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			{{Short description\|Shade of blue (color)}}
	{{pp-pc1}}
	{{Other uses}}		{{Other uses}}
			{{pp-pc1}}
	{\| align="right"		{\| align="right"
	\|+ Cerulean as a quaternary color on the RYB color wheel		\|+ Cerulean as a ] on the RYB color wheel
	\|{{legend\|#0247FE\|blue}}		\|{{legend\|#0247FE\|blue}}
	\|-		\|-
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	\|}		\|}
	{{infobox Color		{{infobox Color
	\|title= Cerulean		\|title=Cerulean
			\|hex=007BA7
	\|textcolor=white
			\|source=Maerz and Paul<ref name="MaerzPaul1930C" />
	\|hex= 007BA7
			\|isccname=Strong greenish blue
	\|r= 0\|g=123\|b=167
			}}
	\|c=100\|m= 26\|y= 0\|k= 35
			{{infobox Color
	\|h=196\|s=100\|v= 65
			\|title=Cerulean (RGB)
	\|source= <ref name="MaerzPaul1930C" />
			\|hex=0040FF
			\|isccname=Vivid blue
	}}		}}

			The color '''cerulean''' (]) or '''caerulean''' (], ]), is a variety of ] that may range from a light azure blue to a more intense sky blue, and may be mixed as well with the hue of green. The first recorded use of ''cerulean'' as a color name in ] was in 1590.<ref name="MaerzPaul1930C">{{cite book\|last1=Maerz\|first1=Aloys John \|last2=Paul\|first2=M. Rea \|title=A Dictionary of Color\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQ0AAAAIAAJ\|year=1930\|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company\|page=190; Color Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Color Sample E6}}</ref> The word is derived from the ] word '']'' ({{IPA\|la\|kae̯ˈru.le.us\|lang}}), "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from ''caerulum'', diminutive of ''caelum'', "heaven, sky".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cerulean&searchmode=none\|title=cerulean - Search Online Etymology Dictionary\|website=Etymonline.com\|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

			"Cerulean blue" is the name of a blue-green ] consisting of ] ] ({{chem\|Co\|2\|SnO\|4}}). The pigment was first synthesized in the late eighteenth century by Albrecht Höpfner, a Swiss chemist, and it was known as Höpfner blue during the first half of the nineteenth century. Art suppliers began referring to cobalt stannate as cerulean in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was not widely used by artists until the 1870s when it became available in ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|last=Eastlaugh \|first=Nicholas \|title=The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments \|publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann \|year=2004 \|isbn=9780750657495 \|location=Amsterdam; Boston \|pages=90 \|language=English}}</ref>

	{{infobox Color		{{infobox Color
	\|title= Cerulean ~~(RGB)~~		\|title=Cerulean Blue
			\|hex=2A52BE
	\|textcolor=white
			\|source=Maerz and Paul<ref name="MaerzPaul1930CB">{{cite book\|last1=Maerz\|first1=Aloys John \|last2=Paul\|first2=M. Rea \|title=A Dictionary of Color\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQ0AAAAIAAJ\|year=1930\|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company\|page=190; Color Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Color Sample L9}}</ref>
	\|hex= 0040FF
			\|isccname=Vivid blue
	\|r= 0\|g=63\|b=255
			}}
	\|c=100\|m= 75\|y= 0\|k= 0
	\|h=225\|s=100\|v= 100
	\|source= }}

			==Pigment characteristics==
	'''Cerulean''' ({{IPAc-en\|s\|ə\|ˈ\|r\|uː\|l\|i\|ə\|n}}), also spelled '''caerulean''', is a shade of ] ranging between ] and a darker ].
			The primary chemical constituent of the pigment is ](II) ] ({{chem\|Co\|2\|SnO\|4}}).<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/ceruleanblue.html \|series=Pigments through the Ages \|title=Cerulean blue - Overview \|website=webexhibits.org \|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/ceruleanblue.html \|series=Pigments through the Ages \|title=Cerulean blue - History \|website=webexhibits.org \|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=cerulean blue \|series=Material name \|publisher=Museum of Fine Arts \|place=Boston, MA \|website=Cameo.mfa.org \|url=http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/record.asp?key=2170&subkey=1977&MaterialName=cobalt&Search=Search \|url-status=dead \|access-date=20 November 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203141113/http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/record.asp?key=2170&subkey=1977&MaterialName=cobalt&Search=Search \|archive-date=3 February 2009}}</ref> The pigment is a greenish-blue color. In watercolor, it has a slight chalkiness. When used in ], it loses this quality.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book \|last=St. Clair \|first=Kassia \|title=The Secret Lives of Color \|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group \|year=2017 \|isbn=9780143131144 \|pages=182–183}}</ref>

			Today, cobalt ] is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener{{efn\|Rex Art color index PB 36}} than the cobalt stannate version.{{efn\|Rex Art color index PB 35}} The chromate makes excellent turquoise colors and is identified by ''Rex Art'' and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".<ref>{{cite web \|title=Blue \|website=Paintmaking \|url=http://www.paintmaking.com/blue.htm \|access-date=20 November 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171501/http://www.paintmaking.com/blue.htm \|archive-date=3 March 2016 \|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Colormaking attributes \|website=Handprint.com \|url=http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/waterb.html \|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>
	The first recorded use of ''cerulean'' as a colour name in ] was in 1590.<ref name="MaerzPaul1930C">{{cite book\|last1=Maerz\|first1=Aloys John \|last2=Paul\|first2=M. Rea \|title=A Dictionary of Color\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQ0AAAAIAAJ\|year=1930\|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company\|p=190; Colour Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Colour Sample E6}}</ref> The word is derived from the ] word '']'', "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from ''caerulum'', diminutive of ''caelum'', "heaven, sky".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cerulean&searchmode=none\|title=cerulean - Search Online Etymology Dictionary\|website=Etymonline.com\|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref>

			Cerulean is inert with good light resistance, and it exhibits a high degree of stability in both ] and ] paint.<ref>Patterson, Steven. 2020. "The history of blue pigments in the Fine Arts — painting, from the perspective of a paint maker". ''Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales'' 153:164-179. https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/153-2-04Patterson.pdf . 172.</ref>
	"Cerulean blue" is the name of a ]. The pigment was discovered in the late eighteenth century and designated as cerulean blue in the nineteenth century.

			<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
	{{infobox Color\|
			File:PB35 Bleu Céruléum.JPG\|Cerulean blue PB35
	title= Cerulean Blue\|textcolor=white\|
			File:Cerulean blue hue.png\|A sample swatch of cerulean blue hue oil paint. "]" in this instance means that other pigments have been used to mimic the color of oil paint that contains the original pigment.
	hex= 2A52BE\|
			File:Ceruleum.png\|Cerulean blue pigment in oil. On the left as a standoil glaze over zinc white; on the right as a mass tone in oil-based paint.
	r= 42\|g= 82\|b=190\|
			</gallery>
	<!-- c= 78\|m= 57\|k= 25\| normalised -->\|
	c= 87\|m= 74\|y= 0\|k= 0\|
	h=224\|s= 78\|v= 75
	\|source=Maerz and Paul<ref name="MaerzPaul1930CB">{{cite book\|last1=Maerz\|first1=Aloys John \|last2=Paul\|first2=M. Rea \|title=A Dictionary of Color\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQ0AAAAIAAJ\|year=1930\|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company\|p=190; Colour Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Colour Sample L9}}</ref>
	}}

	==~~Cerulean~~ ~~blue~~ ~~pigment~~==		== History ==
			Cobalt stannate pigment was first synthesized in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner by heating roasted ] and ] together.<ref name=":06">{{Cite book \|last=Siddal \|first=Ruth \|title=The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments \|publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann \|year=2004 \|isbn=9780750657495 \|location=Amsterdam; Boston \|pages=90 \|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Höpfner \|first=Albrecht \|year=1789 \|title=Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber \|journal=Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens \|volume=4 \|pages=41–47}}</ref> Subsequently, there was limited German production under the name of ''Cölinblau''.{{citation needed\|date=April 2019}} It was generally known as Höpfner blue from the late eighteenth century until the middle of the nineteenth century.<ref name=":0" />
	]
	]
	In ], the word ''caerulum'' was used to describe blue ]s, particularly mixtures of ] and ]ous ]s, like ] and ]. These early attempts to create sky blue colours were often less than satisfactory due to a limited saturation and the tendency to discolour in reaction with other pigments. See also ].
	]
	The pigment Cerulean blue was discovered in 1789 by the Swiss chemist ].<ref>Höpfner, A., 1789, "Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber", ''Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens, herausgegeben von Albrecht Höpfner'', Vierte Band, pp 41–47</ref> Subsequently there was a limited German production under the name of ''Cölinblau''. It was in 1860 first marketed in the ] by colourman ], as "coeruleum". Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue".

			In the late 1850s, art suppliers begin referring to the pigment as "ceruleum" blue. ] of 28 December 1859 had an advertisement for "Caeruleum, a new permanent color prepared for the use of artists." Ure's ''Dictionary of Arts'' from 1875 describes the pigment as "Caeruleum . . . consisting of stannate of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with ] and ]." Cerulean was also referred to as coeurleum, cerulium, ''bleu céleste'' (celestial blue). Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue". By 1935, ] referred to the pigment as cerulean, as do most modern sources, though ceruleum is still used.<ref name=":0" />
	''Pigments through the ages'' shows a "Painted swatch of cerulean blue" that is representative of the actual cobalt stannate pigment. This ] matches the colour shown in the colour box at right.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/ceruleanblue.html \|title=Cerulean blue \|author= \|date= \|work= \|publisher=Pigments through the Ages \|accessdate=30 December 2011}}</ref> See also painted swatch and crystals of cerulean blue at ColourLex.<ref>, ColourLex</ref>

			Some sources claim that cerulean blue was first marketed in the ] by colourman ], as "coeruleum" in the early 1860s. However, the British firm of Roberson was buying "Blue No. 58 (Cerulium)" from a German firm of Frauenknecht and Stotz prior to Rowney.<ref name=":0" /> Cerulean blue was only available as a watercolor in the 1860s and was not widely adopted until the 1870s when it was used in oil paint. It was popular with artists including ], ], and ]. ] created his own approximation of cerulean blue using a mixture of ], ], and white.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book \|last=St. Clair \|first=Kassia \|title=The Secret Lives of Color \|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group \|year=2017 \|isbn=9780143131144 \|pages=182–183}}</ref>
	The primary chemical constituent of the pigment is ](II) ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/ceruleanblue.html\|title=Pigments through the Ages - Overview - Cerulean blue\|website=webexhibits.org\|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/ceruleanblue.html\|title=Pigments through the Ages - History - Cerulean blue\|website=webexhibits.org\|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/record.asp?key=2170&subkey=1977&MaterialName=cobalt&Search=Search\|title=''Material Name: cerulean blue'', Museum of Fine Arts, Boston\|website=Cameo.mfa.org\|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref> The precise hue of the pigment is dependent on a variable silicate component.{{cn\|date=April 2019}} The pigment is very expensive.{{cn\|date=April 2019}}
			== Notable occurrences ==
			In 1877, ] had added the pigment to his palette, using it in a painting from his series '']'' (now in the National Gallery, London). The blues in the painting include ] and cerulean blue, with some areas of ]. Laboratory analysis conducted by the National Gallery identified a relatively pure example of cerulean blue pigment in the shadows of the station's canopy. Researchers at the National Gallery suggested that "cerulean probably offered a pigment of sufficiently greenish tone to displace ], which may not have been popular by this time."<ref>Roy, Ashok. "The Palettes of Three Impressionist Paintings". ''National Gallery Technical Bulletin'' 9 (1985): 13. {{JSTOR\|42616026}}.</ref>

			] painted the blue coat of the woman in her '']'', 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ] and ].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Bomford \|first1=D. \|title=Impressionism \|last2=Kirby \|first2=J. \|last3=Leighton \|first3=J. \|last4=Roy \|first4=A. \|publisher=National Gallery Publications \|year=1990 \|series=Art in the Making \|place=London, UK \|pages=176–181}}</ref>
	When the pigment '''cerulean blue''' (shown in the colour box to the left) was discovered, it became a useful addition to ], ] and synthetic ] which already had superseded the prior pigments.

			When the ] was formed at the end of World War II, they adopted cerulean blue for their emblem. The designer ] stated that he chose the color because it was "the opposite of red, the color of war."<ref name=":13">{{Cite book \|last=St. Clair \|first=Kassia \|title=The Secret Lives of Color \|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group \|year=2017 \|isbn=9780143131144 \|pages=182–183}}</ref>
	It is particularly valuable for artistic painting of skies because of its hue, its permanence, and its opaqueness.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://jcsparks.com/painted/pigment-chem.html\|title=Pigments and their Chemical and Artistic Properties\|website=jcsparks.com\|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref> ] painted the blue coat of the woman in her '']'', 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ] and ].<ref>Bomford D, Kirby J., Leighton, J., Roy A. ''Art in the Making: Impressionism''. National Gallery Publications, London, 1990, pp. 176–181</ref>
	], '']'', 1879]]

			In the Catholic Church, cerulean vestments are permitted on certain ] feast days, primarily the ] in diocese currently or formerly under the ].<ref>{{cite web\| url=https://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2021/12/the-spanish-privilege-cerulean-blue-and.html\| title=The Spanish Privilege: Cerulean Blue and the Immaculate Conception\| author=Shawn Tribe\| accessdate=2023-07-31 }}</ref>
	Today, cobalt ] is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener (Rex Art colour index PB 36) than the cobalt stannate version (colour index PB 35). The chromate makes excellent turquoise colours and is identified by Rex Art and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.paintmaking.com/blue.htm\|title=Account Suspended\|website=Paintmaking.com\|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/waterb.html\|title=handprint : colormaking attributes\|website=Handprint.com\|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref>
	{{Clear}}{{Clear\|right}}

			<gallery mode="packed" widths="250" heights="250">
	==Other colour variations==
			File:The_Saint-Lazare_Railway_Station_1522133478-43f10.jpg\|], ''La Gare Saint-Lazare,'' 1887
			File:Berthe Morisot - Jour d'été, 1879.jpg\|], ], 1879
			File:Flag-United-Nations-Logo.jpg\|Symbol of the United Nations
			</gallery>

			==Other color variations==

	===Pale cerulean===		===Pale cerulean===
	{{infobox color\|		{{infobox color
	title= Cerulean (Pantone)~~\|textcolor=black\|~~		\|title=Cerulean (Pantone)
	hex= 98B4D4\|		\|hex=98B4D4
			\|source=<ref>Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.</ref>
	r=152\|g=180\|b=212
			\|isccname=Pale blue}}
	\|h=212\|s=28\|v=83 \|
	\|source=<ref>Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone Colour Finder and the colour will appear.</ref>}}

	], in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call ''cerulean'', as the "~~colour~~ of the millennium".<ref name="pantone">{{cite web\|url=https://www.pantone.com/\|title=About Us - Color the Millennium Cerulean Blue~~\|first=~~\|last=PANTONE\|website=PANTONE\|~~accessdate~~=20 November 2017}}</ref>		], in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call ''cerulean'', as the "color of the millennium".<ref name="pantone">{{cite web\|url=https://www.pantone.com/\|title=About Us - Color the Millennium Cerulean Blue\|last=PANTONE\|website=PANTONE\|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

	The source of this ~~colour~~ is the "] Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" ~~colour~~ list, ~~colour~~ #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx\|title=- Find a Pantone Color - Quick Online Color Tool\|website=Pantone.com\|~~accessdate~~=20 November 2017}}</ref>		The source of this color is the "] Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx\|title=- Find a Pantone Color - Quick Online Color Tool\|website=Pantone.com\|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}

	===Cerulean (Crayola) ===		=== Cerulean (Crayola) ===
	{{infobox color\|		{{infobox color
	title= Cerulean (Crayola)~~\|textcolor=white\|~~		\|title=Cerulean (Crayola)
	hex= 1DACD6\|		\|hex=1DACD6
			\|source=]
	r=29\|g=172\|b=214
			\|isccname=Brilliant greenish blue}}
	\|h=209\|s=94 \|v=49 \|
	\|source=]}}

	This bright tone of cerulean is the ~~colour~~ called ''cerulean'' by ].		This bright tone of cerulean is the color called ''cerulean'' by ].
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}

	===Cerulean frost===		===Cerulean frost===
	{{infobox color\|		{{infobox color
	title= Cerulean Frost~~\|textcolor=white\|~~		\|title=Cerulean Frost
	hex= 6D9BC3\|		\|hex=6D9BC3
			\|source=]
	r=109\|g=155\|b=195\|
			\|isccname=Light blue}}
	c= 44\|m= 21\|y= 0\|k= 24\|
	h=208\|s= 44\|v= 77<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://web.forret.com/tools/color.asp?RGB=#6D9BC3\|title=RGB Color converter - toolstudio\|first=Peter\|last=Forret\|website=web.forret.com\|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref>
	\|source=]}}

	At right is displayed the ~~colour~~ '''cerulean frost'''.		At right is displayed the color '''cerulean frost'''.

	''Cerulean frost'' is one of the ~~colours~~ in the special set of metallic ~~coloured~~ ] crayons called ], the ~~colours~~ of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.		''Cerulean frost'' is one of the colors in the special set of metallic colored ] crayons called ], the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.
			{{Clear}}

			===Curious Blue===
			{{infobox color
			\|title=Curious Blue
			\|hex=269DCE
			\|source=
			\|isccname=Moderate cerulean}}

			Curious Blue is one of the brighter-toned colors of cerulean.
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}

Line 106:		Line 116:
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]

	==In culture==
	<!--
	Don't add something here if it doesn't involve the color.
	-->

	===Literature===
	* Used as early as 1790 by the poet Charlotte Smith in her poem "Beachy Head" - "...And Ocean now, reflecting the calm Heaven / Is of cerulean hue...." (lines 30 -31 ibid)

	===Colour===
	* Cerulean was nominated by Pantone in 1999 as the "colour of the millennium".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/design/2012/04/pantone_color_forecasts_are_they_accurate_.2.html\|title=Sneaking Into Pantone HQ\|first=Tom\|last=Vanderbilt\|date=27 April 2012\|website=Slate.com\|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref> (See the colour ] above)

	===Film===
	{{wikiquote\|The Devil Wears Prada (film)}}
	* In '']'', a blue, but more precisely cerulean, sweater worn by the protagonist Andy Sachs (]) becomes the subject of a lecture by fashion magazine editor Miranda Priestly (]) on the influence of the fashion industry.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/11/the-devil-wears-prada-quotes-cerulean-sweater-scene-plaid.html\|title=The Devil Wears Prada's Cerulean Monologue Was Almost About Plaid\|last=Harris\|first=Hunter\|date=November 19, 2018\|website=]\|accessdate=September 17, 2019}}</ref>
	{{cquote
	\|quote=...But what you don't know is that that sweater is not just blue, it's not turquoise. It's not lapis. It's actually cerulean.7
	\|float=center
	\|author=]
	\|source='']''
	}}

	===Television===
	* Repetition of the words "cerulean blue" is a method the "]" villain uses at the beginning of the eponymous ] episode 17 season 3 in order to lull his victims to do what he wants.
	* Cerulean is the name of the main antagonists in the anime series '']'' which are cerulean coloured creatures with varied shapes and sizes.

	===Video games===
	* Azul the Cerulean is the blue-haired 33-year-old final recruit of the Tsviets in '']''.
	* There is a city in '']'' named "Cerulean City" where the player can obtain the Cascade Badge, the second badge required to enter the Pokémon league.

	==See also==		==See also==
			* ]
	*]
			* ]
	*]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]

			== Explanatory notes ==
			{{notelist}}

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|30em}}

	==External links==		==External links==
Line 150:		Line 137:
	* at ColourLex		* at ColourLex

	{{Shades of blue~~\|Cerulean~~}}		{{Shades of blue}}
	{{Shades of ~~cyan\|Cerulean~~}}		{{Shades of green}}
			{{Shades of cyan}}

	{{Color topics}}		{{Color topics}}

Latest revision as of 15:41, 19 December 2024

Shade of blue (color) For other uses, see Cerulean (disambiguation).

Cerulean as a quaternary color on the RYB color wheel
blue
cerulean
teal

Cerulean

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#007BA7
sRGB (r, g, b)	(0, 123, 167)
HSV (h, s, v)	(196°, 100%, 65%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(48, 56, 234°)
Source	Maerz and Paul
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Strong greenish blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

Cerulean (RGB)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#0040FF
sRGB (r, g, b)	(0, 64, 255)
HSV (h, s, v)	(225°, 100%, 100%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(39, 134, 264°)
Source
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

The color cerulean (American English) or caerulean (British English, Commonwealth English), is a variety of the hue of blue that may range from a light azure blue to a more intense sky blue, and may be mixed as well with the hue of green. The first recorded use of cerulean as a color name in English was in 1590. The word is derived from the Latin word caeruleus (Latin: [kae̯ˈru.le.us]), "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from caerulum, diminutive of caelum, "heaven, sky".

"Cerulean blue" is the name of a blue-green pigment consisting of cobalt stannate (Co
₂SnO
₄). The pigment was first synthesized in the late eighteenth century by Albrecht Höpfner, a Swiss chemist, and it was known as Höpfner blue during the first half of the nineteenth century. Art suppliers began referring to cobalt stannate as cerulean in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was not widely used by artists until the 1870s when it became available in oil paint.

Cerulean Blue

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#2A52BE
sRGB (r, g, b)	(42, 82, 190)
HSV (h, s, v)	(224°, 78%, 75%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(38, 90, 260°)
Source	Maerz and Paul
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

Pigment characteristics

The primary chemical constituent of the pigment is cobalt(II) stannate (Co
₂SnO
₄). The pigment is a greenish-blue color. In watercolor, it has a slight chalkiness. When used in oil paint, it loses this quality.

Today, cobalt chromate is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener than the cobalt stannate version. The chromate makes excellent turquoise colors and is identified by Rex Art and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".

Cerulean is inert with good light resistance, and it exhibits a high degree of stability in both watercolor and acrylic paint.

Cerulean blue PB35
A sample swatch of cerulean blue hue oil paint. "Hue" in this instance means that other pigments have been used to mimic the color of oil paint that contains the original pigment.
Cerulean blue pigment in oil. On the left as a standoil glaze over zinc white; on the right as a mass tone in oil-based paint.

History

Cobalt stannate pigment was first synthesized in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner by heating roasted cobalt and tin oxides together. Subsequently, there was limited German production under the name of Cölinblau. It was generally known as Höpfner blue from the late eighteenth century until the middle of the nineteenth century.

In the late 1850s, art suppliers begin referring to the pigment as "ceruleum" blue. The London Times of 28 December 1859 had an advertisement for "Caeruleum, a new permanent color prepared for the use of artists." Ure's Dictionary of Arts from 1875 describes the pigment as "Caeruleum . . . consisting of stannate of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with stannic acid and sulphate of lime." Cerulean was also referred to as coeurleum, cerulium, bleu céleste (celestial blue). Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue". By 1935, Max Doerner referred to the pigment as cerulean, as do most modern sources, though ceruleum is still used.

Some sources claim that cerulean blue was first marketed in the United Kingdom by colourman George Rowney, as "coeruleum" in the early 1860s. However, the British firm of Roberson was buying "Blue No. 58 (Cerulium)" from a German firm of Frauenknecht and Stotz prior to Rowney. Cerulean blue was only available as a watercolor in the 1860s and was not widely adopted until the 1870s when it was used in oil paint. It was popular with artists including Claude Monet, Paul Signac, and Picasso. Van Gogh created his own approximation of cerulean blue using a mixture of cobalt blue, cadmium yellow, and white.

Notable occurrences

In 1877, Monet had added the pigment to his palette, using it in a painting from his series La Gare Saint-Lazare (now in the National Gallery, London). The blues in the painting include cobalt and cerulean blue, with some areas of ultramarine. Laboratory analysis conducted by the National Gallery identified a relatively pure example of cerulean blue pigment in the shadows of the station's canopy. Researchers at the National Gallery suggested that "cerulean probably offered a pigment of sufficiently greenish tone to displace Prussian blue, which may not have been popular by this time."

Berthe Morisot painted the blue coat of the woman in her Summer's Day, 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ultramarine and cobalt blue.

When the United Nations was formed at the end of World War II, they adopted cerulean blue for their emblem. The designer Oliver Lundquist stated that he chose the color because it was "the opposite of red, the color of war."

In the Catholic Church, cerulean vestments are permitted on certain Marian feast days, primarily the Immaculate Conception in diocese currently or formerly under the Spanish Crown.

Claude Monet, La Gare Saint-Lazare, 1887
Berthe Morisot, Summer's Day, 1879
Symbol of the United Nations

Other color variations

Pale cerulean

Cerulean (Pantone)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#98B4D4
sRGB (r, g, b)	(152, 180, 212)
HSV (h, s, v)	(212°, 28%, 83%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(72, 33, 242°)
Source	Pantone TPX
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Pale blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

Pantone, in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call cerulean, as the "color of the millennium".

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean.

Cerulean (Crayola)

Cerulean (Crayola)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#1DACD6
sRGB (r, g, b)	(29, 172, 214)
HSV (h, s, v)	(194°, 86%, 84%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(65, 64, 226°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Brilliant greenish blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

This bright tone of cerulean is the color called cerulean by Crayola crayons.

Cerulean frost

Cerulean Frost

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#6D9BC3
sRGB (r, g, b)	(109, 155, 195)
HSV (h, s, v)	(208°, 44%, 76%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(62, 45, 240°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Light blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

At right is displayed the color cerulean frost.

Cerulean frost is one of the colors in the special set of metallic colored Crayola crayons called Silver Swirls, the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.

Curious Blue

Curious Blue

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#269DCE
sRGB (r, g, b)	(38, 157, 206)
HSV (h, s, v)	(198°, 82%, 81%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(61, 65, 233°)
Source
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Moderate cerulean
B: Normalized to (byte)

Curious Blue is one of the brighter-toned colors of cerulean.

In nature

Explanatory notes

Rex Art color index PB 36
Rex Art color index PB 35

References

^ Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Color Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Color Sample E6.
"cerulean - Search Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ Eastlaugh, Nicholas (2004). The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 90. ISBN 9780750657495.
Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Color Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Color Sample L9.
"Cerulean blue - Overview". webexhibits.org. Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"Cerulean blue - History". webexhibits.org. Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"cerulean blue". Cameo.mfa.org. Material name. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
St. Clair, Kassia (2017). The Secret Lives of Color. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 182–183. ISBN 9780143131144.
"Blue". Paintmaking. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"Colormaking attributes". Handprint.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Patterson, Steven. 2020. "The history of blue pigments in the Fine Arts — painting, from the perspective of a paint maker". Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 153:164-179. https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/153-2-04Patterson.pdf . 172.
Siddal, Ruth (2004). The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 90. ISBN 9780750657495.
Höpfner, Albrecht (1789). "Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber". Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens. 4: 41–47.
St. Clair, Kassia (2017). The Secret Lives of Color. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 182–183. ISBN 9780143131144.
Roy, Ashok. "The Palettes of Three Impressionist Paintings". National Gallery Technical Bulletin 9 (1985): 13. JSTOR 42616026.
Bomford, D.; Kirby, J.; Leighton, J.; Roy, A. (1990). Impressionism. Art in the Making. London, UK: National Gallery Publications. pp. 176–181.
St. Clair, Kassia (2017). The Secret Lives of Color. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 182–183. ISBN 9780143131144.
Shawn Tribe. "The Spanish Privilege: Cerulean Blue and the Immaculate Conception". Retrieved 2023-07-31.
Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
PANTONE. "About Us - Color the Millennium Cerulean Blue". PANTONE. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"- Find a Pantone Color - Quick Online Color Tool". Pantone.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.

External links

A page on Cerulean Blue
Cerulean blue at ColourLex

Shades of blue

Aero	Air Force blue	Air superiority blue	Alice Blue	Argentinian Blue	Aquamarine	Azure	Azul	Baby blue	Berkeley Blue

Bice blue	Bleu de France	Blue	Blue Bell	Blue-gray	Blue-violet	Blurple	Bondi blue	Brandeis blue	Byzantine blue

Cambridge blue	Carolina blue	Celestial Blue	Celestial Blue (Crayola)	Celtic Blue	Cerulean	Chefchaouen Blue	Chrysler blue	Cobalt blue	Columbia blue

Cornflower (Crayola)	Cornflower	Cyan	Baby blue	Blue (Crayola)	Dark blue	Deep Sky Blue	Delft Blue	Denim	Dodger blue

Duke blue	Egyptian blue	Glaucous	Green-blue	Electric indigo	French blue	Honolulu blue	Ice blue	Illini blue	Indigo

Indigo dye	International Klein Blue	Jordy Blue	Lapis Lazuli	Lavender	Lavender mist	Lavender gray	Light blue	Light Sky Blue	Majorelle Blue

Marian blue	Manatee	Maximum Blue Green	Maximum Blue Purple	Maya blue	Medium blue	Medium slate blue	Midnight blue	Blue (Munsell)	Navy blue

Blue (NCS)	Neon blue	Non-photo blue	Oxford Blue	Palatinate blue	Pale azure	Penn Blue	Periwinkle	Periwinkle (Crayola)	Persian blue

Phthalo blue	Picton Blue	Polynesian blue	Powder blue	Prussian blue	Resolution Blue	RISD Blue	Royal Blue (web color)	Royal blue (traditional)	Ruddy Blue

Sapphire	Savoy blue	Silver Lake Blue	Sky blue	Space cadet	Steel blue	Tang Blue	True Blue	Tufts Blue	UCLA Blue