date=2014 |publisher=Éditions Ouest-France |isbn=978-2-7373-6217-0 |language=fr}}
	* {{cite book|last=Shales|first=Melissa|title=Paris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FYPU8V_oWz8C&pg=PA17|year=2007|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn=978-1-84537-661-1|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |author=Michelin |title=Paris Green Guide Michelin 2012–2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P945gwAL-oAC&pg=PT105 |date=2011 |publisher=Michelin |isbn=978-2-06-718220-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=P945gwAL-oAC&pg=PT105 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Simmer|title=Innovation Networks and Learning Regions?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MtOmZc-Vd_gC&pg=PA4|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-11-702360-4|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Montclos |first=Jean-Marie Perouse De |title=Paris, City of Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJ2QgAACAAJ |date=2003 |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=978-0-86565-226-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJ2QgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
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	* {{cite book|last=Singleton|first=Esther|title=Paris as Seen and Described by Famous Writers ...|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BL1CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA210|year=1912|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|ref=harv}}
	* {{cite book|last=Steele|first=Valerie|title=Paris Fashion: A Cultural History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Vwhieeo_nfMC&pg=PR|year= 1998|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-1-85973-973-0|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Mroue |first=Haas |title=Frommer's Memorable Walks in Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nUVnF1rPXoC&pg=PA8 |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-03712-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nUVnF1rPXoC&pg=PA8 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Sutherland|first=Cara|title=The Statue of Liberty|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rCnYe0cPTq4C&pg=PA37|year=2003|publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing|isbn=978-0-7607-3890-0|ref=harv}}		*{{Cite book |last=Nègre |first=Ernest |title=Toponymie générale de la France |date=1990 |publisher=Librairie Droz |isbn=978-2-600-02883-7 |author-link=Ernest Nègre}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Tallett|first1=Frank|last2=Atkin|first2=Nicholas|title=Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC|year=1991|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-1-85285-057-9|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Nevez |first=Catherine Le |title=Paris Encounter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=db4TSjy-9X4C |date=2010 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74220-503-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=db4TSjy-9X4C |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Tellier|first=Luc-Normand|title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA281|year=2009|publisher=PUQ|isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Newman |first1=Peter |last2=Thornley |first2=Andy |title=Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpYlyaqfoQC&pg=PA185 |date=2002 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-42794-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpYlyaqfoQC&pg=PA185 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Vlotides|first=Nina|title=A Hedonist's Guide to Paris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0FiyXb4RjZAC&pg=PA21|year=2006|publisher=A Hedonist's guide to...|isbn=978-1-905428-05-2|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Oscherwitz |first=Dayna |title=Past Forward: French Cinema and the Post-Colonial Heritage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8n5iKE9gdcC&pg=PA135 |date=2010 |publisher=SIU Press |isbn=978-0-8093-8588-1 |page=135 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=j8n5iKE9gdcC&pg=PA135 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Weingardt|first=Richard|title=Circles in the Sky: The Life and Times of George Ferris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uIFwg5LOnnoC&pg=PR15|year=2009|publisher=ASCE Publications|isbn=978-0-7844-1010-3|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Overy |first=Richard |title=Why the Allies Won |publisher=Pimlico |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-84595-065-1}}
	* {{cite book|last=Whaley|first=Joachim|title=Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PT101|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-81060-2|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Paine |first=Thomas |title=Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YU_o6E572uIC&pg=PA453 |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-283557-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=YU_o6E572uIC&pg=PA453 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Woolley|first=Reginald Maxwell|title=Coronation Rites|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gcs7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106|year=1915|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Papayanis |first=Nicholas |title=Planning Paris Before Haussmann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umLmjHFZoT4C |date=2004 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-7930-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=umLmjHFZoT4C |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Perry |first=Gillian |title=Women Artists and the Parisian Avant-garde: Modernism and 'feminine Art' Art, 1900 to the Late 1920s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wg4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19 |date=1995 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-4165-5 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=wg4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Zarka | first1=Yves Charles |last2=Taussig | first2=Sylvie |last3=Fleury | first3=Cynthia |title=L'Islam en France|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H8UiAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Presses universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-053723-6|chapter=Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la filiation | ref=harv}}
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			*{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Betty Lou |date=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchconnection0000phil |url-access=registration |title=The French Connection |isbn=978-1-58685-529-1 |publisher=Gibbs Smith}}
			*{{cite book |last=Rand |first=Tom |title=Kick the Fossil Fuel Habit: 10 Clean Technologies to Save Our World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCYf7F5erwYC&pg=PA165 |date=2010 |publisher=Greenleaf Book Group |isbn=978-0-9812952-0-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=DCYf7F5erwYC&pg=PA165 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTaRv7lr7uoC&pg=PT646 |date=2010 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-0-330-52254-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=QTaRv7lr7uoC&pg=PT646 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Robertson |first=Jamie Cox |title=A Literary Paris: Hemingway, Colette, Sedaris, and Others on the Uncommon Lure of the City of Light |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDki71jxYQC&pg=PA37 |date=2010 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=978-1-4405-0740-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDki71jxYQC&pg=PA37 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Eamonn J. |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymIXLhegGnwC&pg=PA60 |date=1999 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-415-13187-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ymIXLhegGnwC&pg=PA60 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Rougerie |first=Jacques |title=La Commune de 1871 |language=fr |date=2014 |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-13-062078-5}}
			*{{cite book |last=Rousseau |first=George Sebastian |title=Yourcenar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxlAAAAMAAJ |date=2004 |publisher=Haus Bublishing |isbn=978-1-904341-28-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxlAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Ryersson |first1=Scot D. |last2=Yaccarino |first2=Michael Orlando |title=Infinite variety: the life and legend of the Marchesa Casati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAMEqfFtngC&pg=PA25 |date=2004 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4520-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305041927/https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAMEqfFtngC&pg=PA25 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Sarmant |first=Thierry |title=Histoire de Paris: politique, urbanisme, civilisation |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM4XNQEACAAJ |date=2012 |publisher=Editions Gisserot |isbn=978-2-7558-0330-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM4XNQEACAAJ |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Joël |title=Lutèce: Paris, des origines à Clovis |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Li5xQgAACAAJ |date=2009 |publisher=Perrin |isbn=978-2-262-03015-5 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Li5xQgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Schumacher |first=Claude |title=Naturalism and Symbolism in European Theatre 1850–1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tanPYs6ArLIC&pg=PA60 |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23014-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=tanPYs6ArLIC&pg=PA60 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Shack |first=William A. |title=Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars |publisher=University of California Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-520-22537-4}}
			*{{cite book |last=Shales |first=Melissa |title=Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPU8V_oWz8C&pg=PA17 |date=2007 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |isbn=978-1-84537-661-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPU8V_oWz8C&pg=PA17 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Simmer |first=James |title=Innovation Networks and Learning Regions? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOmZc-Vd_gC&pg=PA4 |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-11-702360-4 |access-date = 25 October 2015 |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOmZc-Vd_gC&pg=PA4 |url-status = live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Steele |first=Valerie |title=Paris Fashion: A Cultural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vwhieeo_nfMC&pg=PR |date=1998 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-85973-973-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vwhieeo_nfMC&pg=PR |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Cara |title=The Statue of Liberty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCnYe0cPTq4C&pg=PA37 |date=2003 |publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing |isbn=978-0-7607-3890-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCnYe0cPTq4C&pg=PA37 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Tallett |first1=Frank |last2=Atkin |first2=Nicholas |title=Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC |date=1991 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-85285-057-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Tellier |first=Luc-Normand |title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA281 |date=2009 |publisher=PUQ |isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA281 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Tomas |first1=François |last2=Blanc |first2=Jean-Noël |last3=Bonilla |first3=Mario |author4=IERP |title=Les grands ensembles: une histoire qui continue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTX7h9H8DJEC&pg=PA237 |date=2003 |publisher=Université de Saint-Étienne |isbn=978-2-86272-260-3 |page=237 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTX7h9H8DJEC&pg=PA237 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle= Paris |volume=20 |pages=805&ndash;822 |last1=Truslove |first1=Roland |last2=de Blowitz |first2=Henri Georges Stephane Adolphe Opper }}
			*{{cite book |first1=Jacobus |last1=de Vitriaco |first2=John Frederick |last2=Hinnebusch |title=The Historia Occidentalis of Jacques de Vitry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rlua0N-AQNgC&pg=PA262 |date=1972 |publisher=Saint-Paul |id=GGKEY:R8CJPKJJK4D |access-date=10 April 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411065259/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rlua0N-AQNgC&pg=PA262 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Weingardt |first=Richard |title=Circles in the Sky: The Life and Times of George Ferris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFwg5LOnnoC&pg=PR15 |date=2009 |publisher=ASCE Publications |isbn=978-0-7844-1010-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFwg5LOnnoC&pg=PR15 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Whaley |first=Joachim |title=Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PT101 |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81060-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PT101 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Woolley |first=Reginald Maxwell |title=Coronation Rites |url=https://archive.org/details/coronationrites00wooluoft |page= |date=1915 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
			*{{cite book |last=Yarri |first=Monique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce9VUj5pRMUC&q=delouvrier+%22villes+nouvelles%22 |title=Rethinking the French City: Architecture, Dwelling, and Display After 1968 |publisher=Editions Rodopi B.V. |location=Amsterdam, New York |date=2008 |isbn=978-90-420-2500-4 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203904/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce9VUj5pRMUC&q=delouvrier+%22villes+nouvelles%22 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Zarka |first1=Yves Charles |last2=Taussig |first2=Sylvie |last3=Fleury |first3=Cynthia |title=L'Islam en France |language=fr |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8UiAQAAIAAJ |date=2004 |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |isbn=978-2-13-053723-6 |chapter=Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la filiation |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928174957/https://books.google.com/books?id=H8UiAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
			{{Main list|Bibliography of Paris}}
	{{refbegin|30em}}
			{{refbegin|40em}}
	* {{cite book|last=Bernard| first=Léon |title=The emerging city: Paris in the age of Louis XIV.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7vFnAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Duke University Press}}
			*{{cite book |author=Vincent Cronin |title=Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914 |publisher=] |location=New York |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-312-04876-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/parisoneve19001900cron |author-link=Vincent Cronin}}
	* {{cite book|last=Blum|first=Carol|title=Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TgkaWS7yDl8C&pg=PA233|year=2002|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6810-8}}
			*{{cite book |author=Vincent Cronin |title=Paris: City of Light, 1919–1939 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-00-215191-7}}
	* {{cite book|last=Compayré|first=Gabriel|title=Abelard and the Origin and Early History of Universities|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_bwH0j_EOtIC&pg=PA205|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4179-4646-4}}
	* {{cite book|last=Cronin | first=Vincent | authorlink=Vincent Cronin |title=Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914|publisher=]|location=New York|year=1989|isbn=0-312-04876-9}}		*{{cite book |author=Jean Favier |title=Paris |publisher=] |date=1997 |isbn=978-2-213-59874-1 |language=fr}}
	* {{cite book|last=Cronin| first=Vincent |title=Paris: City of Light, 1919–1939|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|year=1994|isbn=0-00-215191-X }}		*{{cite book |author=Jacques Hillairet |title=Connaissance du Vieux Paris |publisher=Rivages |date=2005 |isbn=978-2-86930-648-6 |language=fr}}
	* {{cite book|last=Favier | first=Jean |title=Paris|publisher=]|year=1997|isbn=2-213-59874-6|language=French}}		*{{cite book |author=Colin Jones |title=Paris: The Biography of a City |publisher=] |location=New York |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-670-03393-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/parisbiographyof00jone}}
			*{{cite book |author=Bernard Marchand |title=Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe siècle |publisher=Le Seuil |location=Paris |date=1993 |isbn=978-2-02-012864-3 |language=fr}}
	* {{cite book|last=Grimminger | first=Daniel Jay |title=Paris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PbNpLIZzFKoC&pg=PT95|year=2010|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-1-4396-4101-9}}
	* {{cite book|last=Garrioch|first=David|title=The making of revolutionary Paris |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ra7W1M9bAPIC|year=2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24327-9 }}		*{{cite book |author=Rosemary Wakeman |title=The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-87023-6}}
	* {{cite book|last=Goodman|first=David C. |title=The European Cities and Technology Reader: Industrial to Post-industrial City|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G2xKjURYgHgC|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-20082-0}}
	* {{cite book|last1= Hargreaves | first1=Alec Gordon|last2=Kelsay|first2=John|last3=Twiss | first3=Sumner B.|title=Politics and Religion in France and the United States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=re2wIpEB310C|year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Pub Incorporated|isbn=978-0-7391-1930-3 }}
	* {{cite book|last=Higonnet|first=Patrice L. R.|title=Paris: Capital of the World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=X-E7P9dVSbgC&pg=PA432|year= 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03864-6 }}
	* {{cite book|last=Hillairet | first=Jacques |title=Connaissance du Vieux Paris|publisher=Rivages|year=2005|isbn=2-86930-648-2|language=French}}
	* {{cite book|last=Jones | first=Colin |title=Paris: The Biography of a City|publisher=]|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=0-670-03393-6}}
	* {{cite book|last=Marchand| first=Bernard |title=Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe siècle|publisher=Le Seuil|location=Paris|year=1993|isbn=978-2-02-012864-3|language=French}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Mehra|first1=Ajay K.|last2=Levy|first2=Rene|title=The Police, State and Society: Perspectives from India and France|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0JJdEhSWS90C&pg=PA138|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3145-1 }}
	* {{cite book|last1=Modood|first1=Tariq |last2=Triandafyllidou| first2=Anna|last3=Zapata-Barrero|first3=Ricard |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1v45lM76wjsC&pg=PA64|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-25561-0 }}
	* {{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=Marvin|last2=Chase | first2=Myrna|last3=Jacob |first3=James R.| last4=Jacob | first4=Margaret C. | last5=Von Laue | first5=Theodore H. | title=Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society: from 1600: Ideas, Politics, and Society: From the 1600s|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDKUW0z4bsC&pg=PA476|year=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning| edition=10th | isbn=978-1-111-83171-4 }}
	* {{cite book|last=Robb|first=Graham|title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QTaRv7lr7uoC&pg=PT646|year=2010|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-52254-0 }}
	* {{cite book|last=Wakeman| first=Rosemary |title=The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-226-87023-6}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
	==External links==		==External links==
	{{Sister project links|voy=Paris}}		{{EB1911 poster|Paris}}
	* {{Official website|1=www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8118|2=Official Paris website}}		*{{Official website}} {{in lang|fr}}
	*
	* {{Dmoz|Regional/Europe/France/Regions/Ile-de-France/Paris|Paris}}
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Latest revision as of 17:55, 9 January 2025

Capital and most populous city of France This article is about the capital city of France. For other uses, see Paris (disambiguation). "Parisien" redirects here. For other uses, see Parisien (disambiguation).

Place in Île-de-France, France

Paris
Capital city, commune and department
Eiffel Tower and the Seine from Tour Saint-JacquesNotre-DameSacré-CœurPanthéonArc de TriompheThe Louvre
FlagCoat of arms
Motto(s): Fluctuat nec mergitur "Tossed by the waves but never sunk"
Paris in France
Location of Paris
ParisShow map of FranceParisShow map of Île-de-France (region)
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′8″E / 48.85667°N 2.35222°E / 48.85667; 2.35222
Country	France
Region	Île-de-France
Department	Paris
Arrondissement	None
Intercommunality	Métropole du Grand Paris
Subdivisions	20 arrondissements
Government
• Mayor (2020–2026)	Anne Hidalgo (PS)
Area	105.4 km (40.7 sq mi)
• Urban	2,853.5 km (1,101.7 sq mi)
• Metro	18,940.7 km (7,313.0 sq mi)
Population	2,102,650
• Rank	9th in Europe 1st in France
• Density	20,000/km (52,000/sq mi)
• Urban	10,858,852
• Urban density	3,800/km (9,900/sq mi)
• Metro	13,024,518
• Metro density	690/km (1,800/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Parisian(s) (en) Parisien(s) (masc.), Parisienne(s) (fem.) (fr), Parigot(s) (masc.), "Parigote(s)" (fem.) (fr, colloquial)
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code	75056 /75001-75020, 75116
Elevation	28–131 m (92–430 ft) (avg. 78 m or 256 ft)
Website	paris.fr
French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Paris (French pronunciation: [paʁi] ) is the capital and largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,102,650 residents in January 2023 in an area of more than 105 km (41 sq mi), Paris is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union, the ninth-most populous city in Europe and the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2022. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, fashion, and gastronomy. Because of its leading role in the arts and sciences and its early adaptation of extensive street lighting, it became known as the City of Light in the 19th century.

The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants in January 2023, or about 19% of the population of France. The Paris Region had a nominal GDP of €765 billion (US$1.064 trillion when adjusted for PPP) in 2021, the highest in the European Union. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.

Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport, the third-busiest airport in Europe, and Orly Airport. Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily. It is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro. Gare du Nord is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world and the busiest outside Japan, with 262 million passengers in 2015. Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems and is one of only two cities in the world that received the Sustainable Transport Award twice.

Paris is known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre received 8.9 million visitors in 2023, on track for keeping its position as the most-visited art museum in the world. The Musée d'Orsay, Musée Marmottan Monet and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art. The Pompidou Centre, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and contemporary art. The historical district along the Seine in the city centre has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991.

Paris is home to several United Nations organizations including UNESCO, as well as other international organizations such as the OECD, the OECD Development Centre, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Energy Agency, the International Federation for Human Rights, along with European bodies such as the European Space Agency, the European Banking Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. The football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris. The 81,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the French Open, an annual Grand Slam tennis tournament, on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris hosted the 1900, the 1924, and the 2024 Summer Olympics. The 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, the 2007 and 2023 Rugby World Cups, as well as the 1960, 1984 and 2016 UEFA European Championships were held in Paris. Every July, the Tour de France bicycle race finishes on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées.

Etymology

See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.

The ancient oppidum that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by Julius Caesar as Luteciam Parisiorum ('Lutetia of the Parisii') and is later attested as Parision in the 5th century AD, then as Paris in 1265. During the Roman period, it was commonly known as Lutetia or Lutecia in Latin, and as Leukotekía in Greek, which is interpreted as either stemming from the Celtic root *lukot- ('mouse'), or from *luto- ('marsh, swamp').

The name Paris is derived from its early inhabitants, the Parisii, a Gallic tribe from the Iron Age and the Roman period. The meaning of the Gaulish ethnonym remains debated. According to Xavier Delamarre, it may derive from the Celtic root pario- ('cauldron'). Alfred Holder interpreted the name as 'the makers' or 'the commanders', by comparing it to the Welsh peryff ('lord, commander'), both possibly descending from a Proto-Celtic form reconstructed as *kwar-is-io-. Alternatively, Pierre-Yves Lambert proposed to translate Parisii as the 'spear people', by connecting the first element to the Old Irish carr ('spear'), derived from an earlier *kwar-sā. In any case, the city's name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology.

Residents of the city are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃] ). They are also pejoratively called Parigots ([paʁiɡo] ).

History

Main article: History of Paris For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Paris.

Origins

Main article: Lutetia

The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the Seine on the Île de la Cité, which gradually became an important trading centre. The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins.

The Romans conquered the Paris Basin in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's Left Bank. The Roman town was originally called Lutetia (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii", modern French Lutèce). It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.

By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known as Parisius, a Latin name that would later become Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as Mons Martyrum (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "Montmartre", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, and many French kings are buried there.

Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the Franks to Paris and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. Fortification of the Île de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845, but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–886), for which the then Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Odo of France, was elected king of West Francia. From the Capetian dynasty that began with the 987 election of Hugh Capet, Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.

High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV

See also: Paris in the Middle Ages, Paris in the 16th century, and Paris in the 17th century

By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The Palais de la Cité, the royal residence, was located at the western end of the Île de la Cité. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity.

After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in from around the 10th century, Paris's cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's Les Halles) replaced the two smaller ones on the Île de la Cité and Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville). The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's first municipal government.

In the late 12th century, Philip Augustus extended the Louvre fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares. In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the University of Paris and would draw students from all of Europe.

With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants. By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by merde, the French word for "shit".

During the Hundred Years' War, Paris was occupied by England-friendly Burgundian forces from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when Henry V of England entered the French capital in 1420; in spite of a 1429 effort by Joan of Arc to liberate the city, it would remain under English occupation until 1436.

In the late 16th-century French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League, the organisers of 24 August 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in which thousands of French Protestants were killed. The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne Henry IV, after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown of France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris's first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the Pont Neuf, built a Louvre extension connecting it to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges. In spite of Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near Les Halles marketplace in 1610.

During the 17th century, Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of Louis XIII, was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the College of Sorbonne, and a palace for himself, the Palais-Cardinal. After Richelieu's death in 1642, it was renamed the Palais-Royal.

Due to the Parisian uprisings during the Fronde civil war, Louis XIV moved his court to a new palace, Versailles, in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the city walls demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the Grands Boulevards. Other marks of his reign were the Collège des Quatre-Nations, the Place Vendôme, the Place des Victoires, and Les Invalides.

18th and 19th centuries

See also: Paris in the 18th century, Paris during the Second Empire, and Haussmann's renovation of Paris

Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780. A new boulevard named the Champs-Élysées extended the city west to Étoile, while the working-class neighbourhood of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine on the eastern side of the city grew increasingly crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.

Paris was the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity, known as the Age of Enlightenment. Diderot and D'Alembert published their Encyclopédie in 1751, before the Montgolfier Brothers launched the first manned flight in a hot air balloon on 21 November 1783. Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, as well the primary European centre for book publishing, fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods. On 22 October 1797, Paris was also the site of the first parachute jump in history, by Garnerin.

In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the French Revolution. On 14 July, a mob seized the arsenal at the Invalides, acquiring thousands of guns, with which it stormed the Bastille, a principal symbol of royal authority. The first independent Paris Commune, or city council, met in the Hôtel de Ville and elected a Mayor, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly, on 15 July.

Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and incarcerated in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned increasingly radical, the king, queen and mayor were beheaded by guillotine in the Reign of Terror, along with more than 16,000 others throughout France. The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished. A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'état du 18 brumaire), when Napoleon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.

The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but after 1799 it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000 by 1815. Napoleon replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect that reported directly to him. He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the Arc de Triomphe, and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the Canal de l'Ourcq, Père Lachaise Cemetery and the city's first metal bridge, the Pont des Arts.

During the Restoration, the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the July Revolution in 1830 (commemorated by the July Column on the Place de la Bastille) brought to power a constitutional monarch, Louis Philippe I. The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the provinces to the city. In 1848, Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris. His successor, Napoleon III, alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a huge public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes. In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.

During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the Prussian Army. Following several months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28 January 1871. After seizing power in Paris on 28 March, a revolutionary government known as the Paris Commune held power for two months, before being harshly suppressed by the French army during the "Bloody Week" at the end of May 1871.

In the late 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, which featured the new Eiffel Tower, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution; and the 1900 Universal Exposition gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir).

20th and 21st centuries

See also: Paris in the Belle Époque, Paris during the First World War, Paris between the Wars (1919–1939), Paris in World War II, and History of Paris (1946–2000)

By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000. At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world including Pablo Picasso, Modigliani, and Henri Matisse made Paris their home. It was the birthplace of Fauvism, Cubism and abstract art, and authors such as Marcel Proust were exploring new approaches to literature.

During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. In the years after the war, known as Les Années Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Eva Kotchever, Henry Miller, Anaïs Nin, Sidney Bechet and Salvador Dalí.

In the years after the peace conference, the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from French colonies and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai and Léopold Sédar Senghor.

On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "open city". On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv (Vélodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. None of the children came back. On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris and made a rousing speech from the Hôtel de Ville.

In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed. The anti-independence Organisation armée secrète (OAS) carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.

In May 1968, protesting students occupied the Sorbonne and put up barricades in the Latin Quarter. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The May 1968 events in France resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses. In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, Jacques Chirac became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793. The Tour Maine-Montparnasse, the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and 210 m (689 ft) high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high. The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs. A suburban railway network, the RER (Réseau Express Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the Périphérique expressway encircling the city, was completed in 1973.

Most of the postwar presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay (1986); President François Mitterrand had the Opéra Bastille built (1985–1989), the new site of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la Défense (1985–1989) in La Défense, as well as the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983–1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Musée du quai Branly.

In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor. He was re-elected in March 2008. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic, he introduced the Vélib', a system which rents bicycles. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.

In 2007, President Nicolas Sarkozy launched the Grand Paris project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the Metropolis of Grand Paris, with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016. In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the Grand Paris Express, totalling 205 km (127 mi) of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and high-speed rail (TGV) stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion. The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.

In January 2015, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed attacks across the Paris region. 1.5 million people marched in Paris in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech. In November of the same year, terrorist attacks, claimed by ISIL, killed 130 people and injured more than 350.

On 22 April 2016, the Paris Agreement was signed by 196 nations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in an aim to limit the effects of climate change below 2 °C.

Geography

Location

Main article: Geography of Paris

Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine, whose crest includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of Paris. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream from Paris. Paris is spread widely on both banks of the river. Overall, Paris is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft).

Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique. Paris' last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 gave it its modern form, and created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km (41 sq mi). The metropolitan area is 2,300 km (890 sq mi).

Measured from the 'point zero' in front of its Notre-Dame cathedral, Paris by road is 450 km (280 mi) southeast of London, 287 km (178 mi) south of Calais, 305 km (190 mi) southwest of Brussels, 774 km (481 mi) north of Marseille, 385 km (239 mi) northeast of Nantes, and 135 km (84 mi) southeast of Rouen.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Paris

Paris has an oceanic climate within the Köppen climate classification, typical of western Europe. This climate type features cool winters, with frequent rain and overcast skies, and mild to warm summers. Very hot and very cold temperatures and weather extremes are rare in this type of climate.

Summer days are usually mild and pleasant, with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year there are a few days when the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, reached 40 °C (104 °F) on some days, and rarely cooled down at night.

Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and cool nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce. Days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing, with low temperatures around 3 °C (37 °F). Light night frosts are quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below −5 °C (23 °F). Paris sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.

Paris has an average annual precipitation of 641 mm (25.2 in), and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. Paris is known for intermittent, abrupt, heavy showers. The highest recorded temperature was 42.6 °C (108.7 °F), on 25 July 2019. The lowest was −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F), on 10 December 1879.

Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	16.1 (61.0)	21.4 (70.5)	26.0 (78.8)	30.2 (86.4)	34.8 (94.6)	37.6 (99.7)	42.6 (108.7)	39.5 (103.1)	36.2 (97.2)	28.9 (84.0)	21.6 (70.9)	17.1 (62.8)	42.6 (108.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	7.6 (45.7)	8.8 (47.8)	12.8 (55.0)	16.6 (61.9)	20.2 (68.4)	23.4 (74.1)	25.7 (78.3)	25.6 (78.1)	21.5 (70.7)	16.5 (61.7)	11.1 (52.0)	8.0 (46.4)	16.5 (61.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	5.4 (41.7)	6.0 (42.8)	9.2 (48.6)	12.2 (54.0)	15.6 (60.1)	18.8 (65.8)	20.9 (69.6)	20.8 (69.4)	17.2 (63.0)	13.2 (55.8)	8.7 (47.7)	5.9 (42.6)	12.8 (55.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	3.2 (37.8)	3.3 (37.9)	5.6 (42.1)	7.9 (46.2)	11.1 (52.0)	14.2 (57.6)	16.2 (61.2)	16.0 (60.8)	13.0 (55.4)	9.9 (49.8)	6.2 (43.2)	3.8 (38.8)	9.2 (48.6)
Record low °C (°F)	−14.6 (5.7)	−14.7 (5.5)	−9.1 (15.6)	−3.5 (25.7)	−0.1 (31.8)	3.1 (37.6)	6.0 (42.8)	6.3 (43.3)	1.8 (35.2)	−3.8 (25.2)	−14.0 (6.8)	−23.9 (−11.0)	−23.9 (−11.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	47.6 (1.87)	41.8 (1.65)	45.2 (1.78)	45.8 (1.80)	69.0 (2.72)	51.3 (2.02)	59.4 (2.34)	58.0 (2.28)	44.7 (1.76)	55.2 (2.17)	54.3 (2.14)	62.0 (2.44)	634.3 (24.97)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	9.9	9.1	9.5	8.6	9.2	8.3	7.4	8.1	7.5	9.5	10.4	11.4	108.9
Average snowy days	3.0	3.9	1.6	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	2.1	11.9
Average relative humidity (%)	83	78	73	69	70	69	68	71	76	82	84	84	76
Mean monthly sunshine hours	59.0	83.7	134.9	177.3	201.0	203.5	222.4	215.3	174.7	118.6	69.8	56.9	1,717
Percent possible sunshine	22	29	37	43	43	42	46	48	46	35	25	22	37
Average ultraviolet index	1	2	3	4	6	7	7	6	4	3	1	1	4
Source 1: Meteo France (snow days 1981–2010), Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)
Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)

Administration

Main article: Administration of Paris

City government

Further information: Arrondissements of Paris See also: Mayor of Paris

For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. In 1974, Paris was granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly. The first modern elected mayor of Paris was Jacques Chirac, elected March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1871 and only the fourth since 1794. The current mayor is Anne Hidalgo, a socialist, first elected in April 2014, and re-elected in June 2020.

The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters. The voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect members to the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), which elects the mayor. The council is composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement is allocated a number of seats dependent upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements, to 34 members for the most populated. The council is elected using closed list proportional representation in a two-round system.

Party lists winning an absolute majority in the first round – or at least a plurality in the second round – automatically win half the seats of an arrondissement. The remaining half of seats are distributed proportionally to all lists which win at least 5% of the vote, using the highest averages method. This ensures that the winning party or coalition always wins a majority of the seats, even if they do not win an absolute majority of the vote.

Prior to the 2020 Paris municipal election, each of Paris's 20 arrondissements had its own town hall and a directly elected council (conseil d'arrondissement), which elects an arrondissement mayor. The council of each arrondissement is composed of members of the Conseil de Paris, and members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. The number of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending upon its population. As of 1996, there were 20 arrondissement mayors and 120 deputy mayors. The creation of Paris Centre, a unified administrative division with a single mayor covering the first four arrondissements, took effect with the said 2020 election. The other 16 arrondissements continue to have their own mayors.

Métropole du Grand Paris

In January 2016, the Métropole du Grand Paris, or simply Grand Paris, came into existence. It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers 814 km (314 sq mi). In 2015, it had a population of 6.945 million people.

The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing and protection of the environment. In January 2016, Patrick Ollier was elected the first president of the metropolitan council. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.

Regional government

The Region of Île de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, composed of 209 members representing its different communes. In December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Valérie Pécresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. The regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.

National government

As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The President of the French Republic resides at the Élysée Palace. The Prime Minister's seat is at the Hôtel Matignon. Government ministries are located in various parts of the city, many near the Hôtel Matignon.

Both houses of the French Parliament are located on the Rive Gauche. The upper house, the Senate, meets in the Palais du Luxembourg. The more important lower house, the National Assembly, meets in the Palais Bourbon. The President of the Senate, the second-highest public official in France, with the President of the Republic being the sole superior, resides in the Petit Luxembourg, a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.

France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité. The Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement. The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.

Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations, including UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the European Union Institute for Security Studies, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Exhibition Bureau, and the International Federation for Human Rights.

Police force

The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior. It supervises the units of the National Police who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the Paris Fire Brigade. Its headquarters is on Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité.

There are 43,800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters. The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings, called the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS). Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of Paris when there are demonstrations and public events. The police are supported by the National Gendarmerie, a branch of the French Armed Forces. Their police operations are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior.

Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence.

Cityscape

A panorama of Paris from the Eiffel Tower, in a 360-degree view. The Seine river flows from the north-east to the south-west, right to left

Urbanism and architecture

See also: Architecture of Paris, Haussmann's renovation of Paris, Religious buildings in Paris, and List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region

Paris is one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war. As a result, even its earliest history is visible in its streetmap, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital has resulted in an accumulated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty plays a large part in giving Paris the reputation it has today. At its origin, before the Middle Ages, Paris was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the Seine. Of those, two remain today: Île Saint-Louis and the Île de la Cité. A third one is the 1827 artificially created Île aux Cygnes.

Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to Napoleon III and his Prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann. Between 1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre, created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey "Paris stone". They built the major parks around central Paris. The high residential population of the city centre makes Paris much different from most other major western cities.

Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century, particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned. The 210 m (690 ft) Tour Montparnasse was both Paris's and France's tallest building since 1973, Since 2011, this record has been held by the La Défense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie.

Housing

In 2018, the most expensive residential street in Paris by average price per square metre, was Avenue Montaigne, at 22,372 euros per square metre. In 2011, the number of residences in the City of Paris was 1,356,074. Among these, 1,165,541 (85.9 percent) were main residences, 91,835 (6.8 percent) were secondary residences, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty.

Sixty-two percent of buildings date from 1949 and before, with 20 percent built between 1949 and 1974. 18 percent of Paris buildings were built after 1974. Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-room apartments. Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, which is less than Île-de-France's 2.33 person-per-residence average. Only 33 percent of principal residence Parisians own their habitation, against 47 percent for the wider Île-de-France region. Most of Paris' population rent their residence. In 2017, social or public housing was 19.9 percent Paris' residences. Its distribution varies widely throughout Paris, from 2.6 percent of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement, to 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement.

In February 2019, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. More than half had been homeless for more than a year. 2,885 were living in the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter. This was an increase of 588 persons since 2018.

Suburbs

Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative Seine department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. To address this problem, the parent "District de la région parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed "Île-de-France" in 1977, but this abbreviated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration. Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began in January 2016, when the Métropole du Grand Paris came into existence.

Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961. Two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban "villes nouvelles" ("new cities") and the RER commuter train network.

Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) were built between the 1960s and 1970s, to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population. These districts were socially mixed at first, but few residents actually owned their homes. The growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s. Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere, and their repopulation by those with more limited resources.

These areas, quartiers sensibles ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of Paris, they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, and to a lesser extreme to the east in the Val-d'Oise department. Other difficult areas are located in the Seine valley, in Évry et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne), in Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.

The Paris agglomeration's urban sociology is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southwest, and the middle-to-working classes are in the north and east. The remaining areas are mostly middle-class, dotted with wealthy islands in areas of historical importance, namely Saint-Maur-des-Fossés to the east and Enghien-les-Bains to the north of Paris.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Paris

2019 Census Paris Region
(Île-de-France)
Country/territory of birth Population Metropolitan France 9,215,134 Algeria 330,935 Morocco 253,518 Portugal 234,399 Tunisia 127,827 Guadeloupe 81,269 Martinique 75,959 China 71,500 Turkey 67,982 Mali 66,085 Côte d'Ivoire 63,810 Senegal 60,124 Italy 58,141 Romania 53,848 Democratic Republic of Congo 52,449 Spain 45,828 Sri Lanka 45,786 Cameroon 45,370
Other countries/territories Republic of the Congo 38,651 Haiti 36,685 Poland 35,871 Vietnam 35,251 Cambodia 30,321   Réunion 30,077 India 29,623 Serbia 25,632 Lebanon 21,066 Madagascar 21,002 Germany 20,523 Pakistan 20,178 Russia 19,019 Mauritius 18,840 Guinea 18,709 Brazil 17,887 United Kingdom 17,789 United States 17,583 Other countries and territories 857,720

The population of the City of Paris was 2,102,650 in January 2023, down from 2,165,423 in January 2022, according to the INSEE, the French statistical agency. Between 2013 and 2023, the population fell by 122,919, or about five percent. The Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, declared that this illustrated the "de-densification" of the city, creating more green space and less crowding. Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely-populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks. This drop was attributed partly to a lower birth rate, the departure of middle-class residents and the possible loss of housing in Paris, due to short-term rentals for tourism.

Paris is the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, after Berlin, Madrid and Rome. Eurostat places Paris (6.5 million people) behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities". The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The principal reasons are a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. Paris's population loss came to a temporary halt at the beginning of the 21st century. The population increased from 2,125,246 in 1999 to 2,240,621 in 2012, before declining again slightly in 2017, 2018, and again in 2021.

Paris is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the agglomération Parisienne, and statistically as a unité urbaine (a measure of urban area), the Paris agglomeration's population of 10,785,092 in 2017 made it the largest urban area in the European Union. City-influenced commuter activity reaches further, in a statistical aire d'attraction de Paris, "functional area", a statistical method comparable to a metropolitan area,), that had a population of 13,024,518 in 2017, 19.6% of the population of France, and the largest metropolitan area in the Eurozone.

In 2012, according to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union. There were 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits, the NUTS-3 statistical area, ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. In the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU.

Migration

Under French law, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth are defined as immigrants. In the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia outside Turkey, 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific.

In the Paris Region, 590,504 residents were immigrants from Europe, 627,078 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 435,339 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 69,338 from Turkey, 322,330 from Asia outside Turkey, 113,363 from the Americas, and 2,261 from the South Pacific.

In 2012, there were 8,810 British citizens and 10,019 United States citizens living in the City of Paris (Ville de Paris), and 20,466 British citizens and 16,408 United States citizens living in the entire Paris Region (Île-de-France).

In 2020–2021, about 6 million people, or 41% of the population of the Paris Region, were either immigrants (21%) or had at least one immigrant parent (20%). These figures do not include French people born in Overseas France and their direct descendants.

Religion

See also: Religious buildings in Paris

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Paris was the largest Catholic city in the world. French census data does not contain information about religious affiliation. In a 2011 survey by the Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP), a French public opinion research organisation, 61 percent of residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France) identified themselves as Roman Catholic. In the same survey, 7 percent of residents identified themselves as Muslims, 4 percent as Protestants, 2 percent as Jewish and 25 percent as without religion.

According to the INSEE, between 4 and 5 million French residents were born, or had at least one parent born, in a predominantly Muslim country, particularly Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. An IFOP survey in 2008 reported that, of immigrants from these predominantly Muslim countries, 25 percent went to the mosque regularly. 41 percent practised the religion, and 34 percent were believers, but did not practice the religion. In 2012 and 2013, it was estimated that there were almost 500,000 Muslims in the City of Paris, 1.5 million Muslims in the Île-de-France region and 4 to 5 million Muslims in France.

In 2014, the Jewish population of the Paris Region was estimated to be 282,000, the largest concentration of Jews in the world outside of Israel and the United States.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Paris

The economy of the City of Paris is based largely on services and commerce. Of the 390,480 enterprises in Paris, 80.6 percent are engaged in commerce, transportation, and diverse services, 6.5 percent in construction, and 3.8 percent in industry. The story is similar in the Paris Region (Île-de-France): 76.7 percent of enterprises are engaged in commerce and services, and 3.4 percent in industry.

At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.

The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 pôles d'emplois or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier central des affaires. In 2010, it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about 30 percent of the salaried employees in Paris and 10 percent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.

The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city. In 2010, it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Défense. Another district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a centre of activity for the media and information technology.

In 2021, the top French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 all have their headquarters in the Paris Region. Six are in the central business district of the City of Paris, four are close to the city in the Hauts-de-Seine Department, three are in La Défense and one is in Boulogne-Billancourt. Some companies, like Société Générale, have offices in both Paris and La Défense. The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a GDP of €765 billion, of which €253 billion was in Paris city. In 2021, its GDP ranked first among the metropolitan regions of the EU, and its per-capita GDP PPP was the 8th highest. While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2019, the Paris region's GDP accounted for 32 percent of metropolitan France's GDP.

The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.). The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris's economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine. While the Paris economy is dominated by services, and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and "eco" industries.

In the 2017 worldwide cost of living survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit, based on a survey made in September 2016, Paris ranked as the seventh most expensive city in the world, and the second most expensive in Europe, after Zürich. In 2018, Paris was the most expensive city in the world with Singapore and Hong Kong. Station F is a business incubator for startups, noted as the world's largest startup facility.

Employment and income

In 2007, the majority of Paris's salaried employees filled 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements. Paris's financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district. Paris's department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ ten percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these in the retail trade. Fourteen percent of Parisians worked in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals.

Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either administration or education. The majority of Paris's healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing, concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements. Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department La Défense district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600. The north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.

Paris's manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs. Paris has around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades. In 2015, the Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000. Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers. Many of these are centred in the Yvelines department, around the Renault and PSA-Citroën plants. This department alone employs 33,000. In 2014, the industry as a whole suffered a major loss, with the closing of a major Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroën assembly plant.

The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology. The south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its wholesale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages. The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries. These employ about 100,000 workers.

Incomes are higher in the Western part of Paris and in the western suburbs, than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area. While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in Paris earned less than €977 per month, the official poverty line. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line. In Paris' wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line. The unemployment rate in Paris in the 4th trimester of 2021 was six percent, compared with 7.4 percent in the whole of France. This was the lowest rate in thirteen years.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Paris Further information: Landmarks in Paris, Historical quarters of Paris, and List of tourist attractions in Paris

Tourism continued to recover in the Paris region in 2022, increasing to 44 million visitors, an increase of 95 percent over 2021, but still 13 percent lower than in 2019.

Greater Paris, comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received a record 38 million visitors in 2019, measured by hotel arrivals. These included 12.2 million French visitors. Of the foreign visitors, the greatest number came from the United States (2.6 million), United Kingdom (1.2 million), Germany (981 thousand) and China (711 thousand).

In 2018, measured by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10 million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78 million) but ahead of London (19.09 million). In 2016, 393,008 workers in Greater Paris, or 12.4 percent of the total workforce, were engaged in tourism-related sectors such as hotels, catering, transport and leisure.

Paris' top cultural attractions in 2022 were the Louvre Museum (7.7 million visitors), the Eiffel Tower (5.8 million visitors), the Musée d'Orsay (3.27 million visitors) and the Centre Pompidou (3 million visitors).

In 2019, Greater Paris had 2,056 hotels, including 94 five-star hotels, with a total of 121,646 rooms. In 2019, in addition to the hotels, Greater Paris had 60,000 homes registered with Airbnb. Under French law, renters of these units must pay the Paris tourism tax. The company paid the city government 7.3 million euros in 2016.

A minuscule fraction of foreign visitors suffer from Paris syndrome, when their experiences do not meet expectations.

Culture

Painting and sculpture

Main article: Art in Paris

For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art". Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royal family commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as Girardon, Coysevox and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. In 1648, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.

Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Paul Gauguin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and others. Paris was central to the development of Romanticism in art, with painters such as Géricault. Impressionism, Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Fauvism, Cubism and Art Deco movements all evolved in Paris. In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves. Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Rousseau, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and many others became associated with Paris.

The most prestigious sculptors who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era are Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Statue of Liberty), Auguste Rodin, Camille Claudel, Antoine Bourdelle, Paul Landowski (statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro) and Aristide Maillol. The Golden Age of the School of Paris ended between the two world wars.

Museums

Main article: List of museums in Paris

The Louvre received 2,8 million visitors in 2021, up from 2.7 million in 2020, holding its position as first among the most-visited museums. Its treasures include the Mona Lisa (La Joconde), the Venus de Milo statue, and Liberty Leading the People. The second-most visited museum in the city in 2021, with 1.5 million visitors, was the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, which houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne The third most visited Paris museum in 2021 was the National Museum of Natural History with 1,4 million visitors. It is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections and its Gallery of Evolution. It was followed by the Musée d'Orsay, featuring 19th century art and the French Impressionists, which had one million visitors. Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Cité des sciences et de l'industrie, (984,000 visitors in 2020). The other most-visited Paris museums in 2021 were the Fondation Louis Vuitton (691,000), the Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, featuring the indigenous art and cultures of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. (616,000); the Musée Carnavalet (History of Paris) (606,000), and the Petit Palais, the art museum of the City of Paris (518,000).

The Musée de l'Orangerie, near both the Louvre and the Orsay, also exhibits Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, including most of Claude Monet's large Water Lilies murals. The Musée national du Moyen Âge, or Cluny Museum, presents Medieval art. The Guimet Museum, or Musée national des arts asiatiques, has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the Musée Picasso, the Musée Rodin and the Musée national Eugène Delacroix.

The military history of France is presented by displays at the Musée de l'Armée at Les Invalides. In addition to the national museums, run by the Ministry of Culture, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the Carnavalet Museum on the history of Paris, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Palais de Tokyo, the House of Victor Hugo, the House of Balzac and the Catacombs of Paris. There are also notable private museums. The Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation, designed by architect Frank Gehry, opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne.

Theatre

The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In the middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), Théâtre-Italien and Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville). Philharmonie de Paris, the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, where the first performances of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes took place in 1913.

Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comédie-Française, founded in 1680. Run by the Government of France, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal. Other famous theatres include the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador; and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse.

The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The Moulin Rouge was opened in 1889 and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan. It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and Édith Piaf and the painter Toulouse-Lautrec, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Bergère. Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. Later, Olympia Paris presented Dalida, Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland and the Grateful Dead.

The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier and Tino Rossi. Other famous Paris music halls include Le Lido, on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city.

Literature

Main article: Writers in Paris

The first book printed in France, Epistolae ("Letters"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, Charles Perrault, several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the Académie française. In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons; it was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux and Pierre Beaumarchais.

During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Mérimée, Alfred de Musset, Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant and Honoré de Balzac. Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre-Dame inspired the renovation of its setting, the Notre-Dame de Paris. Another of Victor Hugo's works, Les Misérables, described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s. One of the most popular of all French writers, Jules Verne, worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.

In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as Colette, André Gide, François Mauriac, André Malraux, Albert Camus, and, after World War II, by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre. Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Samuel Beckett, Miguel Ángel Asturias, Alejo Carpentier and, Arturo Uslar Pietri. The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, Patrick Modiano, based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s.

Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris. It is also a city of small bookstores. There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.

Music

Main articles: Music in Paris and History of music in Paris

In the late 12th century, a school of polyphony was established at Notre-Dame. Among the Trouvères of northern France, a group of Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadours, from the south of France, were also popular. During the reign of François I, in the Renaissance era, the lute became popular in the French court. The French royal family and courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and a national musical printing house was established. In the Baroque-era, noted composers included Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and François Couperin. The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795. By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music.

Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz, Charles Gounod, Camille Saint-Saëns, Léo Delibes and Jules Massenet, among others. Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon. Among the Impressionist composers who created new works for piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular, Claude Debussy, Erik Satie and Maurice Ravel. Several foreign-born composers, such as Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Jacques Offenbach, Niccolò Paganini, and Igor Stravinsky, established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris.

Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls. Patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a bellows-blown bagpipe locally called a "musette") and often the vielle à roue (hurdy-gurdy) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars, and Paris became a major centre for jazz and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.

Paris is the spiritual home of gypsy jazz in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city. Django Reinhardt rose to fame in Paris, having moved to the 18th arrondissement in a caravan as a young boy, and performed with violinist Stéphane Grappelli and their Quintette du Hot Club de France in the 1930s and 1940s.

Immediately after the War the Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, including the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet, Mezz Mezzrow, and Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.

Some of the finest manouche musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night. Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord. Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the Paris Jazz Festival and the rock festival Rock en Seine. The Orchestre de Paris was established in 1967. December 2015 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Edith Piaf—widely regarded as France's national chanteuse, as well as being one of France's greatest international stars.

Paris has a big hip hop scene. This music became popular during the 1980s. The presence of a large African and Caribbean community helped to its development, giving political and social status for many minorities.

Cinema

See also: List of films set in Paris

The movie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumière projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895. Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Paris's largest cinema room today is in the Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seats. Big multiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s. UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.

Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard, and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.

Restaurants and cuisine

See also: French cuisine

Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine, food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant Le Grand Véfour in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period. The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the Rocher de Cancale, the Café Anglais, Maison Dorée and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the Belle Époque, including Maxim's on Rue Royale, Ledoyen in the gardens of the Champs-Élysées, and the Tour d'Argent on the Quai de la Tournelle.

Today, owing to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants. The Michelin Guide has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2018, of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as L'Ambroisie in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as L'Astrance, which combines French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including Pierre Gagnaire, Alain Ducasse, Yannick Alléno and Alain Passard, have three-star restaurants in Paris.

Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The café arrived in Paris in the 17th century, and by the 18th century Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The Café Procope on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially Café de la Rotonde and Le Dôme Café in Montparnasse and Café de Flore and Les Deux Magots on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers. A bistro is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition, and different eating habits of Parisian diners. A brasserie originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1867, it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage. Now brasseries, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.

Fashion

Main article: Fashion in Paris

Since the 19th century, Paris has been an international fashion capital, particularly in the domain of haute couture (clothing hand-made to order for private clients). It is home to some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including Dior and Chanel, as well as many other well-known and more contemporary fashion designers, such as Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Yves Saint Laurent, Givenchy, and Christian Lacroix. Paris Fashion Week, held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fashion calendar. Moreover, Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company: L'Oréal as well as three of the top five global makers of luxury fashion accessories: Louis Vuitton, Hermés, and Cartier. Most of the major fashion designers have their showrooms along the Avenue Montaigne, between the Champs-Élysées and the Seine.

Photography

The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825. In 1839, after the death of Niépce, Louis Daguerre patented the Daguerrotype, which became the most common form of photography until the 1860s. The work of Étienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard. Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eugène Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has become iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, as well as others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Henri Cartier-Bresson. Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Paul Gavarni and Alphonse Mucha.

Media

Paris and its close suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Le Monde, Le Figaro, Libération, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard enchaîné, La Croix, Le Parisien (in Saint-Ouen), Les Échos, Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Réseaux & Télécoms, Reuters France, l'Équipe (Boulogne-Billancourt) and L'Officiel des Spectacles. France's two most prestigious newspapers, Le Monde and Le Figaro, are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry. Agence France-Presse is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835. France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris. Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.

The most-viewed network in France, TF1, is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt. France 2, France 3, Canal+, France 5, M6 (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Arte, D8, W9, NT1, NRJ 12, La Chaîne parlementaire, France 4, BFM TV, and Gulli are other stations located in and around the capital. Radio France, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris's 16th arrondissement. Radio France Internationale, another public broadcaster is also based in the city. Paris also holds the headquarters of the La Poste, France's national postal carrier.

Holidays and festivals

Bastille Day, a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the biggest festival in the city, is a military parade taking place every year on 14 July on the Champs-Élysées, from the Arc de Triomphe to Place de la Concorde. It includes a flypast over the Champs Élysées by the Patrouille de France, a parade of military units and equipment, and a display of fireworks in the evening, the most spectacular being the one at the Eiffel Tower.

Some other yearly festivals are Paris-Plages, a festive summertime event when the Right Bank of the Seine is converted into a temporary beach; Journées du Patrimoine, Fête de la Musique, Techno Parade, Nuit Blanche, Cinéma au clair de lune, Printemps des rues, Festival d'automne, and Fête des jardins. The Carnaval de Paris, one of the oldest festivals in Paris, dates back to the Middle Ages.

Libraries

Main article: Libraries in Paris

The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and Arsenal Library.

The Bibliothèque Forney, in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris, also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. The Sainte-Geneviève Library, designed by Henri Labrouste and built in the mid-1800s, contains a rare book and manuscript division. Bibliothèque Mazarine is the oldest public library in France. The Médiathèque Musicale Mahler opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The François Mitterrand Library (nicknamed Très Grande Bibliothèque) was completed in 1994 to a design of Dominique Perrault and contains four glass towers.

There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The Sorbonne Library is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the Sorbonne location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques. Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the René Descartes University Library.

Sports

See also: Football in Paris

Paris's most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. and the rugby union clubs Stade Français and Racing 92 (the latter based in Nanterre, a western inner suburb just outside the city proper). The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts the France national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, and hosts several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team. In addition to Paris Saint-Germain F.C., the city and closer suburbs have a number of other professional and amateur football clubs: Paris FC, Red Star FC, US Créteil, RCF Paris and Stade Français Football.

Paris hosted the 1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics. The city also bid for the 1992, 2008, and 2012 Olympic Games but lost to Barcelona, Beijing, and London.

The city hosted the finals of the 1938 FIFA World Cup, at the Stade Olympique de Colombes, and the 1998 FIFA World Cup, 2007 Rugby World Cup and 2023 Rugby World Cup, at the Stade de France. Paris hosted as well as the finals of the 1960, 1984 (both at Parc des Princes stadium) and 2016 UEFA European Championships. Three UEFA Champions League Finals in the current century have also been played in the Stade de France: the 2000, 2006 and 2022.

The final stage of the most famous bicycle racing in the world, Tour de France, always finishes in Paris. Since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées. Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre, is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour. The 17,000-seat Bercy Arena (officially named AccorHotels Arena and formerly known as the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy) is the venue for the annual Paris Masters ATP Tour tennis tournament. The Bercy Arena also hosted the 2017 IIHF World Ice Hockey Championship, together with Cologne, Germany. The final stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 1951 and EuroBasket 1999 were also played in Paris, the latter at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy.

Basketball teams Levallois SCB and Paris Basket Racing merged in 2007 to create club Metropolitans 92, which plays some of its games at the 4,000 capacity Stade Pierre de Coubertin. Another top-level professional team, Nanterre 92, plays in Nanterre. Founded in 2018, Paris Basketball has seen rapid growth to succes, winning the 2023–24 EuroCup.

Professional Handball club Paris Saint-Germain (the handball department of Paris Saint-Germain Football Club) plays in the highest tier of French handball, the LNH Division 1.

In 2023, a professional American football team, the Paris Musketeers, were formed in the city joining the European League of Football.

Infrastructure

Transport

Main article: Transport in Paris

Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The Île-de-France Mobilités (IDFM) oversees the transit network in the region. The syndicate coordinates public transport. The RATP operates 347 bus lines, the Métro, eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER. The SNCF operates suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER. The Optile consortium of private operators manages 1,176 bus lines.

Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems in the world, and is one of only two cities that received the Sustainable Transport Award twice, in 2008 and 2023. In 2022–2023, 53.3% of trips in Paris were made on foot, 30% on public transport, 11.2% on bicycles and 4.3% on cars. Bike lanes are being doubled, and electric car incentives are being created. Paris is banning the most polluting automobiles from key districts.

Railways

See also: List of Paris railway stations Main articles: Paris Métro, Réseau Express Régional, Transilien, and Tramways in Île-de-France

A central hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations (Gare du Nord, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz, Gare Montparnasse, Gare Saint-Lazare) and a minor one (Gare de Bercy) are connected to three networks: high-speed rail lines (TGV, Eurostar, Intercity Express, Frecciarossa), normal speed trains (Intercités, Intercités de nuit, Nightjet, TER), and the suburban rails (Transilien). The Transilien is the commuter rail network serving Paris region, through 9 lines, 392 stations and 1,294 km (804.1 mi) of rails.

Since the inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Métro network has grown to become the city's most widely used local transport system. In 2015, it carried about 5.23 million passengers daily. There are 16 lines, 320 stations (404 stops) and 245.6 km (152.6 mi) of rails. Superimposed on this is a "regional express network", the RER, whose five lines, 257 stops and 602 km (374 mi) of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area. With over 1.4 million passengers per day RER A is the busiest metro line in Europe. The Paris region is served by a light rail network, the tramway. Opened since 1992, fourteen lines are operational. The network is 186.6 kilometres (115.9 mi) long, with 278 stations.

Air

Paris is a major international air transport hub, and the 5th busiest airport system in the world. Paris is served by three commercial international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly Airport and Beauvais–Tillé Airport. In 2019, these three airports recorded traffic of 112 million passengers. There is also one general aviation airport, Paris–Le Bourget Airport, historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993. In 2023, it was the 4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic and it is the hub for the nation's flag carrier, Air France. Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located 69 km (43 mi) north of Paris's city centre, is used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers.

Motorways

Paris is the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the Périphérique, which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the A86 motorway in the inner suburbs, and the Francilienne motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2,000 km (1,243 mi) of highways and motorways.

Waterways

The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France. Most of the cargo is handled by the Ports of Paris, in facilities located around Paris. The rivers Loire, Rhine, Rhône, Meuse, and Scheldt can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the Canal Saint-Martin, Canal Saint-Denis, and the Canal de l'Ourcq.

Cycling

There are 440 km (270 mi) of cycle paths and routes in Paris. These include piste cyclable, bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers, and bande cyclable, a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some 29 km (18 mi) of specially marked bus lanes are free for use by cyclists, with a protective barrier against encroachments from vehicles. Cyclists have the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris has a bike sharing system called Vélib' with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations.

Electricity

Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid, fed by multiple sources. In 2012, around 50% of electricity generated in the Île-de-France came from cogeneration energy plants. Other energy sources included thermal power (35%), waste incineration (9% – with cogeneration plants, these provide the city in heat as well), methane gas (5%), hydraulics (1%), solar power (0.1%) and a negligible amount of wind power. A quarter of the city's district heating is to come from a plant in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, burning a 50/50-mix of coal and wood pellets.

Water and sanitation

Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs.

From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water. The remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's water-supply network. Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground sewers.

Air pollution in Paris, from the point of view of particulate matter (PM10), is the highest in France with 38 μg/m. From the point of view of nitrogen dioxide pollution, Paris has one of the highest levels in the EU.

Parks and gardens

Main articles: List of parks and gardens in Paris and History of Parks and Gardens of Paris

Paris has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees. Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672, and the Luxembourg Garden, for the Luxembourg Palace, built for Marie de' Medici in 1612, which today houses the Senate. The Jardin des plantes was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626.

Between 1853 and 1870, Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, created the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, Parc Montsouris and Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, located at the four compass points around Paris, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters. Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the Parc de la Villette (1987), Parc André Citroën (1992), Parc de Bercy (1997) and Parc Clichy-Batignolles (2007). One of the newest parks, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine (2013), built on a former highway on the left bank of the Seine between the Pont de l'Alma and the Musée d'Orsay, has floating gardens.

Cemeteries

During the Roman era, Paris' main cemetery was located on the outskirts of the left bank settlement. This changed with the rise of Catholic Christianity, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth, many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, were filled to overflowing. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris's stone mines, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement.

After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution, in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits. Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière parisien de Pantin, also known as Cimetière parisien de Pantin-Bobigny, the Cimetière parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux. Famous people buried in Parisian cemeteries include Oscar Wilde, Frédéric Chopin, Jim Morrison, Édith Piaf and Serge Gainsbourg.

Education

Main article: Education in Paris

Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 percent of Parisians held a licence-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France. 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest percentage in France. Education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors, teaching approximately 2.9 million students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.

The University of Paris, founded in the 12th century, is often called the Sorbonne after one of its original medieval colleges. In 1970, it was broken up into thirteen autonomous universities, following the student demonstrations in 1968. Most of the campuses today are in the Latin Quarter where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs.

The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the grandes écoles – 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside or inside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands établissements. Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris. The École Normale Supérieure, PSL University has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement.

In 2024, Paris is the home of prestigious universities in science and technology (Polytechnic Institute of Paris, Paris Cité University, Paris-Saclay University, Sorbonne University), political science (Sciences Po), management (HEC Paris, ESSEC Business School, ESCP Business School, INSEAD) as well as multidisciplinary universities (Paris Sciences et Lettres University).

Healthcare

Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people, including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators, in 44 hospitals. It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.

One of the most notable hospitals is the Hôtel-Dieu, founded in 651, the oldest hospital in Paris and the oldest worldwide still operating, although the current building is the product of a reconstruction of 1877. Other hospitals include Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, one of the largest in Europe, Hôpital Cochin, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Bicêtre Hospital, Beaujon Hospital, the Curie Institute, Lariboisière Hospital, Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hôpital de la Charité and the American Hospital of Paris.

International relations

International organisations

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has had its headquarters in Paris since November 1958. Paris is also the home of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Paris hosts the headquarters of the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, European Securities and Markets Authority and the European Banking Authority.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Since April 1956, Paris is exclusively and reciprocally twinned with:

• Rome, 1956

Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris. (in French)

Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi. (in Italian)

"Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."

Other relationships

Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with:

• Algiers, 2003
• Amman, 1987
• Amsterdam, 2013
• Athens, 2000
• Beijing, 1997
• Beirut, 1992
• Berlin, 1987
• Brazzaville, 2015
• Buenos Aires, 1999
• Cairo, 1985
• Casablanca, 2004
• Chicago, 1996
• Copenhagen, 2005
• Dakar, 2011
• Doha, 2010
• Geneva, 2002
• Istanbul, 2009
• Jakarta, 1995
• Jericho, 2009
• Kinshasa, 2014
• Kyoto, 1958
• Lisbon, 1998
• London, 2001
• Madrid, 2000
• Mexico City, 1999
• Montevideo, 2013
• Montreal, 2006
• Moscow, 1992
• Phnom Penh, 2007
• Porto Alegre, 2001
• Prague, 1997
• Quebec City, 1996
• Rabat, 2004
• Ramallah, 2011
• Rio de Janeiro, 2009
• Riyadh, 1997
• Saint Petersburg, 1997
• Sanaa, 1987
• San Francisco, 1996
• Santiago, 1997
• São Paulo, 2004
• Seoul, 1991
• Sofia, 1998
• Sydney, 1998
• Tbilisi, 1997
• Tel Aviv, 2010
• Tokyo, 1982
• Tunis, 2004
• Warsaw, 1999
• Washington, D.C., 2000
• Yerevan, 1998

See also

Portals:

• France
• Cities

• Art Nouveau in Paris
• Art Deco in Paris
• C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
• International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts held in Paris in 1925
• Megacity
• Outline of France
• Outline of Paris
• Paris syndrome
• Parish and Civil Registers in Paris

Notes

1. The word was most likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke *argot*, then *parigot* was used in a provocative manner outside the Parisian region and throughout France to mean Parisians in general.

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Further reading

For a more comprehensive list, see Bibliography of Paris.

• Vincent Cronin (1989). Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-312-04876-1.
• Vincent Cronin (1994). Paris: City of Light, 1919–1939. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-215191-7.
• Jean Favier (1997). Paris (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-59874-1.
• Jacques Hillairet (2005). Connaissance du Vieux Paris (in French). Rivages. ISBN 978-2-86930-648-6.
• Colin Jones (2004). Paris: The Biography of a City. New York: Penguin Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03393-5.
• Bernard Marchand (1993). Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe siècle (in French). Paris: Le Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02-012864-3.
• Rosemary Wakeman (2009). The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87023-6.

External links

• Official website (in French)

Paris at Misplaced Pages's sister projects:

• Definitions from Wiktionary
• Media from Commons
• News from Wikinews
• Quotations from Wikiquote
• Texts from Wikisource
• Textbooks from Wikibooks
• Resources from Wikiversity
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• Data from Wikidata

v t e Paris
Arrondissements Paris Centre 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
Administration Airports Charles de Gaulle Orly Archdiocese Architecture era of absolutism tallest buildings Bridges Culture music Cycling Vélib' Métropole Economy Education History (timeline) Landmarks Libraries Mayors Museums list Squares Topography Transport Métro Transilien Tramways RER Tourism syndrome
Grand Paris Paris metropolitan area Île-de-France France

v t e Cities in France by population
2,000,000+	Paris
500,000+	Marseille Lyon Toulouse
200,000+	Nice Nantes Montpellier Strasbourg Bordeaux Lille Rennes
100,000+	Toulon Reims Saint-Étienne Le Havre Villeurbanne Dijon Angers Grenoble Saint-Denis, Réunion Nîmes Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis Aix-en-Provence Clermont-Ferrand Le Mans Brest Tours Amiens Annecy Limoges Metz Perpignan Boulogne-Billancourt Besançon Orléans Rouen Montreuil Caen Argenteuil Saint-Paul Mulhouse Nancy
Complete list

v t e Tourism in Paris
Landmarks	Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Arènes de Lutèce Bourse Catacombs Conciergerie Eiffel Tower Gare d'Austerlitz Gare de l'Est Gare de Lyon Gare du Nord Gare Montparnasse Gare Saint-Lazare Grand Palais and Petit Palais Institut de France Jeanne d'Arc Les Invalides Louvre Pyramid Luxor Obelisk Odéon Opéra Bastille Opéra Garnier Panthéon Philharmonie de Paris Place Diana Flame of Liberty Porte Saint-Denis Porte Saint-Martin Sorbonne Tour Montparnasse
Museums (list)	Army Museum Bibliothèque nationale Carnavalet Centre Pompidou Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume Louis Vuitton Foundation Musée des Arts décoratifs Musée des Arts et Métiers Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris Maison de Balzac Musée Bourdelle Musée de la Cinémathèque Musée Cognacq-Jay Musée Grévin Musée Guimet Maison de Victor Hugo Musée Jacquemart-André Musée du Louvre Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de Montmartre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée national des Monuments Français Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Pasteur Musée Picasso Musée du Quai Branly Musée Rodin Palais de la Légion d'Honneur Musée de la Légion d'honneur Musée de la Vie romantique
Religious buildings	Alexander Nevsky Cathedral American Cathedral American Church Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Chapelle expiatoire Grand Mosque Grand Synagogue Synagogue de Nazareth La Madeleine Notre-Dame de Paris Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle Notre-Dame-de-Lorette Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Sacré-Cœur Saint Ambroise Saint-Augustin Saint-Étienne-du-Mont Saint-Eustache Saint-François-Xavier Saint-Germain-des-Prés Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais Tour Saint-Jacques Saint-Jean de Montmartre Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis Saint-Pierre de Montmartre Saint-Roch Saint-Sulpice Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Sainte-Chapelle Sainte-Clotilde Sainte-Trinité Temple du Marais Val-de-Grâce
Hôtels particuliers and palaces	Élysée Palace Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Charost Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel d'Estrées Hôtel de la Païva Hôtel de Pontalba Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel de Sully Hôtel de Ville Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Luxembourg Palace Petit Luxembourg Palais Bourbon Palais de Justice Palais de la Cité Palais-Royal
Bridges, streets, areas, squares and waterways	Avenue de l'Opéra Avenue Foch Avenue George V Boulevard de la Madeleine Boulevard de Sébastopol Canal de l'Ourcq Canal Saint-Martin Champ de Mars Champs-Élysées Covered passages Galerie Véro-Dodat Choiseul Panoramas Galerie Vivienne Havre Jouffroy Brady Latin Quarter Le Marais Montmartre Montparnasse Place Diana Place Dauphine Place de la Bastille Place de la Concorde Place de la Nation Place de la République Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall Place des États-Unis Place des Pyramides Place des Victoires Place des Vosges Place du Carrousel Place du Châtelet Place du Tertre Place Saint-Michel Place Vendôme Pont Alexandre III Pont d'Iéna Pont de Bir-Hakeim Pont des Arts Pont Neuf Port du Louvre Rive Gauche Rue Basse Rue Bonaparte Rue Charlemagne Rue d'Argenteuil Rue de la Ferronnerie Rue de la Paix Rue de la Sourdière Rue de Montmorency Rue de Richelieu Rue de Rivoli Rue de Vaugirard Rue des Francs-Bourgeois Rue des Lombards Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré Rue Elzévir Rue Foyatier Rue Molière Rue Montorgueil Rue Radziwill Rue Rambuteau Rue Mondétour Rue Pastourelle Rue des Rosiers Rue Saint-Honoré Rue Saint-Denis Rue Sainte-Anne Saint-Germain-des-Prés Trocadéro Viaduc d'Austerlitz
Parks and gardens	Bois de Boulogne Jardin d'Acclimatation Bois de Vincennes Parc floral Jardin du Luxembourg Parc André-Citroën Parc Clichy-Batignolles Parc de Belleville Parc de Bercy Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc Georges-Brassens Parc Monceau Parc Montsouris Tuileries Garden Coulée verte René-Dumont
Sport venues	Accor Arena Auteuil Hippodrome Halle Georges Carpentier Longchamp Hippodrome Parc des Princes Piscine Molitor Porte de La Chapelle Arena Stade Jean Bouin Stade Pershing Stade Pierre de Coubertin Stade Roland Garros Stade Sébastien Charléty Vélodrome de Vincennes Vincennes Hippodrome
Cemeteries	Montmartre Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery Passy Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery Oscar Wilde's tomb Picpus Cemetery
Région parisienne	Basilica of Saint-Denis Château d'Écouen Château de Chantilly Château de Fontainebleau Château de Malmaison Château de Rambouillet Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Château de Sceaux Château and Gardens of Versailles (Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon, including the Fresh pavilion) Château de Vincennes La Défense Grande Arche Paris La Défense Arena Disneyland Paris Disneyland Park Walt Disney Studios Park Exploradôme Fort Mont-Valérien Mémorial de la France combattante Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial France Miniature Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Parc de Saint-Cloud Provins La Roche-Guyon Sèvres – Cité de la céramique Stade de France Vaux-le-Vicomte
Culture and events	Bastille Day military parade Dîner en Blanc Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris Fashion Week Paris-Plages Republican Guard Solidays
Other	Axe historique Bateau-Lavoir Bateaux Mouches Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Folies Bergère Fountains in Paris La Ruche Les Deux Magots Maxim's Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Paris Métro entrances Montmartre Funicular Paris Musées Paris syndrome Paris Zoological Park Pyramide inversée World Heritage Centre
Related	List of tourist attractions in Paris Art in Paris Paris syndrome

v t e Paris transport network
Métro	Under construction Proposed
RER
Transilien
Tramway
Bus	RATP  Tvm  Noctilien
Others	CDGVAL Orlyval Montmartre Funicular
Projects	Grand Paris Express CDG Express Line 3bis and Line 7bis merger
Administration	IDFM RATP SNCF Optile Keolis Transdev
Finance	Fares and tickets Ticket t+ Paris visite Navigo card Versement transport
Stations	List of Paris Métro stations Architecture Ghost stations Lists of railway stations RER Transilien in Paris List of tram stops

Administrative structures

v t e Communes in the Paris metropolitan area Population over 2 million Paris Population over 100,000 Argenteuil Boulogne-Billancourt Montreuil Saint-Denis Population over 75,000 Asnières-sur-Seine Aubervilliers Aulnay-sous-Bois Champigny-sur-Marne Colombes Courbevoie Créteil Nanterre Rueil-Malmaison Versailles Vitry-sur-Seine Population over 50,000 Antony Le Blanc-Mesnil Bobigny Bondy Cergy Chelles Clamart Clichy Corbeil-Essonnes Drancy Épinay-sur-Seine Évry-Courcouronnes Fontenay-sous-Bois Issy-les-Moulineaux Ivry-sur-Seine Levallois-Perret Maisons-Alfort Massy Meaux Neuilly-sur-Seine Noisy-le-Grand Pantin Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine Sarcelles Sartrouville Sevran Villejuif Population over 25,000 Alfortville Athis-Mons Bagneux Bagnolet Bezons Bois-Colombes Brétigny-sur-Orge Brunoy Bussy-Saint-Georges Cachan Champs-sur-Marne Charenton-le-Pont Châtenay-Malabry Châtillon Chatou Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt Choisy-le-Roi Clichy-sous-Bois Conflans-Sainte-Honorine Cormeilles-en-Parisis La Courneuve Creil Draveil Dreux Eaubonne Élancourt Ermont Étampes Fontenay-aux-Roses Franconville Fresnes Gagny La Garenne-Colombes Garges-lès-Gonesse Gennevilliers Gonesse Goussainville Grigny Guyancourt L'Haÿ-les-Roses Herblay-sur-Seine Houilles Limeil-Brévannes Livry-Gargan Malakoff Mantes-la-Jolie Melun Meudon Montfermeil Montigny-le-Bretonneux Montrouge Les Mureaux Neuilly-sur-Marne Nogent-sur-Marne Noisy-le-Sec Palaiseau Le Perreux-sur-Marne Plaisir Le Plessis-Robinson Poissy Pontault-Combault Pontoise Puteaux Rambouillet Ris-Orangis Romainville Rosny-sous-Bois Saint-Cloud Saint-Germain-en-Laye Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Sannois Savigny-sur-Orge Savigny-le-Temple Stains Sucy-en-Brie Suresnes Taverny Thiais Trappes Tremblay-en-France Les Ulis Vanves Vigneux-sur-Seine Villemomble Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Villeparisis Villepinte Villiers-le-Bel Villiers-sur-Marne Vincennes Viry-Châtillon Yerres Population under 25,000 1,792 other communes v t e Administrative division of Île-de-France (on 1 January 2022) Prefecture: Paris Essonne (91) Prefecture: Évry-Courcouronnes Three arrondissements 21 cantons 194 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Hauts-de-Seine (92) Prefecture: Nanterre Three arrondissements 23 cantons 36 communes 13 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs Paris (75) Prefecture: Paris One departmental arrondissement 1 commune 20 municipal arrondissements 80 administrative quarters 18 legislative constituencies 1 intercommunality Seine-et-Marne (77) Prefecture: Melun Five arrondissements 23 cantons 507 communes 11 legislative constituencies 21 intercommunalities Seine-Saint-Denis (93) Prefecture: Bobigny Three arrondissements 21 cantons 40 communes 12 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs Val-de-Marne (94) Prefecture: Créteil Three arrondissements 25 cantons 47 communes 11 legislative constituencies 3 EPTs Val-d'Oise (95) Prefecture: Pontoise Three arrondissements 21 cantons 184 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Yvelines (78) Prefecture: Versailles Four arrondissements 21 cantons 259 communes 12 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities v t e Prefectures of the departments of France Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain) Laon (Aisne) Moulins (Allier) Digne-les-Bains (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) Gap (Hautes-Alpes) Nice (Alpes-Maritimes) Privas (Ardèche) Charleville-Mézières (Ardennes) Foix (Ariège) Troyes (Aube) Carcassonne (Aude) Rodez (Aveyron) Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) Caen (Calvados) Aurillac (Cantal) Angoulême (Charente) La Rochelle (Charente-Maritime) Bourges (Cher) Tulle (Corrèze) Ajaccio (Corse-du-Sud) Bastia (Haute-Corse) Dijon (Côte-d'Or) Saint-Brieuc (Côtes-d'Armor) Guéret (Creuse) Périgueux (Dordogne) Besançon (Doubs) Valence (Drôme) Évreux (Eure) Chartres (Eure-et-Loir) Quimper (Finistère) Nîmes (Gard) Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) Auch (Gers) Bordeaux (Gironde) Montpellier (Hérault) Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine) Châteauroux (Indre) Tours (Indre-et-Loire) Grenoble (Isère) Lons-le-Saunier (Jura) Mont-de-Marsan (Landes) Blois (Loir-et-Cher) Saint-Étienne (Loire) Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire) Nantes (Loire-Atlantique) Orléans (Loiret) Cahors (Lot) Agen (Lot-et-Garonne) Mende (Lozère) Angers (Maine-et-Loire) Saint-Lô (Manche) Châlons-en-Champagne (Marne) Chaumont (Haute-Marne) Laval (Mayenne) Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle) Bar-le-Duc (Meuse) Vannes (Morbihan) Metz (Moselle) Nevers (Nièvre) Lille (Nord) Beauvais (Oise) Alençon (Orne) Arras (Pas-de-Calais) Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées) Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales) Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin) Colmar (Haut-Rhin) Lyon (Rhône) Vesoul (Haute-Saône) Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire) Le Mans (Sarthe) Chambéry (Savoie) Annecy (Haute-Savoie) Paris (Paris) Rouen (Seine-Maritime) Melun (Seine-et-Marne) Versailles (Yvelines) Niort (Deux-Sèvres) Amiens (Somme) Albi (Tarn) Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) Toulon (Var) Avignon (Vaucluse) La Roche-sur-Yon (Vendée) Poitiers (Vienne) Limoges (Haute-Vienne) Épinal (Vosges) Auxerre (Yonne) Belfort (Territoire de Belfort) Évry-Courcouronnes (Essonne) Nanterre (Hauts-de-Seine) Bobigny (Seine-Saint-Denis) Créteil (Val-de-Marne) Cergy, Pontoise (Val-d'Oise) Overseas departments Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Cayenne (French Guiana) Saint-Denis (Réunion) Mamoudzou (Mayotte) v t e Prefectures of the regions of France Metropolitan regions Lyon (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) Dijon (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) Rennes (Brittany) Orléans (Centre-Val de Loire) Ajaccio (Corsica) Strasbourg (Grand Est) Lille (Hauts-de-France) Paris (Île-de-France) Rouen (Normandy) Bordeaux (Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Toulouse (Occitania) Nantes (Pays de la Loire) Marseille (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) Overseas regions Cayenne (French Guiana) Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Mamoudzou (Mayotte) Saint Denis (Réunion) v t e Departments of France Metropolitan 01 Ain 02 Aisne 03 Allier 04 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 05 Hautes-Alpes 06 Alpes-Maritimes 07 Ardèche 08 Ardennes 09 Ariège 10 Aube 11 Aude 12 Aveyron 13 Bouches-du-Rhône 14 Calvados 15 Cantal 16 Charente 17 Charente-Maritime 18 Cher 19 Corrèze 2A Corse-du-Sud 2B Haute-Corse 21 Côte-d'Or 22 Côtes-d'Armor 23 Creuse 24 Dordogne 25 Doubs 26 Drôme 27 Eure 28 Eure-et-Loir 29 Finistère 30 Gard 31 Haute-Garonne 32 Gers 33 Gironde 34 Hérault 35 Ille-et-Vilaine 36 Indre 37 Indre-et-Loire 38 Isère 39 Jura 40 Landes 41 Loir-et-Cher 42 Loire 43 Haute-Loire 44 Loire-Atlantique 45 Loiret 46 Lot 47 Lot-et-Garonne 48 Lozère 49 Maine-et-Loire 50 Manche 51 Marne 52 Haute-Marne 53 Mayenne 54 Meurthe-et-Moselle 55 Meuse 56 Morbihan 57 Moselle 58 Nièvre 59 Nord 60 Oise 61 Orne 62 Pas-de-Calais 63 Puy-de-Dôme 64 Pyrénées-Atlantiques 65 Hautes-Pyrénées 66 Pyrénées-Orientales 67 Bas-Rhin 68 Haut-Rhin 69D Rhône 70 Haute-Saône 71 Saône-et-Loire 72 Sarthe 73 Savoie 74 Haute-Savoie 76 Seine-Maritime 77 Seine-et-Marne 78 Yvelines 79 Deux-Sèvres 80 Somme 81 Tarn 82 Tarn-et-Garonne 83 Var 84 Vaucluse 85 Vendée 86 Vienne 87 Haute-Vienne 88 Vosges 89 Yonne 90 Territoire de Belfort 91 Essonne 92 Hauts-de-Seine 93 Seine-Saint-Denis 94 Val-de-Marne 95 Val-d'Oise Overseas 971 Guadeloupe 972 Martinique (territorial collectivity) 973 French Guiana (territorial collectivity) 974 Réunion 976 Mayotte Special 69M Lyon (collectivity with special status) 75 Paris (collectivity with special status) Former 975 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Overseas collectivity)

Categories:

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