| Revision as of 11:28, 28 November 2021 editRotondus (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users3,313 edits →Deaths: + Lý Chiêu Hoàng← Previous edit | Revision as of 15:40, 4 June 2022 edit undoPeters01 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users23,232 edits Added details of Duan Zong (Chinese emperorNext edit → | ||
| Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
| == Events == | == Events == | ||
| <onlyinclude> | <onlyinclude> | ||
| ===By |
=== By place === | ||
| ⚫ | ==== |
||
| ====Asia==== | ==== Asia ==== | ||
| * |
* February – The Japanese era ] ends and the ] era begins during the reign of the 10-year-old Emperor ] (until ]). | ||
| * ] – ] |
* ] – The 7-year-old Emperor ] (or '''Zhao Shi''') dies of illness, and is succeeded by his brother ], who becomes the last ruler of the ]. Meanwhile, Mongol forces under the control of Mongol leader ] ("Great Khan") draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court. | ||
| * ] – ], |
* ] – ], second emperor of Vietnam's ], takes up the post of ], but continues for eleven years to co-rule with his son ]. | ||
| ====Europe==== | ==== Europe ==== | ||
| * |
* January – ] is crowned ], and is acknowledged by the kingdom's barons at ].<ref name="Lock119">{{cite book | last = Lock | first = Peter | title = The Routledge Companion to the Crusades | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781135131371 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC | page = 119}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – ], ], dies. By the terms of the ], his lands pass under the direct control of ].<ref name="Lock119"/> | * ] – ], ], dies. By the terms of the ], his lands pass under the direct control of ].<ref name="Lock119"/> | ||
| * ] – King ] begins the ] (at this time under the control of ]), the first of many the city will suffer during the Spanish ]. He will be forced to abandon it about a year later. | * ] – King ] begins the ] (at this time under the control of ]), the first of many the city will suffer during the Spanish ]. He will be forced to abandon it about a year later. | ||
| * ] – ] at ] and ]: Kings ] and ] defeat King ], in a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of ]s in the ]. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of ], and Rudolf's ] will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories, until the end of ] in ]. | * ] – ] at ] and ]: Kings ] and ] defeat King ], in a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of ]s in the ]. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of ], and Rudolf's ] will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories, until the end of ] in ]. | ||
| * ] – The independence, boundaries, and political structure of ] are ] to by the Catalan ] and the ]. | |||
| * ] – ] takes the Muslim stronghold of ], putting an end to two years of ] rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm, and go into exile.<ref name=negotiating>{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFacnscoBIC&q=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243|page=120}}</ref> | * ] – ] takes the Muslim stronghold of ], putting an end to two years of ] rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm, and go into exile.<ref name=negotiating>{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFacnscoBIC&q=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243|page=120}}</ref> | ||
| * The so-called ], which had begun in ] in what will become ], ends. | |||
| ===By topic=== | === By topic === | ||
| ==== |
==== Art and Culture ==== | ||
| * The earliest known written copy of the '']'', a collection of ancient sacred ] ] texts previously passed down orally, is produced. | * The earliest known written copy of the '']'', a collection of ancient sacred ] ] texts previously passed down orally, is produced. | ||
| ====Markets==== | |||
| ⚫ | ==== Markets ==== | ||
| * ] writes his ''De usuris''. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506–562}}</ref> | * ] writes his ''De usuris''. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506–562}}</ref> | ||
| ====Religion==== | ==== Religion ==== | ||
| * ] – ], Catalan bishop of ], becomes the first Episcopal ] of ], when he signs the ], establishing joinjt-sovereignty over the territory with ], count of ]. | |||
| * An edict by ] requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons. | * An edict by Pope ] requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons. | ||
| </onlyinclude> | </onlyinclude> | ||
| == Births == | == Births == | ||
| * ] – ], daughter of ] | * ] – ], daughter of ] | ||
| * ] – ] (d. ]) | * ] – ] (d. ]) | ||
| * ] (d. c. ]) | * ] (d. c. ]) | ||
| ⚫ | * ], Aragonese prince ('']'') (d. ]) | ||
| * ], Byzantine empress consort (d. ]) | * ], Byzantine empress consort (d. ]) | ||
| ⚫ | * ], English ] (d. ]) | ||
| ⚫ | * ] (d. ]) | ||
| ⚫ | * ] (d. ]) | ||
| == Deaths == | == Deaths == | ||
| ]]] | |||
| * ], former Vietnamese empress and empress consort (b. ]) | * ], former Vietnamese empress and empress consort (b. ]) | ||
| * ] – ] | * ] – ], prince of ] (b. ]) | ||
| * ] – ] (b. ]) | * ] – ] (or '''Zhao Shi'''), Chinese emepror (b. ]) | ||
| * ] – ], French |
* ] – ], French nobleman and councilor | ||
| * ] – |
* ] – ], Bohemian nobleman and ruler (b. ]) | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 15:40, 4 June 2022
Calendar year
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1278 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1278 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1278 MCCLXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2031 |
| Armenian calendar | 727 ԹՎ ՉԻԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6028 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1199–1200 |
| Bengali calendar | 684–685 |
| Berber calendar | 2228 |
| English Regnal year | 6 Edw. 1 – 7 Edw. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1822 |
| Burmese calendar | 640 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6786–6787 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁丑年 (Fire Ox) 3975 or 3768 — to — 戊寅年 (Earth Tiger) 3976 or 3769 |
| Coptic calendar | 994–995 |
| Discordian calendar | 2444 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1270–1271 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5038–5039 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1334–1335 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1199–1200 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4378–4379 |
| Holocene calendar | 11278 |
| Igbo calendar | 278–279 |
| Iranian calendar | 656–657 |
| Islamic calendar | 676–677 |
| Japanese calendar | Kenji 4 / Kōan 1 (弘安元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1188–1189 |
| Julian calendar | 1278 MCCLXXVIII |
| Korean calendar | 3611 |
| Minguo calendar | 634 before ROC 民前634年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −190 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1820–1821 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴火牛年 (female Fire-Ox) 1404 or 1023 or 251 — to — 阳土虎年 (male Earth-Tiger) 1405 or 1024 or 252 |
Year 1278 (MCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Asia
- February – The Japanese era Kenji ends and the Kōan era begins during the reign of the 10-year-old Emperor Go-Uda (until 1288).
- May 8 – The 7-year-old Emperor Duan Zong (or Zhao Shi) dies of illness, and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing, who becomes the last ruler of the Song dynasty. Meanwhile, Mongol forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan ("Great Khan") draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court.
- November 8 – Trần Thánh Tông, second emperor of Vietnam's Trần dynasty, takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for eleven years to co-rule with his son Trần Khâm.
Europe
- January – Charles of Anjou is crowned King of Jerusalem, and is acknowledged by the kingdom's barons at Acre.
- May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea, dies. By the terms of the Treaty of Viterbo, his lands pass under the direct control of Charles of Anjou.
- August 5 – King Alfonso X of Castile begins the Siege of Algeciras (at this time under the control of Morocco), the first of many the city will suffer during the Spanish Reconquista. He will be forced to abandon it about a year later.
- August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld at Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen: Kings Rudolf I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat King Ottokar II of Bohemia, in a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knights in the Middle Ages. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe, and Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories, until the end of World War I in 1918.
- September 29 – Peter III of Aragon takes the Muslim stronghold of Montesa, putting an end to two years of Mudéjar rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm, and go into exile.
By topic
Art and Culture
- The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.
Markets
- Giles of Lessines writes his De usuris. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in Roman Catholic Europe.
Religion
- September 8 – Pere d'Urtx, Catalan bishop of Urgell, becomes the first Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra, when he signs the paréage, establishing joinjt-sovereignty over the territory with Roger-Bernard III, count of Foix.
- An edict by Pope Nicholas III requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons.
Births
- March 11 – Mary of Woodstock, daughter of Edward I of England
- November 10 – Philip I, Prince of Taranto (d. 1331)
- Constantine I (III), King of Armenia (d. c. 1310)
- Ferdinand of Majorca, Aragonese prince (infante) (d. 1316)
- Rita of Armenia, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1333)
- Thomas of Lancaster, English nobleman (d. 1322)
Deaths
- Lý Chiêu Hoàng, former Vietnamese empress and empress consort (b. 1218)
- May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea (b. 1211)
- May 8 – Duan Zong (or Zhao Shi), Chinese emepror (b. 1270)
- June 30 – Pierre de la Broce, French nobleman and councilor
- August 26 – Ottokar II, Bohemian nobleman and ruler (b. 1233)
References
- ^ Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. p. 119. ISBN 9781135131371.
- de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 120. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
- Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.