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			{{Short description|Province of Pakistan}}
	{{About|the Pakistani province of Punjab|other uses of the name|Punjab (disambiguation)}}
			{{About |the Pakistani province of Punjab|the geographical region|Punjab|the state of India|Punjab, India|other uses of the name|Punjab (disambiguation)}}
	{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
	{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}		{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
			{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2023}}
			{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
	{{Infobox settlement		{{Infobox settlement
	| name = Punjab		| name = Punjab
	| official_name = <!-- If different from name -->		| official_name = Province of Punjab
	| native_name = {{Nastaliq|پنجاب}}		| native_name = {{Nastaliq|پنجاب}}
			| type = ]
	| native_name_lang = ur<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
			| image_skyline = {{multiple image
	| type = ]
	| image_skyline =		| border = infobox
	| image_caption =		| total_width = 280
	| image_flag = Flag of Punjab.svg		| image_style = border:1;
	| image_seal = Coat of arms of Punjab.svg		| perrow = 1/2/2
	| image_map = Punjab in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg		| image1 = Royal mosque Lahore.jpg
	| map_caption = Location of Punjab in Pakistan		| caption1 = ]
	| latd = 31		| image2 = Sakina sughra mosque jatoi.jpg
	| longd = 72		| caption2 = ]
			| image3 = Shah Rukn-e-Alam Shrine.jpg
	| coordinates_type = type:adm1st_region:PK_dim:1000000
			| caption3 = ]
	| coordinates_display = inline,title
	| subdivision_type = Country		| image4 = Derawar Fort, Bahawalpur I.jpg
	| subdivision_name = ]		| caption4 = ]
	| parts_style = para		| image5 = Lahore Fort view from Baradari.jpg
	| parts_type = Largest city		| caption5 = ]
	| p1 = ] Lahore		| image6 = Khewra Salt Mines landscape IMG 3127.jpg
	| established_title = Established		| caption6 = ]
	| established_date = 1 July 1970		| image7 =
			}}
	| seat_type = Capital
			| image_flag = Flag of Punjab.svg
	| seat = ] ]
	| blank_name_sec1 = ]		| image_seal = Coat of arms of Punjab.svg
			| etymology = ''Panj'' (means "five") and ''āb'' (means "waters")
	| blank_info_sec1 = {{unbulleted list|] <small>(Provincial)</small>|English <small>(Official)</small>|] <small>(National)</small>}}
			| image_map = Punjab in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg
	| blank1_name_sec1 = Other languages
			| map_caption = Location of Punjab within Pakistan
	| blank1_info_sec1 = ], ]
	| blank_name_sec2 = Assembly seats		| image_map1 =
			| map_caption1 =
	| blank_info_sec2 = 371<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/stats/en/19|title= Provincial Assembly – Punjab}}</ref>
			| coordinates = {{coord|31|72|type:adm1st_region:PK_dim:1000000|display=inline,title}}
	| blank1_name_sec2 = ]
			| subdivision_type = Country
	| blank1_info_sec2 = 36
	| blank3_name_sec2 = ]		| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}
	| blank3_info_sec2 = 127		| parts_type = Administrative Divisions
	| government_type = Province		| parts_style = coll,para
	| governing_body = ]		| parts = 11
			| p1 = {{Ubl|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]}}
	| leader_title = ]
			| established_title = Established
	| leader_name = ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rafique Rajwana takes oath as Punjab governor|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/884059/rafique-rajwana-takes-oath-as-punjab-governor/|website=Pakistan Express Tribune|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref> (])
			| established_date = {{Start date and age|1 July 1970}}
	| leader_title1 = ]
			| established_title1 = Before was
	| leader_name1 = <small>]</small>] (])
			| established_date1 = Part of ]
	| leader_title2 = ]
	| leader_name2 = ] (371 seats)		| seat_type = Capital<br />{{nobold|and largest city}}
	| leader_title4 = ]		| seat = ]
	| leader_name4 = ]		| blank_name_sec1 = ]
			| blank_info_sec1 = {{bulleted list|'''Official:'''<br />], ]|'''Provincial:'''<br />]}}
	| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
			| blank1_name_sec1 = Provincial sports teams
	| area_total_km2 = 205,344
			| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Collapsible list
	| population_footnotes =<ref name=WG/>
			| title = ''{{nobold|List:}}''
	| population_total = 101000000
			| ]
	| population_as_of = 2013
			| ]
	| population_density_km2 = auto
			| ]
	| timezone1 = ]
			| ]
	| utc_offset1 = +5
			| ]
	| website =
			| ]
	|iso_code=PK-PB
			| ]
			| ]
			| ]
			| ]
			}}
			| blank2_name_sec1 = ] (2021)
			| blank2_info_sec1 = 0.567{{increase}}<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/PAK/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global|title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab|website=Globaldatalab.org|access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref><br />{{orange|medium}}
			| blank3_name_sec1 = ] (2020)
			| blank3_info_sec1 = 71.3%<ref name="propakistani.pk">{{cite news | url=https://propakistani.pk/2022/06/09/kp-achieves-highest-literacy-rate-among-all-provinces/ | title=KP Achieves Highest Literacy Rate Growth Among All Provinces | newspaper=Propakistani | date=9 June 2022 }}</ref>
			| blank4_name_sec1 = ] seats
			| blank4_info_sec1 = 183
			| blank_name_sec2 = Provincial Assembly seats
			| blank_info_sec2 = 371<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/stats/en/19|title= Provincial Assembly – Punjab|url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061549/http://pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/stats/en/19 |archive-date= 1 February 2009}}</ref>
			| blank1_name_sec2 = ]
			| blank1_info_sec2 = 11
			| blank2_name_sec2 = ]
			| blank2_info_sec2 = 41
			| blank3_name_sec2 = ]
			| blank3_info_sec2 = 148
			| blank4_name_sec2 = ]
			| blank4_info_sec2 = 7602
			| demographics1_info1 = $225 billion (]){{efn|name=g}}
			| population_demonym = Punjabi
			| demographics_type1 = GDP (nominal)
			| demographics1_title1 = ]
			| demographics1_title2 = ]
			| demographics1_info2 =
			| demographics_type2 = GDP (PPP)
			| demographics2_title1 = ]
			| demographics2_info1 = $925 billion (]){{efn|name=g|Punjab's contribution to national economy was 60.58%, or $925 billion (PPP) and $225 billion (nominal) in 2022.<ref name=kp>{{Cite web|url=https://kpbos.gov.pk/assets/docs/reports/NTL-PolicyBrief-Aug-1.pdf|title=
			GDP OF KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA'S DISTRICTS|website=kpbos.gov.pk}}</ref><ref name="imf.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects }}</ref>}}
			| demographics1_title3 = ]
			| demographics1_info3 = $2,003 (])
			| demographics2_title2 = ]
			| demographics2_info2 = $8,027 (])
			| government_type = ] subject to the ]
			| governing_body = ]
			| leader_title = ]
			| leader_name = ]
			| leader_title1 = ]
			| leader_name1 = ]
			| leader_title2 = ]
			| leader_name2 = Zahid Akhtar Zaman
			| leader_title3 = ]
			| leader_name3 = ]
			| leader_title4 = ]
			| leader_name4 = ]
			| unit_pref = Metric
			| area_total_km2 = 205344
			| area_rank = ]
			| population_footnotes = <ref name="2023 Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Punjab.pdf |title = Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Punjab province) |date= 5 August 2023 |website = Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk) |access-date = 25 November 2023}}</ref>
			| population_total = 127,333,305
			| population_as_of = ]
			| population_rural = 75,712,955 (59.29%)
			| population_rank = ]
			| population_density_km2 = 622
			| population_urban = 51975967 (40.71%)
			| timezone1 = ]
			| utc_offset1 = +05:00
			| website = {{URL|punjab.gov.pk}}
			| iso_code = ]
			| native_name_lang = pa
			| flag_size = 125px
			| seal_size = 105px
	}}		}}
			'''Punjab''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ʌ<!--full vowel-->|n|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|b}}; {{Text|], ]: {{Nastaliq|پنجاب}}|rtl=yes}}, {{IPA-pa|audio=Punjab.ogg|pənˈd͡ʒɑːb|pron}}) is a ] of ]. With a population of over 127 million, it is the ] in Pakistan and ] in the world. Located in the ] of the country, it has the ], contributing the most to ], in Pakistan. ] is the capital and largest city. Other major cities include ], ], ] and ].
			It is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of ] to the north-west, ] to the south-west and ] to the south, as well as ] to the north-west and ] to the north. It shares a disputed ] with ] to the north-east, and to its east it shares a border with the ] of ] and the identically-named ], for which reason it is sometimes called '''West Punjab''' or '''Pakistani Punjab''' for disambiguation purposes. Punjab is the most fertile province of the country as the ] and its four major tributaries ], ], ] and ] flow through it.
	'''Punjab''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|پنجاب}}}}, ] ]: {{Nastaliq|پنجاب}}<!---please refrain from titling this as "Urdu/Punjabi", as the audio pronunciation available at the moment is Urdu-accented--->, ''panj-āb'', "five waters": {{Audio|Punjab.ogg|listen}}), also spelled '''Panjab''', is the most populous of the four ]. It has an area of {{convert|205344|km2|abbr=off}} and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011,<ref></ref> approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its provincial capital and largest city is ]. Punjab is bordered by the Indian states of ] to the northeast and ] and ] to the east. In Pakistan it is bordered by ] to the south, ] and ] to the west, and ] and ] to the north.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Ian S Livingston|author2=Micheal O'Hanlon|title=Pakistan Index|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/pakistan%20index/index.pdf|publisher=Brookings|format=PDF|date=29 November 2011|accessdate=8 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2010/pakistan-100615-rferl01.htm|title=The Growing Threat in Pakistan's Punjab|author=John Pike|publisher=|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref>
			The province forms the bulk of the transnational ], ] in 1947 among Pakistan and India.<ref>{{cite web |title='Wrong number' couple fight India deportation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66567371 |website=BBC News |date=4 September 2023}}</ref> The province is represented in the ] through 173, out of 336, seats in ], the lower house; and 23, out of 96, seats in ], the upper house.
	The province comprises most of the fertile ], which also includes the Indian states of ], ] and ]. The region was divided during the ], when the majority Muslim areas became the Pakistani province and majority non-Muslim areas remaining part of India.
			Punjab is Pakistan's most industrialized province, with the industrial sector comprising 24 percent of the province's gross domestic product.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|author1=Government of the Punjab – Planning & Development Department |title=PUNJAB GROWTH STRATEGY 2018 Accelerating Economic Growth and Improving Social Outcomes |url=http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Punjab-Growth-Strategy-2018-Full-report.pdf |access-date=14 July 2016|date=March 2015|quote=The industrial sector of Punjab employs around 23% of the province's labour force and contributes 24% to the provincial GDP|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329053001/http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Punjab-Growth-Strategy-2018-Full-report.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref> It is known for its relative prosperity,<ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite news|last1=Farooqui|first1=Tashkeel|date=20 June 2016 |title=Northern Punjab, urban Sindh people more prosperous than rest of country: report |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1126363/people-living-northern-punjab-urban-sindh-prosperous-rest-country-report/|access-date=14 July 2016|agency=The Express Tribune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724134711/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1126363/people-living-northern-punjab-urban-sindh-prosperous-rest-country-report/|archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> and has the lowest rate of poverty among all Pakistani provinces.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arif|first1=G. M.|title=Poverty Profile of Pakistan|url=http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|website=Benazir Income Support Programme|publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=14 July 2016|quote=Among the four provinces, the highest incidence of poverty is found in Sindh (45%), followed by Balochistan (44%), Khyber Pakhtukhaw (KP) (37%) and Punjab (21%)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213111826/http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref>{{efn|] is Pakistan's least impoverished administrative unit, but ICT is not a province. ] also has a rate of poverty lower than Punjab, but is not a province.}} However, a clear divide is present between the northern and southern regions of the province;<ref name="tribune.com.pk"/> with northern Punjab being relatively more developed than south Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arif|first1=G. M.|title=Poverty Profile of Pakistan |url=http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|website=Benazir Income Support Programme|publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=14 July 2016|quote=See Table 5, Page 12 "Sialkot District"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213111826/http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |last1=Arif|first1=G. M.|title=Poverty Profile of Pakistan|url=http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|website=Benazir Income Support Programme|publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=14 July 2016|quote=See Table 5, Page 12 "Rajanpur District"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213111826/http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> Punjab is also one of the most urbanized regions of ], with approximately 40 percent of its population being concentrated in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Government of the Punjab – Planning & Development Department|title=PUNJAB GROWTH STRATEGY 2018 Accelerating Economic Growth and Improving Social Outcomes|url=http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Punjab-Growth-Strategy-2018-Full-report.pdf|access-date=14 July 2016|date=March 2015|quote=Punjab is among the most urbanized regions of South Asia and is experiencing a consistent and long-term demographic shift of the population to urban regions and cities, with around 40% of the province's population living in urban areas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329053001/http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Punjab-Growth-Strategy-2018-Full-report.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>
	Punjab's geography mostly consists of the alluvial plain of the ] and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the ], ], ], and ] rivers. There are several mountainous regions, including the ] in the southwest part of the province, and ], ], and ] in the north. Agriculture is the chief source of income and employment in Punjab; wheat and cotton are the principal crops. Since independence, Punjab has become the seat of political and economic power; it remains the most industrialised province of Pakistan. It counts for 39.2% of large scale manufacturing and 70% of small scale manufacturing in the country.<ref></ref> Its capital Lahore is a major regional cultural, historical, and economic centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/cantt-lahore.htm|title=Lahore Cantonment|author=John Pike|publisher=|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref>
			] form majority of the province.<ref name="punjab20172">{{cite web |title=TABLE 9 – POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table09n.pdf |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> ] has been strongly influenced by ] and ], with a number of Sufi shrines spread across the province.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Faid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PXXAAAAMAAJ |title=Mihr-e-munīr: Biography of Ḥaḍrat Syed Pīr Meher Alī Shāh ( in English) |last2=Khān |first2=Muhammad Fāḍil |year=1998 |via=GoogleBooks website}}</ref><ref name="EI3">{{EI3|last=Chaudhary|first=M. Azam|title=Barrī Imām|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/db/ei3o}}</ref><ref>Nizami, K.A., "Farīd al-Dīn Masʿūd "Gand̲j̲-I-S̲h̲akar"", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gilmartin|first1=David|title=Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan|date=1988|publisher=University of California Press|pages=40–41}}</ref> ], the founder of ], was born in the town of ].<ref name="Macauliffe">{{cite book | last=Macauliffe | first=Max Arthur | author-link=Max Arthur Macauliffe | year=2004 | orig-year=1909 | title=The Sikh Religion&nbsp;– Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors | publisher=Low Price Publications | location=India | isbn = 81-86142-31-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Khushwant | author-link=Khushwant Singh | year=2006 | title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=India | isbn = 0-19-567747-1 | pages=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Iftikhar Haider|title=The History of Pakistan|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group}}</ref> Punjab hosts several of the UNESCO ]s, including the ], the ], the archaeological excavations at ], and the ], among others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (Pakistan)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/pk|website=UNESCO|access-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704110025/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/pk}}</ref>
	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
			The name Punjab is of ] origin, with its two combined words meaning ({{Langx|fa|پنج|translit=panj|label=none|lit=five}} and {{Langx|fa|آب|translit=āb|label=none|lit=water}}) and it was introduced and started to be widely used during the ] rule over the region.<ref>Canfield, Robert L. (1991). ''Persia in Historical Perspective''. ], United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 1 ("Origins"). ] ].</ref> It is considered to be the cognate of the ] words {{Langx|sa|पञ्‍च|translit=pañca|label=none|lit=five}} and {{Langx|sa|अप्|translit=áp|label=none|lit=water}}, of the same meaning.<ref name=EoS>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html |title=The Punjab |author=H K Manmohan Siṅgh|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh |publisher=], Patiala|access-date=18 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062705/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|publisher=Aleph Book Company|year=2013|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, ]|page=1 ("Introduction")}}</ref> The word ''pañjāb'' is thus ] of Indo-Aryan ''pañca-áp'' and means "The Land of Five Waters", referring to the rivers ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>"Punjab." Pp. 107 in ], vol. 20.</ref> All are ] of the ], the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the '']'', in which one of the regions is named as ''Panchanada'' ({{Langx|sa|पञ्चनद|translit=pañca-nada|lit=five rivers}}).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-1-61530-202-4|editor=Kenneth Pletcher|page=199|quote=The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rajesh Bala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzduAAAAMAAJ|title=Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18–20, 2005: Proceedings|publisher=Punjabi University|year=2005|isbn=978-81-7380-990-3|editor=Sukhdial Singh|page=80|chapter=Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab|quote="The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for "Five rivers" the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus."}}</ref> Earlier, Punjab was known as '']'' in the ] or ''Hapta Hendu'' in ], translating into "The Land of Seven Rivers", with the other two being Indus and ] which are included in the greater Punjab region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |author-link=J. S. Grewal |date=2004 |title=Historical Geography of the Punjab |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/journals/volume11/no1/2_grewal.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |issn=0971-5223 |oclc=436148809}}</ref> The ancient ] referred to the region as ''Pentapotamía'' ({{langx|el|Πενταποταμία}}), which has the same meaning as that of Punjab.<ref>]. 1827. '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182901/https://books.google.ca/books?id=XbBCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3&redir_esc=y |date=18 November 2022 }}'' . Weber. p. 4:
	The word ''Punjab'' was formally introduced in the early 17th century CE. It is a combination of the ] words ''panj'' (''five'') and ''āb'' (''water''), thus the (land of) ''five rivers''.<!--THIS IS A CONTENTIOUS ISSUE, SO AVOID ADDING SANSKRIT UNLESS YOU CAN PROVIDE A RELIABLE SOURCE WHICH ASSERTS THAT "PUNJAB" IS FROM SANSKRIT--><ref name="singh">{{cite book| title=Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy| first=Pritam| last=Singh| publisher=Routledge| year=2008| ISBN=0-415-45666-5| page=3| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| location=London; New York}}</ref> The five rivers, namely ], ], ], ] and ], flow via the ] into the ] and eventually into the ].
			"That part of India which today we call by the Persian name <nowiki>''Penjab''</nowiki> is named ''Panchanada'' in the sacred language of the Indians; either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Πενταποταμια. The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt, although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian.... But, in truth, that final word is never, to my knowledge, used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way; on the other hand, there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word, e.g., ''Doab'' and ''Nilab''. Therefore, it is probable that the name Penjab, which is today found in all geographical books, is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India, among whom the Persian language was mostly in use. That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the ''Ramayana'' and ''Mahabharata'', the most ancient Indian poems, and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians; for ''Panchála'', which English translations of the ''Ramayana'' render with Penjab...is the name of another region, entirely distinct from Pentapotamia...."{{whose translation|reason=has several mistakes – looks like Google translation|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1-last=Latif|author1-first=Syad Muhammad|title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|year=1891|publisher=Calcultta Central Press Company|page=1|quote=The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, ''panj'' (five), an ''áb'' (water), having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features." |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1}}</ref><ref name="Khalid">{{cite journal|author1-last=Khalid|author1-first=Kanwal|title=Lahore of Pre Historic Era|journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan|volume=52|issue=2|page=73|year=2015|quote=The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. In the later period, the word ''Pentapotamia'' was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (''Penta'' means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab" for this region. Again, it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet.|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/7.%20Kanwal%20Khalid_v52_2_15.pdf|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811210654/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/7.%20Kanwal%20Khalid_v52_2_15.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
	==Geography==
	Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province in terms of land area at {{convert|205344|km2|abbr=on}}, after ], and is located at the north western edge of the geologic ] in South Asia. The province is bordered by ] (], Pakistan and ], India) to the northeast, the Indian states of ] and ] to the east, the Pakistani province of ] to the south, the province of ] to the southwest, the province of ] to the west, and the ] to the north.
			== History ==
	The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Nearly 60% of Pakistan's population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the ] of the ] city at ]. In the ] '']-]-]-]-]-]'', the ] is for '']''.
			{{main|History of Punjab}}
			=== Ancient period ===
	The province is a mainly a fertile region along the ], while sparse ] can be found near the border with ] and the ]. The region contains the ] and ] deserts. The ] and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab from north to south.
			It is believed that the earliest evidence of human habitation in Punjab traces to the ] of the ], between the ] and the ]s, where ] developed between 774,000 BC and 11,700 BC. This period goes back to the first interglacial period in the ], from which remnants of stone and flint tools have been found.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=1}} The Punjab region was the site of one of the earliest ]s, the ] ] that flourished from about 3000 B.C. and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, following the ] that overran the region in waves between 1500 and 500 B.C.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 |pages=257–259 |language=en |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182901/https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257 |url-status=live }}</ref> The migrating Indo-Aryan tribes gave rise to the ] ], which lasted till 500 BC. During this era, the ] was composed in ],{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=37}} laying the foundation of ]. Frequent intertribal wars in the ] stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as ].<ref name=":9" /> Achaemenid emperor ], in 518 BCE crossed the Indus and annex the regions up to the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=André-Salvini |first=Béatrice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJnaKu9DdNEC |title=Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia |date=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24731-4 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182927/https://books.google.com/books?id=kJnaKu9DdNEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Taxila is considered to be the site of one of the oldest education centre of South Asia and was part of the Achaemenid province of Hindush.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Samad|first=Rafi U.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA33|title=The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys|date=2011|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-859-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |date=2012-08-30 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 |language=en}}</ref>
			One of the early kings in Punjab was ], who fought the famous ] against ].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Albert Brian |title=Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |pages=125–130 |chapter=The campaign of the Hydaspes}}</ref> The battle is thought to have resulted in a decisive ] victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative.<ref name=":6" /> Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.<ref name=":6" /> When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king".{{sfn|Rogers|p=200}} Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Albert Brian |title=Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |chapter=From the Hydaspes to the Southern Ocean}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anson |first=Edward M. |title=Alexander the Great: Themes and Issues |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2013 |isbn=9781441193797 |pages=151}}</ref>{{sfn|Roy|2004|pp=23–28}} Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom.<ref name=":7" /> The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the syncretism of ancient Greek political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent, yielding works such as Greco-Buddhist art, which continued to have an impact for the ensuing centuries.
	The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and ] can be found throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the ] are found in the extreme north as well.
			] was the noted centre of excellence of the region which was attacked by the Greek army led by ]. The Malli tribe together with nearby tribes gathered an army of 90,000 personnel to face the Greek army. This was perhaps the largest army faced by the Greeks in the entire Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Amjad|1989|p={{page needed|date=September 2022}}}} During the siege of the city's citadel, Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he faced the Mallians' leader. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured. The city was conquered after a fierce battle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tareekh-e-Pakistan (Wasti Ahad) |url=https://yahyaamjad.com/books/tareekh-e-pakistan-wasti-ahad/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Yahya Amjad |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arrian. Indica. English {{!}} The Online Books Page |url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Arrian.%20Indica.%20English |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu}}</ref>
	==Languages==
	{{main|Languages of Pakistan}}
	{{more information|Punjabi dialects|Punjabi Language Movement}}
	* The native language of the province is ] with many ] including ] (Standard), ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Siraiki-language |title=Siraiki language |last1=Shackle |first1=Christopher |date=December 2014 |website= |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
	* ], Pakistan's national language, is widely understood and used.
	* English, an official language of Pakistan, is used in offices and educational institutes.
	* ] is taught in secondary schools and madrasas (religious schools)
	* Minorities migrated from other provinces and Afghan refugees speak ], ], ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uh.edu/~sriaz/thecountry/languages/index.html|title=The Languages of Pakistan|publisher=|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref>
			The region was then divided between the ] and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom in 302 B.C.E. Menander I Soter conquered Punjab and made ] (present-day ]) the capital of the ].<ref name="Hazel 2013">{{cite book |last=Hazel |first=John |title=Who's Who in the Greek World |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781134802241 |page=155 |quote=Menander king in India, known locally as Milinda, born at a village named Kalasi near Alasanda (Alexandria-in-the-Caucasus), and who was himself the son of a king. After conquering the Punjab, where he made Sagala his capital, he made an expedition across northern India and visited Patna, the capital of the Mauraya empire, though he did not succeed in conquering this land as he appears to have been overtaken by wars on the north-west frontier with Eucratides.}}</ref><ref name="Ahir 1971">{{cite book |last=Ahir |first=D. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.49756 |title=Buddhism in the Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Maha Bodhi Society of India |year=1971 |page=31 |oclc=1288206 |quote=Demetrius died in 166 B.C., and Apollodotus, who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B.C. After his death, Menander carved out a kingdom in Punjab. Thus from 161 B.C. onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his death in 145 B.C. or 130 B.C.}}</ref> Menander is noted for becoming a patron and converting to Greco-Buddhism and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Menander {{!}} Indo-Greek king |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menander-Indo-Greek-king |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=]}}</ref>
	==Government==
	{{main|Government of Punjab, Pakistan}}
	There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant. The Chief Secretary in turn reports to the Chief Minister. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary.
			=== Medieval period ===
	==History==
			'''Arrival of Islam (Umayyad Caliphate)'''
	{{main|History of Punjab}}
			Following the ] at the beginning of the 8th century, ] armies of the ] penetrated into South Asia introducing ] into ]. First, Islam was introduced into the Southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the 16th century, ] were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of ]s and ] marked the landscape. Local ] converts constituted the majority of this ], and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the ](]), the performance of the ], and the ingestion of cow-meat.<ref name="oxford2">{{Cite book |last1=Rambo |first1=Lewis R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion |last2=Farhadian |first2=Charles E. |date=6 March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971354-7 |pages=489–491 |quote=First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the performance of the circumsicion (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana). |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082337/https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=27 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	===Ancient history===
	]
	Punjab during ]a times was known as Panchanada.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=uG2RTb3xCYXQcZeeuUA&ct=result&id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ&dq=abhira+yadav&q=abhiras|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ...|publisher=|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref><ref>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part 1-page-11</ref> Punjab was part of the ], more than 4000 years old.<ref name="whereincity.com"></ref>
	The main site in Punjab was the city of ]. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the ] civilisation. The ] flourished along the length of the ]. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia and ]. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artefacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the ] ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. It also comprised the Gujar empire for a period of time, otherwise known as the ].<ref>McGregor, R. Stuart (1984). p. 03. "Gurjara-Pratihara empire, comprising the territories stretching between Bihar, the Panjab and Kathiawar, was the last great pre-Muslim empire of north India."</ref><ref>Gokhale, B. Govind (1995). p. 84. "The Gurjara-Pratiharas became an imperial power controlling Eastern Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Saurashtra."</ref><ref>"Bhardwaj, A.P. (2010). . p. B19. "1. They are also called Gurjara-Pratihara. 2. They established their sway over Punjab, Malwas and Broach."</ref> Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as ] and ]) grew in wealth.
			] emerged as the major power in Punjab after the ] led by ] conquered the region in ].<ref name=":9" /> The city of ] became a centre of Islam. After the Umayyads conquered the key cities of ] and Multan, they ruled the far areas of Punjab and included ]. Islam spread rapidly.<ref name="Hudud 1970">{{Cite book |last=Hudud |first=al-Alam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tN9jMwEACAAJ&q=hudud+al+alam |title=Hudud Al-Alam, 'the Regions of the World': A Persian Geography, 327A.H. – 982A.D |date=1970 |publisher=Luzac |language=en}}</ref>
	]]]
	Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attacks and influence from the west and witnessed centuries of foreign invasions by the ], ], ], ], and ]. The city of ], founded by son of Taksh the son ] who was the brother of ]. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world,{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} ]. One of the teachers was the great ] thinker and politician ]. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the ]. It is a UN ], valued for its archaeological and religious history.
			According to local traditions, ] was a trader from ] who was one of the non-Arab ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suvorova |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QK0aLjQtX2cC&dq=baba+ratan&pg=PA220 |title=Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries |date=2004-07-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-37006-1 |page=220 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Köprülü |first=Mehmet Fuat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_v6IWkCLnEwC&dq=baba+ratan&pg=PA79 |title=Early Mystics in Turkish Literature |date=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-36686-1 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> He was reportedly a trader who used to take goods to ]. There is also a ] named after him, the Haji Ratan Dargah, in ], where he settled after his conversion to ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=PARIHAR |first=SUBHASH |date=2001 |title=The Dargāh of Bābā Ḥājī Ratan at Bhatinda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20837077 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=105–132 |doi=10.52541/isiri.v40i1.5057 |issn=0578-8072 |jstor=20837077}}</ref> Muslims who migrated to Pakistan during the ] in 1947 still venerate him as Baba Haji Ratan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Snehi |first=Yogesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YiUDwAAQBAJ&dq=baba+ratan+partition&pg=PT190 |title=Spatializing Popular Sufi Shrines in Punjab: Dreams, Memories, Territoriality |date=2019-04-24 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-51563-7 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref>
	===Central Asian, Greek, and Persian Empires===
	]
	The northwestern part of the South Asia, including Punjab, was repeatedly invaded or conquered by various foreign empires, such as those of ], ] and ]. Having conquered ], ], ] and ] in ten days, Alexander crossed the ] and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold, gems and pearls. However, Alexander had to encounter and reduce the tribes on the border of Punjab before entering the luxuriant plains. Having taken a northeasterly direction, he marched against the Aspii (mountaineers), who offered vigorous resistance, but were subdued.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Alexander then marched through ], blockaded Magassa, and then marched to Ora and Bazira. Turning to the northeast, Alexander marched to Pucela, the capital of the district now known as Pakhli. He entered Western Punjab, where the ancient city of Nysa (at the site of modern-day ]) was situated. A coalition was formed against Alexander by the Cathians, the people of ], who were very skilful in war. Alexander invested many troops, eventually killing seventeen thousand Cathians in this battle, and the city of Sagala (present-day ]) was razed to the ground. Alexander left Punjab in 326 B.C. and took his army to the heartlands of his empire.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
			In the ninth century, the ] dynasty originating from the region of Oddiyana replaced the Taank kingdom in the Punjab, ruling much of Punjab along with eastern Afghanistan.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Abdul |date=2002 |title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XV |pages=37–42 |quote=The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi dynasty.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=2005 |title=The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XVI |pages=41–48 |quote=Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".}}</ref> In the 10th century, the tribe of the ]/], formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian ].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=48–50}}
	===Arrival of Islam===
	] (1680–1757), a Muslim Sufi poet]]
	The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising ]{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} , when the ] ] army led by ] conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second ] ] established after the death of ]. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from ], the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of ], their capital was ]. ] was the first to bring message of ] to the population of Punjab.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of ] and ] in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} In the 11th century, during the reign of ], the province became an important centre with Lahore as its second capital{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} of the ] based out of ]. The Punjab region became predominantly ] due to ] ] saints whose ]s dot the landscape of ].
			'''Ghaznavid'''
	The area subsequently came under various other Muslim rulers until finally becoming part of the ] in 1526. The province rose to significance during the reign of ] when ] became a seat for royal family,{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} the legacy of which is seen today in its rich display of ].
			The ] ] in the tenth century attacked the regions of Punjab. ] and ] were conquered after 3 attacks and Multan's ruler Abul Fateh Daud was defeated,<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacLean |first=Derryl N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxAVAAAAIAAJ |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |date=1989 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-08551-0 |language=en}}</ref> famous Sun Temple was destroyed. Ghaznavids overthrew the Hindu Shahis and consequently ruled for 157 years, gradually declining as a power until the ] conquests of key Punjab cities of Uch, Multan and ] by ] in 1186, deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA76 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |date=1979 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-0617-0 |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref>
	===Mughal Empire===
	The ] controlled the region from 1524 until around 1739 and implemented building projects such as the ] and the ], both situated in Lahore.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Muslim soldiers, traders, architects, theologians and Sufis came from the rest of the Muslim world to the Islamic ] in South Asia.
			Following the death of ] in 1206, the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the Delhi Sultanate and for some time independent sultanates ruled by various Sultans.{{sfn|Amjad|1989|p={{page needed|date=September 2022}}}} The ] ruled Punjab for the next three hundred years, led by five unrelated dynasties, the ], ], ], ] and ].
	===Afghan Durrani Empire===
	Swaths of what is now Punjab were annexed by the Afghan conqueror ] in 1747 as he made the Punjab a part of his ], lasting until 1762.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&pg=PA69&dq=durrani+empire+conquers+punjab&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=kmKVVIHcD8mqU6KwgZAD&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=durrani%20empire%20conquers%20punjab&f=false|title=The History of Afghanistan|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>
			'''Delhi Sultanate'''
	===Maratha Empire===
	{{Main|Maratha conquest of North-west India}}
			'''Tughlaqs'''
	In 1758, the general of the Hindu ], ] conquered Lahore and ]. ], the son and viceroy of ], was driven out of Punjab. ], ], ], ] and other subahs on the south and eastern side of ] were under the Maratha rule for the most part.<ref>. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.</ref> In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players.<ref name=K.RoyIHB>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first=Mountstuart |last=Elphinstone |title=History of India |publisher=John Murray, Albermarle Street |year=1841 |page=276}}</ref> The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761, ] invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the ] in ] and ] regions and re-consolidated control over them.<ref>For a detailed account of the battle fought, see Chapter VI of '''' by ].</ref>
			], the former governor of ] and ] founded the Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi and ruled the subcontinent region. Earlier, he served as the governor of Multan and fought 28 battles against Mongols from there and saved Punjab and Sindh regions from the advances of Mongols and survived. After his death, his son ] became the emperor.{{sfn|Amjad|1989|p={{page needed|date=September 2022}}}}
	===Sikh Empire===
	{{Main|Sikh Empire}}
	] with damaged minarets during Sikh rule]]
	]
	In the mid-fifteenth century, the religion of ] was born. During the ], many Hindus increasingly adopted ]. These became a formidable military force against the Mughals and later against the Afghan Empire. After fighting ] in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the ] under ], which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was ], and the empire also extended into ] and ]. ] was the fist Sikh band to conquer Lahore and other towns of Punjab. ] a ], waged jihad and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law.<ref name="Mortimer, Edward 1982 p.68-70">Mortimer, Edward, Faith and Power, (1982), p.68-70</ref> Syed Ahmad Barelvi in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organising popular and material support for his Punjab campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, travelling widely throughout India attracting a following among pious Muslims. In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at ], but with no decisive result. In a major battle near the town of ] in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and ] with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army.<ref name="Grey1993">{{cite book|last=Grey|first=C.|title=European Adventures of Northern India|accessdate=12 July 2010|year=1993|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0853-5|pages=343–}}</ref>
			'''Sayyid Dynasty'''
	===British Empire===
	] was built during the rule of the British Empire]]
	{{Main|Punjab Province (British India)}}
	Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the ]; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation in 1849 of territory south of the Satluj to ]. After the ] in 1849, the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India. In ] 35 British soldiers of HM XXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance during the ].{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
			The 15th century saw the rise of many prominent Muslims from Punjab. ] established the ], the fourth dynasty of the ], with four rulers ruling from 1414 to 1451 for 37 years.<ref name="mrpislam">See:
	===Independence===
	In 1947 the Punjab province of ] was divided along religious lines into ] and ]. Western Punjab was assimilated into the new country of ], while East Punjab became a part of ]. This led to massive rioting as both sides committed atrocities against fleeing refugees.
			* M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, {{ISBN|978-9004177581}}, Brill
	The part of ] now in Pakistan once formed a major region of British Punjab, and was home to a large minority population of ] ] and ] up to 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.<ref>The Punjab in 1920s – A Case study of Muslims, Zarina Salamat, Royal Book Company, ], 1997. table 45, pp. 136. ISBN 969-407-230-1</ref>
			* The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91–109
			* Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar – Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, {{ISBN|978-9004083417}}, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat</ref> The first ruler of the dynasty, ], who was the ] vassal of ], conquered Delhi in 1414, while the rulers proclaimed themselves the Sultans of the ] under ],<ref>{{cite book |author=V. D. Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah+timur++caliph&pg=RA1-PA240 |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand |isbn=9788121903646}}</ref><ref name="Iqtidar Alam Khan 2008 103">{{cite book |author=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah&pg=PA103 |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810855038 |page=103}}</ref> which succeeded the ] and ruled the Sultanate until they were displaced by the ] in 1451.
			Khizr Khan was originally a noble in the Delhi Sultanate during the ] and was the governor of Multan under Sultan ]. He was expelled from the city by the Muin tribes under Sarang Khan who occupied Multan in 1395, an Indian Muslim and the brother of Mallu Iqbal Khan, who was the de facto ruler of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |author1=John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&dq=mallu+khan+slave&pg=PA207 |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |author2=David Gilmartin |author3=Munis D. Faruqui |author4=Richard M. Eaton |author5=Sunil Kuma | date=7 March 2013 |page=247 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |quote=Mallu Khan(also known as Iqbal Khan, a former slave}}</ref> Sarang Khan was aided by the servants of Malik Mardan Bhatti, a former governor of Multan and the grandfather of Khizr Khan by adoption.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Surinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSGzDwAAQBAJ&dq=malik+mardan+bhatti&pg=PT298 |title=The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500 |date=2019-09-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-76068-2 |language=en}}</ref>
	Migration between ] and ] was continuous before ]. By the 1900s Western Punjab was predominantly Muslim and supported the ] and ]. After independence, the minority ]s and ]s migrated to ] while ] refugees from ] settled in the Western Punjab and across ].<ref>Dube, I. &. S. (2009). From ancient to modern: Religion, power, and community in India hardcover. Oxford University Press.</ref>
			In 1398, ] attacked the Punjab region. After his invasion, Khizr Khan established the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. According to ], Khizr Khan was the son of a Punjabi chieftain.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0520325128 |page=117}}</ref> He was a ] chieftain who travelled to Samarkand and profited from the contacts he made with the ].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Orsini, Francesca |title=After Timur left : culture and circulation in fifteenth-century North India |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-945066-4 |pages=49 |oclc=913785752}}</ref>
	===Recent history===
	]]]
	Since the 1950s, Punjab industrialised rapidly. New factories were established in ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. In the 1960s the new city of ] north of ].
			Following Timur's 1398 ], he appointed ] as deputy of ] (]). He held Lahore, Dipalpur, Multan and Upper Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kenneth Pletcher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=PA132 |title=The History of India |date=2010 |isbn=9781615301225 |page=138| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=V. D. Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=RA1-PA229 |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |isbn=9788121903646 |page=229| publisher=S. Chand }}</ref> Collecting his forces in Multan, Khizr Khan defeated and killed Mallu Iqbal Khan in Delhi in 1405.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: Volume 2 |date=1979 |page=247}}</ref> He then captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty.{{sfn|Kumar|2020|p=583}} Khizr Khan did not take up the title of ], but continued the fiction of his allegiance to Timur as ''Rayat-i-Ala'' (]) of the ] - initially that of Timur, and later his son ].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OghDAAAAYAAJ&q=It+is+generally+acknowledged+that+Khizr+Khan+continued+to+recognise+Timur+and+his+successors+,+Shah+Rukh+,+as+his+nominal+overlords+.+But+later+on+under+his+succesor+,+Mubarak+Khan+,+this+%27+fiction+%27+of+allegiance+to+the+Timurid+rulers |title=Proceedings:Volume 55 |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=1995 |page=216}}</ref><ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.237</ref> After the accession of Khizr Khan, the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate, where he spent his time subduing rebellions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3QbAAAAIAAJ&q=khizr+khan+sindh |title=Rajasthan Bharatpur |date=1971 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |page=52}}</ref>
	Agriculture continues to be the largest sector of Punjab's economy. The province is the breadbasket of the country as well as home to the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, the ]. Unlike neighbouring India, there was no large-scale redistribution of agricultural land. As a result, most rural areas are dominated by a small set of feudalistic ].
			Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Sayyid ] after his death on 20 May 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as ''Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah'' on his coins, removing the Timurid name with the name of the ], and declared himself a Shah.<ref name="Iqtidar Alam Khan 2008 103"/> A detailed account of his reign is available in the ''Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi'' written by ]. After the death of Mubarak Shah, his nephew, ] ascended the throne and styled himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. Just before his death, he called his son Sayyid ] from ], and nominated him as successor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=Khaliq Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axluAAAAMAAJ |title=Supplement to Elliot & Dowson's History of India: Ghaznavids & the Ghurids |date=1981 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |language=en}}</ref>
	In the 1950s there was tension between the eastern and western halves of Pakistan. To address the situation, a new formula resulted in the abolition of the province status for Punjab in 1955. It was merged into a single province ]. In 1972, after ] seceded and became ], Punjab again became a province.
			The last ruler of the Sayyids, Ala-ud-Din, voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of ] on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0231107143 |page=304}}</ref>], founder of the ].<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |year=2019 |isbn=978-0520325128 |page=117 |publisher=University of California Press |language=en |quote=The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan...}}</ref>]]'''Langah Sultanate'''
	Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of ] and ] in the wars of ] and ]. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as ]. It also hosts major military bases such as at ] and ]. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the ] border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as ].
			In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, chief of '']'',<ref name="Ahmed 1984 pp. 428–434">{{cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Iftikhar |year=1984 |title=Territorial Distribution of Jatt Castes in Punjab c. 1595 – c. 1881 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=45 |pages=429, 432 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44140224}}</ref><ref name="Mubārak Blochmann 1891 p.321">{{cite book |last1=Mubārak |first1=A.F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8IXAAAAYAAJ |title=The Ain I Akbari |last2=Blochmann |first2=H. |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1891 |series=Bibliotheca Indica |page=321 |access-date=2022-07-28 |volume=2}}</ref><ref name="Lambrick p.212">{{cite book |last=Lambrick |first=H. T. |title=Sind : a general introduction |date=1975 |publisher=Sindhi Adabi Board |isbn=0-19-577220-2 |publication-place=Hyderabad |page=212 |oclc=2404471}}</ref> established the ] in ]. The Sultanate included regions of southern and central Punjab and some areas of present-day Khyber. A large number of Baloch settlers arrived and the towns of Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan were founded.{{sfn|Roseberry|1987|p={{page needed|date=September 2022}}}}
	Starting in the 1980s, large numbers of Punjabis migrated to the Middle East, Britain, Spain, Canada and the United States for economic opportunities, forming the large ]. Business and cultural ties between the United States and Punjab are growing.
			During the most of 15th century, the ] and ] tribes were in general revolt in the Pothohar region. ] was one of their major chiefs who helped ] of ] to gain his throne and ruled over vast tracts of Jammu and ]. He also conquered Delhi for a brief period in 1431 but was driven out by ].{{sfnp|Elliot|Dowson|1872|loc=Chapter XXI Tárikh-i Mubárak Sháhí, of Yahyá bin Ahmad}}
	==Climate==
	], considered sacred by ] and scenic peak in Punjab]]
	]
	Most areas in Punjab experience extreme weather with foggy winters, often accompanied by rain. By mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in.
			=== Modern period ===
	] to ]]]
			'''Mughal Era'''
			The ] came to power in the early sixteenth century and gradually expanded to control all of Punjab.<ref name="History">{{Cite book |last=History |first=Hourly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBmUzQEACAAJ&q=mughal+empire |title=Mughal Empire: A History from Beginning to End |date=June 2020 |publisher=Independently Published |isbn=979-8-6370-3729-2}}</ref> During Mughal period Punjab region was divided into two provinces; ] and ]. The '''Subah of Lahore''' was one of the three '']s'' (provinces) of the ] in the ], alongside ] and Delhi subahs, encompassing the northern, central and eastern ].<ref name="lally">{{Citation |last=Lally |first=Jagjeet |title=Environment |date=2021-04-01 |work=India and the Silk Roads: The History of a Trading World |pages=21–46 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41237/chapter/350737136 |access-date= |publisher=] |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197581070.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-758107-0}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Wahi |first=Tripta |title=Irrigation, State and Society in Pre-colonial India |publisher=Nehru Memorial Museum and Library |year=2013 |isbn=9789383650002 |pages=3}}</ref> It was created as one of the original 12 ]s of the Mughal Empire under the administrative reforms carried by ] in 1580. The province ceased to exist after the death of its last viceroy, ] in 1758, with large parts being incorporated into ]. Collectively, Lahore and ], and parts of Delhi subah, comprised ''Mughal Punjab''.<ref name="lally" /><ref name=":12" />
	The onset of the southwest ] is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46&nbsp;°C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51&nbsp;°C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in ] in June 1993, when the ] was reported to have risen to 54&nbsp;°C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the ], referred to as ''barsat'', which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.
			During the Mughal era, ], born into a family of Punjabi Muslim agriculturalist from ] remained the ] and ] of the Mughal Empire in the period 1645–1656, during the reign of ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EkfvgAACAAJ |title=The Central Structure of the Mughal Empire and Its Practical Working Up to the Year 1657 |date=1967 |publisher=Pakistan branch, Oxford University Press |pages=201 |language=en}}</ref> Other prominent Muslims from Punjab who rose to nobility during the Mughal Era include ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9edvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |title=Colonial Lahore: A History of the City and Beyond |last2=Kamran |first2=Tahir |date=15 February 2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-765594-8 |page=30 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhavan |first=Purnima |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Mughal World |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-190-22264-2 |editor-last=Eaton |editor-first=Richard M. |editor-link=Richard M. Eaton |chapter=Warriors and Zamindars in Mughal Punjab |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190222642.013.13 |editor-last2=Sreenivasan |editor-first2=Ramya |editor-link2=Ramya Sreenivasan |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34708/chapter-abstract/296421480?redirectedFrom=fulltext}}</ref><ref>Islamic Thought and Movements in the Subcontinent, 711–1947, 1979, p 278, Syed Moinul Haq.</ref>
	Recently the province experienced one of the coldest winters in the last 70 years.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dawn.com/2007/01/06/nat47.htm|title= Mercury drops to freezing point – Dawn Pakistan}}</ref>
			The Mughal Empire ruled the region until it was severely weakened in the eighteenth century.<ref name=":9" /> As Mughal power weakened, Afghan rulers of ] took control of the region.<ref name=":9" />
			The Sikh Empire ruled Punjab from 1799 until the British annexed it in 1849 following the ] and ]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |series=The New Cambridge History of India |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-63764-3 |pages=126–128 |edition=Revised |chapter=The Sikh empire (1799–1849) - Chapter 6}}</ref>
			'''British Rule'''
			]]]
			Most of the Punjabi homeland formed a province of British India, though a number of small ]s retained local rulers who recognized British authority.<ref name=":9" /> The Punjab with its rich farmlands became one of the most important colonial assets.<ref name=":9" /> Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture, and ] became an important military installation.<ref name=":9" />
			Most Punjabis supported the British during ], providing men and resources to the war effort even though the Punjab remained a source of anti-colonial activities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hibbert |first1=Christopher |title=The great mutiny: India 1857 |date=1980 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-004752-3 |location=Harmondsworth |page=163}}</ref> Disturbances in the region increased as the war continued.<ref name=":9" /> At the end of the war, high casualty rates, heavy taxation, inflation, and a widespread influenza epidemic disrupted Punjabi society.<ref name=":9" /> In 1919 a British officer ordered his troops to fire on a crowd of demonstrators, mostly Sikhs in Amritsar. The ] fueled the ].<ref name=":9" /> Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed.<ref name=":9" />
			When the Second World War broke out, nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements.<ref name=":9" /> Many Sikhs and other minorities supported the Hindus, who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society, and ] to work for a ], making the Punjab region a center of growing conflict between Indian and Pakistani nationalists.<ref name=":9" /> At the end of the war, the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan, setting off massive communal violence as Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India.<ref name=":9" />
			The ] had major political, cultural, philosophical, and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education. During the ], many Punjabis played a significant role, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].
			'''After Independence'''
			At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. ] (48%) became part of India, while ] (52%) became part of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakgeotagging.blogspot.co.uk/2014/10/partition-of-punjab-in-1947.html |title=Pakistan Geotagging: Partition of Punjab in 1947 |access-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208221714/http://pakgeotagging.blogspot.co.uk/2014/10/partition-of-punjab-in-1947.html |archive-date=8 February 2016|date=3 October 2014 }}. Daily Times (10 May 2012). Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> The Punjab bore the brunt of the ] following ], with casualties estimated to be in the millions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=Partition of India: The Human Dimension|journal=Cultural and Social History|year=2009|volume=6|issue=4|pages=403–410|quote=The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims.|doi=10.2752/147800409X466254|s2cid=147110854}}</ref><ref name="dcosta2011">{{Cite book|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia|last=D'Costa |first=Bina |publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=978-0415565660|page=53}}</ref><ref name="Silence2000">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html|title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India|last=Butalia|first=Urvashi|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations |last=Sikand|first=Yoginder |publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-1134378258|page=5}}</ref>
			Another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity that occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide-scale migration but also caused by large-scale ] riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer ], in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became ] following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|pp=188–189}}
			==Geography==
			Punjab is ]'s second largest province by area after ] with an area of {{convert|205344|km2|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Punjab">{{cite web|title=Punjab|url=http://www.smeda.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=174|publisher=Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority|access-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625202613/http://www.smeda.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=174|archive-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> It occupies 25.8% of the total landmass of ].<ref name="Punjab"/> Punjab province is bordered by ] to the south, the province of ] to the southwest, the province of ] to the west, and the ] and ] in the north. Punjab borders ] in the north, and the Indian states of ] and ] to the east.
			The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the capital of the wider Punjab region since 17th century. Other important cities include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The undivided Punjab region was home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistan's Punjab province. From west to east, the rivers are: the ], ], ], ] and ]. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the ] of the ] city of ].<ref name="Now or Never">{{cite web|first=Choudhary Rahmat |last=Ali |title=Now or Never. Are we to live or perish forever?|date=28 January 1933|url=http://en.wikisource.org/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630210551/http://en.wikisource.org/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever|archive-date=30 June 2008|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Ikram1995">{{cite book|author=S. M. Ikram|title=Indian Muslims and partition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&pg=PA177|access-date=23 December 2011|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-374-6|pages=177–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521150524/http://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&pg=PA177|archive-date=21 May 2013|author-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref>
			===Topography===
			] of ].]]
			] to ]|left]]
			Punjab's landscape mostly consists of fertile alluvial plains of the ] and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the ], ], ], and ] rivers which traverse Punjab north to south – the fifth of the "five waters" of Punjab, the ], lies exclusively in the Indian state of Punjab. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province. Punjab also includes several mountainous regions, including the ] in the southwest part of the province, the ] in the north near ], and the ] which divides the most northerly portion of Punjab, the ], from the rest of the province. Sparse ] can be found in southern Punjab near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. Punjab also contains part of the ] and ] deserts. In the South, Punjab's elevation reaches {{convert|2327|m|ft|0}}{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} near the hill station of ] in Dera Ghazi Khan.
			===Climate===
			]
			Most areas in Punjab experience extreme weather with foggy winters, often accompanied by rain. By mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in.
			The onset of the southwest ] is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s, the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46&nbsp;°C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51&nbsp;°C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in ] in June 1993, when the ] was reported to have risen to 54&nbsp;°C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as ''barsat'', which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.
			In early 2007, the province experienced one of the coldest winters in the last 70 years.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dawn.com/2007/01/06/nat47.htm|title= Mercury drops to freezing point – Dawn Pakistan|date= 6 January 2007}}</ref>
	Punjab's region temperature ranges from −2° to 45&nbsp;°C, but can reach 50&nbsp;°C (122&nbsp;°F) in summer and can touch down to −10&nbsp;°C in winter.		Punjab's region temperature ranges from −2° to 45&nbsp;°C, but can reach 50&nbsp;°C (122&nbsp;°F) in summer and can touch down to −10&nbsp;°C in winter.
	Climatically, Punjab has three major seasons:<ref name="ReferenceB">http://punjabgovt.nic.in/punjabataglance/SomeFacts.htm</ref>		Climatically, Punjab has three major seasons:<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web |url=http://punjabgovt.nic.in/punjabataglance/SomeFacts.htm |title=Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India |access-date=23 November 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123230402/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/PUNJABATAGLANCE/SomeFacts.htm |archive-date=23 November 2005 }}</ref>
			* Hot weather (April to early June) when temperature rises as high as {{convert|123|°F|°C|abbr=on}}.
			* Rainy season (late June to September). Average annual rainfall ranges between 950 and 1300&nbsp;mm sub-mountain region and 500–800&nbsp;mm in the plains.
			* Cold / Foggy / mild weather (October to March). Temperature goes down as low as {{convert|35.6|°F|°C|abbr=on}}.
			{{clear}}
			Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the ] are found in the extreme north as well, and feature a much cooler and wetter climate, with snowfall common at higher altitudes.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
			== Demographics ==
	* Hot weather (April to June) when temperature rises as high as 110&nbsp;°F.
			{{See also|Punjabi Muslims|List of populated places in Punjab (Pakistan){{!}}List of populated places in Punjab}}
	* Rainy season (July to September). Average rainfall annual ranges between 96&nbsp;cm sub-mountain region and 46&nbsp;cm in the plains.
	* Cooler/ Foggy / mild weather (October to March). Temperature goes down as low as 40&nbsp;°F.
	==Demographics and society==
	{{See also|Punjabi Muslims}}
	{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:95%;"		{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:95%;"
	|-		|-
			! colspan="4" style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"| Historical population figures<ref>The figures for 1998 are from {{dead link|date=July 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. The estimates for 2012 are from {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701193658/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-13514-Population-shoots-up-by-47-percent-since-1998 |date=1 July 2012 }}. Thenews.com.pk. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.</ref>{{sfn|India. Census Commissioner|1941|p=8}}{{efn|name=WestPunjab1941|1941 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]), one ] (] – then part of ]), one ] (]), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the ]. See 1941 census data here: {{sfn|India. Census Commissioner|1941|p=8}}<br />Immediately following the ], these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included ]. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.}}{{efn|name=WestPunjab1931|1931 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]), one ] (] – then part of ]), one ] (]), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the ]. See 1931 census data here:<ref name="punjab1931"/>{{rp|277}}<br />Immediately following the ], these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included ]. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.}}{{efn|name=WestPunjab1921|1921 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]), one ] (] – then part of ]), one ] (]), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the ]. See 1921 census data here:<ref name="punjab1921"/>{{rp|29}}<br />Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included ]. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.}}{{efn|name=WestPunjab1911|1911 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]), one ] (] – then part of ]), one ] (]), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the ]. See 1911 census data here:<ref name="punjab1911"/>{{rp|27}}<ref name="punjab1911B"/>{{rp|27}}<br />Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included ]. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.}}{{efn|name=WestPunjab1901|1901 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (inscribed as the '']'' on the 1901 census), ], ], ], ]), one ] (] – then part of ]), one ] (]), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the ]. See 1901 census data here:<ref name="punjab1901" />{{rp|34}}<br />Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included ]. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.}}{{efn|name=WestPunjab1891|1891 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]), one ] (] – then part of ]), one ] (]), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the ]. See 1891 census data here:<ref name="punjab1891"/><ref name="punjab1891B"/><ref name="punjab1891C"/><br>Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included ]. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.}}{{efn|name=WestPunjab1881|1881 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]), one ] (] – then part of ]), and one ] (]) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the ]. See 1881 census data here:<ref name="punjab1881"/><ref name="punjab1881B"/><ref name="punjab1881C"/><br>Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included ]. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.}}
	! colspan="4" style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"| Historical populations
	|-		|-
	! Census !! style="text-align:right;"| Population || Urban || Rural		! Census !! style="text-align:right;"| Population || Urban || Rural
	|-		|-
			| style="text-align:center;"| 1881 || style="text-align:right;"| 7,942,399 || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}}
	| colspan=4|
	----		|-
			| style="text-align:center;"| 1891 || style="text-align:right;"| 8,895,342 || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}}
			|-
			| style="text-align:center;"| 1901 || style="text-align:right;"| 10,427,765 || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}}
			|-
			| style="text-align:center;"| 1911 || style="text-align:right;"| 11,104,585 || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}}
			|-
			| style="text-align:center;"| 1921 || style="text-align:right;"| 11,888,985 || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}}
			|-
			| style="text-align:center;"| 1931 || style="text-align:right;"| 14,040,798 || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}}
			|-
			| style="text-align:center;"| 1941 || style="text-align:right;"| 17,350,103 || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}}
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center;"| 1951 || style="text-align:right;"| 20,540,762 || 3,568,076 || 16,972,686		| style="text-align:center;"| 1951 || style="text-align:right;"| 20,540,762 || 3,568,076 || 16,972,686
Line 191:		Line 282:
	| style="text-align:center;"| 1981 || style="text-align:right;"| 47,292,441 || 13,051,646 || 34,240,795		| style="text-align:center;"| 1981 || style="text-align:right;"| 47,292,441 || 13,051,646 || 34,240,795
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center;"| 1998 || style="text-align:right;"| 73,621,290<ref></ref> || 23,019,025 || 50,602,265		| style="text-align:center;"| 1998 || style="text-align:right;"| 73,621,290 || 23,019,025 || 50,602,265
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center;"| 2012 || style="text-align:right;"| 91,379,615<ref>. Thenews.com.pk. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.</ref> || 45,978,451 || 45,401,164		| style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || style="text-align:right;"| 110,012,615 || 40,401,164 || 70,008,451
			|-
			|2023
			|127,688,922
			|51,975,967
			|75,712,955
	|}		|}
	The population of the province is estimated to be 93,963,240<ref name="WG">{{cite web|url= http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=437641435&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-2943|title= Punjab – World Gazetteer|accessdate=29 March 2012|archiveurl=http://archive.is/uNqF|archivedate=10 December 2012}}</ref> in 2010 and is home to over half the population of ]. The major language spoken in the Punjab is ] (which is written in a ] in Pakistan) and ] comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. The language is not given any official recognition in the ] at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a ] group comprising different ]s, ]s ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|برادری}}}}) and ]. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as ]s or ]s as opposed to rigid ]s.<ref>Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey / Richard V. Weekes, editor-in-chief Greenwood Press 1978</ref> Other languages include ], spoken in south Punjab,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/skr |title=Saraiki, a Language of Pakistan |date= |website= |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> and ], spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in ] and ].
	==Religion==		=== Population ===
			The province is home to over half the population of ], and is the world's ], and the most populous outside of ] and ].
	{{bar box
	|title=Religions in Punjab
	|titlebar=#Fcd116
	|left1=Religion
	|right1=Percent
	|float=right
	|bars=
	{{bar percent|]|green|97.21}}
	{{bar percent|Christianity|blue|2.31}}
	{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.48}}
	|caption=Distribution of religions<br />
	†<small>Includes ]s, ]s, ]s .</small>
	}}
			=== Languages ===
	The population of Punjab (Pakistan) is estimated to be 97.21% ] with a ] ] majority and ] ] minority. The largest non-Muslim minority is ] and make up 2.31% of the population. The other minorities include ], ], ], ] and ].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}
			{{see also|Languages of Pakistan|Punjabi dialects and languages}}
			{{Pie chart
			|thumb = left
			|caption = Languages of Punjab, Pakistan<br /><small>(2023 Census)</small><ref>{{Cite web|title=TABLE 11 : POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_11.pdf|access-date=2 April 2020 }}</ref>
			|label1 = ] |value1 = 67 |color1 = red
			|label2 = ] |value2 = 20.64|color2 = orange
			|label3 = ] |value3 = 7.18 |color3 = green
			|label4 = ] |value4 = 1.87 |color4 = yellow
			|label5=]|value5=0.83|color5=blue
			|label6=]|value6=0.81|color6=grey
			|label7=]|value7=0.6|color7=purple|value8=1.02|color8=white|label8=Others}}
			The major native language spoken in the Punjab is ], representing the largest language spoken in the country. The Punjabi language is spoken in the form of many ] across the province including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and others. Many of these dialects are grouped together in the form of varieties such as ] in the south consisting of southern dialects including Multani, Derawali and Riasti; and ] in the northwest consisting of a group of northwestern dialects.{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}} Saraiki and Hindko varieties of the language have been separately enumerated from ''Punjabi (general)'' in ] from 1981 and 2017, respectively.
	==Provincial government==
	{{Main|Government of Punjab (Pakistan)}}
	{{See also|Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor of Punjab, Pakistan}}
			] is also spoken in some parts of Punjab, especially in ], ] and ] districts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Kamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEfhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |title=Pashto Phonology: An Evaluation of the Relationship between Syllable Structure and Word Order |date=2020-04-08 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-4925-8 |pages=20 |language=en |quote=In some cities of Punjab, such as Attock, Mianwali and Rawalpindi, Pashto is spoken among other local languages.}}</ref>
	The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in ], the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the ] to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is ], who became the Chief Minister of Punjab as being restored after Governor's rule starting from 25 February 2009 to 30 March 2009. Thereafter got re-elected as a result of 11 May 2013 elections. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.
			{{clear}}
			=== Religions ===
	==Divisions of Punjab==
			{{see also|Christianity in Punjab, Pakistan|Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan|Religion in the Punjab}}
	{{Main|Divisions of Pakistan#The Divisions|l1=Divisions of Pakistan}}
			{{Pie chart
	]
			|thumb = Left
	{| class="sortable wikitable"
			|caption = Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (2023 Census)<ref name="punjab2017"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Population by Religion |url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf }}</ref>
			|label1 = ]
			|value1 = 97.75
			|color1 = Green
			|label2 = ]
			|value2 = 1.93
			|color2 = Blue
			|label3 = ]
			|value3 = 0.19
			|color3 = DarkOrange
			|label4 = All Others
			|value4 = 0.13
			|color4 = Gray
			|color5=|color6=}}
			According to the 2023 census, the population of Punjab, Pakistan was 127,688,922.<ref name="punjab2023"/> With 124,462,897 adherents, ] comprise the largest religious group, with a ] ] majority and a ] ] minority, forming approximately 97.75 percent of the population.<ref name="punjab2023"/> The largest non-Muslim minority is ] with 2,458,924 adherents, forming roughly 1.93 percent of the population.<ref name="punjab2023"/> ] form 249,716 people, comprising approximately 0.20 percent of the population.<ref name="punjab2023"/> The other minorities include ] and Parsis.<ref name="punjab2023"/>
			<div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em">
			{| class="wikitable sortable"
			|+ Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (1881–2023)
			! rowspan="2" |]<br />group
			! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="punjab1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=7 April 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="punjab1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=7 April 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref><ref name="punjab1881C">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=7 April 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref><ref name="Shakargarh1881">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35264 |access-date=7 April 2024 |title=Gazetteers Of Gurdaspur District, 1883-84 |year=1884}}</ref>{{efn|name=WestPunjab1881}}
			! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="punjab1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318668 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318668 |access-date=30 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891 The Punjab and its feudatories, part I--The report on the census |year=1891 }}</ref><ref name="punjab1891B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318669 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318669 |access-date=30 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891 The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory |year=1891 |pages=14 }}</ref><ref name="punjab1891C">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318670 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318670 |access-date=30 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891 The Punjab and its feudatories, part III--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the Native States, Together with a Caste Index |year=1891 |pages=8 }}</ref><ref name="Shakargarh1891">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30607/ |access-date=30 November 2024 |title=Gazetteer of the Gurdaspur district, 1891-92 |year=1892}}</ref>{{efn|name=WestPunjab1891}}
			! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="punjab1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=10 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. . Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |pages=34}}</ref><ref name="Shakargarh1901">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105602 |access-date=10 March 2024 |title=Punjab District Gazetteers Gurdaspur District Vol.21 Statistical Tables |year=1913 |pages=62}}</ref>{{efn|name=WestPunjab1901}}
			! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="punjab1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=3 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=27}}</ref><ref name="punjab1911B">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=3 March 2024 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |author=Kaul, Harikishan |pages=27}}</ref>{{efn|name=WestPunjab1911}}
			! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="punjab1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=17 February 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29}}</ref>{{efn|name=WestPunjab1921}}
			! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="punjab1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=4 February 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277}}</ref>{{efn|name=WestPunjab1931}}
			! colspan="2" |1941{{sfn|India. Census Commissioner|1941|p=42}}{{efn|name=WestPunjab1941}}
			! colspan="2" |1951<ref name="punjab1951">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31311|title=Census of Pakistan, 1951 Population According to Religion Table 6|access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>{{rp|12–21}}
			! colspan="2" |1998<ref name="punjab1998">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbooks//yearbook2014/16-16.pdf|title=Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>
			! colspan="2" |2017<ref name="punjab2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table09n.pdf|title=TABLE 9 – POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="2017 Census">{{cite web|title=SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407233606/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
			! colspan="2" |2023<ref name="punjab2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results|title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious Demographics of Pakistan |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf}}</ref>
	|-		|-
			!]
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| 6,201,859
			|{{Percentage | 6201859 | 7942399 | 2 }}
			| 6,766,545
			|{{Percentage | 6766545 | 8895342 | 2 }}
			| 7,951,155
			|{{Percentage | 7951155 | 10427765 | 2 }}
			| 8,494,314
			|{{Percentage | 8494314 | 11104585 | 2 }}
			| 8,975,288
			|{{Percentage | 8975288 | 11888985 | 2 }}
			| 10,570,029
			|{{Percentage | 10570029 | 14040798 | 2 }}
			| 13,022,160
			|{{Percentage | 13022160 | 17350103 | 2 }}
			| 20,200,794
			|{{Percentage | 20200794 | 20636702 | 2 }}
			| 71,574,830
			|{{Percentage | 71574830 | 73621290 | 2 }}
			| 107,541,602
			|{{Percentage | 107541602 | 109989655 | 2 }}
			| 124,462,897
			|{{Percentage | 124462897 | 127333305 | 2 }}
			|-
			! ] ]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931–1941 census: Including ]s}}
			| 1,449,913
			|{{Percentage | 1449913 | 7942399 | 2 }}
			| 1,727,810
			|{{Percentage | 1727810 | 8895342 | 2 }}
			| 1,944,363
			|{{Percentage | 1944363 | 10427765 | 2 }}
			| 1,645,758
			|{{Percentage | 1645758 | 11104585 | 2 }}
			| 1,797,141
			|{{Percentage | 1797141 | 11888985 | 2 }}
			| 1,957,878
			|{{Percentage | 1957878 | 14040798 | 2 }}
			| 2,373,466
			|{{Percentage | 2373466 | 17350103 | 2 }}
			| 33,052
			|{{Percentage | 33052 | 20636702 | 2 }}
			| 116,410
			|{{Percentage | 116410 | 73621290 | 2 }}
			| 211,641
			|{{Percentage | 211641 | 109989655 | 2 }}
			| 249,716
			|{{Percentage | 249716 | 127333305 | 2 }}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| 272,908
			|{{Percentage | 272908 | 7942399 | 2 }}
			| 366,162
			|{{Percentage | 366162 | 8895342 | 2 }}
			| 483,999
			|{{Percentage | 483999 | 10427765 | 2 }}
			| 813,441
			|{{Percentage | 813441 | 11104585 | 2 }}
			| 863,091
			|{{Percentage | 863091 | 11888985 | 2 }}
			| 1,180,789
			|{{Percentage | 1180789 | 14040798 | 2 }}
			| 1,530,112
			|{{Percentage | 1530112 | 17350103 | 2 }}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| 5,649
			|{{Percentage | 5649 | 127333305 | 3 }}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| 12,992
			|{{Percentage | 12992 | 7942399 | 2 }}
			| 30,168
			|{{Percentage | 30168 | 8895342 | 2 }}
			| 42,371
			|{{Percentage | 42371 | 10427765 | 2 }}
			| 144,514
			|{{Percentage | 144514 | 11104585 | 2 }}
			| 247,030
			|{{Percentage | 247030 | 11888985 | 2 }}
			| 324,730
			|{{Percentage | 324730 | 14040798 | 2 }}
			| 395,311
			|{{Percentage | 395311 | 17350103 | 2 }}
			| 402,617
			|{{Percentage | 402617 | 20636702 | 2 }}
			| 1,699,843
			|{{Percentage | 1699843 | 73621290 | 2 }}
			| 2,063,063
			|{{Percentage | 2063063 | 109989655 | 2 }}
			| 2,458,924
			|{{Percentage | 2458924 | 127333305 | 2 }}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| 4,352
			|{{Percentage | 4352 | 7942399 | 2 }}
			| 4,408
			|{{Percentage | 4408 | 8895342 | 2 }}
			| 5,562
			|{{Percentage | 5562 | 10427765 | 2 }}
			| 5,977
			|{{Percentage | 5977 | 11104585 | 2 }}
			| 5,930
			|{{Percentage | 5930 | 11888985 | 2 }}
			| 6,921
			|{{Percentage | 6921 | 14040798 | 2 }}
			| 9,520
			|{{Percentage | 9520 | 17350103 | 2 }}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| 354
			|{{Percentage | 354 | 7942399 | 3 }}
			| 215
			|{{Percentage | 215 | 8895342 | 3 }}
			| 300
			|{{Percentage | 300 | 10427765 | 3 }}
			| 377
			|{{Percentage | 377 | 11104585 | 3 }}
			| 309
			|{{Percentage | 309 | 11888985 | 3 }}
			| 413
			|{{Percentage | 413 | 14040798 | 3 }}
			| 312
			|{{Percentage | 312 | 17350103 | 3 }}
			| 195
			|{{Percentage | 195 | 20636702 | 3 }}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| 358
			|{{Percentage | 358 | 127333305 | 4 }}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| 0
			|{{Percentage | 0 | 7942399 | 4 }}
			| 0
			|{{Percentage | 0 | 8895342 | 4 }}
			| 6
			|{{Percentage | 6 | 10427765 | 4 }}
			| 168
			|{{Percentage | 168 | 11104585 | 3 }}
			| 172
			|{{Percentage | 172 | 11888985 | 3 }}
			| 32
			|{{Percentage | 32 | 14040798 | 4 }}
			| 87
			|{{Percentage | 87 | 17350103 | 3 }}
			| 9
			|{{Percentage | 9 | 20636702 | 4 }}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			|-
			! ] ]
			|{{N/a}}
			|{{N/a}}
			| 17
			|{{Percentage | 17 | 8895342 | 4 }}
			| 9
			|{{Percentage | 9 | 10427765 | 4 }}
			| 36
			|{{Percentage | 36 | 11104585 | 4 }}
			| 16
			|{{Percentage | 16 | 11888985 | 4 }}
			| 6
			|{{Percentage | 6 | 14040798 | 4 }}
			| 7
			|{{Percentage | 7 | 17350103 | 4 }}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| 181,428
			|{{Percentage | 181428 | 73621290 | 2 }}
			| 158,021
			|{{Percentage | 158021 | 109989655 | 2 }}
			| 140,512
			|{{Percentage | 140512 | 127333305 | 2 }}
			|-
			! Others
			| 21
			|{{Percentage | 21 | 7942399 | 4 }}
			| 17
			|{{Percentage | 17 | 8895342 | 4 }}
			| 0
			|{{Percentage | 0 | 10427765 | 4 }}
			| 0
			|{{Percentage | 0 | 11104585 | 4 }}
			| 8
			|{{Percentage | 8 | 11888985 | 4 }}
			| 0
			|{{Percentage | 0 | 14040798 | 4 }}
			| 19,534
			|{{Percentage | 19534 | 17350103 | 2 }}
			| 35
			|{{Percentage | 35 | 20636702 | 4 }}
			| 48,779
			|{{Percentage | 48779 | 73621290 | 2 }}
			| 15,328
			|{{Percentage | 15328 | 109989655 | 2 }}
			| 15,249
			|{{Percentage | 15249 | 127333305 | 2 }}
			|- class="sortbottom"
			! Total responses
			! 7,942,399
			!{{Percentage | 7942399 | 7942399 | 2 }}
			! 8,895,342
			!{{Percentage | 8895342 | 8895342 | 2 }}
			! 10,427,765
			!{{Percentage | 10427765 | 10427765 | 2 }}
			! 11,104,585
			!{{Percentage | 11104585 | 11104585 | 2 }}
			! 11,888,985
			!{{Percentage | 11888985 | 11888985 | 2 }}
			! 14,040,798
			!{{Percentage | 14040798 | 14040798 | 2 }}
			! 17,350,103
			!{{Percentage | 17350103 | 17350103 | 2 }}
			! 20,636,702
			!{{Percentage | 20636702 | 20651140 | 2 }}
			! 73,621,290
			!{{Percentage | 73621290 | 73621290 | 2 }}
			! 109,989,655
			!{{Percentage | 109989655 | 109989655 | 2 }}
			! 127,333,305
			!{{Percentage | 127333305 | 127688922 | 2 }}
			|- class="sortbottom"
			! Total population
			! 7,942,399
			!{{Percentage | 7942399 | 7942399 | 2 }}
			! 8,895,342
			!{{Percentage | 8895342 | 8895342 | 2 }}
			! 10,427,765
			!{{Percentage | 10427765 | 10427765 | 2 }}
			! 11,104,585
			!{{Percentage | 11104585 | 11104585 | 2 }}
			! 11,888,985
			!{{Percentage | 11888985 | 11888985 | 2 }}
			! 14,040,798
			!{{Percentage | 14040798 | 14040798 | 2 }}
			! 17,350,103
			!{{Percentage | 17350103 | 17350103 | 2 }}
			! 20,651,140
			!{{Percentage | 20651140 | 20651140 | 2 }}
			! 73,621,290
			!{{Percentage | 73621290 | 73621290 | 2 }}
			! 109,989,655
			!{{Percentage | 109989655 | 109989655 | 2 }}
			! 127,688,922
			!{{Percentage | 127688922 | 127688922 | 2 }}
			|}
			</div>
			==Government and administration==
	! Sr.||Division||Headquarters||Area&nbsp;(km²)||Population<br>(1998)
			{{Main|Government of Punjab, Pakistan}}
			{{See also|Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor of Punjab, Pakistan}}
			]
			The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in ], the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the ] to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is ], who is also the first ever woman Chief Minister of any province in Pakistan. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.
			There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant. The Chief Secretary in turn, reports to the Chief Minister. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary.
			===Divisions===
			{{Main|Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan}}
			]
			{| class="sortable wikitable"
			|-
			! Sr. No.
			! Division
			! Headquarters
			! Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":03">{{cite web |title=TABLE 1 : AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, CENSUS-2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/pcr/table_1.pdf }}</ref>
			! Population<br />(2023)<ref name=":03" />
	|-		|-
	|1		|1
Line 233:		Line 684:
	|]		|]
	|45,588		|45,588
	|2,433,091		|13,400,009
	|-		|-
	|2		|2
Line 239:		Line 690:
	|]		|]
	|38,778		|38,778
	|4,635,591		|12,892,465
	|-		|-
	|3		|3
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|17,917		|17,918
	|7,429,547		|16,228,526
	|-		|-
	|4		|4
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|17,206		|17,207
	|4,800,940		|18,778,868
	|-		|-
	|5		|5
			|]
			|]
			|New
			|New
			|-
			|6
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|16,104		|11,727
	|14,318,745		|22,772,710
	|-		|-
	|6		|7
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|21,137		|15,211
	|5,116,851		|14,085,102
	|-		|-
	|7		|8
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|22,255		|22,254
	|5,363,911		|11,406,496
	|-		|-
	|8		|9
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|10,302		|10,302
	|2,643,194		|8,533,471
	|-		|-
	|9		|10
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|26,360		|26,360
	|4,557,514		|9,591,275
			|-
	|}		|}
	==Districts of Punjab==		===Districts===
	{{Main|Districts of Pakistan#Punjab|l1=Districts of Pakistan}}		{{Main|List of districts of Pakistan#Punjab|l1=Districts of Pakistan}}
			{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
	]
			!Sr. No.
			!District
	{| class="sortable wikitable"
			!Headquarters
	|-
			!Area
			(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=TABLE 1 : AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, CENSUS-2023, PUNJAB |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_1.pdf }}</ref>
	! Sr.||District||Headquarters||Area&nbsp;(km²)||Population<br>(14 August 2014)||Density&nbsp;(people/km²)
			!Population
			(2023)<ref name=":3" />
			!Density
			(people
			per
			km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":3" />
			!Division
	|-		|-
	|1		|1
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|6,858		| align="right" |6,858
			| align="right" |2,170,423
	|1,274,935
			| align="right" |316.7
	|186
			|]
	|-		|-
	|2		|2
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|8,878		| align="right" |8,878
			| align="right" |3,550,342
	|2,061,447
			| align="right" |399.6
	|232
			|]
	|-		|-
	|3		|3
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|24,830		| align="right" |24,830
			| align="right" |4,284,964
	|2,433,091
			| align="right" |172.3
	|98
			|]
	|-		|-
	|4		|4
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
			| align="right" |8,153
	|8,114
			| align="right" |1,957,470
	|1,051,456
			| align="right" |240.5
	|129
			|]
	|-		|-
	|5		|5
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|6,524		| align="right" |6,524
			| align="right" |1,734,854
	|1,083,725
			| align="right" |266.2
	|166
			|]
	|-		|-
	|6		|6
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
			| align="right" |2,643
	|
			| align="right" |1,563,024
	|965,124
			| align="right" |591.3
	|
			|]
	|-		|-
	|7		|7
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|11,922		| align="right" |11,922
			| align="right" |3,393,705
	|2,043,118
			| align="right" |285.8
	|138
			|]
	|-		|-
	|8		|8
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|5,856		| align="right" |5,856
			| align="right" |9,075,819
	|7,429,547
			| align="right" |1,551.7
	|927
			|]
	|-		|-
	|9		|9
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|3,622		| align="right" |3,622
			| align="right" |5,959,750
	|4,800,940
			| align="right" |1,644.5
	|939
			|]
	|-		|-
	|10		|10
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|3,192		| align="right" |3,192
			| align="right" |3,219,375
	|2,048,008
			| align="right" |1,007.0
	|642
			|]
	|-		|-
	|11		|11
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|2,367		| align="right" |2,367
			| align="right" |1,319,909
	|832,980
			| align="right" |557.0
	|352
			|]
	|-		|-
	|12		|12
			|]
			|]
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|]
			|-
			|13
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
			| align="right" |6,166
	|8,809
			| align="right" |3,065,639
	|2,834,545
			| align="right" |497.6
	|322
			|]
	|-		|-
	|13		|14
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|3,587		| align="right" |3,587
			| align="right" |1,382,308
	|936,957
			| align="right" |385.7
	|261
			|]
	|-		|-
	|14		|15
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|3,995		| align="right" |3,995
			| align="right" |4,084,286
	|2,375,875
			| align="right" |1,021.4
	|595
			|]
	|-		|-
	|15		|16
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|4,349		| align="right" |4,349
			| align="right" |3,364,077
	|2,941,000
			| align="right" |774.3
	|476
			|]
	|-		|-
	|16		|17
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|6,511		| align="right" |6,511
			| align="right" |1,501,089
	|905,711
			| align="right" |230.8
	|139
			|]
	|-		|-
	|17		|18
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|1,772		| align="right" |1,772
			| align="right" |13,004,135
	|14,318,745
			| align="right" |7,336.6
	|3,566
			|]
	|-		|-
	|18		|19
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
			| align="right" |6,289
	|6,291
			| align="right" |2,102,386
	|1,120,951
			| align="right" |334.5
	|178
			|]
	|-		|-
	|19		|20
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|2,778		| align="right" |2,778
			| align="right" |1,928,299
	|1,171,800
			| align="right" |693.5
	|422
			|]
	|-		|-
	|20		|21
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|2,673		| align="right" |2,673
			| align="right" |1,829,486
	|1,160,552
			| align="right" |683.1
	|434
			|]
	|-		|-
	|21		|22
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|5,840		| align="right" |5,840
			| align="right" |1,798,268
	|1,056,620
			| align="right" |307.4
	|181
			|]
	|-		|-
	|22		|23
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|3,720		| align="right" |3,720
			| align="right" |5,362,305
	|5,116,851
			| align="right" |1,441.1
	|838
			|]
	|-		|-
	|23		|24
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|8,249		| align="right" |8,249
			| align="right" |5,015,325
	|2,635,903
			| align="right" |607.5
	|320
			|]
	|-
	|24
	|]
	|]
	|2,337
	|1,265,097
	|541
	|-		|-
	|25		|25
			|]
	|]<ref name="nankana">{{en icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/05/10/nat43.htm| title=Nankana becomes district| first=Dawn Newspaper| last=Internet Edition| accessdate=14 April 2006}}<br>No data is yet available on the recently created district of Nankana.</ref>
	|]		|]
			| align="right" |2,216
	|2,960
			| align="right" |1,634,871
	|1,410,000
			| align="right" |737.0
	|
			|]
	|-		|-
	|26		|26
			|]
			|]
			| align="right" |2,337
			| align="right" |1,950,954
			| align="right" |834.3
			|]
			|-
			|27
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|4,377		| align="right" |4,377
			| align="right" |3,515,490
	|2,232,992
			| align="right" |802.2
	|510
			|]
	|-		|-
	|27		|28
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|2,724		| align="right" |2,724
			| align="right" |2,136,170
	|1,286,680
			| align="right" |785.3
	|472
			|]
	|-		|-
	|28		|29
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|11,880		| align="right" |11,880
			| align="right" |5,564,703
	|3,141,053
			| align="right" |468.2
	|264
			|]
	|-		|-
	|29		|30
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|12,319		| align="right" |12,319
			| align="right" |2,381,049
	|1,103,618
			| align="right" |193.3
	|90
			|]
	|-		|-
	|30		|31
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|5,286		| align="right" |5,286
	|5,363,911		| align="right" |6,118,911
			| align="right" |1,156.5
	|636
			|]
	|-		|-
	|31		|32
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|3,201		| align="right" |3,201
			| align="right" |2,881,811
	|2,643,194
			| align="right" |900.6
	|576
			|]
	|-		|-
	|32		|33
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|5,854		| align="right" |5,854
			| align="right" |4,334,448
	|4,557,514
			| align="right" |740.1
	|455
			|]
	|-		|-
	|33		|34
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
			| align="right" |3,744
	|5,960
			| align="right" |4,049,418
	|3,321,029
			| align="right" |1,080.3
	|557
			|]
	|-		|-
	|34		|35
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|3,016		| align="right" |3,016
			| align="right" |4,499,394
	|2,723,481
			| align="right" |1,492.5
	|903
			|]
	|-		|-
	|35		|36
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|3,252		| align="right" |3,252
			| align="right" |2,524,044
	|1,621,593
			| align="right" |776.2
	|499
			|]
	|-		|-
	|36		|37
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	|4,364		| align="right" |4,364
			| align="right" |3,430,421
	|2,090,416
			| align="right" |787.7
	|479
			|]
			|-
			|38
			|]
			|]
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|]
			|-
			|39
			|]
			|]
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|]
			|-
			|40
			|]
			|]
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|]
			|-
			|41
			|]
			|]
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|]
			|-
			|42
			|]
			|]
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|N/A
			|]
	|}		|}
	{{Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)|Districts of Punjab (Pakistan) Map}}		]
	==Major cities==		==Major cities==
	{{Main|List of cities in Punjab (Pakistan)}}		{{Main|List of cities in Punjab (Pakistan)|List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by population}}
			{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; border: #999 solid 1px; text-align: lcenter;"
	{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; font-size: 85%; border: #999 solid 1px; text-align: lcenter; margin-bottom: 0; margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
	|-		|-
	! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| '''List of major cities in Punjab'''		! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| '''List of major cities in Punjab'''
Line 558:		Line 1,106:
	! style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| District		! style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| District
	! style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| Population		! style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| Population
			! style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| Image
	! rowspan=11 width:150|
	<br />]<br />
	]<br />]<br />
	]<br />]<br />
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 1 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 14,500,000		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 1 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 11,126,285 || ]
			|-
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 2 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 3,204,726 || ]
			|-
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 3 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 2,098,231 || ]
			|-
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;" | 4 || align="left" | ''']'''|| align="left" |]|| 2,027,001 || ]
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 2 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 7,380,000		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;" | 5 || align="left" | ''']'''|| align="left" |]|| 1,871,843 || ]
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 3 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 5,891,656		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;" | 6 || align="left" | ''']'''|| align="left" |]|| 762,111 || ]
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 4 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 5,206,481		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 7 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 659,862 || ]
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 5 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 4,769,090		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;" | 8 || align="left" | ''']'''|| align="left" |]|| 655,852 || ]
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 6 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 4,557,514		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;" | 9 || align="left" | ''']'''|| align="left" |]|| 473,129 || ]
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 7 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 2,443,929		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;" | 10 || align="left" | ''']'''|| align="left" |]|| 420,419 || ]
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 8 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 1,910,863		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 11 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 414,131 || ]
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 9 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 426,980		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;" | 12 || align="left" | ''']'''|| align="left" |]|| 399,064 || ]
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 10 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 372,645		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;" | 13 || align="left" | ''']'''|| align="left" |]|| 390,533 || ]
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 11 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 530,645		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;" | 14 || align="left" | ''']'''|| align="left" |]|| 389,605 || ]
	|-		|-
	| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 12 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 630,645		| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;" | 15 || align="left" | ''']'''|| align="left" |]|| 380,103 || ]
	|-		|-
	| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"| '''Source: World Gazetteer 2010<ref name="World Gazetteer">{{cite web|title=Pakistan: Largest cities and towns and statistics of their population|url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-172&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|accessdate=10 February 2011}}</ref>'''		| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"| '''Source: pbscensus 2017'''<ref name="DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>
	|-		|-
	| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"| '''This is a list of each city's urban populations and does not indicate total district populations'''		| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"| '''This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.'''
	|}		|}
	==Economy==		==Economy==
			{{Further|Dadukhel mine}}
	]		]
	Punjab has the ] in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972.<ref></ref> Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.spdc.org.pk/pubs/nps/nps5.pdf|title= Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates 1973–2000}}</ref> In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=152370|title=The News International: Latest, Breaking, Pakistan, Sports and Video News|publisher=|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref> and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% to 8% per year.<ref>		Punjab has the ] in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1241610364594/6097548-1257441952102/balochistaneconomicreportvol2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501074227/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1241610364594/6097548-1257441952102/balochistaneconomicreportvol2.pdf|url-status=dead|title=World Bank Document<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=1 May 2011|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also a major manpower contributor because it has the largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions ranging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spdc.org.pk/pubs/nps/nps5.pdf|title=Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates 1973–2000|access-date=19 December 2019}}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=152370|title=The News International: Latest, Breaking, Pakistan, Sports and Video News|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728093450/https://www.thenews.com.pk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% and 8% per year.<ref>A PricewaterhouseCoopers study released in 2009, surveying the 2008 GDP of the top cities in the world, calculated Faisalabad's GDP (PPP) at $35&nbsp;billion. The city was third in Pakistan behind Karachi ($78&nbsp;billion) and Lahore ($40&nbsp;billion). Faisalabad's GDP is projected to rise to $37&nbsp;billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5.7%, higher than the growth rates of 5.5% and 5.6% predicted for Karachi and Lahore.{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.
	A PricewaterhouseCoopers study released in 2009, surveying the 2008 GDP of the top cities in the world, calculated Faisalabad's GDP (PPP) at $35&nbsp;billion. The city was third in Pakistan behind Karachi ($78&nbsp;billion) and Lahore ($40&nbsp;billion). Faisalabad's GDP is projected to rise to $37&nbsp;billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5.7%, higher than the growth rates of 5.5% and 5.6% predicted for Karachi and Lahore.</ref> and during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.
			Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan;<ref name="auto"/> its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab Gateway |url=http://203.215.180.58/portal/docimages/9327manufacturing.pdf |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070705111033/http://203.215.180.58/portal/docimages/9327manufacturing.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2007}}</ref>
	]
			]
	Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://203.215.180.58/portal/docimages/9327manufacturing.pdf|title= Punjab Gateway}}</ref>
			Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods. Industrial estates are being developed by Punjab government to boost industrialization in province, ] is one of the industrial areas which is being developed near Sheikhupura on Lahore-Islamabad motorway.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://pie.com.pk/quaid-e-azam-business-park | title=PIEDMC – Punjab Industrial Estate Development and Management Company}}</ref>
	</ref>]]
	]
			Punjab has the lowest poverty rates in Pakistan, although a divide is present between the northern and southern parts of the province.<ref name="tribune.com.pk" /> ] in the prosperous northern part of the province has a poverty rate of 5.63%,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arif |first1=G. M. |title=Poverty Profile of Pakistan |url=http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213111826/http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=14 July 2016 |website=Benazir Income Support Programme |publisher=Government of Pakistan |quote=See Table 5, Page 12}}</ref> while ] in the poorer south has a poverty rate of 60.05%.<ref name="auto1" />
	Despite its ], extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, ], ], ], ], ], vegetables, and fruits such as ]. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.
	Punjab contributes about 76% to annual food grain production in the country. Cotton and rice are important crops. They are the ] that contribute substantially to the national exchequer. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of the strategies towards small and medium farming, stress on barani areas, farms-to-market roads, electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity.
	Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. The number of textile units is 14,820. The ginning industries are 6,778. There are 7,355 units for processing of agricultural raw materials including food and feed industries.
	Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods.
	Punjab is also a mineral-rich province with extensive mineral deposits of coal, iron, gas, petrol, ] (with the second largest salt mine in the world), ], ], and silica-sand. The Punjab Mineral Development Corporation is running over a hundred economically viable projects. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.
	The incidence of poverty differs between the different regions of Punjab. With Northern and Central Punjab facing much lower levels of poverty than Western and Southern Punjab. Those living in Southern and Western Punjab are also a lot more dependent on agriculture due to lower levels of industrialisation in those regions.
	{{As of|2012|6}}, Pakistan's electricity problems were so severe that violent riots were taking place across Punjab. According to protesters, ] was depriving the cities of electricity 20–22 hours a day, causing businesses to go bust and making living extremely hard. ], ], ], ], ] and communities across ] saw widespread rioting and violence on Sunday 17 June 2012, with the houses of several members of parliament being attacked as well as the offices of regional energy suppliers ], ] and ] being ransacked or attacked.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Another day of outrage at outages across Punjab |url= http://dawn.com/2012/06/18/another-day-of-outrage-at-outages-across-punjab/ |newspaper= ] |location= Karachi, Pakistan |date= 18 June 2012 |accessdate= 18 June 2012 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/68Vv1wuOH |archivedate= 18 June 2012 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
	==Education==		==Education==
	]]]		{{See also|List of schools in Punjab, Pakistan}}]]]
	The literacy rate has increased greatly over the last 40 years (see the table below). Punjab has the highest ] out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.670.<ref> {{wayback|df=yes|url=http://www.spdc.org.pk/pubs/rr/rr73.pdf |date=20090521023211 }}</ref>		The literacy rate has increased greatly over the last 40 years (see the table below). Punjab has the highest ] out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.550.<ref name="Subnational HDR">{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/PAK/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global|language=en|access-date=8 August 2021|title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Table – Global Data Lab }}</ref>
	{| class="sortable wikitable"		{| class="sortable wikitable"
Line 631:		Line 1,170:
	| 1998 || 46.56%		| 1998 || 46.56%
	|-		|-
	| 2009 || 59.6%		| 2009 || 59.6%
	|-		|-
			| 2021 || 66.3%<ref name="propakistani.pk">{{cite news | url=https://propakistani.pk/2022/06/09/kp-achieves-highest-literacy-rate-among-all-provinces/ | title=KP Achieves Highest Literacy Rate Growth Among All Provinces | newspaper=Propakistani | date=9 June 2022 }}</ref>
	| 2014 || 74.6%{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}}
	|}		|}
	Sources:<ref></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/119101/rural-women-uphold-pakistans-literacy-rate/|title=Rural women uphold Pakistan's literacy rate|date=15 February 2011|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref>		Sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145959e.pdf|title=Pakistan: where and who are the world's illiterates?; Background paper for the Education for all global monitoring report 2006: literacy for life; 2005<!-- Bot generated title -->|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223003430/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145959e.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/119101/rural-women-uphold-pakistans-literacy-rate/|title=Rural women uphold Pakistan's literacy rate|date=15 February 2011|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=22 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015023752/http://tribune.com.pk/story/119101/rural-women-uphold-pakistans-literacy-rate/|archive-date=15 October 2014}}</ref>
	This is a chart of the education market of Punjab estimated by the government in 1998.		This is a chart of the education market of Punjab estimated by the government in 1998.
Line 664:		Line 1,204:
	|}		|}
	===Public universities===		===List of universities===
			{| class="wikitable sortable"
	]
			!University
	]
			!Location
	]
			!Established
	]
			!Campuses
	]
			!Specialization
	*], ]
			!Type
	*], ]
			|-
	*], Lahore
	*], ]		|1 ]
			|]
	*], D.G.Khan
			|1860
	*]
			|
	*]
			|Medicine
	*], ]
			|Public
	*], Lahore
			|-
	*], Lahore
	*], Lahore		|2 ]
			|]
	*], Lahore
			|1864
	*], Faisalabad
			|
	*], Sargodha
			|General
	*], Faisalabad
			|Public
	*], Rawalpindi
			|-
	*], ]
			|3 ]
	*], Lahore
			|]
	*]
			|1864
	*]
			|
	*], ]
			|General
	*]
			|Private
	*], Lahore
			|-
	*], ]
			|4 ]
	*], Lahore
			|]
	*], Lahore
			|1875
			|]
	===Private universities===
			|Art and design
	] in ]]]
			|Public
	*]
			|-
	*], Lahore
			|5 ]
	*], Lahore
			|]
	*], Lahore
			|1882
	*], ]
			|], ], ], ]
	*], Gujranwala
			|Veterinary and animal sciences
	*], Lahore
			|Public
	*], ], Lahore
			|-
	*], Lahore
	*], Lahore		|6 ]
			|]
	*],
			|1882
	*], Lahore
			|], ], ]
	*], Lahore
			|General
	*], Faisalabad
			|Public
	*]
			|-
	*], Lahore
	*], ]		|7 ]
	*]		|]
			|2018
	*], Wah Cantonment
			|
			|Engineering and technology
			|Public
			|-
			|8 ]
			|]
			|1906
			|], ], ]
			|Agriculture
			|Public
			|-
			|9 ]
			|]
			|2008
			|
			|Engineering and technology
			|Private
			|-
			|10 ]
			|]
			|1913
			|
			|General
			|Public
			|-
			|11 ]
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			|69 ]
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			|70 Institute for Art and Culture
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			|71 ]
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			|72 ]<ref>{{cite web |date=May 6, 2019 |title=PM Inaugurates Al-Qadir University To Promote Science, Religious Education |url=https://academiamag.com/al-qadir-university/ |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024006/https://academiamag.com/al-qadir-university/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Al-Qadir University to revive Islamic research culture, says PM &#124; Pakistan Today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/05/05/pm-imran-to-lay-foundation-of-al-qadir-university-today/ |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref>
			|]
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			|75 University of Mianwali
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			|76 University of Chenab
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			|76 Thal University
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			|79 Lahore Institute of Science and Technology
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			|80 Grand Asian University Sialkot
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	==Culture==		==Culture==
	{{Main|Punjabi culture}}		{{Main|Punjabi culture}}
	] (1320 AD)]]		], ] (1320 AD)]]
			The culture in Punjab grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the ] as early as the ancient ], dating back to ].<ref name="Nayar1">{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kamala Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7 |title=The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism |date=2012 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5 |language=en}}</ref> ] has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership.<ref name="Nayar1"/> Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the ] during the mid-1960's to the mid-1970's, has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan".<ref name="Nayar1"/>
	Punjab has been the cradle of civilisation since times immemorial. The ruins of ] show an advanced urban culture that flourished over 8000 years ago. ], another historic landmark also stands out as a proof of the achievements of the area in learning, arts and crafts. The ancient Hindu ] and the Salt Range temples are regaining attention and much-needed repair.
			=== Fairs and festivals ===
	The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at ] are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor ] is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.
			{{Main|Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)}}The ] are typically observed.<ref name="Official Holidays 2016"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517025526/http://www.schools.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Notification_2.pdf |date=17 May 2017 }}, Government of Punjab – Pakistan (2016)</ref><ref name="kmc.gos.pk"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901090935/http://kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=48|date=1 September 2018}}, Karachi Metropolitan, Sindh, Pakistan</ref> Non-Islamic festivals include ], ] and ], which are usually celebrated as seasonal festivals.<ref name="autogenerated5"></ref> The Islamic festivals are set according to the lunar ] (Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jacqueline Suthren Hirst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOpAgAAQBAJ |title=Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia |author2=John Zavos |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-62668-5 |page=274}}; , Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar in India, Festival Dates</ref>
			Some Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban the participation of non-Islamic festivals because of the religious basis,<ref>, IRFAN HUSAIN, Dawn, 18 February 2017</ref> and they being declared ] (forbidden in Islam).<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404023014/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/columns/the-barricaded-muslim-mind/286436.html |date=4 April 2023 }}, Saba Naqvi (28 August 2016), Quote: "Earlier, Muslim villagers would participate in Hindu festivals; now they think that would be haraam, so stay away. Visiting dargahs is also haraam"</ref>
	==Fairs and festivals==
	The culture of Punjab derives its basis from the institution of ], who spread Islam and preached and lived the Muslim way of life. People have festivities to commemorate these traditions. The fairs and festivals of Punjab reflect the entire gamut of its folk life and cultural traditions. These mainly fall in the following categories:
			== Tourism ==
	===Religious and seasonal fairs and festivals===
			{{Main|Tourism in Punjab, Pakistan}}], a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a ]|250x250px]]
	Religious fairs are held on special days of Islamic significance like ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The main activities on these special occasions are confined to congregational prayers and rituals. Melas are also held to mark these occasions.
			], a UNESCO world heritage site, was built upon a hill overlooking the ].]]
			] in ], a UNESCO World Heritage Site|left]]
			Tourism in Punjab is regulated by the ''Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab''.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2010 |title=Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab Official Website |url=http://www.tdcp.gop.pk/ |access-date=27 September 2010 |publisher=Tdcp.gop.pk}}</ref> The province has a number of large cosmopolitan cities, including the provincial capital ]. Major visitor attractions there include ] and ], which are now recognised ]. The ], ], ], ], ], ] and other major sites are visited by tourists each year.
			] is a famous hill station stop for tourists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Tourism: Punjab Attractions |url=http://www.tourism.gov.pk/punjab.html |access-date=27 September 2010 |publisher=Tourism.gov.pk |archive-date=12 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612192820/http://www.tourism.gov.pk/punjab.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ], which was built by an ancient Hindu civilisation, is on the outskirts of the city. The city of ] also has a number of sites from the Mughal Empire, including the World Heritage-listed ] near ]. The ] in the city of ] is a major destination for Hindu devotees. The ] is one of the oldest mines in South Asia. ]'s ] were designed to represent the ].<ref>{{cite web |author=khalid |title=Tourism in Punjab, Pakistan |url=http://www.vista-tourism.com/geography/punjab.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815002400/http://www.vista-tourism.com/geography/punjab.htm |archive-date=15 August 2010 |access-date=27 September 2010 |publisher=Vista-tourism.com}}</ref>
	===Devotional fairs (Urs)===
			], ]]]
	] saints and ] in particular]]
			The province's southward is arid. ] is known for its ] of saints and ]. The ], Multan fort, DHA 360° zoo and Nuagaza tombs are significant attractions in the city. The city of ] is located near the ] and ] deserts. ] in the ] is the site for the annual ]. The city is also near the ancient site of ] which was once a ] stronghold. The ], Sadiq Ghar Palace, and Darbar Mall were built during the reign of the ]. The ] is a major zoological garden on the outskirts of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lal Suhanra Park Bahawalpur |url=https://bahawalpur.org/lal-suhanra-national-park/ |website=bahawalpur.org|date=18 July 2022 }}</ref>
	The fairs held at the shrines of ] saints are called ]. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data ] at ], urs of Hazrat ] at ], urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at ], urs of Hazrat ] at Lahore, urs of ] Ganj Shakar at ], urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at ], urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at ], urs of ] at Lahore, urs of Hazrat ] at ], urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at ]-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of ]) in Lahore.
			==Social issues==
	A big fair/mela is organised at ] in district ] on the mausoleum of Syed ] who is the most loved Sufi poet of Punjab due to his classic work, ]. The shrine of ] in ] is one of the most visited shrines in Punjab.
			{{See also|Punjabi Language Movement}}]The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that the Punjabi language in the province is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish.<ref>Sarah Veach, Katy Williamson, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113700/http://languagemanuals.weebly.com/uploads/4/8/5/3/4853169/punjabi.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} (), Texas State University, p.&nbsp;6, retrieved 14 May 2016.</ref><ref name="apnaorg">{{cite web|url=http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/|publisher=apnaorg.com|title=Punjabis Without Punjabi|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144848/http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/}}</ref><ref>
	], built by Mughal Emperor ] at ]]]
			{{cite web|url=http://ppinewsagency.com/inferiority-complex-declining-punjabi-language-punjab-university-vice-chancellor/|publisher=ppinewsagency.com|title=Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor|agency=Pakistan Press International|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220151/http://ppinewsagency.com/inferiority-complex-declining-punjabi-language-punjab-university-vice-chancellor/|archive-date=27 November 2016}}
			</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/880483/urdu-isation-of-punjab/|title=Urdu-isation of Punjab – The Express Tribune|date=4 May 2015|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127215535/http://tribune.com.pk/story/880483/urdu-isation-of-punjab/|archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref>
			In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the ''Khawaja Farid Conference'' and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in ] and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.<ref name="The Nation 2011">{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi|title=Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi|date=21 February 2011|website=The Nation|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142807/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/26-Aug-2015/sufi-poets-can-guarantee-unity|title=Sufi poets can guarantee unity|date=26 August 2015|magazine=The Nation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030021751/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/26-Aug-2015/sufi-poets-can-guarantee-unity|archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> In September 2015, a case was filed in ] against ] as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.<ref name="The Nation 2015">{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|title=Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above|date=15 September 2015|website=The Nation|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916165410/http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Business Recorder 2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html|title=Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP|date=14 September 2015|website=Business Recorder|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021133224/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html|archive-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in ] every year on ].
	===Industrial and commercial fairs===
	Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots.
			], chief of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah (JuD), has questioned Pakistan's decision to adopt Urdu as its national language in a country where majority of people speak Punjabi language, citing his interpretation of Islamic doctrine as encouraging education in the mother-tongue.<ref>"Pakistan should have adopted Punjabi as national language: Hafiz Saeed" ''Zee News''. 6 March 2016
	===Other festivals===
			*{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/pakistan-should-have-adopted-punjabi-as-national-language-hafiz-saeed_1862842.html|publisher=Zee News|title=Pakistan should have adopted Punjabi as national language: Hafiz Saeed &#124; Zee News|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141615/http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/pakistan-should-have-adopted-punjabi-as-national-language-hafiz-saeed_1862842.html|archive-date=25 May 2017|date=6 March 2016}}
	In addition to the religious festivals, Sikh and Hindu Punjabis may celebrate seasonal and harvest festivals, which include ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lohrifestival.org/harvest-festival-of-punjab.html|title=Harvest Festival of Punjab|publisher=|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref> ], ] and ].
			</ref> Some of the organisations and activists that demand the promotion of the Punjabi language include:
			* Cultural and research institutes: Punjabi Adabi Board, the Khoj Garh Research Centre, Punjabi Prachar, Institute for Peace and Secular Studies, Adbi Sangat, Khaaksaar Tehreek, Saanjh, Maan Boli Research Centre, Punjabi Sangat Pakistan, Punjabi Markaz, Sver International.
	==Arts and crafts==
			* Trade unions and youth groups: Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union-Pakistan, Punjabi National Conference, National Youth Forum, Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union, Pakistan, and the Punjabi National Conference.
	The crafts in the Punjab are of two types: the crafts produced in the rural areas and the royal crafts.
			* Notable activists include Tariq Jatala, Farhad Iqbal, Diep Saeeda, Khalil Ojla, Afzal Sahir, Jamil Ahmad Paul, Mazhar Tirmazi, Mushtaq Sufi, Biya Je, Tohid Ahmad Chattha and Bilal Shaker Kahaloon, Nazeer Kahut.<ref>"Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi". ''The Herald''. 2 September 2106.
			*{{cite web|url=http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153482|publisher=herald.dawn.com|title=Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi – People & Society – Herald|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223065731/http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153482|archive-date=23 December 2016|date=4 August 2016}}</ref><ref>"Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". ''The Times of India''. 4 October 2015.
	==Major attractions==
			*{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjabi-in-schools-Pro-Punjabi-outfits-in-Pakistan-threaten-hunger-strike/articleshow/49214265.cms|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike – Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 October 2015 |access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927231834/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjabi-in-schools-Pro-Punjabi-outfits-in-Pakistan-threaten-hunger-strike/articleshow/49214265.cms|archive-date=27 September 2016}}
	], a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a ]]]
			</ref><ref>"Rally for Ending the 150-year-old Ban on Education in Punjabi" ''The Nation.'' 21 February 2011.
	The province is home to several historical sites, including the ], the ], the ], the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of ]. The ] and ]'s Tomb are prominent in the city of ] as is the ], while the ancient city of ] in the northwest was once a major centre of ] and ] influence. Several important ] shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first ], ]. (born at ]). There are a few famous hill stations, including ], ], ] and ].
			*{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi|publisher=nation.com.pk|title=Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142807/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi|archive-date=7 March 2016|date=21 February 2011}}
			</ref>
	The ] is a tourist attraction. Tours are accompanied by guides as the mine itself is very large and the complex interconnected passages are like a maze. There is a small but beautiful mosque inside the mine made from salt stone. A clinical ward with 20 beds was established in 2007<ref>{{cite news|title=Salt mine resort for asthma patients|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2007/03/27/nat18.htm|accessdate=14 April 2012|newspaper=Dawn|date=27 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Shahzad|first=Khurram|title=Asthma treatment in Pakistani salt mine|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7527907/Asthma-treatment-in-Pakistani-salt-mine.html|accessdate=6 April 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=26 March 2010}}</ref> for the treatment of ] and other respiratory diseases using ].
	==Music and dance==
	{{Main|Music of Punjab|Punjabi dance}}
	]
	Classical music forms, such as ], are an important part of the cultural wealth of the Punjab. The Muslim musicians have contributed a large number of ragas to the repository of classical music. The most common instruments used are the ] and ].
	Among the Punjabi poets, the names of ], ], ], and ] and folk singers like ] and Tufail Niazi, ], Sain Marna, ], ], Talib Hussain Dard, ], Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as ''Malika-i-Mauseequi'' (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979.
	For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of ], ], ], ], ], Roshen Ara Begum, and ] are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles.
	For the most popular music from the region, ], the names of ], ], ], ], Legacy, and ] are renowned.
	==Folklore==
	]
	{{main|Punjabi folklore}}
	The folk heritage of the Punjab is the traditional urge of thousands of years of its history. While Urdu is the official language of the province, there are a number of local dialects through which the people communicate. These include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The songs, ballads, epics and romances are generally written and sung in these dialects.
	There are a number of folk tales that are popular in different parts of the Punjab. These are the folk tales of ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].
	The mystic folk songs include the ''Kafees'' of Khwaja Farid in Saraiki, Punjabi and the ''Shalooks'' by ]. They also include ''Baits'', ''Dohas'', ''Lohris'', ''Sehra'', and '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabilok.com/pakistan/pak_punjab.htm|title=punjabilok.com|publisher=|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref>
	The most famous of the romantic love songs are ''Mayhiah'', ''Dhola'' and ''Boliyan''. Punjabi romantic dances include ], ], ], ], ], and ].
	==Social issues==
	One social/educational issue is the status of Punjabi language. According to Dr. Manzur Ejaz, "In Central Punjab, Punjabi is neither an official language of the province nor it is used as medium of education at any level. There are only two daily newspapers published in Punjabi in the Central areas of Punjab. Only a few monthly literary magazines constitute Punjabi press in Pakistan".
	==Notable people==		==Notable people==
			*], also includes people born in what is today Indian Punjab but moved to Pakistan after partition
	<!--organised by alphabetical order of surnames-->
			*], also includes people of Punjabi ethnicity from India and elsewhere
	{{main|List of Punjabis}}
	{{div col}}
	*], National Poet
	*], actress, model
	*], former Minister (Pakistan Peoples Party)
	*], advocate (Pakistan Peoples Party)
	*] (1893–1985), politician, diplomat, international jurist
	*], longest serving parliamentarian of Pakistan from 1951 to 1999
	*], poet, writer (travelogues, humor)
	*], writer, politician
	*], theatre and film actor
	*] (1927–2007), former member of parliament
	*], Nawab of Kalabagh, Governor of East Pakistan
	*], feudal lord
	*], writer, leaderof Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam
	*], army colonel, writer, columnist
	*], former President of Pakistan (PPP)
	*], member of the National Assembly of Pakistan
	*], Sufi saint (1538–1599)
	*], cricketer
	*], Asian Fastest Man, recipient of Pride of Performance (Presidential Award)
	*], cricketer
	*], cricketer
	*], cricketer and sports presenter
	*], Sufi poet, mystic philosopher
	*], landowner, agriculturalist, philanthropist, civil engineer
	*], poet
	*], former Prime Minister of Pakistan, current president of PML(Q)
	*], first Deputy Prime Minister of Pakistan, former Chief Minister of Punjab (2002–2007)
	*], Air Chief Marshal who participated in the military government of Pakistan from 1965 to 1969
	*], scientist
	*], recipient of the ] (NH)
	*], recipient of NH
	*], recipient of NH
	*], recipient of NH
	*], recipient of NH
	*], recipient of NH
	*], folk singer
	*], folk singer (son of Alam Lohar)
	*], cricketer
	*], physicist and Nobel Prize winner
	*], cricketer
	*], chairman PTI, cricketer, politician and philanthropist
	*], politician
	*], politician, former Governor of Punjab
	*], Qawwali singer
	*], saint revered by Sikhs and Muslims
	*], actor
	*], actor, comedian
	*], current Prime Minister of Pakistan
	*], current Chief Minister of Punjab province
	*], globally renowned Islamic banking and finance expert
	*], politician, religious figure
	*], cricketer and sports presenter
	*], politician PTI
	*], politician PTI
	*], lawyer, former Vice-Chairman of ]
	*], politician
	*], pop singer and film actor
	*], former Prime Minister of Pakistan (Pakistan Peoples Party)
	*], hockey player
	*], former President of Pakistan
	*], revolutionary (1907–1931)
	*], former Army Chief of Staff and former President of Pakistan (1977–1988)
	*], former Prime Minister of India
	*], scholar, politician, orator
	*], cricketer
	*], singer and actress
	{{div col end}}
	==Gallery==		==Notes==
			{{notelist}}
	<gallery>
	File:Lahore Fort.jpg| ], a ] Site
	File:Jungle in Punjab.JPG|Jungle in Sahiwal, Punjab
	File:Mosque amjad 2006.JPG| ], Lahore
	File:Wazir Khan Masjid 2007.jpg|], Lahore
	File:Jehangir_Tomb3.jpg|], Lahore
	File:Lahore Museum, Lahore.jpg|]
	File:Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore.jpg|], Lahore
	File:Shalimar garden2.JPG|]
	File:Asif Khan's Mausoleum.jpg|]
	File:Minar -e Pakistan at Night.jpeg|]
	File:GPO Mall Road Lahore.jpg|], Lahore
	File:GCU Tower P1140896.jpg|Clock Tower at Govt College University, Lahore
	File:Clock Tower Faisalabad by Usman Nadeem.jpg|]
	File:Entrance to the Chenab Club, Faisalabad.jpg|Chenab Club, Faisalabad
	File:Faisalabad Railway Station (Lyallpur).jpg|]
	File:Nusrat Fathe Ali Khan Auditorium Faisalabad.JPG|Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Auditorium in Faisalabad
	File:M2-2.JPG|Faisalabad Pindi Battian Interchange
	File:Irrigation Faisalabad, Pakistan (PSSP).jpg|Irrigation canals in ]
	File:Hindus mandar faisalabad.jpg|Hindu Mandir in Faisalabad
	File:Rwp train1.jpg|Railway station of Rawalpindi
	File:Mosque in Jhelum Cantonment Pakistan.jpg|CMH Mosque, Jhelum Cantt
	File:Taxila Pakistan juillet 2004.jpg|Taxila is a ]
	File:Government college for Women Dhoke Kala Khan.JPG|Government college for Women, Rawalpindi
	File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh July 1 2005.jpg|]
	File:Major Akram Memorial.jpg|Major Akram Memorial, ]
	File:WheatFieldsPandjab.jpg|Wheat Fields
	File:A beautiful view of Murree, Pakistan.jpg|A view of Murree, a famous hill station of Punjab
	File:Clay pots in punjab pakistan-2.jpg| Different shapes of clay pots mostly made in ]
	File:Sadwal kalan1.JPG| A Fields View from North Punjab
	</gallery>
	==See also==
	{{Portal|Punjab (Pakistan)|Pakistan|Geography}}
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist|30em}}		{{Reflist}}
			{{Portal|Pakistan|Geography|Punjab}}
			==Bibliography==
			* {{Cite book |last=Amjad |first=Yahya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P60yAAAAIAAJ&q=tarikh+i+pakistan+yahya |title=Tarikh-i Pakistan : qadim daur—zamanah-yi ma qabl az tarikh : Pakistan ki sarzamin par aj se paune do karor sal pahle |date=1989 |language=ur}}
			* {{citation|last=Dyson|first=Tim|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-882905-8}}
			* {{cite report|author=India. Census Commissioner|year=1941|series=Census of India, 1941 |volume=VI |title=Punjab |location=Delhi |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor-access=free}}
			* {{citation |author=Pakistan Narcotics Control Board|author-link=Pakistan Narcotics Control Board |title=National survey on drug abuse in Pakistan|date=1986|publisher=]}}
			* {{cite book |author=] |year=1989 |edition=2nd |orig-year=1951 |title=Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=81-208-0423-6}}
			* {{Cite book |last=Roseberry |first=J. Royal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAMNAAAAIAAJ |title=Imperial Rule in Punjab: The Conquest and Administration of Multan, 1818-1881 |year=1987 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-85054-28-5}}
			*{{Cite journal| last=Shackle| first=Christopher| author-link=Christopher Shackle| title=Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal=Transactions of the Philological Society| date=1979| volume=77| issue=1| pages=191–210| doi=10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn=0079-1636}}
	==External links==		==External links==
	{{Sister project links|voy=Punjab (Pakistan)}}		{{Sister project links|voy=Punjab (Pakistan)}}
	{{commons|Punjab (Pakistan)}}		{{commons}}
	*{{Official website|http://www.punjab.gov.pk}}		*{{Official website|http://www.punjab.gov.pk}}
			* Guide to
	*{{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Pakistan/Provinces/Punjab}}
	* Guide to
	{{Geographic location
	|Centre = Punjab
	|North = ]
	|Northeast = ]<br>], {{flag|India}}
	|East = ], {{flag|India}}
	|Southeast = ], {{flag|India}}
	|South =
	|Southwest = ]
	|West = ]
	|Northwest = ]<br>]
	}}
	{{Punjab, Pakistan topics}}		{{Punjab, Pakistan topics}}
Line 918:		Line 1,858:
	{{Administrative units of Pakistan}}		{{Administrative units of Pakistan}}
	{{Districts of Punjab, Pakistan|state=collapsed}}		{{Districts of Punjab, Pakistan|state=collapsed}}
			{{Authority control}}
	]
	]		]
			]
			]
	]		]
	]		]

---

Latest revision as of 15:15, 1 January 2025

Province of Pakistan This article is about the Pakistani province of Punjab. For the geographical region, see Punjab. For the state of India, see Punjab, India. For other uses of the name, see Punjab (disambiguation).

Province in Pakistan

Punjab پنجاب
Province
Province of Punjab
Badshahi MosqueJamia Sakeena-Tul-SughraTomb of Shah Rukn-e-AlamDerawar FortLahore FortKhewra Salt Mines
FlagSeal
Etymology: Panj (means "five") and āb (means "waters")
Location of Punjab within Pakistan
Coordinates: 31°N 72°E / 31°N 72°E / 31; 72
Country	Pakistan
Established	1 July 1970; 54 years ago (1 July 1970)
Before was	Part of West Pakistan
Capital and largest city	Lahore
Administrative Divisions	11 Bahawalpur Dera Ghazi Khan Faisalabad Gujranwala Gujrat Lahore Mianwali Multan Sahiwal Sargodha Rawalpindi
Government
• Type	Self-governing province subject to the federal government
• Body	Government of Punjab
• Governor	Sardar Saleem Haider Khan
• Chief Minister	Maryam Nawaz
• Chief Secretary	Zahid Akhtar Zaman
• Legislature	Provincial Assembly
• High Court	Lahore High Court
Area
• Province	205,344 km (79,284 sq mi)
• Rank	2nd
Population
• Province	127,333,305
• Rank	1st
• Density	622/km (1,610/sq mi)
• Urban	51,975,967 (40.71%)
• Rural	75,712,955 (59.29%)
Demonym	Punjabi
GDP (nominal)
• Total (2022)	$225 billion (1st)
• Per Capita	$2,003 (2nd)
GDP (PPP)
• Total (2022)	$925 billion (1st)
• Per Capita	$8,027 (2nd)
Time zone	UTC+05:00 (PKT)
ISO 3166 code	PK-PB
Languages	Official: English, Urdu Provincial: Punjabi
Provincial sports teams	List: Lahore Qalandars Multan Sultans Lahore Lions Rawalpindi Rams Sialkot Stallions Bahawalpur Stags Multan Tigers Faisalabad Wolves Central Punjab Southern Punjab
HDI (2021)	0.567 medium
Literacy rate (2020)	71.3%
National Assembly seats	183
Provincial Assembly seats	371
Divisions	11
Districts	41
Tehsils	148
Union councils	7602
Website	punjab.gov.pk

Punjab (/pʌnˈdʒɑːb/; Punjabi, Urdu: پنجاب, pronounced [pənˈd͡ʒɑːb] ) is a province of Pakistan. With a population of over 127 million, it is the most populous province in Pakistan and second most populous subnational polity in the world. Located in the central-eastern region of the country, it has the largest economy, contributing the most to national GDP, in Pakistan. Lahore is the capital and largest city. Other major cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala and Multan.

It is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the north-west, Balochistan to the south-west and Sindh to the south, as well as Islamabad Capital Territory to the north-west and Azad Kashmir to the north. It shares a disputed international border with Indian-administered Jammu to the north-east, and to its east it shares a border with the Indian states of Rajasthan and the identically-named Punjab, for which reason it is sometimes called West Punjab or Pakistani Punjab for disambiguation purposes. Punjab is the most fertile province of the country as the Indus River and its four major tributaries Ravi, Jhelum, Chenab and Sutlej flow through it.

The province forms the bulk of the transnational Punjab region, partitioned in 1947 among Pakistan and India. The province is represented in the federal parliament through 173, out of 336, seats in National Assembly, the lower house; and 23, out of 96, seats in Senate, the upper house.

Punjab is Pakistan's most industrialized province, with the industrial sector comprising 24 percent of the province's gross domestic product. It is known for its relative prosperity, and has the lowest rate of poverty among all Pakistani provinces. However, a clear divide is present between the northern and southern regions of the province; with northern Punjab being relatively more developed than south Punjab. Punjab is also one of the most urbanized regions of South Asia, with approximately 40 percent of its population being concentrated in urban areas.

Punjabi Muslims form majority of the province. Their culture has been strongly influenced by Islamic culture and Sufism, with a number of Sufi shrines spread across the province. Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, was born in the town of Nankana Sahib. Punjab hosts several of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the archaeological excavations at Taxila, and the Rohtas Fort, among others.

Etymology

The name Punjab is of Persian origin, with its two combined words meaning (پنج, panj, 'five' and آب, āb, 'water') and it was introduced and started to be widely used during the Mughal Empire rule over the region. It is considered to be the cognate of the Sanskrit words पञ्‍च, pañca, 'five' and अप्, áp, 'water', of the same meaning. The word pañjāb is thus calque of Indo-Aryan pañca-áp and means "The Land of Five Waters", referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas. All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the Mahabharata, in which one of the regions is named as Panchanada (Sanskrit: पञ्चनद, romanized: pañca-nada, lit. 'five rivers'). Earlier, Punjab was known as Sapta Sindhu in the Rigveda or Hapta Hendu in Avesta, translating into "The Land of Seven Rivers", with the other two being Indus and Kabul which are included in the greater Punjab region. The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamía (Greek: Πενταποταμία), which has the same meaning as that of Punjab.

History

Main article: History of Punjab

Ancient period

It is believed that the earliest evidence of human habitation in Punjab traces to the Soan Valley of the Pothohar, between the Indus and the Jhelum rivers, where Soanian culture developed between 774,000 BC and 11,700 BC. This period goes back to the first interglacial period in the second Ice Age, from which remnants of stone and flint tools have been found. The Punjab region was the site of one of the earliest cradle of civilizations, the Bronze Age Harrapan civilization that flourished from about 3000 B.C. and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, following the Indo-Aryan migrations that overran the region in waves between 1500 and 500 B.C. The migrating Indo-Aryan tribes gave rise to the Iron Age Vedic civilization, which lasted till 500 BC. During this era, the Rigveda was composed in Punjab, laying the foundation of Hinduism. Frequent intertribal wars in the post-Vedic period stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas. Achaemenid emperor Darius the Great, in 518 BCE crossed the Indus and annex the regions up to the Jhelum River. Taxila is considered to be the site of one of the oldest education centre of South Asia and was part of the Achaemenid province of Hindush.

One of the early kings in Punjab was Porus, who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great. The battle is thought to have resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative. Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed. When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king". Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him. Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom. The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the syncretism of ancient Greek political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent, yielding works such as Greco-Buddhist art, which continued to have an impact for the ensuing centuries.

Multan was the noted centre of excellence of the region which was attacked by the Greek army led by Alexander the Great. The Malli tribe together with nearby tribes gathered an army of 90,000 personnel to face the Greek army. This was perhaps the largest army faced by the Greeks in the entire Indian subcontinent. During the siege of the city's citadel, Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he faced the Mallians' leader. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured. The city was conquered after a fierce battle.

The region was then divided between the Maurya Empire and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom in 302 B.C.E. Menander I Soter conquered Punjab and made Sagala (present-day Sialkot) the capital of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Menander is noted for becoming a patron and converting to Greco-Buddhism and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings.

Medieval period

Arrival of Islam (Umayyad Caliphate)

Following the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent at the beginning of the 8th century, Arab armies of the Umayyad Caliphate penetrated into South Asia introducing Islam into Punjab. First, Islam was introduced into the Southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the 16th century, Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local Punjabi Muslim converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith(Shahada), the performance of the circumcision, and the ingestion of cow-meat.

Islam emerged as the major power in Punjab after the Umayyad caliphate led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the region in 711 AD. The city of Multan became a centre of Islam. After the Umayyads conquered the key cities of Uch and Multan, they ruled the far areas of Punjab and included Kashmir. Islam spread rapidly.

According to local traditions, Baba Ratan Hindi was a trader from Punjab who was one of the non-Arab companions of Prophet Muhammad. He was reportedly a trader who used to take goods to Arabia. There is also a dargah named after him, the Haji Ratan Dargah, in Bathinda, where he settled after his conversion to Islam. Muslims who migrated to Pakistan during the partition of India in 1947 still venerate him as Baba Haji Ratan.

In the ninth century, the Hindu Shahi dynasty originating from the region of Oddiyana replaced the Taank kingdom in the Punjab, ruling much of Punjab along with eastern Afghanistan. In the 10th century, the tribe of the Gakhars/Khokhars, formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian Firishta.

Ghaznavid

The Turkic Ghaznavids in the tenth century attacked the regions of Punjab. Multan and Uch were conquered after 3 attacks and Multan's ruler Abul Fateh Daud was defeated, famous Sun Temple was destroyed. Ghaznavids overthrew the Hindu Shahis and consequently ruled for 157 years, gradually declining as a power until the Ghurid conquests of key Punjab cities of Uch, Multan and Lahore by Muhammad of Ghor in 1186, deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik.

Following the death of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206, the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the Delhi Sultanate and for some time independent sultanates ruled by various Sultans. The Delhi Sultanate ruled Punjab for the next three hundred years, led by five unrelated dynasties, the Mamluks, Khalajis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids and Lodis.

Delhi Sultanate

Tughlaqs

Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq, the former governor of Multan and Dipalpur founded the Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi and ruled the subcontinent region. Earlier, he served as the governor of Multan and fought 28 battles against Mongols from there and saved Punjab and Sindh regions from the advances of Mongols and survived. After his death, his son Muhammad Tughlaq became the emperor.

Sayyid Dynasty

The 15th century saw the rise of many prominent Muslims from Punjab. Khizr Khan established the Sayyid dynasty, the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, with four rulers ruling from 1414 to 1451 for 37 years. The first ruler of the dynasty, Khizr Khan, who was the Timurid vassal of Multan, conquered Delhi in 1414, while the rulers proclaimed themselves the Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate under Mubarak Shah, which succeeded the Tughlaq dynasty and ruled the Sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi dynasty in 1451.

Khizr Khan was originally a noble in the Delhi Sultanate during the Tughlaq Dynasty and was the governor of Multan under Sultan Firuz Shah. He was expelled from the city by the Muin tribes under Sarang Khan who occupied Multan in 1395, an Indian Muslim and the brother of Mallu Iqbal Khan, who was the de facto ruler of Delhi. Sarang Khan was aided by the servants of Malik Mardan Bhatti, a former governor of Multan and the grandfather of Khizr Khan by adoption.

In 1398, Timur attacked the Punjab region. After his invasion, Khizr Khan established the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. According to Richard M. Eaton, Khizr Khan was the son of a Punjabi chieftain. He was a Khokhar chieftain who travelled to Samarkand and profited from the contacts he made with the Timurid society.

Following Timur's 1398 Sack of Delhi, he appointed Khizr Khan as deputy of Multan (Punjab). He held Lahore, Dipalpur, Multan and Upper Sindh. Collecting his forces in Multan, Khizr Khan defeated and killed Mallu Iqbal Khan in Delhi in 1405. He then captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty. Khizr Khan did not take up the title of Sultan, but continued the fiction of his allegiance to Timur as Rayat-i-Ala (vassal) of the Timurids - initially that of Timur, and later his son Shah Rukh. After the accession of Khizr Khan, the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate, where he spent his time subduing rebellions.

Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Sayyid Mubarak Shah after his death on 20 May 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah on his coins, removing the Timurid name with the name of the Caliph, and declared himself a Shah. A detailed account of his reign is available in the Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi written by Yahya-bin-Ahmad Sirhindi. After the death of Mubarak Shah, his nephew, Muhammad Shah ascended the throne and styled himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. Just before his death, he called his son Sayyid Ala-ud-Din Shah from Badaun, and nominated him as successor.

The last ruler of the Sayyids, Ala-ud-Din, voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of Bahlul Khan Lodi on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478.

Langah Sultanate

In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, chief of Langah tribe, established the Langah Sultanate in Multan. The Sultanate included regions of southern and central Punjab and some areas of present-day Khyber. A large number of Baloch settlers arrived and the towns of Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan were founded.

During the most of 15th century, the Khokhars and Gakhars tribes were in general revolt in the Pothohar region. Jasrath Khokhar was one of their major chiefs who helped Sultan Zain Ul Abideen of Kashmir Sultanate to gain his throne and ruled over vast tracts of Jammu and North Punjab. He also conquered Delhi for a brief period in 1431 but was driven out by Mubarak Shah.

Modern period

Mughal Era

The Mughals came to power in the early sixteenth century and gradually expanded to control all of Punjab. During Mughal period Punjab region was divided into two provinces; Province of Multan and Province of Lahore. The Subah of Lahore was one of the three subahs (provinces) of the Mughal Empire in the Punjab region, alongside Multan and Delhi subahs, encompassing the northern, central and eastern Punjab. It was created as one of the original 12 Subahs of the Mughal Empire under the administrative reforms carried by Akbar in 1580. The province ceased to exist after the death of its last viceroy, Adina Beg in 1758, with large parts being incorporated into Durrani Empire. Collectively, Lahore and Multan subahs, and parts of Delhi subah, comprised Mughal Punjab.

During the Mughal era, Saadullah Khan, born into a family of Punjabi Muslim agriculturalist from Chiniot remained the Grand vizier and Vakil-i-Mutlaq of the Mughal Empire in the period 1645–1656, during the reign of Shah Jahan. Other prominent Muslims from Punjab who rose to nobility during the Mughal Era include Wazir Khan, Adina Beg Arain, and Shahbaz Khan Kamboh.

The Mughal Empire ruled the region until it was severely weakened in the eighteenth century. As Mughal power weakened, Afghan rulers of Durrani dynasty took control of the region.

The Sikh Empire ruled Punjab from 1799 until the British annexed it in 1849 following the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars.

British Rule

Most of the Punjabi homeland formed a province of British India, though a number of small princely states retained local rulers who recognized British authority. The Punjab with its rich farmlands became one of the most important colonial assets. Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture, and Rawalpindi became an important military installation.

Most Punjabis supported the British during World War I, providing men and resources to the war effort even though the Punjab remained a source of anti-colonial activities. Disturbances in the region increased as the war continued. At the end of the war, high casualty rates, heavy taxation, inflation, and a widespread influenza epidemic disrupted Punjabi society. In 1919 a British officer ordered his troops to fire on a crowd of demonstrators, mostly Sikhs in Amritsar. The Jallianwala massacre fueled the Indian independence movement. Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed.

When the Second World War broke out, nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements. Many Sikhs and other minorities supported the Hindus, who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society, and Muslim leaders in Lahore passed a resolution to work for a Muslim Pakistan, making the Punjab region a center of growing conflict between Indian and Pakistani nationalists. At the end of the war, the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan, setting off massive communal violence as Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India.

The British Raj had major political, cultural, philosophical, and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education. During the independence movement, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Ajit Singh Sandhu, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Choudhry Rahmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai.

After Independence

At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. East Punjab (48%) became part of India, while West Punjab (52%) became part of Pakistan. The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following partition, with casualties estimated to be in the millions.

Another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity that occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide-scale migration but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer Tim Dyson, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.

Geography

Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province by area after Balochistan with an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles). It occupies 25.8% of the total landmass of Pakistan. Punjab province is bordered by Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory and Azad Kashmir in the north. Punjab borders Jammu and Kashmir in the north, and the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east.

The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the capital of the wider Punjab region since 17th century. Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum, Rahim Yar Khan and Sahiwal. The undivided Punjab region was home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistan's Punjab province. From west to east, the rivers are: the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city of Islamabad.

Topography

Punjab's landscape mostly consists of fertile alluvial plains of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers which traverse Punjab north to south – the fifth of the "five waters" of Punjab, the Beas River, lies exclusively in the Indian state of Punjab. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province. Punjab also includes several mountainous regions, including the Sulaiman Mountains in the southwest part of the province, the Margalla Hills in the north near Islamabad, and the Salt Range which divides the most northerly portion of Punjab, the Pothohar Plateau, from the rest of the province. Sparse deserts can be found in southern Punjab near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. Punjab also contains part of the Thal and Cholistan deserts. In the South, Punjab's elevation reaches 2,327 metres (7,635 ft) near the hill station of Fort Munro in Dera Ghazi Khan.

Climate

Most areas in Punjab experience extreme weather with foggy winters, often accompanied by rain. By mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in. The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s, the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.

In early 2007, the province experienced one of the coldest winters in the last 70 years.

Punjab's region temperature ranges from −2° to 45 °C, but can reach 50 °C (122 °F) in summer and can touch down to −10 °C in winter.

Climatically, Punjab has three major seasons:

• Hot weather (April to early June) when temperature rises as high as 123 °F (51 °C).
• Rainy season (late June to September). Average annual rainfall ranges between 950 and 1300 mm sub-mountain region and 500–800 mm in the plains.
• Cold / Foggy / mild weather (October to March). Temperature goes down as low as 35.6 °F (2.0 °C).

Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well, and feature a much cooler and wetter climate, with snowfall common at higher altitudes.

Demographics

See also: Punjabi Muslims and List of populated places in Punjab

Historical population figures
Census	Population	Urban	Rural
1881	7,942,399	—	—
1891	8,895,342	—	—
1901	10,427,765	—	—
1911	11,104,585	—	—
1921	11,888,985	—	—
1931	14,040,798	—	—
1941	17,350,103	—	—
1951	20,540,762	3,568,076	16,972,686
1961	25,463,974	5,475,922	19,988,052
1972	37,607,423	9,182,695	28,424,728
1981	47,292,441	13,051,646	34,240,795
1998	73,621,290	23,019,025	50,602,265
2017	110,012,615	40,401,164	70,008,451
2023	127,688,922	51,975,967	75,712,955

Population

The province is home to over half the population of Pakistan, and is the world's second-most populous subnational entity, and the most populous outside of India and China.

Languages

See also: Languages of Pakistan and Punjabi dialects and languages

Languages of Punjab, Pakistan
(2023 Census)

  Punjabi (67%)  Saraiki (20.64%)  Urdu (7.18%)  Pashto (1.87%)  Balochi (0.83%)  Mewati (0.81%)  Hindko (0.6%)  Others (1.02%)

The major native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi, representing the largest language spoken in the country. The Punjabi language is spoken in the form of many dialects across the province including Majhi, Multani, Pothwari, Thali, Jhangvi, Dhanni, Shahpuri, Derawali, Riasti and others. Many of these dialects are grouped together in the form of varieties such as Saraiki in the south consisting of southern dialects including Multani, Derawali and Riasti; and Hindko in the northwest consisting of a group of northwestern dialects. Saraiki and Hindko varieties of the language have been separately enumerated from Punjabi (general) in Pakistani censuses from 1981 and 2017, respectively.

Pashto is also spoken in some parts of Punjab, especially in Attock, Mianwali and Rawalpindi districts.

Religions

See also: Christianity in Punjab, Pakistan; Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan; and Religion in the Punjab

Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (2023 Census)

  Islam (97.75%)  Christianity (1.93%)  Hinduism (0.19%)  All Others (0.13%)

According to the 2023 census, the population of Punjab, Pakistan was 127,688,922. With 124,462,897 adherents, Muslims comprise the largest religious group, with a Sunni Hanafi majority and a Shia Ithna 'ashariyah minority, forming approximately 97.75 percent of the population. The largest non-Muslim minority is Christians with 2,458,924 adherents, forming roughly 1.93 percent of the population. Hindus form 249,716 people, comprising approximately 0.20 percent of the population. The other minorities include Sikhs and Parsis.

Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (1881–2023)

Religious group	1881		1891		1901		1911		1921		1931		1941		1951		1998		2017		2023
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	6,201,859	78.09%	6,766,545	76.07%	7,951,155	76.25%	8,494,314	76.49%	8,975,288	75.49%	10,570,029	75.28%	13,022,160	75.06%	20,200,794	97.89%	71,574,830	97.22%	107,541,602	97.77%	124,462,897	97.75%
Hinduism	1,449,913	18.26%	1,727,810	19.42%	1,944,363	18.65%	1,645,758	14.82%	1,797,141	15.12%	1,957,878	13.94%	2,373,466	13.68%	33,052	0.16%	116,410	0.16%	211,641	0.19%	249,716	0.2%
Sikhism	272,908	3.44%	366,162	4.12%	483,999	4.64%	813,441	7.33%	863,091	7.26%	1,180,789	8.41%	1,530,112	8.82%	—	—	—	—	—	—	5,649	0.004%
Christianity	12,992	0.16%	30,168	0.34%	42,371	0.41%	144,514	1.3%	247,030	2.08%	324,730	2.31%	395,311	2.28%	402,617	1.95%	1,699,843	2.31%	2,063,063	1.88%	2,458,924	1.93%
Jainism	4,352	0.05%	4,408	0.05%	5,562	0.05%	5,977	0.05%	5,930	0.05%	6,921	0.05%	9,520	0.05%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Zoroastrianism	354	0.004%	215	0.002%	300	0.003%	377	0.003%	309	0.003%	413	0.003%	312	0.002%	195	0.001%	—	—	—	—	358	0.0003%
Buddhism	0	0%	0	0%	6	0.0001%	168	0.002%	172	0.001%	32	0.0002%	87	0.001%	9	0%	—	—	—	—	—	—
Judaism	—	—	17	0.0002%	9	0.0001%	36	0.0003%	16	0.0001%	6	0%	7	0%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Ahmadiyya	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	181,428	0.25%	158,021	0.14%	140,512	0.11%
Others	21	0.0003%	17	0.0002%	0	0%	0	0%	8	0.0001%	0	0%	19,534	0.11%	35	0.0002%	48,779	0.07%	15,328	0.01%	15,249	0.01%
Total responses	7,942,399	100%	8,895,342	100%	10,427,765	100%	11,104,585	100%	11,888,985	100%	14,040,798	100%	17,350,103	100%	20,636,702	99.93%	73,621,290	100%	109,989,655	100%	127,333,305	99.72%
Total population	7,942,399	100%	8,895,342	100%	10,427,765	100%	11,104,585	100%	11,888,985	100%	14,040,798	100%	17,350,103	100%	20,651,140	100%	73,621,290	100%	109,989,655	100%	127,688,922	100%

Government and administration

Main article: Government of Punjab, Pakistan See also: Provincial Assembly of the Punjab; Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan; and Governor of Punjab, Pakistan

The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Maryam Nawaz Sharif, who is also the first ever woman Chief Minister of any province in Pakistan. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.

There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant. The Chief Secretary in turn, reports to the Chief Minister. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary.

Divisions

Main article: Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan

Sr. No.	Division	Headquarters	Area (km)	Population (2023)
1	Bahawalpur	Bahawalpur	45,588	13,400,009
2	Dera Ghazi Khan	Dera Ghazi Khan	38,778	12,892,465
3	Faisalabad	Faisalabad	17,918	16,228,526
4	Gujranwala	Gujranwala	17,207	18,778,868
5	Gujrat	Gujrat	New	New
6	Lahore	Lahore	11,727	22,772,710
7	Multan	Multan	15,211	14,085,102
8	Rawalpindi	Rawalpindi	22,254	11,406,496
9	Sahiwal	Sahiwal	10,302	8,533,471
10	Sargodha	Sargodha	26,360	9,591,275

Districts

Main article: Districts of Pakistan

Sr. No.	District	Headquarters	Area (km)	Population (2023)	Density (people per km)	Division
1	Attock	Attock	6,858	2,170,423	316.7	Rawalpindi
2	Bahawalnagar	Bahawalnagar	8,878	3,550,342	399.6	Bahawalpur
3	Bahawalpur	Bahawalpur	24,830	4,284,964	172.3	Bahawalpur
4	Bhakkar	Bhakkar	8,153	1,957,470	240.5	Mianwali
5	Chakwal	Chakwal	6,524	1,734,854	266.2	Rawalpindi
6	Chiniot	Chiniot	2,643	1,563,024	591.3	Faisalabad
7	Dera Ghazi Khan	Dera Ghazi Khan	11,922	3,393,705	285.8	Dera Ghazi Khan
8	Faisalabad	Faisalabad	5,856	9,075,819	1,551.7	Faisalabad
9	Gujranwala	Gujranwala	3,622	5,959,750	1,644.5	Gujranwala
10	Gujrat	Gujrat	3,192	3,219,375	1,007.0	Gujrat
11	Hafizabad	Hafizabad	2,367	1,319,909	557.0	Gujrat
12	Jampur	Jampur	N/A	N/A	N/A	Dera Ghazi Khan
13	Jhang	Jhang	6,166	3,065,639	497.6	Faisalabad
14	Jhelum	Jhelum	3,587	1,382,308	385.7	Rawalpindi
15	Kasur	Kasur	3,995	4,084,286	1,021.4	Lahore
16	Khanewal	Khanewal	4,349	3,364,077	774.3	Multan
17	Khushab	Jauharabad	6,511	1,501,089	230.8	Sargodha
18	Lahore	Lahore	1,772	13,004,135	7,336.6	Lahore
19	Layyah	Layyah	6,289	2,102,386	334.5	Dera Ghazi Khan
20	Lodhran	Lodhran	2,778	1,928,299	693.5	Multan
21	Mandi Bahauddin	Mandi Bahauddin	2,673	1,829,486	683.1	Gujrat
22	Mianwali	Mianwali	5,840	1,798,268	307.4	Mianwali
23	Multan	Multan	3,720	5,362,305	1,441.1	Multan
24	Muzaffargarh	Muzaffargarh	8,249	5,015,325	607.5	Dera Ghazi Khan
25	Nankana Sahib	Nankana Sahib	2,216	1,634,871	737.0	Lahore
26	Narowal	Narowal	2,337	1,950,954	834.3	Gujranwala
27	Okara	Okara	4,377	3,515,490	802.2	Sahiwal
28	Pakpattan	Pakpattan	2,724	2,136,170	785.3	Sahiwal
29	Rahim Yar Khan	Rahim Yar Khan	11,880	5,564,703	468.2	Bahawalpur
30	Rajanpur	Rajanpur	12,319	2,381,049	193.3	Dera Ghazi Khan
31	Rawalpindi	Rawalpindi	5,286	6,118,911	1,156.5	Rawalpindi
32	Sahiwal	Sahiwal	3,201	2,881,811	900.6	Sahiwal
33	Sargodha	Sargodha	5,854	4,334,448	740.1	Sargodha
34	Sheikhupura	Sheikhupura	3,744	4,049,418	1,080.3	Lahore
35	Sialkot	Sialkot	3,016	4,499,394	1,492.5	Gujranwala
36	Toba Tek Singh	Toba Tek Singh	3,252	2,524,044	776.2	Faisalabad
37	Vehari	Vehari	4,364	3,430,421	787.7	Multan
38	Talagang	Talagang	N/A	N/A	N/A	Rawalpindi
39	Murree	Murree	N/A	N/A	N/A	Rawalpindi
40	Taunsa	Taunsa	N/A	N/A	N/A	Dera Ghazi Khan
41	Kot Addu	Kot Addu	N/A	N/A	N/A	Dera Ghazi Khan
42	Wazirabad	Wazirabad	N/A	N/A	N/A	Gujrat

Major cities

Main articles: List of cities in Punjab (Pakistan) and List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by population

List of major cities in Punjab
Rank	City	District	Population	Image
1	Lahore	Lahore	11,126,285
2	Faisalabad	Faisalabad	3,204,726
3	Rawalpindi	Rawalpindi	2,098,231
4	Gujranwala	Gujranwala	2,027,001
5	Multan	Multan	1,871,843
6	Bahawalpur	Bahawalpur	762,111
7	Sargodha	Sargodha	659,862
8	Sialkot	Sialkot	655,852
9	Sheikhupura	Sheikhupura	473,129
10	Rahim Yar Khan	Rahim Yar Khan	420,419
11	Jhang	Jhang	414,131
12	Dera Ghazi Khan	Dera Ghazi Khan	399,064
13	Gujrat	Gujrat	390,533
14	Sahiwal	Sahiwal	389,605
15	Wah Cantonment	Rawalpindi	380,103
Source: pbscensus 2017
This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.

Economy

Further information: Dadukhel mine

Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also a major manpower contributor because it has the largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions ranging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8% and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% and 8% per year. and during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.

Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.

Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods. Industrial estates are being developed by Punjab government to boost industrialization in province, Quaid e Azam Business Park Sheikhupura is one of the industrial areas which is being developed near Sheikhupura on Lahore-Islamabad motorway.

Punjab has the lowest poverty rates in Pakistan, although a divide is present between the northern and southern parts of the province. Sialkot District in the prosperous northern part of the province has a poverty rate of 5.63%, while Rajanpur District in the poorer south has a poverty rate of 60.05%.

Education

See also: List of schools in Punjab, Pakistan

The literacy rate has increased greatly over the last 40 years (see the table below). Punjab has the highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.550.

Year	Literacy Rate
1972	20.7%
1981	27.4%
1998	46.56%
2009	59.6%
2021	66.3%

Sources:

This is a chart of the education market of Punjab estimated by the government in 1998.

Qualification	Urban	Rural	Total	Enrollment Ratio(%)
–	23,019,025	50,602,265	73,621,290	—
Below Primary	3,356,173	11,598,039	14,954,212	100.00
Primary	6,205,929	18,039,707	24,245,636	79.68
Middle	5,140,148	10,818,764	15,958,912	46.75
Matriculation	4,624,522	7,119,738	11,744,260	25.07
Intermediate	1,862,239	1,821,681	3,683,920	9.12
BA, BSc... degrees	110,491	96,144	206,635	4.12
MA, MSc... degrees	1,226,914	764,094	1,991,008	3.84
Diploma, Certificate...	418,946	222,649	641,595	1.13
Other qualifications	73,663	121,449	195,112	0.26

List of universities

University	Location	Established	Campuses	Specialization	Type
1 King Edward Medical University	Lahore	1860		Medicine	Public
2 Government College University, Lahore	Lahore	1864		General	Public
3 Forman Christian College	Lahore	1864		General	Private
4 National College of Arts	Lahore	1875	Rawalpindi	Art and design	Public
5 University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences	Lahore	1882	Jhang, Pattoki, Narowal, Layyah	Veterinary and animal sciences	Public
6 University of the Punjab	Lahore	1882	Gujranwala, Jhelum, Khanspur	General	Public
7 Punjab Tianjin University of Technology	Lahore	2018		Engineering and technology	Public
8 University of Agriculture, Faisalabad	Faisalabad	1906	Burewala, Toba Tek Singh, Depalpur	Agriculture	Public
9 Namal Institute	Mianwali	2008		Engineering and technology	Private
10 Kinnaird College for Women University	Lahore	1913		General	Public
11 University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore	Lahore	1921	Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Narowal	Engineering and technology	Public
12 Lahore College for Women University	Lahore	1922	Jhang	General	Public
13 Government College University, Faisalabad	Faisalabad	1897	Layyah, Sahiwal, Chiniot	General	Public
14 Fatima Jinnah Medical University	Lahore	1948		Medicine	Public
15 National Textile University	Faisalabad	1959	Karachi	Textile engineering and design	Public
16 Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University	Rawalpindi	1970		Agriculture	Public
17 Bahauddin Zakariya University	Multan	1975	Layyah, Vehari	General	Public
18 The Islamia University of Bahawalpur	Bahawalpur	1975	Bahawalnagar, Rahim Yar Khan	General	Public
19 University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila	Taxila	1975		Engineering and technology	Public
20 Lahore University of Management Sciences	Lahore	1984		General	Private
21 NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology	Multan	1985		Engineering and technology	Public
22 Institute of Management Sciences, Lahore	Lahore	1987		General	Private
23 University of Management and Technology, Lahore	Lahore	1990	Sialkot	General	Private
24 National College of Business Administration and Economics	Lahore	1994	Multan, Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan	General	Private
25 Lahore School of Economics	Lahore	1997		General	Private
26 Fatima Jinnah Women University	Rawalpindi	1998		General	Public
27 University of Sargodha	Sargodha	2002	Bhakkar	General	Public
28 University of Health Sciences, Lahore	Lahore	2002		Health sciences	Public
29 University of Education	Lahore	2002	Attock, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad, Jauharabad, Multan, Vehari	Education	Public
30 GIFT University	Gujranwala	2002		General	Private
31 Hajvery University	Lahore	2002	Sheikhupura	General	Private
32 University of Central Punjab	Lahore	2002		General	Private
33 University of Faisalabad	Faisalabad	2002		General	Private
34 University of Lahore	Lahore	1999	Gujrat, Sargodha, Pakpattan	General	Private
35 Beaconhouse National University	Lahore	2003		General	Private
36 University of South Asia	Lahore	2003		General	Private
37 University of Gujrat	Gujrat	2004	Lahore, Rawalpindi, Narowal, Mandi Bahauddin	General	Public
38 Superior University	Lahore	2004		General	Private
39 Minhaj University, Lahore	Lahore	2005		General	Private
40 HITEC University	Taxila	2007		General	Private
41 University of Wah	Wah	2009		General	Private
42 Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design	Lahore	1994		Fashion and design	Public
43 Women University Multan	Multan	2010		General	Public
44 Institute of Southern Punjab	Multan	2010		General	Private
45 Qarshi University	Lahore	2011		General	Private
46 Government College Women University, Sialkot	Sialkot	2012		General	Public
47 Government Sadiq College Women University	Bahawalpur	2012		General	Public
48 Ghazi University	Dera Ghazi Khan	2012		General	Public
49 Government College Women University, Faisalabad	Faisalabad	2012		General	Public
50 Information Technology University (Lahore)	Lahore	2012		General	Public
51 Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture	Multan	2012		General	Public
52 Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology	Multan	2012		General	Public
53 Virtual University of Pakistan	Lahore	2002	Across the entire Pakistan	General	Public
54 Lahore Garrison University	Lahore	2012		General	Private
55 Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences	Bahawalpur	2014		Veterinary and animal sciences	Public
56 Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology	Rahim Yar Khan	2014		Engineering and technology	Public
57 University of Engineering and Technology, Rasul	Mandi Bahauddin	1873		Engineering and technology	Public
58 University of Sahiwal	Sahiwal	2015		General	Public
59 University of Okara	Okara	2015		General	Public
60 University of Jhang	Jhang	2015		General	Public
61 NUR International University	Lahore	2015		General	Private
62 University of Sialkot	Sialkot	2013		General	Private
63 Faisalabad Medical University	Faisalabad	1973		Medicine	Public
64 Rawalpindi Medical University	Rawalpindi	1974		Medicine	Public
65 Nishtar Medical University	Multan	1951		Medicine	Public
66 National University of Medical Sciences	Rawalpindi	2015		Medicine	Public
67 University of Home Economics Lahore	Lahore	1955		Home economics	Public
68 Mir Chakar Khan Rind University of Technology	Dera Ghazi Khan	2019		Engineering and technology	Public
69 Rawalpindi Women University	Rawalpindi	1950		General	Public
70 Institute for Art and Culture	Lahore	2019		Art and design	Public
71 University of Narowal	Narowal	2014		General	Public
72 Al-Qadir University	Sohawa	2021		Sufism	Public
73 Baba Guru Nanak University	Nankana Sahib	2021		General	Public
74 University of Chakwal	Chakwal	2020		General	Public
75 University of Mianwali	Mianwali	2020		General	Public
76 University of Chenab	Gujrat	2021		General	Private
76 Thal University	Bhakkar	2021		General	Public
77 Green International University	Lahore	2020		General	Private
78 Kohsar University Murree	Murree	2021		General	Public
79 Lahore Institute of Science and Technology	Lahore	2022		General	Private
80 Grand Asian University Sialkot	Sialkot	2022		General	Private
81 Government Viqar-un-Nisa Women University	Rawalpindi	2022		General	Public

Culture

Main article: Punjabi culture

The culture in Punjab grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization, dating back to 3000 BCE. Agriculture has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership. Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the Green Revolution during the mid-1960's to the mid-1970's, has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan".

Fairs and festivals

Main article: Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)

The Islamic festivals are typically observed. Non-Islamic festivals include Lohri, Basant and Vaisakhi, which are usually celebrated as seasonal festivals. The Islamic festivals are set according to the lunar Islamic calendar (Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year.

Some Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban the participation of non-Islamic festivals because of the religious basis, and they being declared haram (forbidden in Islam).

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Punjab, Pakistan

Tourism in Punjab is regulated by the Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab. The province has a number of large cosmopolitan cities, including the provincial capital Lahore. Major visitor attractions there include Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens, which are now recognised World Heritage Sites. The Walled City of Lahore, Badshahi Mosque, Wazir Khan Mosque, Tomb of Jahangir and Nur Jahan, Tomb of Asaf Khan, Chauburji and other major sites are visited by tourists each year.

Murree is a famous hill station stop for tourists. The Pharwala Fort, which was built by an ancient Hindu civilisation, is on the outskirts of the city. The city of Sheikhupura also has a number of sites from the Mughal Empire, including the World Heritage-listed Rohtas Fort near Jhelum. The Katasraj temple in the city of Chakwal is a major destination for Hindu devotees. The Khewra Salt Mines is one of the oldest mines in South Asia. Faisalabad's clock tower and eight bazaars were designed to represent the Union Jack.

The province's southward is arid. Multan is known for its mausoleums of saints and Sufi pirs. The Multan Museum, Multan fort, DHA 360° zoo and Nuagaza tombs are significant attractions in the city. The city of Bahawalpur is located near the Cholistan and Thar deserts. Derawar Fort in the Cholistan Desert is the site for the annual Cholistan Jeep Rally. The city is also near the ancient site of Uch Sharif which was once a Delhi Sultanate stronghold. The Noor Mahal, Sadiq Ghar Palace, and Darbar Mall were built during the reign of the Nawabs. The Lal Suhanra National Park is a major zoological garden on the outskirts of the city.

Social issues

See also: Punjabi Language Movement

The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that the Punjabi language in the province is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish.

In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level. In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province. Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day.

Hafiz Saeed, chief of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah (JuD), has questioned Pakistan's decision to adopt Urdu as its national language in a country where majority of people speak Punjabi language, citing his interpretation of Islamic doctrine as encouraging education in the mother-tongue. Some of the organisations and activists that demand the promotion of the Punjabi language include:

• Cultural and research institutes: Punjabi Adabi Board, the Khoj Garh Research Centre, Punjabi Prachar, Institute for Peace and Secular Studies, Adbi Sangat, Khaaksaar Tehreek, Saanjh, Maan Boli Research Centre, Punjabi Sangat Pakistan, Punjabi Markaz, Sver International.
• Trade unions and youth groups: Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union-Pakistan, Punjabi National Conference, National Youth Forum, Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union, Pakistan, and the Punjabi National Conference.
• Notable activists include Tariq Jatala, Farhad Iqbal, Diep Saeeda, Khalil Ojla, Afzal Sahir, Jamil Ahmad Paul, Mazhar Tirmazi, Mushtaq Sufi, Biya Je, Tohid Ahmad Chattha and Bilal Shaker Kahaloon, Nazeer Kahut.

Notable people

• List of people from Punjab, Pakistan, also includes people born in what is today Indian Punjab but moved to Pakistan after partition
• List of Punjabi people, also includes people of Punjabi ethnicity from India and elsewhere

Notes

1. ^ Punjab's contribution to national economy was 60.58%, or $925 billion (PPP) and $225 billion (nominal) in 2022.
2. Islamabad Capital Territory is Pakistan's least impoverished administrative unit, but ICT is not a province. Azad Kashmir also has a rate of poverty lower than Punjab, but is not a province.
3. ^ 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here:
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
4. ^ 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here:
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
5. ^ 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here:
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
6. ^ 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here:
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
7. ^ 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur (inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census), Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here:
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
8. ^ 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Montgomery, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1891 census data here:
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
9. ^ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Montgomery, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), and one princely state (Bahawalpur) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1881 census data here:
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
10. 1931–1941 census: Including Ad-Dharmis

References

1. "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Punjab province)" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk). 5 August 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
2. "GDP OF KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA'S DISTRICTS" (PDF). kpbos.gov.pk.
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4. "Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab". Globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
5. ^ "KP Achieves Highest Literacy Rate Growth Among All Provinces". Propakistani. 9 June 2022.
6. "Provincial Assembly – Punjab". Archived from the original on 1 February 2009.
7. "'Wrong number' couple fight India deportation". BBC News. 4 September 2023.
8. ^ Government of the Punjab – Planning & Development Department (March 2015). "PUNJAB GROWTH STRATEGY 2018 Accelerating Economic Growth and Improving Social Outcomes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2016. The industrial sector of Punjab employs around 23% of the province's labour force and contributes 24% to the provincial GDP
9. ^ Farooqui, Tashkeel (20 June 2016). "Northern Punjab, urban Sindh people more prosperous than rest of country: report". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
10. Arif, G. M. "Poverty Profile of Pakistan" (PDF). Benazir Income Support Programme. Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. Among the four provinces, the highest incidence of poverty is found in Sindh (45%), followed by Balochistan (44%), Khyber Pakhtukhaw (KP) (37%) and Punjab (21%)
11. Arif, G. M. "Poverty Profile of Pakistan" (PDF). Benazir Income Support Programme. Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. See Table 5, Page 12 "Sialkot District"
12. ^ Arif, G. M. "Poverty Profile of Pakistan" (PDF). Benazir Income Support Programme. Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. See Table 5, Page 12 "Rajanpur District"
13. Government of the Punjab – Planning & Development Department (March 2015). "PUNJAB GROWTH STRATEGY 2018 Accelerating Economic Growth and Improving Social Outcomes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2016. Punjab is among the most urbanized regions of South Asia and is experiencing a consistent and long-term demographic shift of the population to urban regions and cities, with around 40% of the province's population living in urban areas
14. "TABLE 9 – POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN" (PDF). Retrieved 23 January 2023.
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16. Chaudhary, M. Azam. "Barrī Imām". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
17. Nizami, K.A., "Farīd al-Dīn Masʿūd "Gand̲j̲-I-S̲h̲akar"", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.
18. Gilmartin, David (1988). Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. University of California Press. pp. 40–41.
19. Macauliffe, Max Arthur (2004) . The Sikh Religion – Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. India: Low Price Publications. ISBN 81-86142-31-2.
20. Singh, Khushwant (2006). The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. India: Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 0-19-567747-1.
21. Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2008). The History of Pakistan. Greenwood Publishing Group.
22. "Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (Pakistan)". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
23. Canfield, Robert L. (1991). Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 1 ("Origins"). ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5.
24. H K Manmohan Siṅgh. "The Punjab". The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh. Punjabi University, Patiala. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
25. Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois: Aleph Book Company. p. 1 ("Introduction"). ISBN 978-93-83064-41-0.
26. "Punjab." Pp. 107 in Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.), vol. 20.
27. Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-61530-202-4. The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.
28. Rajesh Bala (2005). "Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab". In Sukhdial Singh (ed.). Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18–20, 2005: Proceedings. Punjabi University. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-7380-990-3. The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for "Five rivers" the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus.
29. Grewal, J. S. (2004). "Historical Geography of the Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 11 (1). University of California, Santa Barbara: 1–18. ISSN 0971-5223. OCLC 436148809.
30. Lassen, Christian. 1827. Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica Archived 18 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine . Weber. p. 4: "That part of India which today we call by the Persian name ''Penjab'' is named Panchanada in the sacred language of the Indians; either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Πενταποταμια. The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt, although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian.... But, in truth, that final word is never, to my knowledge, used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way; on the other hand, there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word, e.g., Doab and Nilab. Therefore, it is probable that the name Penjab, which is today found in all geographical books, is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India, among whom the Persian language was mostly in use. That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the most ancient Indian poems, and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians; for Panchála, which English translations of the Ramayana render with Penjab...is the name of another region, entirely distinct from Pentapotamia...."
31. Latif, Syad Muhammad (1891). History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time. Calcultta Central Press Company. p. 1. The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, panj (five), an áb (water), having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features."
32. Khalid, Kanwal (2015). "Lahore of Pre Historic Era" (PDF). Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 52 (2): 73. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2019. The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. In the later period, the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (Penta means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab" for this region. Again, it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet.
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34. ^ Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 257–259. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
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47. Hazel, John (2013). Who's Who in the Greek World. Routledge. p. 155. ISBN 9781134802241. Menander king in India, known locally as Milinda, born at a village named Kalasi near Alasanda (Alexandria-in-the-Caucasus), and who was himself the son of a king. After conquering the Punjab, where he made Sagala his capital, he made an expedition across northern India and visited Patna, the capital of the Mauraya empire, though he did not succeed in conquering this land as he appears to have been overtaken by wars on the north-west frontier with Eucratides.
48. Ahir, D. C. (1971). Buddhism in the Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Maha Bodhi Society of India. p. 31. OCLC 1288206. Demetrius died in 166 B.C., and Apollodotus, who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B.C. After his death, Menander carved out a kingdom in Punjab. Thus from 161 B.C. onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his death in 145 B.C. or 130 B.C.
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50. Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014). The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion. Oxford University Press. pp. 489–491. ISBN 978-0-19-971354-7. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2022. First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the performance of the circumsicion (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana).
51. Hudud, al-Alam (1970). Hudud Al-Alam, 'the Regions of the World': A Persian Geography, 327A.H. – 982A.D. Luzac.
52. Suvorova, Anna (22 July 2004). Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries. Routledge. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-134-37006-1.
53. Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat (2006). Early Mystics in Turkish Literature. Psychology Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-415-36686-1.
54. PARIHAR, SUBHASH (2001). "The Dargāh of Bābā Ḥājī Ratan at Bhatinda". Islamic Studies. 40 (1): 105–132. doi:10.52541/isiri.v40i1.5057. ISSN 0578-8072. JSTOR 20837077.
55. Snehi, Yogesh (24 April 2019). Spatializing Popular Sufi Shrines in Punjab: Dreams, Memories, Territoriality. Taylor & Francis. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-429-51563-7.
56. Rahman, Abdul (2002). "New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis" (PDF). Ancient Pakistan. XV: 37–42. The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi dynasty.
57. Meister, Michael W. (2005). "The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North" (PDF). Ancient Pakistan. XVI: 41–48. Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".
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59. MacLean, Derryl N. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0.
60. Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 76. ISBN 978-81-207-0617-0.
61. See:
    • M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, ISBN 978-9004177581, Brill
    • The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91–109
    • Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar – Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, ISBN 978-9004083417, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat
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Bibliography

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External links

• Official website
• Guide to Punjab, Pakistan

v t e Province of Punjab, Pakistan topics
History	History of Punjab Harappa History of Lahore
Government	Provincial Assembly Chief Minister Governor
Culture	Punjabis Punjabi tribes Punjabi language Saraiki people Saraiki language Folklore Saraiki Ajrak Pothwar Pothwari dialect Cuisine Diaspora Music Dress Salwar (Punjabi) Suit Archaeological sites and monuments Festivals
Geography	Cities Districts Region
Divisions	Bahawalpur Dera Ghazi Khan Faisalabad Gujranwala Gujrat Lahore Mianwali Multan Rawalpindi Sahiwal Sarghoda
Districts	Attock Bahawalnagar Bahawalpur Bhakkar Chakwal Chiniot Dera Ghazi Khan Fasialabad Gujranwala Gujrat Hafizabad Jampur Jhang Jhelum Khanewal Khushab Kot Addu Lahore Layyah Lodhran Mandi Bahauddin Mianwali Murree Multan Muzaffargarh Nankana Narowal Okara Pakpattan Kasur Rahim Yar Khan Rajanpur Rawalpindi Sahiwal Sargodha Sheikhupura Sialkot Talagang Taunsa Toba Tek Vehari Wazirabad
Education	University of the Punjab
Sport	Gaddafi Stadium Iqbal Stadium Faisalabad Hockey Stadium
Major cities	Lahore Faisalabad Rawalpindi Gujranwala Multan Sialkot

v t e The Rivers of Punjab
Indus Jhelum Chenab Ravi Beas Sutlej

v t e Provinces and administrative units of Pakistan
Provinces	Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh
Territories	Islamabad Capital Territory
Administrative regions	Azad Kashmir Gilgit-Baltistan
See also: Former administrative units of Pakistan

v t e Districts of Punjab, Pakistan
Provincial capital: Lahore
Bahawalpur	Bahawalnagar Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan
Dera Ghazi Khan	Dera Ghazi Khan Jampur Kot Addu Layyah Muzaffargarh Rajanpur Taunsa
Faisalabad	Chiniot Faisalabad Jhang Toba Tek Singh
Gujranwala	Gujranwala Narowal Sialkot
Gujrat	Gujrat Hafizabad Mandi Bahauddin Wazirabad
Lahore	Kasur Lahore Nankana Sahib Sheikhupura
Mianwali	Bhakkar Mianwali Talagang
Multan	Khanewal Lodhran Multan Vehari
Rawalpindi	Attock Chakwal Jhelum Murree Rawalpindi
Sahiwal	Okara Pakpattan Sahiwal
Sargodha	Khushab Sargodha

Categories:

• Punjab, Pakistan
• Provinces of Pakistan
• 1970 establishments in Pakistan
• States and territories established in 1970
• Punjabi-speaking countries and territories