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Listed here are the monarchs who reigned over Canada, starting with the ], which subsequently became a ], followed by the British ] of Canada, and, finally, the present-day sovereign state of ].{{refn|<ref>{{Cite book| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S.| author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| page=2| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2012| edition=2|url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=28 November 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110140303/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| archive-date=2012-11-10| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1331826436671/1335290506351| title=Crown in Canada – The Monarch| date=1 June 2012| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=20 October 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209092009/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1331826436671/1335290506351| archive-date=9 February 2015| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/index-eng.cfm| last=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=14 May 2009| archive-date=25 August 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825002610/https://www.canada.ca/home.html| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Kenney>{{Cite book| last=Kenney| first=Jason| author-link=Jason Kenney| date=23 April 2007| contribution=Speech to the Lieutenant Governors Meeting| contribution-url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/minstr/arc_disc-spch/kenney/2007/20070423-eng.cfm| editor-last=Department of Canadian Heritage| editor-link=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Speeches > The Honourable Jason Kenney| place=Regina| publication-place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=27 January 2010| archive-date=11 June 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611163321/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/minstr/arc_disc-spch/kenney/2007/20070423-eng.cfm| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Valpy1109>{{Cite news| last=Valpy| first=Michael| author-link=Michael Valpy| title=The monarchy: Offshore, but built-in| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=13 November 2009|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/the-monarchy-offshore-but-built-in/article4292569/?page=all| accessdate=14 November 2009| location=Toronto}}</ref><ref name=MacLeod6>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last=Monet| first=Jacques| work=The Canadian Encyclopedia| title=Governor General| editor-last=Marsh| editor-first=James Harley| place=Toronto| publisher=Historica Canada|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003350| accessdate=5 March 2010| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211042131/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003350| archive-date=11 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| last=The Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government| publisher=Queen's Printer| accessdate=5 March 2010| archive-date=27 July 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727070332/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Coyne| first=Andrew| author-link=Andrew Coyne| title=Defending the royals| journal=Maclean's| publisher=Roger's Communications| location=Toronto| date=13 November 2009|url=http://www.macleans.ca/2009/11/13/defending-the-royals/| issn=0024-9262| accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/article/1193941--celebrating-the-diamond-jubilee-of-elizabeth-ii-queen-of-canada| last=Editorial| title=Celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada| date=26 May 2012| newspaper=Toronto Star| accessdate=27 May 2012}}</ref>}} The date of the first claim by a monarch over Canada varies, with most sources giving the year as 1497, when ] made landfall somewhere on the North American coast (likely either modern-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia) and claimed the land for England on behalf of ].{{refn|<ref>{{cite web| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1396018229970/| title=The Royal Family| publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada| date=24 September 2014| accessdate=9 December 2015| author=Government of Canada| archive-date=11 December 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211000813/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1396018229970/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/discover/section-06.asp| title=Discover Canada – Canada's History| publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada| date=1 July 2012| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-cabot| title=John Cabot| publisher=Historica Canada| date=1 July 2008| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=first_voyages| title=The First Voyages of the Europeans| publisher=University of Ottawa| accessdate=20 January 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203094354/http://www.slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=first_voyages| archive-date=2014-02-03| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/documents/explorers/John%20Cabot.html| title=The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography| publisher=Canada History| year=1990| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Croxton, Derek| archive-date=5 December 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205233539/http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/documents/explorers/John%20Cabot.html| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1497.html| title=John Cabot's Voyage of 1497| publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage| year=1997| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Memorial University of Newfoundland}}</ref><ref name=Harper>{{Cite book| last=Harper| first=Stephen| author-link=Stephen Harper| year=2008| publication-date=2012| contribution=Letter| contribution-url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| editor-last=MacLeod| editor-first=Kevin S.| editor-link=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| page=vii| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=28 November 2012| archive-date=10 November 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110140303/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| last1=Bousfield| first1=Arthur| last2=Toffoli| first2=Garry| title=The Sovereigns of Canada| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=5 March 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213024/http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| archive-date=4 October 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref>}} However, some sources, instead, put this date at 1535, when the word ''Canada'' was first used to refer to the French colony of Canada,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363629314164/1363629390521| title=Origin of the Name - Canada| publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada| date=18 June 2013| accessdate=6 October 2015| url-status=bot: unknown| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412211144/http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363629314164/1363629390521| archive-date=12 April 2015}}</ref> which was founded in the name of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irpp.org/en/po/the-dollar/the-true-white-north-reflections-on-being-canadian/| archive-url=https://archive.today/20131020155041/http://www.irpp.org/en/po/the-dollar/the-true-white-north-reflections-on-being-canadian/| url-status=dead| archive-date=20 October 2013| title=The true white north: reflections on being Canadian |publisher=Institute for Research on Public Policy |date=February 2008| accessdate=20 October 2013| last=Robertson| first=Colin}}</ref><ref name=Senate>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Senate/Monarchy/senmonarchy_00-e.htm| last=Parliament of Canada| author-link=Parliament of Canada| title=Canada: A Constitutional Monarchy| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=25 September 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509072741/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Senate/Monarchy/SenMonarchy_00-e.htm| archive-date=9 May 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref> Monarchical governance subsequently evolved under a continuous succession of French, British, and eventually uniquely Canadian sovereigns.{{refn|<ref name=Kenney/><ref name=Valpy1109/><ref name=Harper /><ref name=Senate /><ref>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| pp=2–3, 39}}</ref><ref name=Monet>{{cite journal| last=Monet| first=Jacques| title=Crown and Country| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Summer 2007| issue=26| page=8| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2007|url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf| accessdate=15 June 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625225416/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf| archive-date=25 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| title=Queen and Canada| publisher=The British Monarchy| accessdate=12 November 2015| archive-date=27 July 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727070332/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref>}} Since the first claim by Henry VII,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crht.ca/the-monarchy-and-canadian-independence/| title=The Monarchy and Canadian Independence| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| year=2004| accessdate=21 October 2013| author1=Bousfield, Arthur| last2=Toffoli| first2=Garry| name-list-style=amp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022021359/http://crht.ca/the-monarchy-and-canadian-independence/| archive-date=22 October 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref> there have been 33 sovereigns of Canada, including two sets of co-sovereigns.{{refn|<ref name=CRHT>{{cite web|url=http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| last1=Bousfield| first1=Arthur| last2=Toffoli| first2=Garry| title=The Sovereigns of Canada| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=30 September 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213024/http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| archive-date=4 October 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=crown>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=78}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sovereign/| title=Sovereigns Who have Reigned Over Canada| publisher=Historica Canada| work=The Canadian Encyclodpdia| accessdate=28 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgontario.ca/en/biographies/pages/kings-and-queens.aspx| title=Kings and Queens of Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario| date=22 August 2013| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915013649/http://www.lgontario.ca/en/biographies/pages/kings-and-queens.aspx| archive-date=15 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-monarchie-monarchy/STAGING/texte-text/kingsandQueens_1363036597604_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| title=The Kings and Queens of Canada| publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada| year=2013| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Heritage Canada| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727185830/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-monarchie-monarchy/STAGING/texte-text/kingsandQueens_1363036597604_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| archive-date=2013-07-27| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy| publisher=Dundurn| author=Tidridge, Nathan| year=2011| location=Toronto| pages=233–236}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monarchist.ca/en/history| title=Canada's Monarchy throughout History| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| accessdate=12 November 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103031222/http://www.monarchist.ca/en/history| archive-date=3 January 2011}}</ref>}}


While Canada became a Dominion within the ] upon ] in 1867,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/confederation| title=Confederation| publisher=Historica Canada| date=22 September 2013| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref name=Heritage>{{cite web| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/101/102-eng.cfm| last=Department of Canadian Heritage| author-link=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The crown in Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=8 September 2009| archive-date=27 August 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827092532/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/101/102-eng.cfm| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution13_e.html| title=Constitutional History, 1867 – 1931: Becoming a Nation| publisher=Canadiana| accessdate=27 September 2013| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217201837/http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution13_e.html| archive-date=17 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| last=Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government| publisher=Queen's Printer| accessdate=8 September 2009| archive-date=27 July 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727070332/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref> the concept of a fully independent Canada sharing the person of the sovereign with the ] and other countries, such as ] and ], only emerged gradually over time through constitutional convention,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html| last=Heard| first=Andrew| title=Canadian Independence| publisher=Simon Fraser University| year=1990| accessdate=21 October 2013}}</ref> and was officially confirmed with the passage of the ] in 1931.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution15_e.html| title=Constitutional History, 1931 – 1982: Toward Renewal and Patriation| publisher=Canadiana| accessdate=27 September 2013| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114080534/http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution15_e.html| archive-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> Since then,<ref name=crown/> the Canadian Crown has been legally distinct from those of the other ]s, with its own separate and distinct monarch.{{#tag:ref|The ] ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth... in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada."<ref>{{cite court| litigants=R v Foreign Secretary, Ex parte Indian Association (as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998)| vol=QB 892 at 928| court=English Court of Appeal| date=June 1999|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1999/30.html}}</ref>|group=N|name=ECApp}} Although the term '']'' was used as early as the beginning of the reign of ],<ref>{{cite journal| last=Galbraith| first=William| title=Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit| journal=Canadian Parliamentary Review| volume=12| issue=3| publisher=Library of Parliament| location=Ottawa| year=1989|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=130&art=820| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205052132/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=130&art=820| url-status=dead| archive-date=5 December 2012| accessdate=3 January 2009}}</ref> it was not until 1953 that the monarch's title was made official, with ] being the first monarch to be separately proclaimed as Queen of Canada, as per the ].
Listed here are the monarchs who reigned over the ] and ] colonies of Canada, followed by the ] of Canada, and finally the present-day sovereign state of Canada.<ref>{{Cite book| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S.| authorlink=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| page=2| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2012| edition=2| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=28 November 2012| ref=harv| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110140303/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| archive-date=2012-11-10| dead-url=yes| df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1331826436671/1335290506351| title=Crown in Canada – The Monarch| date=1 June 2012| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/index-eng.cfm| last=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=14 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=Kenney>{{Cite book| last=Kenney| first=Jason| author-link=Jason Kenney| date=23 April 2007| contribution=Speech to the Lieutenant Governors Meeting| contribution-url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/minstr/arc_disc-spch/kenney/2007/20070423-eng.cfm| editor-last=Department of Canadian Heritage| editor-link=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Speeches > The Honourable Jason Kenney| place=Regina| publication-place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=27 January 2010}}</ref><ref name=Valpy1109>{{Cite news| last=Valpy| first=Michael| author-link=Michael Valpy| title=The monarchy: Offshore, but built-in| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=13 November 2009| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/the-monarchy-offshore-but-built-in/article4292569/?page=all| accessdate=14 November 2009| location=Toronto}}</ref><ref name=MacLeod6>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Monet |first=Jacques |contribution=The Canadian Encyclopedia |title=Government > Parliamentary Institutions > Governor General |editor-last=Marsh |editor-first=James Harley |place=Toronto |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003350 |accessdate=5 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211042131/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003350 |archivedate=11 February 2010 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| last=The Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government| publisher=Queen's Printer| accessdate=5 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Coyne| first=Andrew| authorlink=Andrew Coyne| title=Defending the royals| journal=Maclean's| publisher=Roger's Communications| location=Toronto| date=13 November 2009| url=http://www2.macleans.ca/2009/11/13/defending-the-royals/| issn=0024-9262| accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/article/1193941--celebrating-the-diamond-jubilee-of-elizabeth-ii-queen-of-canada| last=Editorial| title=Celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada| date=26 May 2012| newspaper=Toronto Star| accessdate=27 May 2012}}</ref> The date of the first claim by a monarch over Canada varies, with most sources giving the year as 1497, when ] made landfall somewhere on the North American coast (likely either modern-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia), and claimed the land for England on behalf of ].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1396018229970/| title=The Royal Family| publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada| date=24 September 2014| accessdate=9 December 2015| author=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/discover/section-06.asp| title=Discover Canada – Canada's History| publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada| date=1 July 2012| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/john-cabot/| title=John Cabot| publisher=Historica Canada| date=1 July 2008| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=first_voyages| title=The First Voyages of the Europeans| publisher=University of Ottawa| accessdate=20 January 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203094354/http://www.slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=first_voyages| archive-date=2014-02-03| dead-url=yes| df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/documents/explorers/John%20Cabot.html| title=The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography| publisher=Canada History| year=1990| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Croxton, Derek}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1497.html| title=John Cabot's Voyage of 1497| publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage| year=1997| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Memorial University of Newfoundland}}</ref><ref name=Harper>{{Cite book| last=Harper| first=Stephen| author-link=Stephen Harper| year=2008| publication-date=2012| contribution=Letter| contribution-url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| editor-last=MacLeod| editor-first=Kevin S.| editor-link=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| page=vii| place=Ottawa| publication-place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=28 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| last=Bousfield| first=Arthur| last2=Toffoli| first2=Garry| title=The Sovereigns of Canada| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=5 March 2010}}</ref> However, some sources instead put this date at 1534 when the word "Canada" was first used to refer to the French ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363629314164/1363629390521 |title=Origin of the Name - Canada |publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada |date=18 June 2013 |accessdate=6 October 2015 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412211144/http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363629314164/1363629390521 |archivedate=12 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> which was founded in the name of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irpp.org/en/po/the-dollar/the-true-white-north-reflections-on-being-canadian/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20131020155041/http://www.irpp.org/en/po/the-dollar/the-true-white-north-reflections-on-being-canadian/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-10-20 |title=The true white north: reflections on being Canadian |publisher=Institute for Research on Public Policy |date=February 2008 |accessdate=20 October 2013 |author=Robertson, Colin }}</ref><ref name=Senate>{{Cite web| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Senate/Monarchy/senmonarchy_00-e.htm| last=Parliament of Canada| authorlink=Parliament of Canada| title=Canada: A Constitutional Monarchy| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=25 September 2009}}</ref> Monarchical governance subsequently evolved under a continuous succession of French, British, and eventually uniquely Canadian sovereigns.<ref name=Kenney /><ref name=Valpy1109 /><ref name=Harper /><ref name=Senate /><ref>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| pp=2–3, 39}}</ref><ref name=Monet>{{cite journal| last=Monet| first=Jacques| title=Crown and Country| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Summer 2007| issue=26| page=8| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2007| format=PDF| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf| accessdate=15 June 2009| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625225416/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf| archivedate=25 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| title=Queen and Canada| publisher=The British Monarchy| accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref> Since the first claim by Henry VII,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://crht.ca/the-monarchy-and-canadian-independence/| title=The Monarchy and Canadian Independence| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| year=2004| accessdate=21 October 2013|author1=Bousfield, Arthur |author2=Toffoli, Garry |lastauthoramp=yes}}</ref> there have been 33 sovereigns of Canada, including two sets of co-sovereigns.<ref name=CRHT>{{cite web| url=http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| last=Bousfield| first=Arthur| last2=Toffoli| first2=Garry| title=The Sovereigns of Canada| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=crown>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=78}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sovereign/| title=Sovereigns Who have Reigned Over Canada| publisher=Historica Canada| work=The Canadian Encyclodpdia| accessdate=28 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgontario.ca/en/biographies/pages/kings-and-queens.aspx| title=Kings and Queens of Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario| date=22 August 2013| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915013649/http://www.lgontario.ca/en/biographies/pages/kings-and-queens.aspx| archivedate=September 15, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-monarchie-monarchy/STAGING/texte-text/kingsandQueens_1363036597604_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| title=The Kings and Queens of Canada| publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada| year=2013| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Heritage Canada| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727185830/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-monarchie-monarchy/STAGING/texte-text/kingsandQueens_1363036597604_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| archive-date=2013-07-27| dead-url=yes| df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy| publisher=Dundurn| author=Tidridge, Nathan| year=2011| location=Toronto| pages=233–236}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/en/history| title=Canada’s Monarchy throughout History| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| accessdate=12 November 2015| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103031222/http://www.monarchist.ca/en/history| archivedate=3 January 2011| df=}}</ref>

While ] became a ] within the ] upon ] in 1867,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/confederation/| title=Confederation| publisher=Historica Canada| date=22 September 2013| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref name=Heritage>{{cite web|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/101/102-eng.cfm| last=Department of Canadian Heritage| authorlink=Department of Canadian Heritage|title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The crown in Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution13_e.html| title=Constitutional History, 1867 – 1931: Becoming a Nation| publisher=Canadiana| accessdate=27 September 2013| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217201837/http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution13_e.html| archivedate=17 December 2011| df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| last=Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government| publisher=Queen's Printer| accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref> the concept of a fully independent Canada sharing the person of the sovereign with the ] and other countries, such as ] and ], only emerged gradually over time through constitutional convention,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html| last=Heard| first=Andrew| title=Canadian Independence| publisher=Simon Fraser University| year=1990| accessdate=21 October 2013}}</ref> and was officially confirmed with the passage of the ] in 1931.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution15_e.html| title=Constitutional History, 1931 – 1982: Toward Renewal and Patriation| publisher=Canadiana| accessdate=27 September 2013| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114080534/http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution15_e.html| archivedate=14 January 2014| df=}}</ref> Since then,<ref name=crown /> the Canadian Crown has been legally distinct from those of the other ]s, with its own separate and distinct monarch.{{#tag:ref|The ] ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth... in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada."<ref>{{cite court| litigants=R v Foreign Secretary, Ex parte Indian Association (as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998)| vol=QB 892 at 928| court=English Court of Appeal| date=June 1999| url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1999/30.html}}</ref>|group=N|name=ECApp}} Although the term '']'' was used as early as the beginning of the reign of ],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Galbraith |first=William |title=Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit |journal=Canadian Parliamentary Review |volume=12 |issue=3 |publisher=Library of Parliament |location=Ottawa |year=1989 |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=130&art=820 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121205052132/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=130&art=820 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=5 December 2012 |accessdate=3 January 2009 }}</ref> it was not until 1953 that the monarch's title was made official, with ] being the first monarch to be separately proclaimed as Queen of Canada, as per the ].


==Sovereigns of Canada== ==Sovereigns of Canada==

===The French Crown (1534–1763)=== ===The French Crown (1534–1763)===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" {| class="wikitable"
! No.
! width=75|Portrait ! width=75|Portrait
! Regnal name ! Regnal name
Line 17: Line 15:
! Consort ! Consort
|- |-
! colspan=8 style="background-color:#ccccff" | ]
|colspan=7 align="center"|] '''Sovereigns of ]'''
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|]
|-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|'''1''' |rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1494–1547)</small>
|rowspan=2 align="center"|]
|rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1497–1547)<br/>]</small>
|24 July 1534 |24 July 1534
|31 March 1547 |31 March 1547
Line 28: Line 24:
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial claim:</u>
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u> 1534: in Francis' name, ] laid claim to ] and ].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-minutes/jacques-cartier| title=A Part of Our Heritage...Jacques Cartier| publisher=Historica Canada| accessdate=30 September 2013}}</ref>
*1534: in Francis' name, ] laid claim to ] and ].<ref name="LanegranUrness2008">{{cite book|author1=David A. Lanegran|author2=Carol Louise Urness|title=Minnesota on the Map: A Historical Atlas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yzj62yMyV8YC&pg=PA10|year=2008|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press|isbn=978-0-87351-593-1|pages=10–}}</ref>

|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|]
|align="center"|'''2'''
|align="center"|] | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1519–1559)</small>
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1519–1559)<br/>House of Valois</small>
|31 March 1547 |31 March 1547
|10 July 1559 |10 July 1559
Line 39: Line 34:
|] |]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|'''3'''
|align="center"|] |align="center"|]
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1544–1560)<br/>House of Valois</small> | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1544–1560)</small>
|10 July 1559 |10 July 1559
|5 December 1560 |5 December 1560
Line 47: Line 41:
|] |]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|]
|align="center"|'''4'''
|align="center"|] | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1550–1574)</small>
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1550–1574)<br/>House of Valois</small>
|5 December 1560 |5 December 1560
|30 May 1574 |30 May 1574
Line 55: Line 48:
|] |]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|'''5''' |align="center"|]
|align="center"|] | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1551–1589)</small>
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1551–1589)<br/>House of Valois</small>
|30 May 1574 |30 May 1574
|2 August 1589 |2 August 1589
|Alexandre Édouard |Alexandre Édouard
|] |]
|-
! colspan=8 style="background-color:#ccccff" | ]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|]
|align="center"|'''6'''
|align="center"|] | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1553–1610)</small>
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1553–1610)<br/>]</small>
|2 August 1589 |2 August 1589
|14 May 1610 |14 May 1610
Line 71: Line 64:
|],<br/>] |],<br/>]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|]
|align="center"|'''7'''
|align="center"|] | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1601–1643)</small>
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1601–1643)<br/>House of Bourbon</small>
|14 May 1610 |14 May 1610
|14 May 1643 |14 May 1643
Line 79: Line 71:
|] |]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|'''8'''
|rowspan=2 align="center"|] |rowspan=2 align="center"|]
| rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1638–1715)<br/>House of Bourbon</small> | rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1638–1715)</small>
|14 May 1643 |14 May 1643
|1 September 1715 |1 September 1715
Line 87: Line 78:
|],<br/>] |],<br/>]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u> 1655: acquired concrete claim to ].<br/><u>Note:</u> 1713: ceded ], ], and ] to ]. |colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u>
*1655: acquired concrete claim to ].
*1713: ceded ], ], and ] to ].
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|'''9''' |rowspan=2 align="center"|]
|rowspan=2 align="center"|] | rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1710–1774)</small>
| rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1710–1774)<br/>House of Bourbon</small>
|1 September 1715 |1 September 1715
|10 February 1763 |10 February 1763
Line 97: Line 89:
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u> 1763: ceded the ], along with the rest of ], to ]. |colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u>
*1763: ceded ] to ].
|} |}


===The English and British Crowns (1497–1931)=== ===The English and British Crowns (1497–1931)===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! No.
! width=75|Portrait ! width=75|Portrait
! Regnal name ! Regnal name
Line 109: Line 101:
! Consort ! Consort
|- |-
! colspan=8 style="background-color:#ccccff" | ]
|colspan=7 align="center"|] '''Sovereigns of the colony of Canada'''
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|]
|-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|'''1''' | rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1457–1509)</small>
|rowspan=2 align="center"|]
| rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1457–1509)<br/>]</small>
|24 June 1497 |24 June 1497
|21 April 1509 |21 April 1509
Line 120: Line 110:
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u> 1497: in Henry's name, ] laid claim to lands that soon came to be called "Canada".<ref name=CRHT/> The English Crown did not concretely exercise this claim until the reign of King George III, when the colony of Canada was officially ceded from France to Great Britain. |colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u>
*1497: in Henry's name, ] laid claim to lands that soon came to be called "Canada".{{#tag:ref|From 1763 to 1791 the colony of Canada was known as "Quebec" prior to returning to the name "]" (Upper and Lower) which were ] in 1841.|group=N}}<ref name=CRHT/> The English Crown did not concretely exercise this claim until the reign of King George III, when the colony of Canada was officially ceded from France to Great Britain.
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|'''2'''
|align="center"|] |align="center"|]
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1491–1547)<br/>House of Tudor</small> | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1491–1547)</small>
|21 April 1509 |21 April 1509
|28 January 1547 |28 January 1547
Line 130: Line 120:
|] (1509), ] (1533), ] (1536), ] (1540), ] (1540), ] (1543) |] (1509), ] (1533), ] (1536), ] (1540), ] (1540), ] (1543)
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|]
|align="center"|'''3'''
|align="center"|] | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1537–1553)</small>
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1537–1553)<br/>House of Tudor</small>
|28 January 1547 |28 January 1547
|6 July 1553 |6 July 1553
Line 138: Line 127:
|None |None
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|]<br/>]
|align="center"|'''4'''
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1516–1558)</small><br/>& ''']'''<br/><small>(1527–1598)</small><br/>as co-sovereigns
|align="center"|]
|19 July 1553 (Mary I)
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1516–1558)<br/>House of Tudor</small>
----
|19 July 1553
25 July 1554 (Philip II)
|17 November 1558 |17 November 1558
|Mary |Mary
----
|] (co-sovereign)
Felipe
|''each other''
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|'''5''' |rowspan=2 align="center"|]
|rowspan=2 align="center"|] | rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1533–1603)</small>
| rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1533–1603)<br/>House of Tudor</small>
|17 November 1558 |17 November 1558
|24 March 1603 |24 March 1603
Line 154: Line 145:
|None |None
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u> 1583: in Elizabeth's name, ] laid claim to the island of ]. |colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u>
*1583: in Elizabeth's name, ] laid claim to the island of ].
|-
! colspan=8 style="background-color:#ccccff" | ]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|'''6''' |align="center"|]
|align="center"|] | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1566–1625)</small>
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1566–1625)<br/>]</small>
|24 March 1603 |24 March 1603
|27 March 1625 |27 March 1625
Line 164: Line 157:
|] |]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|'''7'''
|align="center"|] |align="center"|]
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1600–1649)<br/>House of Stuart</small> | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1600–1649)</small>
|27 March 1625 |27 March 1625
|30 January 1649 |30 January 1649
|Charles |Charles
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=2|''''']'''''
|colspan=2|
|''''']'''''

|30 January 1649 |30 January 1649
|29 May 1660 |29 May 1660
|colspan=2| |colspan=2|
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|'''8'''
|rowspan=2 align="center"|] |rowspan=2 align="center"|]
| rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1630–1685)<br/>House of Stuart</small> | rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1630–1685)</small>
|29 May 1660 |29 May 1660
|6 February 1685 |6 February 1685
Line 187: Line 176:
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Note:</u> 1670: created ]. |colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u>
*1670: created ].
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|'''9'''
|align="center"|] |align="center"|]
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1633–1701)<br/>House of Stuart</small> | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1633–1701)</small>
|6 February 1685 |6 February 1685
|1 December 1688 |1 December 1688
Line 197: Line 186:
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=2| |colspan=2|'''''Vacant'''''
|'''''Vacant'''''
|1 December 1688 |1 December 1688
|13 February 1689 |13 February 1689
|colspan=2| |colspan=2|
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|]<br/>]
|align="center"|'''10'''
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1662–1694)</small><br/>& ''']'''<br /><small>(1650–1702)</small><br/>as co-sovereigns
|align="center"|]
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1650–1702)<br/>]</small>
|13 February 1689 |13 February 1689
|28 December 1694
|8 March 1702
----
|William
8 March 1702
|]<br><small>(co-monarch)</small>
|Mary
----
William
|''each other''
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|'''11''' |rowspan=2 align="center"|]
|rowspan=2 align="center"|] | rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1665–1714)</small>
| rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1665–1714)<br/>House of Stuart</small>
|8 March 1702 |8 March 1702
|1 August 1714 |1 August 1714
Line 219: Line 209:
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Note:</u> 1713: ] ], ], and ] from ]. |colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u>
*1713: ] ], ], and ] from ].
|-
! colspan=8 style="background-color:#ccccff" | ]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|'''12'''
|align="center"|] |align="center"|]
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1660–1727)<br/>]</small> | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1660–1727)</small>
|1 August 1714 |1 August 1714
|11 June 1727 |11 June 1727
Line 229: Line 221:
|] |]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|'''13'''
|align="center"|] |align="center"|]
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1683–1760)<br/>House of Hanover</small> | align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1683–1760)</small>
|11 June 1727<br/><small>]</small> |11 June 1727<br/><small>]</small>
|25 October 1760<br/><small>]</small> |25 October 1760<br/><small>]</small>
Line 237: Line 228:
|] |]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|'''14''' |rowspan=3 align="center"|]
|rowspan=2 align="center"|] |rowspan=3 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1738–1820)</small>
| rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1738–1820)<br/>House of Hanover</small>
|25 October 1760 |25 October 1760
|29 January 1820 |29 January 1820
Line 245: Line 235:
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Governors General of British North America:</u> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u> 1763: ] ] from ]; changed its name to ].<br/>1778: in George's name, ] laid claim to lands that later came to be called ].<br/>1791: ] the provinces of ] and ] out of the Province of Quebec.<br/>1818: ] Rupert's Land south of the ] to the United States; acquired the ] north of the 49th parallel from the United States.
|-
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u>
*1763: ] ] from ]; changed its name to ].
*1778: in George's name, ] laid claim to lands that later came to be called ].
*1791: ] the provinces of ] and ] out of the Province of Quebec.
*1818: ] Rupert's Land south of the ] to the United States; acquired the ] north of the 49th parallel from the United States.
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|align="center"|'''15''' |rowspan=2 align="center"|]
|align="center"|] |rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1762–1830)</small>
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1762–1830)<br/>House of Hanover</small>
|29 January 1820 |29 January 1820
|26 June 1830 |26 June 1830
|George Augustus Frederick |George Augustus Frederick
|] |]
|-
|colspan=4|<u>Governors General of British North America:</u> ], ]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|]
|align="center"|'''16'''
|align="center"|] |rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1765–1837)</small>
| align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1765–1837)<br/>House of Hanover</small>
|26 June 1830 |26 June 1830
|20 June 1837 |20 June 1837
Line 263: Line 259:
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Governors General of British North America:</u> ], ]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=2 align="center"|'''17''' |rowspan=4 align="center"|]
|rowspan=2 align="center"|] |rowspan=4 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1819–1901)</small>
|rowspan=2 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1819–1901)<br/>House of Hanover</small>
|20 June 1837 |20 June 1837
|1 July 1867
|Alexandrina Victoria
|]
|-
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u> 1840: ] Lower and Upper Canada into the ].<br/>1846: ] to the ] north of the 49th parallel and Vancouver Island.
|-
|colspan=7 align="center"|] '''Sovereigns of the ] of Canada'''{{#tag:ref|In 1867, the separate colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick ] to form the Dominion of Canada. Subsequently, each of the other colonies in British North America eventually joined the union as provinces. Other provinces were created by the Dominion from its territories. Over time, Canada gradually gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom due to continued evolution in constitutional practice. However, it remained under the British Crown until 1931, when the Canadian Crown is generally accepted as having been created due to the enactment of the Statute of Westminster. The Dominion of Newfoundland continued as a separate British colony under the British Crown until it joined Canada in 1949.|group=N}}
|-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=4 align="center"|'''17'''
|rowspan=4 align="center"|]
|rowspan=4 align="center"|'''Victoria'''<br/><small>(1819–1901)<br/>House of Hanover</small>
|1 July 1867
|22 January 1901 |22 January 1901
|Alexandrina Victoria |Alexandrina Victoria
|Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Canadian governors general:</u>], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] |colspan=4|<u>Governors General of British North America:</u> The Earl of Gosford, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]; <u>Governors General of Canada:</u> The Viscount Monck, ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Canadian prime ministers:</u> ], ], ], ], ], ], ] |colspan=4|<u>Prime Ministers of Canada:</u> ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u>
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u> 1867: ] the Province of Canada (and created out of it ] and ]), ], and ] into the ] of Canada.<br/>1870: ] the province of ].<br />Joined Rupert's Land (1870), ] (1871), ] (1873), and the ] (1880) into the union.
*1840: ] Lower and Upper Canada into the ].
*1846: ] to the ] north of the 49th parallel and Vancouver Island.
*1867: ] the Province of Canada (and created out of it ] and ]), ], and ] into the federal ] of Canada.{{#tag:ref|In 1867, the separate colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick ] to form the Dominion of Canada. Subsequently, each of the other colonies in British North America eventually joined the union as provinces. Other provinces were created by the Dominion from its territories. Over time, Canada gradually gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom due to continued evolution in constitutional practice. However, it remained under the British Crown until 1931, when the Canadian Crown is generally accepted as having been created due to the enactment of the Statute of Westminster. The Dominion of Newfoundland continued as a separate British colony under the British Crown until it joined Canada in 1949.|group=N}}
*1870: ] the province of ].
*Joined Rupert's Land, the ] (1870), ] (1871), ] (1873), and the ] (1880) into the union.
|- |-
! colspan=8 style="background-color:#ccccff" | ]
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=4 align="center"|'''18''' |rowspan=4 align="center"|]
|rowspan=4 align="center"|] |rowspan=4 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1841–1910)</small>
|rowspan=4 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1841–1910)<br/>]</small>
|22 January 1901 |22 January 1901
|6 May 1910 |6 May 1910
Line 299: Line 288:
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Canadian governors general:</u> The Earl of Minto, ] |colspan=4|<u>Governors General of Canada:</u> The Earl of Minto, ]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Canadian prime minister:</u> Wilfrid Laurier |colspan=4|<u>Prime Minister of Canada:</u> Wilfrid Laurier
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u> 1905: ] the provinces of ] and ] from part of the Northwest Territories. |colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u>
*1905: ] the provinces of ] and ] from part of the Northwest Territories.
|- |-
! colspan=8 style="background-color:#ccccff" | ]{{Efn|George V changed the name of the British royal house from ''Saxe-Coburg and Gotha'' to ''Windsor'' on 17 July 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30186|page=7119|date=17 July 1917}}</ref> This change was made in response to ] in the British Empire during ].}}

|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=4 align="center"|'''19''' |rowspan=4 align="center"|]
|rowspan=4 align="center"|] | rowspan=4 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1865–1936)</small>
| rowspan=4 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1865–1936)<br/>House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (until 1917)<br/>] (after 1917)</small>
|6 May 1910 |6 May 1910
|11 December 1931 |11 December 1931
Line 315: Line 304:
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Canadian governors general:</u> The Earl Grey, ], ], ], ], ] |colspan=4|<u>Governors General of Canada:</u> The Earl Grey, ], ], ], ], ]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Canadian prime ministers:</u> Wilfrid Laurier, ], ], ], ] |colspan=4|<u>Prime Ministers of Canada:</u> Wilfrid Laurier, ], ], ], ]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u> 1931: granted Royal Assent to the ], thereby creating the Canadian Crown and leaving Newfoundland as the only part of Canada's current territory left under the British Crown. |colspan=4|<u>Territorial changes:</u>
*1931: granted Royal Assent to the ], thereby creating the Canadian Crown and leaving ] as the only part of Canada's current territory left under the British Crown.
|} |}


===The Canadian Crown (1931–present)=== ===The Canadian Crown (1931–present)===
In 1931 the Canadian Crown emerged as an independent entity from that of the British Crown due to the ]. In 1931 the Canadian Crown emerged as an independent entity from that of the British Crown due to the ].

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
The ] had the same status as Canada in 1931. However, its parliament never adopted the statute to create a separate position of king of Newfoundland and would remain under the British Crown until it joined Canada in 1949.
! No.

{| class="wikitable"
! width=75|Portrait ! width=75|Portrait
! Regnal name ! Regnal name
Line 332: Line 324:
! Consort ! Consort
|- |-
! colspan=8 style="background-color: #ccccff" | ]{{Efn|Descendants of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Elizabeth II belong to the House of Windsor by Royal Command (9 April 1952 Declaration by Queen Elizabeth II to her Privy Council) although under the usual rules of genealogy they are, by paternal descent, also members of the ] of the ] (the ruling House of Denmark and of the former Kingdom of Greece). Accordingly, King Charles III is the first monarch of the House of Windsor who is a patrilineal descendant of the Glücksburg dynasty, instead of descending from Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in the male line as was the case with the previous monarchs of the House of Windsor.}}
!colspan=7|] Sovereigns of Canada
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=3 align="center"|'''1''' |rowspan=3 align="center"|]
|rowspan=3 align="center"|] | rowspan=3 align="center"|'''George V'''<br/><small>(1865–1936)</small>
| rowspan=3 align="center"|'''George V'''<br/><small>(1865–1936)<br/>House of Windsor</small>
|11 December 1931 |11 December 1931
|20 January 1936 |20 January 1936
Line 342: Line 333:
|Mary of Teck |Mary of Teck
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Governors general:</u> The Earl of Bessborough, ] |colspan=4|<u>Governors general:</u> The Earl of Bessborough, ]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Prime ministers:</u> ], William Lyon Mackenzie King |colspan=4|<u>Prime ministers:</u> Richard B. Bennett, William Lyon Mackenzie King
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=3 align="center"|'''2''' |rowspan=3 align="center"|]
|rowspan=3 align="center"|] | rowspan=3 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1894–1972)</small>
| rowspan=3 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1894–1972)<br/>House of Windsor</small>
|20 January 1936 |20 January 1936
|11 December 1936 |11 December 1936
Line 358: Line 348:
|colspan=4|<u>Prime minister:</u> William Lyon Mackenzie King |colspan=4|<u>Prime minister:</u> William Lyon Mackenzie King
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=4 align="center"|'''3''' |rowspan=4 align="center"|]
|rowspan=4 align="center"|] |rowspan=4 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1895–1952)</small>
|rowspan=4 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1895–1952)<br/>House of Windsor</small>
|11 December 1936 |11 December 1936
|6 February 1952 |6 February 1952
Line 370: Line 359:
|colspan=4|<u>Prime ministers:</u> William Lyon Mackenzie King, ] |colspan=4|<u>Prime ministers:</u> William Lyon Mackenzie King, ]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Territorial change:</u> 1949: ] ] (now Newfoundland and Labrador) into Canada, thereby putting all of Canada's current territory under the Canadian Crown. |colspan=4|<u>Territorial change:</u>
*1949: ] ] (now Newfoundland and Labrador) into Canada, thereby putting all of Canada's current territory under the Canadian Crown.
|-style="background:#eee;" |-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=3 align="center"|'''4''' |rowspan=3 align="center"|]
|rowspan=3 align="center"|] |rowspan=3 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(1926–2022)</small>
|rowspan=3 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(born 1926)<br/>House of Windsor</small>
|6 February 1952 |6 February 1952
|8 September 2022
|Present
|Elizabeth Alexandra Mary |Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
|] |]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Governors general:</u> The Viscount Alexander of Tunis, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] |colspan=4|<u>Governors general:</u> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
|- |-
|colspan=4|<u>Prime ministers:</u> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] |colspan=4|<u>Prime ministers:</u> Louis St. Laurent, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
|-style="background:#eee;"
|rowspan=3 align="center"|]
|rowspan=3 align="center"|''']'''<br/><small>(b. 1948)</small>
|8 September 2022
|''present''
|Charles Philip Arthur George
|]
|-
|colspan=4|<u>Governor general:</u> Mary Simon
|-
|colspan=4|<u>Prime minister:</u> Justin Trudeau
|} |}


==Consorts== ==Consorts==
The ]'s consort—his or her spouse—has no constitutional status or power, but is a member of the ]. In the United Kingdom, all female consorts have had the right to and have held the title of '']''; as Canada does not have laws or ] under the ] laying out the styles of any royal family members besides the monarch, royal consorts are, ], addressed in Canada using the style and title as they hold in the UK. After informal discussions among the various Commonwealth prime ministers between 1954 and 1957, it was decided that ], husband of ], would not be granted the title of '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burkes-peerage.net/articles/peerage/page62-6c.aspx| title=Burke's Peerage and Gentry > The Royal Family > HRH The Duke of Edinburgh| publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry and The Origins Network| accessdate=27 October 2008}}</ref><ref>LCO 6/3677 Title of Prince: HRH Philip Duke of Edinburgh</ref>
{{See also|List of titles and honours of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh#Royal and noble titles and styles}}


Since Confederation, two sovereigns have reigned over Canada without a consort: Victoria, whose husband, ], died before Confederation, and ], who married ] after his ].
The ] consort—his or her spouse—has no constitutional status or power, but is a member of the ]. In the United Kingdom, all female consorts have had the right to and have held the title of '']''; as Canada does not have laws or ] under the ] laying out the styles of any Royal Family members besides the monarch, royal consorts are addressed in Canada using the style and title as they hold in the UK. After informal discussions among the various Commonwealth prime ministers between 1954 and 1957, it was decided that ], husband of ], would not be granted the title of '']''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.burkes-peerage.net/articles/peerage/page62-6c.aspx| title=Burke's Peerage and Gentry > The Royal Family > HRH The Duke of Edinburgh| publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry and The Origins Network| accessdate=27 October 2008}}</ref><ref>LCO 6/3677 Title of Prince: HRH Philip Duke of Edinburgh</ref>

Since Confederation, two sovereigns have reigned over Canada without a consort: Victoria, whose husband, ], died before Confederation, and ], who married ] after his ]. Though ] (the current wife of ], heir apparent to the throne of Canada), will technically become queen consort in the United Kingdom, ] has stated that, due to public opinion regarding her relationship with the Prince of Wales, she will be styled there as '']''.<ref>{{cite news| title=Prince Charles to marry Camilla| publisher=BBC| date=10 February 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4252795.stm| accessdate=3 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Charles-Camilla civil marriage seen as compromise|publisher=CTV| date=10 February 2005| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1108054095201_8| accessdate=3 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Camilla's 'flexible role'| publisher=News24| date=11 February 2005| url=http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1661193,00.html| accessdate=3 January 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105130253/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1661193,00.html| archive-date=2005-11-05| dead-url=yes| df=}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Canadian politics|British Empire|Commonwealth realms|New France|Royalty}} {{Portal|Canada|British Empire|North America|History|Royalty}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]


==Notes== ==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="N"}} {{Reflist|group="N"}}
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
Line 408: Line 407:


==External links== ==External links==
* * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115620/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1396027502283 |date=2016-01-28 }}
* *
{{Canadian monarchs}}
{{Canadian monarchy}} {{Canadian monarchy}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Canadian monarchs, List of}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Canadian monarchs, List of}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 18:29, 30 October 2024

Monarchy of Canada
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Related topics

Listed here are the monarchs who reigned over Canada, starting with the French colony of Canada, which subsequently became a British colony, followed by the British Dominion of Canada, and, finally, the present-day sovereign state of Canada. The date of the first claim by a monarch over Canada varies, with most sources giving the year as 1497, when John Cabot made landfall somewhere on the North American coast (likely either modern-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia) and claimed the land for England on behalf of King Henry VII. However, some sources, instead, put this date at 1535, when the word Canada was first used to refer to the French colony of Canada, which was founded in the name of King Francis I. Monarchical governance subsequently evolved under a continuous succession of French, British, and eventually uniquely Canadian sovereigns. Since the first claim by Henry VII, there have been 33 sovereigns of Canada, including two sets of co-sovereigns.

While Canada became a Dominion within the British Empire upon Confederation in 1867, the concept of a fully independent Canada sharing the person of the sovereign with the United Kingdom and other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, only emerged gradually over time through constitutional convention, and was officially confirmed with the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Since then, the Canadian Crown has been legally distinct from those of the other Commonwealth realms, with its own separate and distinct monarch. Although the term king of Canada was used as early as the beginning of the reign of George VI, it was not until 1953 that the monarch's title was made official, with Elizabeth II being the first monarch to be separately proclaimed as Queen of Canada, as per the Royal Style and Titles Act.

Sovereigns of Canada

The French Crown (1534–1763)

Portrait Regnal name Reign Full name Consort
House of Valois
Francis I
(1494–1547)
24 July 1534 31 March 1547 Francis Eleanor of Austria
Territorial claim:
Henry II
(1519–1559)
31 March 1547 10 July 1559 Henry Catherine de' Medici
Francis II
(1544–1560)
10 July 1559 5 December 1560 Francis Mary, Queen of Scots
Charles IX
(1550–1574)
5 December 1560 30 May 1574 Charles Maximilian Elisabeth of Austria
Henry III
(1551–1589)
30 May 1574 2 August 1589 Alexandre Édouard Louise of Lorraine
House of Bourbon
Henry IV
(1553–1610)
2 August 1589 14 May 1610 Henri de Bourbon Margaret of Valois,
Marie de' Medici
Louis XIII
(1601–1643)
14 May 1610 14 May 1643 Louis Anne of Austria
Louis XIV
(1638–1715)
14 May 1643 1 September 1715 Louis-Dieudonné Maria Theresa of Spain,
Françoise d'Aubigné
Territorial changes:
Louis XV
(1710–1774)
1 September 1715 10 February 1763 Louis Marie Leszczyńska
Territorial changes:

The English and British Crowns (1497–1931)

Portrait Regnal name Reign Full name Consort
House of Tudor
Henry VII
(1457–1509)
24 June 1497 21 April 1509 Henry Elizabeth of York
Territorial changes:
  • 1497: in Henry's name, John Cabot laid claim to lands that soon came to be called "Canada". The English Crown did not concretely exercise this claim until the reign of King George III, when the colony of Canada was officially ceded from France to Great Britain.
Henry VIII
(1491–1547)
21 April 1509 28 January 1547 Henry Catherine of Aragon (1509), Anne Boleyn (1533), Jane Seymour (1536), Anne of Cleves (1540), Catherine Howard (1540), Catherine Parr (1543)
Edward VI
(1537–1553)
28 January 1547 6 July 1553 Edward None

Mary I
(1516–1558)
& Philip II
(1527–1598)
as co-sovereigns
19 July 1553 (Mary I)

25 July 1554 (Philip II)

17 November 1558 Mary

Felipe

each other
Elizabeth I
(1533–1603)
17 November 1558 24 March 1603 Elizabeth None
Territorial changes:
House of Stuart
James I
(1566–1625)
24 March 1603 27 March 1625 Charles James Anne of Denmark
Charles I
(1600–1649)
27 March 1625 30 January 1649 Charles Henrietta Maria of France
Interregnum 30 January 1649 29 May 1660
Charles II
(1630–1685)
29 May 1660 6 February 1685 Charles Catherine of Braganza
Territorial changes:
James II
(1633–1701)
6 February 1685 1 December 1688 James Mary of Modena
Vacant 1 December 1688 13 February 1689

Mary II
(1662–1694)
& William III
(1650–1702)
as co-sovereigns
13 February 1689 28 December 1694

8 March 1702

Mary

William

each other
Anne
(1665–1714)
8 March 1702 1 August 1714 Anne Prince George of Denmark
Territorial changes:
House of Hanover
George I
(1660–1727)
1 August 1714 11 June 1727 George Louis Sophia Dorothea of Celle
George II
(1683–1760)
11 June 1727
old calendar
25 October 1760
new calendar
George Augustus Caroline of Ansbach
George III
(1738–1820)
25 October 1760 29 January 1820 George William Frederick Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Governors General of British North America: The Lord Dorchester, Robert Prescott, Robert Milnes, Thomas Dunn, James Henry Craig, George Prevost, Gordon Drummond, John Coape Sherbrooke, The Duke of Richmond
Territorial changes:
George IV
(1762–1830)
29 January 1820 26 June 1830 George Augustus Frederick Caroline of Brunswick
Governors General of British North America: The Earl of Dalhousie, James Kempt
William IV
(1765–1837)
26 June 1830 20 June 1837 William Henry Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
Governors General of British North America: The Lord Aylmer, The Earl of Gosford
Victoria
(1819–1901)
20 June 1837 22 January 1901 Alexandrina Victoria Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Governors General of British North America: The Earl of Gosford, John Colborne, The Earl of Durham, The Lord Sydenham, Charles Bagot, The Lord Metcalfe, The Earl Cathcart, The Earl of Elgin, Edmund Walker Head, The Viscount Monck; Governors General of Canada: The Viscount Monck, the Lord Lisgar, the Earl of Dufferin, the Marquess of Lorne, the Marquess of Lansdowne, the Lord Stanley of Preston, the Earl of Aberdeen, the Earl of Minto
Prime Ministers of Canada: John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, John Abbott, John Thompson, Mackenzie Bowell, Charles Tupper, Wilfrid Laurier
Territorial changes:
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Edward VII
(1841–1910)
22 January 1901 6 May 1910 Albert Edward Alexandra of Denmark
Governors General of Canada: The Earl of Minto, the Earl Grey
Prime Minister of Canada: Wilfrid Laurier
Territorial changes:
House of Windsor
George V
(1865–1936)
6 May 1910 11 December 1931 George Frederick Ernest Albert Mary of Teck
Governors General of Canada: The Earl Grey, the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, the Duke of Devonshire, the Lord Byng of Vimy, the Marquess of Willingdon, the Earl of Bessborough
Prime Ministers of Canada: Wilfrid Laurier, Robert Borden, Arthur Meighen, William Lyon Mackenzie King, Richard B. Bennett
Territorial changes:
  • 1931: granted Royal Assent to the Statute of Westminster 1931, thereby creating the Canadian Crown and leaving Newfoundland as the only part of Canada's current territory left under the British Crown.

The Canadian Crown (1931–present)

In 1931 the Canadian Crown emerged as an independent entity from that of the British Crown due to the Statute of Westminster 1931.

The Dominion of Newfoundland had the same status as Canada in 1931. However, its parliament never adopted the statute to create a separate position of king of Newfoundland and would remain under the British Crown until it joined Canada in 1949.

Portrait Regnal name Reign Full name Consort
House of Windsor
George V
(1865–1936)
11 December 1931 20 January 1936 George Frederick Ernest Albert Mary of Teck
Governors general: The Earl of Bessborough, the Lord Tweedsmuir
Prime ministers: Richard B. Bennett, William Lyon Mackenzie King
Edward VIII
(1894–1972)
20 January 1936 11 December 1936 Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David none
Governor general: The Lord Tweedsmuir
Prime minister: William Lyon Mackenzie King
George VI
(1895–1952)
11 December 1936 6 February 1952 Albert Frederick Arthur George Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Governors general: The Lord Tweedsmuir, the Earl of Athlone, the Viscount Alexander of Tunis
Prime ministers: William Lyon Mackenzie King, Louis St. Laurent
Territorial change:
  • 1949: merged Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) into Canada, thereby putting all of Canada's current territory under the Canadian Crown.
Elizabeth II
(1926–2022)
6 February 1952 8 September 2022 Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Philip Mountbatten
Governors general: Vincent Massey, Georges Vanier, Roland Michener, Jules Léger, Edward Schreyer, Jeanne Sauvé, Ray Hnatyshyn, Roméo LeBlanc, Adrienne Clarkson, Michaëlle Jean, David Johnston, Julie Payette, Mary Simon
Prime ministers: Louis St. Laurent, John Diefenbaker, Lester B. Pearson, Pierre Trudeau, Joe Clark, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, Kim Campbell, Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin, Stephen Harper, Justin Trudeau
Charles III
(b. 1948)
8 September 2022 present Charles Philip Arthur George Camilla Shand
Governor general: Mary Simon
Prime minister: Justin Trudeau

Consorts

The Canadian monarch's consort—his or her spouse—has no constitutional status or power, but is a member of the Canadian royal family. In the United Kingdom, all female consorts have had the right to and have held the title of queen consort; as Canada does not have laws or letters patent under the Great Seal of Canada laying out the styles of any royal family members besides the monarch, royal consorts are, as a courtesy, addressed in Canada using the style and title as they hold in the UK. After informal discussions among the various Commonwealth prime ministers between 1954 and 1957, it was decided that the Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Elizabeth II, would not be granted the title of prince consort.

Since Confederation, two sovereigns have reigned over Canada without a consort: Victoria, whose husband, Albert, died before Confederation, and Edward VIII, who married Wallis Simpson after his abdication.

See also

Notes

  1. The English Court of Appeal ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth... in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada."
  2. From 1763 to 1791 the colony of Canada was known as "Quebec" prior to returning to the name "Canada" (Upper and Lower) which were unified in 1841.
  3. In 1867, the separate colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick joined to form the Dominion of Canada. Subsequently, each of the other colonies in British North America eventually joined the union as provinces. Other provinces were created by the Dominion from its territories. Over time, Canada gradually gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom due to continued evolution in constitutional practice. However, it remained under the British Crown until 1931, when the Canadian Crown is generally accepted as having been created due to the enactment of the Statute of Westminster. The Dominion of Newfoundland continued as a separate British colony under the British Crown until it joined Canada in 1949.
  1. George V changed the name of the British royal house from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor on 17 July 1917. This change was made in response to anti-German sentiment in the British Empire during World War I.
  2. Descendants of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Elizabeth II belong to the House of Windsor by Royal Command (9 April 1952 Declaration by Queen Elizabeth II to her Privy Council) although under the usual rules of genealogy they are, by paternal descent, also members of the Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg (the ruling House of Denmark and of the former Kingdom of Greece). Accordingly, King Charles III is the first monarch of the House of Windsor who is a patrilineal descendant of the Glücksburg dynasty, instead of descending from Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in the male line as was the case with the previous monarchs of the House of Windsor.

References

  1. MacLeod, Kevin S. (2012). A Crown of Maples (PDF) (2 ed.). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  2. "Crown in Canada – The Monarch". Queen's Printer for Canada. 1 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  3. Department of Canadian Heritage. "Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
  4. ^ Kenney, Jason (23 April 2007). "Speech to the Lieutenant Governors Meeting". Written at Regina. In Department of Canadian Heritage (ed.). Speeches > The Honourable Jason Kenney. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
  5. ^ Valpy, Michael (13 November 2009). "The monarchy: Offshore, but built-in". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  6. MacLeod 2012, p. 6
  7. Monet, Jacques. Marsh, James Harley (ed.). Governor General. Toronto: Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2010. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. The Royal Household. "The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government". Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
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