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{{Short description|Extinct suborder of reptiles}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| name = Procolophonians |
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| name = Procolophonians |
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The '''Procolophonia''' are a ] of ] ]s that lived from the Middle Permian till the end of the Triassic period. They were originally included as a suborder of the ] (later renamed ] Carroll 1988) but are now considered a clade of ]. They are closely related to other generally lizard-like Permian reptiles such as the ], ], ], and ], all of which are included under the ] or "Parareptiles" (as opposed to the ]). |
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'''Procolophonia''' is an extinct ] (clade) of ] ]s that lived from the Middle Permian till the end of the Triassic period. They were originally included as a suborder of the ] (later renamed ] Carroll 1988) but are now considered a clade of ]. They are closely related to other generally lizard-like Permian reptiles such as the ], ], ], and ], all of which are included under the ] or "Parareptiles" (as opposed to the ]). |
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==Classification== |
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==Classification== |
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There are two main groups of Procolophonia, the small, lizard-like ]ea, and the ], which include the large, armoured ]idae. According to the traditional classification of Carroll 1988 as well as recent ], smaller groups like ] (now a ] of Nycteroleteridae) and ] are classified with the ]s and with the ]s, respectively.<ref name=Nycteroleteria>{{cite journal |author=Linda A. Tsuji, Johannes Müller and Robert R. Reisz |year=2012 |title=Anatomy of ''Emeroleter levis'' and the Phylogeny of the Nycteroleter Parareptiles |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=45–67 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.626004 }}</ref> The ] was thought to represent the ] of Procolophonia by many studies, however recently discovered material places it within the group, as the sister taxon of Procolophonoidea.<ref name=Abyssomedon>{{Cite journal|author=Mark J. MacDougall and Robert R. Reisz |year=2014 |title=The first record of a nyctiphruretid parareptile from the Early Permian of North America, with a discussion of parareptilian temporal fenestration |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=172 |issue=3 |pages=616–630 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12180 }}</ref> |
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There are two main groups of Procolophonia, the small, lizard-like ]ea, and the ], which include the large, armoured ]idae. According to the traditional classification of Carroll 1988 as well as ] of 2012, smaller groups like ] (now a ] of Nycteroleteridae) and ] are classified with the ]s and with the ]s, respectively.<ref name=Nycteroleteria>{{cite journal |author=Linda A. Tsuji, Johannes Müller and Robert R. Reisz |year=2012 |title=Anatomy of ''Emeroleter levis'' and the Phylogeny of the Nycteroleter Parareptiles |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=45–67 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.626004 }}</ref> The ] was thought to represent the ] of Procolophonia by many studies, however recently discovered material places it within the group, as the sister taxon of Procolophonoidea.<ref name=Abyssomedon>{{Cite journal|author=Mark J. MacDougall and Robert R. Reisz |year=2014 |title=The first record of a nyctiphruretid parareptile from the Early Permian of North America, with a discussion of parareptilian temporal fenestration |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=172 |issue=3 |pages=616–630 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12180 }}</ref> |
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The following ] is simplified after the phylogenetic analysis of MacDougall and Reisz (2014) and shows the placement of Procolophonia within ]. Relationships within bolded terminal clades are not shown.<ref name=Abyssomedon/> |
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The following ] is simplified after the phylogenetic analysis of MacDougall and Reisz (2014) and shows the placement of Procolophonia within ]. Relationships within bolded terminal clades are not shown.<ref name=Abyssomedon/> |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=''']''' |
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|1=''']''' |
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|label2=Procolophonia |
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|label2='''Procolophonia''' |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1=] |
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==Relationship to turtles== |
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==Relationship to turtles== |
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The procolophonians were traditionally thought to be ancestral to the ]s, although experts disagreed over whether turtle ancestors would be found among the Procolophonidae, the Pareiasauridae (Lee 1995,1996, 1997), or simply a generic Procolophonian ancestor. ] & ], 1995 and Laurin & ] 1996 defined the Procolophonia cladistically as "The most recent common ancestor of pareiasaurs, procolophonids, and testudines (Chelonia), and all its descendants", and listed a number of ]. However, ] and deBraga 1996 and deBraga & Rieppel, 1997 argued that turtles evolved from ]ns, which would mean that the Parareptilia and Procolophonia constitute wholly extinct clades that are only distantly related to living reptiles. The first genome-wide phylogenetic analysis of turtle relationships was completed by Wang et al. (2013). Using the draft genomes of ''Chelonia mydas'' and ''Pelodiscus sinensis,'' the team used the largest turtle data set to date in their analysis and concluded that turtles are likely a sister group of crocodilians and birds (]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang|title=The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtle-specific body plan|journal=Nature Genetics|date=27 March 2013|volume=45|issue=701–706|pages=701–6|url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v45/n6/full/ng.2615.html|accessdate=15 November 2013|doi=10.1038/ng.2615|first1=Zhuo|last2=Pascual-Anaya|first2=J|last3=Zadissa|first3=A|last4=Li|first4=W|last5=Niimura|first5=Y|last6=Huang|first6=Z|last7=Li|first7=C|last8=White|first8=S|last9=Xiong|first9=Z|last10=Fang|first10=D|last11=Wang|first11=B|last12=Ming|first12=Y|last13=Chen|first13=Y|last14=Zheng|first14=Y|last15=Kuraku|first15=S|last16=Pignatelli|first16=M|last17=Herrero|first17=J|last18=Beal|first18=K|last19=Nozawa|first19=M|last20=Li|first20=Q|last21=Wang|first21=J|last22=Zhang|first22=H|last23=Yu|first23=L|last24=Shigenobu|first24=S|last25=Wang|first25=J|last26=Liu|first26=J|last27=Flicek|first27=P|last28=Searle|first28=S|last29=Wang|first29=J|last30=Kuratani|first30=S|pmid=23624526|pmc=4000948|display-authors=29}}</ref> This placement within the diapsids suggests that the turtle lineage lost diapsid skull characteristics as it now possesses an anapsid skull. |
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The procolophonians were traditionally thought to be ancestral to the ]s, although experts disagreed over whether turtle ancestors would be found among the Procolophonidae, the Pareiasauridae (Lee 1995,1996, 1997), or simply a generic Procolophonian ancestor. ] & ], 1995 and Laurin & ] 1996 defined the Procolophonia cladistically as "The most recent common ancestor of pareiasaurs, procolophonids, and testudines (Chelonia), and all its descendants", and listed a number of ]. However, ] and deBraga 1996 and deBraga & Rieppel, 1997 argued that turtles evolved from ]ns, which would mean that the Parareptilia and Procolophonia constitute wholly extinct clades that are only distantly related to living reptiles. The first genome-wide phylogenetic analysis of turtle relationships was completed by Wang ''et al''. (2013). Using the draft genomes of ''Chelonia mydas'' and ''Pelodiscus sinensis,'' the team used the largest turtle data set to date in their analysis and concluded that turtles are likely a sister group of crocodilians and birds (]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang|title=The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtle-specific body plan|journal=Nature Genetics|date=27 March 2013|volume=45|issue=701–706|pages=701–6|doi=10.1038/ng.2615|first1=Zhuo|last2=Pascual-Anaya|first2=J|last3=Zadissa|first3=A|last4=Li|first4=W|last5=Niimura|first5=Y|last6=Huang|first6=Z|last7=Li|first7=C|last8=White|first8=S|last9=Xiong|first9=Z|last10=Fang|first10=D|last11=Wang|first11=B|last12=Ming|first12=Y|last13=Chen|first13=Y|last14=Zheng|first14=Y|last15=Kuraku|first15=S|last16=Pignatelli|first16=M|last17=Herrero|first17=J|last18=Beal|first18=K|last19=Nozawa|first19=M|last20=Li|first20=Q|last21=Wang|first21=J|last22=Zhang|first22=H|last23=Yu|first23=L|last24=Shigenobu|first24=S|last25=Wang|first25=J|last26=Liu|first26=J|last27=Flicek|first27=P|last28=Searle|first28=S|last29=Wang|first29=J|last30=Kuratani|first30=S|pmid=23624526|pmc=4000948|display-authors=29}}</ref> This placement within the diapsids suggests that the turtle lineage lost diapsid skull characteristics as it now possesses an anapsid skull. |
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== References == |
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== References == |
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* deBraga M. & O. Rieppel. 1997. Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 281-354. |
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* deBraga M. & O. Rieppel. 1997. Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 281-354. |
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* ], 1969, Cotylosauria, part 6 of ''Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie'' (]), ], Stuttgart & Portland |
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* ], 1969, Cotylosauria, part 6 of ''Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie'' (]), ], Stuttgart & Portland |
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* Laurin, M., & Gauthier, J. A., 1996 , at the ] |
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* {{cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/articles/?article_id=462|title=Phylogeny and Classification of Amniotes|website=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611005640/http://tolweb.org/articles/?article_id=462|archive-date=June 11, 2023|url-status=live}} |
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* Laurin, M. & R. R. Reisz. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. ] 113: 165-223. |
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* Laurin, M. & R. R. Reisz. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. ] 113: 165-223. |
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* Lee, M. S. Y. 1995. Historical burden in systematics and the interrelationships of 'Parareptiles'. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 70: 459-547. |
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* Lee, M. S. Y. 1995. Historical burden in systematics and the interrelationships of 'Parareptiles'. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 70: 459-547. |
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==External links== |
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==External links== |
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* - ] |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit200/100.html|title=Basal Anapsids|website=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522234418/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit200/100.html|archive-date=May 22, 2006|url-status=dead}} |
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{{Parareptilia|Hallucicrania}} |
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{{Parareptilia|Ankyramorpha}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q3406444}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q3406444}} |
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