| Revision as of 10:21, 28 August 2020 edit125.59.103.51 (talk)No edit summaryTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit possible birth date change← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 00:06, 10 December 2024 edit undoGuardianH (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users59,011 editsNo edit summaryTag: Visual edit | ||
| (89 intermediate revisions by 44 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Short description|First Lady of the Republic of China, wife of Chiang Ching-kuo (1916–2004)}} | |||
| {{refimprove|date=May 2010}} | {{refimprove|date=May 2010}} | ||
| {{ |
{{family name hatnote|]|lang=Chinese}} | ||
| {{Infobox Officeholder | {{Infobox Officeholder | ||
| | name =Chiang Fang-liang | | name = Chiang Fang-liang | ||
| | native_name ={{nobold|{{lang|zh-TW|蔣方良 |
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-TW|蔣方良}}<br/>{{Lang|ru|Фаина Вахрева}}}} | ||
| | image =Faina Chiang.jpg | | image = Faina Chiang.jpg | ||
| | image_size =200px | | image_size = 200px | ||
| | caption = Chiang in 1944 | | caption = Chiang in 1944 | ||
| | birth_name = Faina Ipat'evna Vakhreva | | birth_name = Faina Ipat'evna Vakhreva | ||
| | birth_date = {{birth date|1916| |
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|5|15|df=y}} | ||
| | birth_place |
| birth_place = near ], ], Russian Empire | ||
| | order |
| order = 3rd | ||
| ⚫ | | office = First Lady of the Republic of China | ||
| ⚫ | | president = ] | ||
| | term_label = In role | |||
| ⚫ | | term_start=20 May 1978 | ||
| ⚫ | | president = ] | ||
| ⚫ | | term_end=13 January 1988 | ||
| ⚫ | | term_start = 20 May 1978 | ||
| ⚫ | | death_date={{death date and age| |
||
| ⚫ | | term_end = 13 January 1988 | ||
| ⚫ | | death_place=], ], Taiwan | ||
| ⚫ | | predecessor = ] | ||
| ⚫ | |resting_place= Daxi Presidential Burial Place <br/> ], Taiwan | ||
| ⚫ | | successor = ] | ||
| ⚫ | | |
||
| | office2 = ] | |||
| ⚫ | | predecessor=] | ||
| | term_label2 = In role | |||
| ⚫ | | successor=] | ||
| | term_start2 = 1 June 1972 | |||
| ⚫ | | spouse={{marriage|]|15 March 1935}} | ||
| | term_end2 = 20 May 1978 | |||
| ⚫ | | alma_mater= | ||
| | primeminister2 = ] | |||
| | children=], ], ] (son) and ] (daughter) | |||
| | |
| predecessor2 = ] | ||
| | successor2 = Hsu Huang-chen {{small|(acting)}} | |||
| | party= | |||
| ⚫ | | death_date = {{death date and age|2004|12|15|1916|5|16|df=y}} | ||
| ⚫ | | religion= | ||
| ⚫ | | death_place = ], ], Taiwan | ||
| ⚫ | | resting_place = Daxi Presidential Burial Place <br/> ], Taiwan | ||
| ⚫ | | spouse = {{marriage|]|15 March 1935|13 January 1988|reason=d}} | ||
| ⚫ | | alma_mater = | ||
| | children = {{Plainlist| | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| | nationality = ] (until 1937)<br/>] (1937–1949)<br/>] (1949–2004) | |||
| | party = | |||
| ⚫ | '''Faina Chiang Fang-liang''' ({{zh|t=蔣方良|p=Jiǎng Fāngliáng}} |
||
| ⚫ | | religion = | ||
| }} | |||
| {{Infobox Chinese | |||
| | t = 蔣方良 | |||
| | p = Jiǎng Fāngliáng | |||
| | phfs = Chióng Fong-liòng | |||
| | poj = Chiúⁿ Png-liông | |||
| | rus = Фаина Ипатьевна Вахрева | |||
| | rusr = Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva | |||
| }} | |||
| ⚫ | '''Faina Chiang Fang-liang''' ({{zh|t=蔣方良|p=Jiǎng Fāngliáng}}; born '''Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva'''; {{langx|ru|Фаина Ипатьевна Вахрева}}; {{langx|be|Фаіна Іпацьеўна Вахрава|Faina Ipatsyewna Vakhrava}}; 15 May 1916 – 15 December 2004) was the ] on ] from 1978 to 1988 as the wife of ] ]. | ||
| == Early life == | == Early life == | ||
| On 15 May 1916, |
On 15 May 1916, Faina was born near ], then part of the ] (now in ]). Faina was orphaned at a young age and raised by her older sister Anna.<ref name=TPTsai>{{cite news |last1=Tsai |first1=Wen-Ting |last2=Tsai |first2=Julius |date=January 2005 |title=Farewell, Faina — Chiang Fang-liang Dies Aged 90 |url=http://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/show_issue.php?id=2005019401072e.txt |newspaper=Taiwan Panorama |location=Taipei, Taiwan |access-date=November 3, 2014 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112922/http://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/show_issue.php?id=2005019401072e.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="TTWu">{{cite news |last=Wu |first=Pei-shih |date=May 18, 2003 |title=Forgotten first lady served as model traditional wife |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2003/05/18/0000211042 |newspaper=Taipei Times |location=Taipei, Taiwan |access-date=November 7, 2014 }}</ref> | ||
| == Career == | == Career == | ||
| At age 16, as a member of the |
At age 16, as a member of the Soviet Union's ], Faina worked at the ] in ], ], where she met ], her supervisor.<ref name="TTWen">{{cite news |last=Wen |first=Stephanie |date=December 16, 2004 |title=Chiang Fang-liang remembered |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/12/16/2003215305 |newspaper=Taipei Times |location=Taipei, Taiwan |access-date=November 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=TPWang>{{cite news |last1=Wang |first1=Jaifeng |last2=Hughes |first2=Christopher |date=January 1998 |title=Cover Story — Love to Fang-Liang – the Chiang Family Album |url=http://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/show_issue.php?id=199818701038E.TXT |newspaper=Taiwan Panorama |location=Taipei, Taiwan |access-date=November 3, 2014 |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050742/http://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/show_issue.php?id=199818701038E.TXT |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 15 March 1935, aged 18, Faina married him.<ref name="TTWu"/><ref name="TTWen"/> | ||
| == |
== Move to Taiwan == | ||
| ] and ] in ], where CCK was serving as commissioner (c.1940s)]] | |||
| The couple's first child, ], was born in December 1935.<ref name="TTWen"/> The couple had a daughter, ] (born 1938 in ]), and two more sons, ] (born 1945 in ]) and ] (born 1948 in ]). Each of her three younger children were born in different parts of China, reflecting turbulent years as an official of China.<ref name=TPWang /> | |||
| ⚫ | In December 1936, ] granted Chiang's return to China.<ref name="TTWu" /> By another account, however, the couple fled fearing Chiang's arrest.<ref name=":0" /> After the couple was received by ] and his wife ] in ], they traveled to the Chiang home in ], ], where they held a second marriage ceremony.<ref name="TPWang" /> Fang-liang stayed behind to live with Chiang Ching-kuo's mother, ]. She was assigned a tutor to learn ], but she learned the local ] of ] instead.<ref name="TPTsai" /><ref name="TTWu" /> She reportedly got along well with Mao Fumei and did her own housework.<ref name="TTWu" /><ref name="TPWang" /> | ||
| === As First lady === | |||
| ⚫ | In December 1936, ] |
||
| ⚫ | When Chiang Ching-kuo became ], Fang-liang rarely performed the traditional roles of First Lady, partly due to her lack of formal education; her husband also encouraged her not to get into politics.<ref name="CD20050112">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The lonely widow of Huaihai Rd in sealed memory |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/12/content_408126.htm |newspaper=China Daily |location=Beijing |date=January 12, 2005 |access-date=November 4, 2014 }}</ref> She largely stayed out of the public spotlight,<ref name="TPTsai" /><ref name="TTWen" /> and little was ever known of her in an anti-communist atmosphere in the government. She never returned to Russia, and traveled abroad only three times in the last 50 years of her life, all to visit her children and their families. In 1992, she received a visit from a ] delegation.<ref name="TPWang" /><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Yu |first=Susan |date=June 16, 1992 |title=Mensk officials meet Chiang Fang-liang Chiang Ching-kuo's widow breaks precedent to receive countrymen |url=http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=73802&CtNode=451 |newspaper=Taiwan Today (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) |location=Taipei, Taiwan |access-date=November 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107211807/http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=73802&CtNode=451 |archive-date=2014-11-07 }}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | === Children === | ||
| ⚫ | When Chiang Ching-kuo became ], Fang-liang rarely performed the traditional roles of First Lady |
||
| On 14 December 1935, their first son ] was born in the Soviet Union.<ref name="TTWen" /> Each of her three younger children were born in different parts of China, reflecting turbulent years as an official of the country.<ref name="TPWang" /> Faina had four children: | |||
| * ] (b. 1935, ])<ref name="TTWen" /> | |||
| ⚫ | All her children were sent to study in foreign universities<ref name=TPWang /> |
||
| * ] (b. 1938 in ]) | |||
| * ] (b. 1945 in ]) | |||
| * ] (b. 1948 in ]) | |||
| ⚫ | All her children were sent to study in foreign universities<ref name="TPWang" /> - Hsiao-wu to ] and the remaining children to the ]. All three sons died shortly after Ching-kuo's death in 1988: Hsiao-wen in 1989, Hsiao-wu in 1991, and Hsiao-yung in 1996.<ref name="TTWen" /> Fang-liang then lived in the suburbs of ]. She received occasional visitors, such as some prominent politicians who went to pay their respects every few years. In the Taiwanese media, if she ever received coverage, she was depicted as a virtuous wife who never complained and endured her loneliness with dignity.<ref name="TPTsai" /><ref name="TTWu" /><ref name="TTYiu">{{cite news|last=Yiu|first=Cody|date=December 16, 2004|title=A sad life ends for Chiang Fang-liang|newspaper=Taipei Times|location=Taipei, Taiwan|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2004/12/16/2003215298|access-date=November 3, 2014}}</ref> | ||
| == Personal life == | |||
| Chiang met ], son of Chiang Kai-shek, while working at the ] in ], Russian SFSR. On 15 March 1935, aged 18, Chiang married him.<ref name="TTWu"/><ref name="TTWen"/> | |||
| On 14 December 1935, their first son ] was born in the Soviet Union. Chiang's other children are ] (b. 1938 in ]), ] (b. 1942 in ]), ] (b. 1942 in ]), ] (b. 1945 in ]) and ] (b. 1948 in ]). | |||
| === Death and funeral=== | |||
| Hsiao-Chang was able communicate with her in Russian, and had immigrated to the United States.{{fact|date=May 2020}} | |||
| ⚫ | Chiang died of respiratory and cardiac failure stemming from ] at the ] on 15 December 2004, at the age of 88 (or 89 according to ]).<ref name=TPTsai /><ref name=TTYiu /><ref name=CD20041215>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Faina Chiang dies at 88 in Taipei |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-12/15/content_400400.htm |newspaper=China Daily |location=Beijing |date=December 15, 2004 |access-date=November 4, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=CPost>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=President Chen pays tribute to former first lady Faina Chiang |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/news/2004/12/17/55704/President-Chen.htm |newspaper=China Post |location=Taipei |date=December 17, 2004 |access-date=November 4, 2014 }}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | === |
||
| ⚫ | Chiang died of respiratory and cardiac failure stemming from ] |
||
| === Legacy === | |||
| ⚫ | Chiang's funeral was held on 27 December 2004, with President ] and Vice President ] in attendance.<ref name=CPost2>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Nation bids farewell to former first lady Faina Chiang |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/news/detail.asp?id=56074 |newspaper=China Post |location=Taipei |date= |
||
| ⚫ | Chiang was cremated and her ashes taken to her husband's temporary ] in ], ] (now Taoyuan City). They |
||
| ⚫ | Chiang's funeral was held on 27 December 2004, with President ] and Vice President ] in attendance.<ref name=CPost2>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Nation bids farewell to former first lady Faina Chiang |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/news/detail.asp?id=56074 |newspaper=China Post |location=Taipei |date=December 27, 2004 |access-date=November 4, 2014 }}</ref> Kuomintang politicians ], ], ], and ] draped her casket with the ], and Kuomintang party elders ], ], ], and ] draped her casket with the ].<ref name=TTChuang>{{cite news |last=Chuang |first=Jimmy |date=December 25, 2004 |title=Faina Chiang's funeral will be held on Monday |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/12/25/2003216645 |newspaper=Taipei Times |location=Taipei, Taiwan |access-date=November 4, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=Sina>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Faina Chiang's funeral held in Taiwan |url=http://english.sina.com/p/1/2004/1227/15416.html |newspaper=sina.com |date=December 27, 2004 |access-date=November 4, 2014 }}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | Chiang was cremated and her ashes taken to her husband's temporary ] in ], ] (now Taoyuan City). They were buried together in the ].<ref name=TPTsai /> | ||
| {{Chiang family tree}} | |||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| ⚫ | {{Portalbar|Belarus|Soviet Union|China<!--Pre-1949-->|Taiwan<!--Post-1949-->|Biography}} | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| ⚫ | {{Portalbar|Belarus|Soviet Union|China<!--Pre-1949-->|Taiwan<!--Post-1949-->|Biography}} | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| ===Citations=== | |||
| {{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} | ||
| ===Bibliography=== | |||
| * {{cite book |author=周玉蔻 |title=蔣方良與蔣經國 |trans-title=Chiang Fang-liang and Chiang Ching-kuo |date=1993 |publisher=麥田出版有限公司 |location=台北市 |isbn=9789577081070}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=O'Neill |first=Mark |title=China's Russian Princess: The silent wife of Chiang Ching-kuo |date=2020 |publisher=Joint Publishing Company |location=Hong Kong |isbn=978-9620446153 }} | |||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| * | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050742/http://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/show_issue.php?id=199818701038E.TXT |date=2014-08-08 }} | ||
| {{Commons category|Faina Chiang Fang-liang}} | {{Commons category|Faina Chiang Fang-liang}} | ||
| {{First ladies of the Republic of China}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
| Line 75: | Line 104: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 00:06, 10 December 2024
First Lady of the Republic of China, wife of Chiang Ching-kuo (1916–2004) | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Chiang Fang-liang" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Chiang Fang-liang | |
|---|---|
| 蔣方良 Фаина Вахрева | |
 Chiang in 1944 | |
| 3rd First Lady of the Republic of China | |
| In role 20 May 1978 – 13 January 1988 | |
| President | Chiang Ching-kuo |
| Preceded by | Liu Chi-chun |
| Succeeded by | Tseng Wen-hui |
| Spouse of the Premier of the Republic of China | |
| In role 1 June 1972 – 20 May 1978 | |
| Prime Minister | Chiang Ching-kuo |
| Preceded by | Liu Chi-chun |
| Succeeded by | Hsu Huang-chen (acting) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Faina Ipat'evna Vakhreva (1916-05-15)15 May 1916 near Orsha, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire |
| Died | 15 December 2004(2004-12-15) (aged 88) Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan |
| Resting place | Daxi Presidential Burial Place Touliao, Taiwan |
| Nationality | Soviet (until 1937) Chinese (1937–1949) Taiwanese (1949–2004) |
| Spouse |
Chiang Ching-kuo
(m. 1935; died 1988) |
| Children | |
| Chiang Fang-liang | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 蔣方良 | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Russian name | |||||||||||||||
| Russian | Фаина Ипатьевна Вахрева | ||||||||||||||
| Romanization | Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva | ||||||||||||||
Faina Chiang Fang-liang (Chinese: 蔣方良; pinyin: Jiǎng Fāngliáng; born Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva; Russian: Фаина Ипатьевна Вахрева; Belarusian: Фаіна Іпацьеўна Вахрава, romanized: Faina Ipatsyewna Vakhrava; 15 May 1916 – 15 December 2004) was the First Lady of the Republic of China on Taiwan from 1978 to 1988 as the wife of President Chiang Ching-kuo.
Early life
On 15 May 1916, Faina was born near Orsha, then part of the Russian Empire (now in Belarus). Faina was orphaned at a young age and raised by her older sister Anna.
Career
At age 16, as a member of the Soviet Union's Communist Youth League, Faina worked at the Ural Heavy Machinery Plant in Sverdlovsk, Russian SFSR, where she met Chiang Ching-kuo, her supervisor. On 15 March 1935, aged 18, Faina married him.
Move to Taiwan
In December 1936, Joseph Stalin granted Chiang's return to China. By another account, however, the couple fled fearing Chiang's arrest. After the couple was received by Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Soong Mei-ling in Hangzhou, they traveled to the Chiang home in Xikou, Zhejiang, where they held a second marriage ceremony. Fang-liang stayed behind to live with Chiang Ching-kuo's mother, Mao Fumei. She was assigned a tutor to learn Mandarin Chinese, but she learned the local Ningbo dialect of Wu Chinese instead. She reportedly got along well with Mao Fumei and did her own housework.
As First lady
When Chiang Ching-kuo became President, Fang-liang rarely performed the traditional roles of First Lady, partly due to her lack of formal education; her husband also encouraged her not to get into politics. She largely stayed out of the public spotlight, and little was ever known of her in an anti-communist atmosphere in the government. She never returned to Russia, and traveled abroad only three times in the last 50 years of her life, all to visit her children and their families. In 1992, she received a visit from a Belarusian delegation.
Children
On 14 December 1935, their first son Chiang Hsiao-wen was born in the Soviet Union. Each of her three younger children were born in different parts of China, reflecting turbulent years as an official of the country. Faina had four children:
- Chiang Hsiao-wen (b. 1935, Sverdlovsk)
- Chiang Hsiao-chang (b. 1938 in Nanchang)
- Chiang Hsiao-wu (b. 1945 in Chekiang)
- Chiang Hsiao-yung (b. 1948 in Shanghai)
All her children were sent to study in foreign universities - Hsiao-wu to West Germany and the remaining children to the United States. All three sons died shortly after Ching-kuo's death in 1988: Hsiao-wen in 1989, Hsiao-wu in 1991, and Hsiao-yung in 1996. Fang-liang then lived in the suburbs of Taipei. She received occasional visitors, such as some prominent politicians who went to pay their respects every few years. In the Taiwanese media, if she ever received coverage, she was depicted as a virtuous wife who never complained and endured her loneliness with dignity.
Death and funeral
Chiang died of respiratory and cardiac failure stemming from lung cancer at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital on 15 December 2004, at the age of 88 (or 89 according to East Asian age reckoning).
Chiang's funeral was held on 27 December 2004, with President Chen Shui-bian and Vice President Annette Lu in attendance. Kuomintang politicians Wang Jin-pyng, Lin Cheng-chih, P. K. Chiang, and Ma Ying-jeou draped her casket with the Kuomintang party flag, and Kuomintang party elders Lee Huan, Hau Pei-tsun, Chiu Chuang-huan, and Shih Chi-yang draped her casket with the ROC national flag. Chiang was cremated and her ashes taken to her husband's temporary mausoleum in Touliao, Taoyuan County (now Taoyuan City). They were buried together in the Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery.
| Chiang family tree | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
Portals:
References
Citations
- ^ Tsai, Wen-Ting; Tsai, Julius (January 2005). "Farewell, Faina — Chiang Fang-liang Dies Aged 90". Taiwan Panorama. Taipei, Taiwan. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
- ^ Wu, Pei-shih (May 18, 2003). "Forgotten first lady served as model traditional wife". Taipei Times. Taipei, Taiwan. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
- ^ Wen, Stephanie (December 16, 2004). "Chiang Fang-liang remembered". Taipei Times. Taipei, Taiwan. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
- ^ Wang, Jaifeng; Hughes, Christopher (January 1998). "Cover Story — Love to Fang-Liang – the Chiang Family Album". Taiwan Panorama. Taipei, Taiwan. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
- ^ Yu, Susan (June 16, 1992). "Mensk officials meet Chiang Fang-liang Chiang Ching-kuo's widow breaks precedent to receive countrymen". Taiwan Today (Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Taipei, Taiwan. Archived from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
- "The lonely widow of Huaihai Rd in sealed memory". China Daily. Beijing. January 12, 2005. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
- ^ Yiu, Cody (December 16, 2004). "A sad life ends for Chiang Fang-liang". Taipei Times. Taipei, Taiwan. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
- "Faina Chiang dies at 88 in Taipei". China Daily. Beijing. December 15, 2004. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
- "President Chen pays tribute to former first lady Faina Chiang". China Post. Taipei. December 17, 2004. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
- "Nation bids farewell to former first lady Faina Chiang". China Post. Taipei. December 27, 2004. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
- Chuang, Jimmy (December 25, 2004). "Faina Chiang's funeral will be held on Monday". Taipei Times. Taipei, Taiwan. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
- "Faina Chiang's funeral held in Taiwan". sina.com. December 27, 2004. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
Bibliography
- 周玉蔻 (1993). 蔣方良與蔣經國 [Chiang Fang-liang and Chiang Ching-kuo]. 台北市: 麥田出版有限公司. ISBN 9789577081070.
- O'Neill, Mark (2020). China's Russian Princess: The silent wife of Chiang Ching-kuo. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Company. ISBN 978-9620446153.
External links
- Love to Fang-liang - the Chiang Family Album Archived 2014-08-08 at the Wayback Machine
| First ladies of the Republic of China | ||
|---|---|---|
| First ladies (Pre-1947 Constitution) |
|  |
| First ladies (1947–present) |
| |