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{{Short description|Cloth worn around the loins}}
A '''loincloth''' is ], sometimes kept in place by a belt, that is used:
{{for|the American heavy metal band|Loincloth (band)}}
]]]
{{multiple issues|
*in societies where no other clothing is needed or wanted
{{cleanup|reason=Biased and not global.|date=February 2024}}
*as an ]
{{more citations needed|date=January 2012}}
*to express soberness
}}
**] wore a '']'', a ] loincloth, as a way of identifying with the poorest Indians, even though he knew it could be taken as a sign of primitiveness.
{{Infobox clothing item
| image_file = Loincloth.jpg
| caption = Sketch of a loincloth
| designer =
| year =
| type = Clothing that covers the genitals and sometimes the buttocks
| material =
| on_display_at =
}}


A '''loincloth''' is a one-piece garment, either wrapped around itself or kept in place by a ]. It covers the ] and sometimes the ]. Loincloths which are held up by belts or strings are specifically known as '''breechcloth''' or '''breechclout'''.<ref name="nps">. Retrieved on 2009-12-22.</ref><ref name="native-languages"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702012034/http://www.native-languages.org/breechcloth.htm |date=2009-07-02 }}. Retrieved on 2009-12-22.</ref> Often, the flaps hang down in front and back.<ref name="native-languages" />
==History and types==
The loincloth is the most basic form of male (or unisex) dress. It has been nearly universal throughout the globe and all human history. The loincloth is in essence a piece of material, bark-bast, leather, or cloth, passed between the legs covering the genitals, and despite this simpleness of function the loincloth takes many forms. The Indians that met the Pilgrims wore loin cloths....


== History and types ==
] festival, but in modern materials]] Another style of loincloth (more typical of tropic regions) consists of a single long strip of bark-cloth or woven cloth. This was used by the inhabitants of the Malayo-Polynesian area of Oceania, where it was known as chawat , sirat, bah, bahag, maro or malo. The cawat/maro style loincloth is an important cultural marker of the region.
], {{circa|1500}}]]


Loincloths are worn in societies where no other clothing is needed or wanted. Loincloths are commonly used as an ] or ] by ] and by farmers in ]s in both ] and ], where it is called Kovanam in Tamil, {{transl|si|ambudaya}} in Sinhala and ] or langot.
Various cultures in tropical Africa wore or still wear loincloths, often as (nearly) the only garment for every day use.
The loincloth of Southern African Bushmen, called ''xai'', is a piece of skin roughly '''T'''-shaped with long ties at the corners of the arms. The free end is pulled in back and tucked under the ties.


The loincloth, or breechcloth, is a basic form of dress, often worn as the only garment. Men have worn a loincloth as a fundamental piece of clothing which covers their genitals, not the buttocks, in most societies which disapproved of genital nakedness throughout human history. The loincloth is in essence a piece of material, bark-], ], or cloth, passed between the legs and covering the genitals. Despite its functional simplicity, the loincloth comes in many different forms.
The ancient Egyptians, both men and women, wore loincloths as underwear, the men beneath their ''schenti'' kilt. These loincloths consisted of fine linen cloths in the triangular shape of a "pennant" with ties at the two corners. The base of the triangle was placed at the small of the back and the ties tied in front, then the point or apex was drawn between the legs and tucked under the string: exactly the opposite to the Bushman fashion.


The styles in which breechcloths and loincloths can be arranged are myriad. Both the ] ''sirat'' and the Indian '']'' have fabric pass between the legs to support a man's genitals.
] A similar style of loincloth was also characteristic of ancient ]. The male inhabitants of the area of modern Mexico wore a wound loincloth of woven fabric. One end of the loincloth was held up, the remainder passed between the thighs, wound about the waist, and secured in back by tucking. (Local names: Nahuatl ''maxtlatl'', Mayan ''ex''.)


] wore loincloths with or without other garments.]]
]
In Pre-columbian South America, ancient ] men wore a strip of cloth between their legs held up by strings or tape as a belt. The cloth was secured to the tapes at the back and the front portion hung in front as an apron, always well ornamented. The same garment, mostly in plain ] but whose aprons are now, like t-shirts, sometimes decorated with logos, is known in Japan as ''etchu fundoshi''.
Some of the culturally diverse Amazonian Indians still wear some ancestral type of loincloth.


A similar style of loincloth was also characteristic of ancient ]. The male inhabitants of the area of modern ] wore a wound loincloth of woven fabric. One end of the loincloth was held up, the remainder passed between the thighs, wound about the waist, and secured in back by tucking.<ref group=Note>Local names: ] {{lang|nah|maxtlatl}}, ] {{lang|myn|ex}}.</ref>
]
In most of (sub-)tropical continental Asia, types of loincloth such as the Indian ], often unisex or with a close female counterpart, remain in use as traditional dress, especially among the rural peasant communities, while citydwellers tend to adopt western style costumes.
]An eleboate, decorated form is also worn as only garment in certain ], such as Kerala's ]; like the aptly named ], it must allow the fighters free, even acrobatic movement.


In Pre-Columbian ], ancient ] men wore a strip of cloth between their legs held up by strings or tape as a belt. The cloth was secured to the tapes at the back and the front portion hung in front as an ], always well ornamented.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The same garment,{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} mostly in plain ] but whose aprons are now, like T-shirts, sometimes decorated with logos, is known in Japan as {{transl|ja|etchu ]}}.
Japanese men traditionally wore a loincloth known as a ]. The fundoshi is essentially a 35 cm (14 inch) wide piece of fabric (cotton or ]) passed between the thighs and secured to cover the genitals. Yet there are a hundred ways of tying the fundoshi, and in the modern age, men are coming to enjoy using patterned cloth for their fundoshis.


Some of the culturally diverse ] still wear an ancestral type of loincloth.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
Men of Indo-European culture, Greeks, Romans and Scandinavians, wore the loincloth more or less habitually. (Women wore a fuller version, with ties before and behind, "bikinis" called a "perizoma", as depicted on the mosaics at Piazza Amerina.) An ancient version of the loincloth, the ], was found in the Alps on a ca. 2000 BCE archealogical find named ] the Ice Man.


Until World War II, Japanese men wore a loincloth known as a {{transl|ja|]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arita |first=Eriko |date=2009-05-10 |title=Fundoshi: undercover revolution |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2009/05/10/style/undercover-revolution/ |website=The Japan Times}}</ref> The {{transl|ja|fundoshi}} is a {{convert|35|cm||adj=mid|-wide}} piece of fabric (cotton or ]) passed between the thighs and secured to cover the genitals.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
After the fall of the Roman empire the loincloth disappeared in Europe. ] of one kind or another, which had been considered a Celtic oddity in the Ancient Mediterranean cultures, were prescribed for men.


== Loincloths by culture ==
]When Europe once again came into contact with the broader world, Europeans viewed the loincloth as an exotic (hence ideal for 'primitive' movie characters like ]) and indecent garment, probably because men's buttocks were not covered.
=== Australia ===
] festival]]
Worn by adult males in some Aboriginal cultures. Called ''naga'', ''narga'', ''nargar'' (etc) from ] dialect of the ].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Australian National Dictionary |date=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor=W. S. Ramson |edition=1988 |page=417 |isbn=0195547365}}</ref>


=== India ===
Despite that loincloth-wearing peoples consider the loincloth an expression of modesty, when Europeans conquered other peoples among whom the loincloth was traditional, the Europeans banned this garment as uncivilised and offensive to the Christian morality they usually preached.
Unsewn ] and its later-era sewn variation ] are ], worn as ] in ] held in ]s especially ], to prevent ] and ].<ref name="Mahatyagi2007">{{cite book|author=Raman Das Mahatyagi|title=Yatan Yoga: A Natural Guide to Health and Harmony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjpmZ3ysHTsC&pg=PA33|year=2007|publisher=Yatan Ayurvedics|isbn=978-0-9803761-0-4|pages=33–}}</ref> ] is mandatory for ] to wear.


==Connotations== === Japan ===
Japanese men and women traditionally wore a loincloth known as a '']''. The ''fundoshi'' is a 35&nbsp;cm (14&nbsp;in.) wide piece of fabric (cotton or ]) passed between the thighs and secured to cover the genitals. There are many ways of tying the ''fundoshi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shop-japan.co.jp/english-boku/fundoshi.html|title=BOKUNAN-DO|website=www.shop-japan.co.jp}}</ref>
]


=== Native American ===
The connection of loincloth-wearing with "backwardness" became even more pronounced in the 19th century heyday of colonialism.
] men in breechcloths (1871)]]


In most ] tribes, men used to wear some form of breechcloth, often with ].<ref name="native-languages" /><ref name="AICB">Minor, Marz & Minor, Nono (1977). . Bison Books. pp. 72–73. {{ISBN|0-8032-5891-7}}. Google Book Search. Retrieved on 2010-07-15.</ref><ref name="ABI:">Mayfield, Thomas Jefferson (1997). . Heyday Books. p. 83. {{ISBN|0-930588-93-2}}. Google Book Search. Retrieved on 2010-07-15.</ref><ref name="rootsweb">. Retrieved on 2010-07-15.</ref> The style differed from tribe to tribe. In many tribes, the flaps hung down in front and back; in others, the breechcloth looped outside the belt and was tucked into the inside, for a more fitted look.<ref name="native-languages" /> Sometimes, the breechcloth was much shorter, and a decorated apron panel was attached in front and behind.<ref name="native-languages" />
Often the only garment black male slaves in the tropical colonies (e.g. in Surinam) were permitted to wear was a scanty ].


A Native American woman or ] ] might also wear a fitted breechcloth underneath her skirt, but not as outerwear. However, in many tribes' young girls did wear breechcloths like the ]s until they became old enough for skirts and dresses.<ref name="native-languages" /> Among the ] of the American Southwest, a breechcloth given to a young female symbolically recognizes her status as ].<ref>Conner, Sparks, and Sparks, eds. (1997) ''Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: Covering Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Lore''</ref>
During WW2, Allied prisoners of war in Japanese camps often had nothing but a breechcloth to wear.


===Philippines===
The popular western mind also connects the man's loincloth with infants' ], and this has added to the sense of indignity and "backwardness" associated with the loincloth.
{{main|Bahag (garment)}}
At present, except in Japan, the loincloth is nearly extinct as normal male wear in the industrialized world. However, in some cases it is worn as part of tribal or national dress, either for the benefit of tourists, by tradition or as a statement.


] noblemen or warriors deliberately wearing only '']'' to show off traditional, full-body tattoos ('']''), from the '']'', {{circa|1590}}]]
{{unreferenced|date=July 2006}}

In the Philippines, loincloths of any sort are generally called ]. It is often a single, long, rectangular cloth that is not tied with a belt or string and were made from either ] or hand-]s. The design of the weave is often unique to a specific tribe, while colors may denote the wearer’s social rank, such as plain white for commoners.<ref name="Belen">{{cite web |last1=Belen |first1=Yvonne |date=21 June 2014 |title=Loincloth (G-string, Bahag) |url=https://www.icbe.eu/cordillera-articles/675-loincloth-g-string-bahag |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=Grand Cañao}}</ref>

Throughout the ] period, the ''bahág'' was the normative dress for commoners and the servile class (the '']'' caste).<ref name="Lopez">{{cite book |last1=Lopez |first1=Mellie Leandicho |title=A Handbook of Philippine Folklore |date=2006 |publisher=UP Press |isbn=9789715425148 |page=385}}</ref> It survives today among some ], most notably the various ] peoples in the mountains of inland northern ].<ref name="Dalton">{{cite book |last1=Dalton |first1=David |last2=Keeling |first2=Stephen |title=The Rough Guide to the Philippines |date=2013 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=9781405392075}}</ref>

The ''bahág'' was also favoured by the pre-colonial ] (''tumao'') and ] (''timawa'') classes of the ], as it showed off their elaborate, full-body tattoos ('']'') that advertised combat prowess and other significant achievements:<ref name="Scott" /><ref name="Francia">{{cite book |last1=Francia |first1=Luis H. |title=History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos |date=2013 |publisher=Abrams |isbn=978-1-4683-1545-5}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text=The principal clothing of the Cebuanos and all the Visayans is the tattooing of which we have already spoken, with which a naked man appears to be dressed in a kind of handsome armor engraved with very fine work, a dress so esteemed by them they take it for their proudest attire, covering their bodies neither more nor less than a ], so that although for solemn occasions they have the ''marlotas'' (robes) we mentioned, their dress at home and in their ''barrio'' is their tattoos and a ], as they call that cloth they wrap around their waist, which is the sort the ancient actors and gladiators used in Rome for decency's sake.
|author=]
|title = ''Relación de las Islas Filipinas'' (1604)
|source=<ref name="Scott">{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=William Henry |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society |date=1994 |publisher=Ateneo University Press |isbn=9789715501354 |pages=20–27}}</ref>
}}

One method of wrapping the ''bahág'' involves first pulling the long rectangular cloth (usually around {{convert|2|to|3|m|abbr=on}}) in between the legs to cover the genitals, with a longer back flap. This back flap is then twisted across the right leg, then crossed at the waist in an anti-clockwise direction. It then goes under the front flap, then across the left leg. It is twisted back across the back loop, above the buttocks. The result is the two rectangular ends hanging in front of and behind the waist, with a loop around the legs resembling a belt.

The native ] word for "rainbow", ''bahagharì'', literally means "loincloth of the king".<ref>{{cite news |title=Glossary of Confusing Pinoy Expressions |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=Spot.ph|url= https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/54434/glossary-of-pinoy-expressions|date=10 October 2013}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
]

Some ] men around {{BCE|2000|link=y}} wore ] breechcloths, as can be seen from the clothing of ].<ref name="iceman.it/clothing">. Retrieved 2010-07-15.</ref> ] wore a type of loincloth known as a ].

The use of breechcloths took on common use by the Metis and Acadians and are mentioned as early as the 1650s. In the 1740s and 50s they were issued to the Canadien as part of their war uniform and in 1755 they even tried to issue them to soldiers from France.

{{Blockquote
|text=During their travels across Canada, the French dress as the Indians; they do not wear breeches. Many nations imitate the French customs; yet I observed, on the contrary, that the French in Canada, in many respects, follow the customs of the Indians, with whom they converse everyday. They make use of the tobacco pipes, shoes, garters, and girdles of the Indians.
|author=-Peter Kalm, 1749.
}}
{{Blockquote
|text=Those who go to war receive a capot, two cotton shirts, one breechclout, one pair of leggings, one blanket, one pair of souliers de boeuf, a wood-handled knife, a worm and a musket when they do not bring any. The breechclout is a piece of broadcloth draped between the thighs in the Native manner and with the two ends held by a belt. One wears it without breeches to walk more easily in the woods.
|author=d’Aleyrac, 1755–60.
}}
{{Blockquote
|text=During the week the men went about in their homes dressed much like the Indians, namely, in stockings and shoes like theirs, with garters, and a girdle about the waist; otherwise the clothing was like that of other Frenchmen.
|author=Kalm, p. 558
}}
{{Blockquote
|text=The French familiarized themselves with us, Studied our Tongue, and Manners, wore our Dress, Married our Daughters, and our Sons their Maids
|author=Pontiac, Ottawa leader, 2.2.50-57
}}


== See also == == See also ==
{{Div col}}
* Similar Indian clothes
** ]
** ]
* Related Indian clothes
** ]
** ]
** ]
* Similar garments
** Breechcloth
** ]
** Loincloth
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] (called also Tanga or thong)
* Related garments
* ]
** ]
{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


== External links == == External links ==
{{Commons category|Loincloths}}
*
*
*
*<!--spacing-->


{{Men's undergarments}}
{{Historical clothing}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]

]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 04:31, 20 December 2024

Cloth worn around the loins For the American heavy metal band, see Loincloth (band).
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Loincloth
Sketch of a loincloth
TypeClothing that covers the genitals and sometimes the buttocks

A loincloth is a one-piece garment, either wrapped around itself or kept in place by a belt. It covers the genitals and sometimes the buttocks. Loincloths which are held up by belts or strings are specifically known as breechcloth or breechclout. Often, the flaps hang down in front and back.

History and types

A form of loincloth worn with a cape by Nezahualpilli, c. 1500

Loincloths are worn in societies where no other clothing is needed or wanted. Loincloths are commonly used as an undergarment or swimsuit by wrestlers and by farmers in paddy fields in both Sri Lanka and India, where it is called Kovanam in Tamil, ambudaya in Sinhala and kaupinam or langot.

The loincloth, or breechcloth, is a basic form of dress, often worn as the only garment. Men have worn a loincloth as a fundamental piece of clothing which covers their genitals, not the buttocks, in most societies which disapproved of genital nakedness throughout human history. The loincloth is in essence a piece of material, bark-bast, leather, or cloth, passed between the legs and covering the genitals. Despite its functional simplicity, the loincloth comes in many different forms.

The styles in which breechcloths and loincloths can be arranged are myriad. Both the Bornean sirat and the Indian dhoti have fabric pass between the legs to support a man's genitals.

The Aztecs wore loincloths with or without other garments.

A similar style of loincloth was also characteristic of ancient Mesoamerica. The male inhabitants of the area of modern Mexico wore a wound loincloth of woven fabric. One end of the loincloth was held up, the remainder passed between the thighs, wound about the waist, and secured in back by tucking.

In Pre-Columbian South America, ancient Inca men wore a strip of cloth between their legs held up by strings or tape as a belt. The cloth was secured to the tapes at the back and the front portion hung in front as an apron, always well ornamented. The same garment, mostly in plain cotton but whose aprons are now, like T-shirts, sometimes decorated with logos, is known in Japan as etchu fundoshi.

Some of the culturally diverse Amazonian indigenous still wear an ancestral type of loincloth.

Until World War II, Japanese men wore a loincloth known as a fundoshi. The fundoshi is a 35-centimetre-wide (14 in) piece of fabric (cotton or silk) passed between the thighs and secured to cover the genitals.

Loincloths by culture

Australia

Australian Aboriginal dance group wearing loincloths made from modern materials on stage at the Nambassa festival

Worn by adult males in some Aboriginal cultures. Called naga, narga, nargar (etc) from Yulparija dialect of the Western Desert.

India

Unsewn Kaupinam and its later-era sewn variation langot are traditional clothes in India, worn as underwear in dangal held in akharas especially wrestling, to prevent hernias and hydrocele. Kacchera is mandatory for Sikhs to wear.

Japan

Japanese men and women traditionally wore a loincloth known as a fundoshi. The fundoshi is a 35 cm (14 in.) wide piece of fabric (cotton or silk) passed between the thighs and secured to cover the genitals. There are many ways of tying the fundoshi.

Native American

Two Mojave men in breechcloths (1871)

In most Native American tribes, men used to wear some form of breechcloth, often with leggings. The style differed from tribe to tribe. In many tribes, the flaps hung down in front and back; in others, the breechcloth looped outside the belt and was tucked into the inside, for a more fitted look. Sometimes, the breechcloth was much shorter, and a decorated apron panel was attached in front and behind.

A Native American woman or teenage girl might also wear a fitted breechcloth underneath her skirt, but not as outerwear. However, in many tribes' young girls did wear breechcloths like the boys until they became old enough for skirts and dresses. Among the Mohave people of the American Southwest, a breechcloth given to a young female symbolically recognizes her status as hwame.

Philippines

Main article: Bahag (garment)
Visayan noblemen or warriors deliberately wearing only bahág to show off traditional, full-body tattoos (batok), from the Boxer Codex, c. 1590

In the Philippines, loincloths of any sort are generally called bahág. It is often a single, long, rectangular cloth that is not tied with a belt or string and were made from either barkcloth or hand-woven textiles. The design of the weave is often unique to a specific tribe, while colors may denote the wearer’s social rank, such as plain white for commoners.

Throughout the pre-colonial period, the bahág was the normative dress for commoners and the servile class (the alipin caste). It survives today among some indigenous tribes of the Philippines, most notably the various Cordilleran peoples in the mountains of inland northern Luzon.

The bahág was also favoured by the pre-colonial noble (tumao) and warrior (timawa) classes of the Visayan people, as it showed off their elaborate, full-body tattoos (batok) that advertised combat prowess and other significant achievements:

The principal clothing of the Cebuanos and all the Visayans is the tattooing of which we have already spoken, with which a naked man appears to be dressed in a kind of handsome armor engraved with very fine work, a dress so esteemed by them they take it for their proudest attire, covering their bodies neither more nor less than a Christ crucified, so that although for solemn occasions they have the marlotas (robes) we mentioned, their dress at home and in their barrio is their tattoos and a bahag, as they call that cloth they wrap around their waist, which is the sort the ancient actors and gladiators used in Rome for decency's sake.

— Pedro Chirino, Relación de las Islas Filipinas (1604),

One method of wrapping the bahág involves first pulling the long rectangular cloth (usually around 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in)) in between the legs to cover the genitals, with a longer back flap. This back flap is then twisted across the right leg, then crossed at the waist in an anti-clockwise direction. It then goes under the front flap, then across the left leg. It is twisted back across the back loop, above the buttocks. The result is the two rectangular ends hanging in front of and behind the waist, with a loop around the legs resembling a belt.

The native Tagalog word for "rainbow", bahagharì, literally means "loincloth of the king".

Europe

Clothing of the French Canadiens and the Milice reenactment.

Some European men around 2000 BCE wore leather breechcloths, as can be seen from the clothing of Ötzi. Ancient Romans wore a type of loincloth known as a subligaculum.

The use of breechcloths took on common use by the Metis and Acadians and are mentioned as early as the 1650s. In the 1740s and 50s they were issued to the Canadien as part of their war uniform and in 1755 they even tried to issue them to soldiers from France.

During their travels across Canada, the French dress as the Indians; they do not wear breeches. Many nations imitate the French customs; yet I observed, on the contrary, that the French in Canada, in many respects, follow the customs of the Indians, with whom they converse everyday. They make use of the tobacco pipes, shoes, garters, and girdles of the Indians.

— -Peter Kalm, 1749.

Those who go to war receive a capot, two cotton shirts, one breechclout, one pair of leggings, one blanket, one pair of souliers de boeuf, a wood-handled knife, a worm and a musket when they do not bring any. The breechclout is a piece of broadcloth draped between the thighs in the Native manner and with the two ends held by a belt. One wears it without breeches to walk more easily in the woods.

— d’Aleyrac, 1755–60.

During the week the men went about in their homes dressed much like the Indians, namely, in stockings and shoes like theirs, with garters, and a girdle about the waist; otherwise the clothing was like that of other Frenchmen.

— Kalm, p. 558

The French familiarized themselves with us, Studied our Tongue, and Manners, wore our Dress, Married our Daughters, and our Sons their Maids

— Pontiac, Ottawa leader, 2.2.50-57

See also

Notes

  1. Local names: Nahuatl maxtlatl, Mayan ex.

References

  1. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2009-12-22.
  2. ^ Native Languages Archived 2009-07-02 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2009-12-22.
  3. Arita, Eriko (2009-05-10). "Fundoshi: undercover revolution". The Japan Times.
  4. W. S. Ramson, ed. (1988). The Australian National Dictionary (1988 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 417. ISBN 0195547365.
  5. Raman Das Mahatyagi (2007). Yatan Yoga: A Natural Guide to Health and Harmony. Yatan Ayurvedics. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-9803761-0-4.
  6. "BOKUNAN-DO". www.shop-japan.co.jp.
  7. Minor, Marz & Minor, Nono (1977). The American Indian Craft Book. Bison Books. pp. 72–73. ISBN 0-8032-5891-7. Google Book Search. Retrieved on 2010-07-15.
  8. Mayfield, Thomas Jefferson (1997). Adopted by Indians: A True Story. Heyday Books. p. 83. ISBN 0-930588-93-2. Google Book Search. Retrieved on 2010-07-15.
  9. Typical Indian Clothing (male). Retrieved on 2010-07-15.
  10. Conner, Sparks, and Sparks, eds. (1997) Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: Covering Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Lore
  11. Belen, Yvonne (21 June 2014). "Loincloth (G-string, Bahag)". Grand Cañao. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  12. Lopez, Mellie Leandicho (2006). A Handbook of Philippine Folklore. UP Press. p. 385. ISBN 9789715425148.
  13. Dalton, David; Keeling, Stephen (2013). The Rough Guide to the Philippines. Rough Guides UK. ISBN 9781405392075.
  14. ^ Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo University Press. pp. 20–27. ISBN 9789715501354.
  15. Francia, Luis H. (2013). History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4683-1545-5.
  16. "Glossary of Confusing Pinoy Expressions". Spot.ph. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  17. South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. Retrieved 2010-07-15.

External links

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