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{{Millenniumbox|2}} {{Millenniumbox|2}}


The '''second millennium''' was a millennium that begin on 11 4, 1002 and It is distinct from the millennium know as the 1002s which began on 11 4, 1002 and The '''second millennium''' was a millennium that begin on January 1, 1001 and ended on December 31, 2000. It is distinct from the millennium know as the 1000s which began on January 1, 1000 and ended on December 31, 1999.
It encompassed the ] and ] of the ], followed by the ], characterized by the ] in Europe, the ], the ] and the ]. Its final two centuries coincide with ], characterized by ], the rise of ]s, the rapid development of ], widespread ], and universal ] and ]s in the ]. The ] saw increasing ], most notably the two ] and the subsequent formation of the ]. It encompassed the ] and ] of the ], followed by the ], characterized by the ] in Europe, the ], the ] and the ]. Its final two centuries coincide with ], characterized by ], the rise of ]s, the rapid development of ], widespread ], and universal ] and ]s in the ]. The ] saw increasing ], most notably the two ] and the subsequent formation of the ].
20th-century technology includes ], ] and ], including ]s. 20th-century technology includes ], ] and ], including ]s.
The term "]" was coined to refer the unprecedented cultural and political ascent of the ] in the second half of the millennium, emerging by the 18th century as the most powerful and wealthy ], having eclipsed ] and the ]. The term "]" was coined to refer the unprecedented cultural and political ascent of the ] in the second half of the millennium, emerging by the 18th century as the most powerful and wealthy ], having eclipsed ] and the ].


] has grown without precedent over the millennium, from 312 million in AD 1002 to ] has grown without precedent over the millennium, from 310 million in AD 1000 to about 6,000 million in AD 2000.
] was at first seven centuries (reaching 602 million in 1702), and during the final three centuries ] accelerated extremely, growth rate peaking at 1.8% p.a. in the second half of the 20th century. Unchecked globalization and ] also caused considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to ], ] and ]. ] was at first seven centuries (reaching 600 million in 1700), and during the final three centuries ] accelerated extremely, growth rate peaking at 1.8% p.a. in the second half of the 20th century. Unchecked globalization and ] also caused considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/lists/mostrecent.htm |title=The Sixth Extinction – The Most Recent Extinctions |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218012125/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/lists/mostrecent.htm |archivedate=2015-12-18 }}</ref>


==Political history== ==Political history==
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{{see|World history}}


===Middle Ages=== ===Middle Ages===
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{{main|Modern history}} {{main|Modern history}}
{{see|Timeline of the 19th century|Timeline of the 20th century|World Wars}} {{see|Timeline of the 19th century|Timeline of the 20th century|World Wars}}
{{see|List of political entities in the 19th century|List of sovereign states in the 1902s|List of sovereign states in the 1950s|List of sovereign states in the 1991s}} {{see|List of political entities in the 19th century|List of sovereign states in the 1900s|List of sovereign states in the 1950s|List of sovereign states in the 1990s}}


;Europe ;Europe
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|<!--COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY (limit ten)--> |<!--COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY (limit ten)-->
#]<!--c. 1450--><ref name=keeley>{{cite web | last = Keeley | first = Larry | title = The Greatest Innovations of All Time | work = BusinessWeek | publisher = The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. | date = 2008-12-19 | url = http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/122008/id20081219_377845.htm | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/122008/id20081219_377845.htm| deadurl= no}}</ref> #]<!--c. 1450--><ref name=keeley>{{cite web | last = Keeley | first = Larry | title = The Greatest Innovations of All Time | work = BusinessWeek | publisher = The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. | date = 2007-02-16 | url = http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/feb2007/id20070216_377845.htm | accessdate = 2008-11-12| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207082148/http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/feb2007/id20070216_377845.htm| archivedate= 7 December 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
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#]<!--1796--><ref name=keeley/><ref name=discovery>{{cite web | title = The Big 100: the Science Channels 100 Greatest Discoveries | publisher = Discovery Communications, LLC | year = 2008 | url = http://science.discovery.com/convergence/100discoveries/big100/big100.html | accessdate = 2008-11-12| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081031221120/http://science.discovery.com/convergence/100discoveries/big100/big100.html| archivedate= 31 October 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
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The ] was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, and all countries that once used the Julian calendar had adopted the ] by the end of it. For this reason, the end date of the 2nd millennium is usually calculated based on the Gregorian calendar, while the beginning date is based on the Julian calendar (or occasionally the ]). The ] was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, and all countries that once used the Julian calendar had adopted the ] by the end of it. For this reason, the end date of the 2nd millennium is usually calculated based on the Gregorian calendar, while the beginning date is based on the Julian calendar (or occasionally the ]).


In there was some public debate as to whether the millennium should be taken to In 1999, there was some public debate as to whether the millennium should be taken to end on December 31, 1999, or December 31, 2000.
] at the time argued there is no objective way of deciding this question.<ref>Stephen Jay Gould, ''Questioning the Millennium: A Rationalist's Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown'' ch 2.</ref> ] at the time argued there is no objective way of deciding this question.<ref>Stephen Jay Gould, ''Questioning the Millennium: A Rationalist's Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown'' (New York: Harmony Books, 1999), ch 2.</ref>
Associated Press reported that the third millennium began on 1 January 2001, but also reported that celebrations in the US were generally more subdued at the beginning of 2001, compared to the beginning of 2000.<ref>Associated Press, , ''Los Angeles Times'', January 1, 2001.</ref> Associated Press reported that the third millennium began on 1 January 2001, but also reported that celebrations in the US were generally more subdued at the beginning of 2001, compared to the beginning of 2000.<ref>Associated Press, , ''Los Angeles Times'', January 1, 2001.</ref>
Many public celebrations for the end of the second millennium were held on url = http://wwp.millennium-dome.com/info/millennium-faq.htm | accessdate = 2009-03-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090314125450/http://wwp.millennium-dome.com/info/millennium-faq.htm| archivedate= 14 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>—with a few people marking the end of the millennium a year later. Many public celebrations for the end of the second millennium were held on December 31, 1999 – January 1, 2000<ref>{{cite web | title = Millennium FAQs – Frequently Asked Questions | work = When does the Millennium start? | publisher = Greenwich2000.ltd.uk | date = 2008-08-12 | url = http://wwp.millennium-dome.com/info/millennium-faq.htm | accessdate = 2009-01-29| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090112125450/http://wwp.millennium-dome.com/info/millennium-faq.htm| archivedate= 12 January 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>—with a few people marking the end of the millennium a year later.


==Centuries and decades== ==Centuries and decades==
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| align="right" | ''']''' | align="right" | ''']'''
| align="left" | ] || align="right" | ] | align="left" | ] || align="right" | ]
| align="right" | ] | align="right" | ]
| align="right" | ] || align="right" | ] | align="right" | ] || align="right" | ]
| align="right" | ] | align="right" | ]
| align="right" | ] || align="right" | ] | align="right" | ] || align="right" | ]
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| align="right" | ] || align="right" | ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ~
|} |}


Revision as of 14:22, 1 December 2018

New WorldAmerican RevolutionFrench RevolutionBlack DeathNapoleon BonaparteTelephoneAeroplaneMoon landingAtomic BombLight BulbGutenberg Bible
From left, clockwise: in 1492, Italian navigator Christopher Columbus arrives in America; the American Revolution; the French Revolution; the Atomic Bomb from World War II; an alternate source of light, the light bulb; for the first time, a human being sets foot on the moon in 1969 during the Apollo 11 moon mission; aeroplanes become the most-used way of transport though the skies; Napoleon Bonaparte, in the early 19th century, affects France and Europe with expansionism and modernization; Alexander Graham Bell's telephone; in 1348, the Black Death kills in just two years over 100 million people worldwide, and over half of Europe. (Background: An excerpt from the Gutenberg Bible, the first major book printed in the West using movable type, in the 1450s)
Millennia:
Centuries:

The second millennium was a millennium that begin on January 1, 1001 and ended on December 31, 2000. It is distinct from the millennium know as the 1000s which began on January 1, 1000 and ended on December 31, 1999. It encompassed the High and Late Middle Ages of the Old World, followed by the Early Modern period, characterized by the Wars of Religion in Europe, the Age of Enlightenment, the Age of Discovery and the colonial period. Its final two centuries coincide with Modern history, characterized by industrialization, the rise of nation states, the rapid development of science, widespread education, and universal health care and vaccinations in the Western world. The 20th century saw increasing globalization, most notably the two World Wars and the subsequent formation of the United Nations. 20th-century technology includes powered flight, television and semiconductor technology, including integrated circuits. The term "Great Divergence" was coined to refer the unprecedented cultural and political ascent of the Western world in the second half of the millennium, emerging by the 18th century as the most powerful and wealthy world civilization, having eclipsed Qing China and the Islamic World.

World population has grown without precedent over the millennium, from 310 million in AD 1000 to about 6,000 million in AD 2000. Doubling time was at first seven centuries (reaching 600 million in 1700), and during the final three centuries population growth accelerated extremely, growth rate peaking at 1.8% p.a. in the second half of the 20th century. Unchecked globalization and population growth also caused considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis.

Political history

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Further information: World history

Middle Ages

Main article: Middle Ages Further information: List of states during the Middle Ages
11th century, 1143, 1400, 1495
Europe
Near East
see also Crusades, Mongol invasions
North Africa
East Asia
India
Further information: Medieval India, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, and Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
Sahel / Sudan and Sub-Saharan Africa
Further information: Islamization of the Sudan region and List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa
Pre-Columbian Americas

Early Modern period

Main article: Early Modern period Further information: Age of Discovery, Colonial era, and Great Divergence Further information: List of sovereign states in 1528, List of sovereign states in 1648, List of sovereign states in 1660, and List of sovereign states in 1777
Europe
Further information: Early modern Europe and Thirty Years War Further information: European wars of religion, French Revolution, Napoleonic wars, and Monarchies_in_Europe § Early_Modern_Europe
Colonial empires
Asia
sub-Saharan Africa

Modern history

Main article: Modern history Further information: Timeline of the 19th century, Timeline of the 20th century, and World Wars Further information: List of political entities in the 19th century, List of sovereign states in the 1900s, List of sovereign states in the 1950s, and List of sovereign states in the 1990s
Europe
Asia
Americas
Further information: United Nations geoscheme for the Americas, South_America § Countries_and_territories, and Northern_America § Countries_and_dependent_territories
Africa
Further information: History_of_Africa § European_colonial_territories

Cultural and technological history

Further information: History of technology and History of science Further information: East–West Schism, Renaissance of the 12th century, Neo-Confucianism, Bhakti movement, Reformation, Spiritualism, and Great Awakening Further information: Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, Age of Enlightenment, Modernity, Industrial Revolution, and European miracle
Inventions, discoveries and introductions
Communication and Technology Science and Mathematics Manufacturing Transportation and
Space exploration 		Warfare
  1. Printing press
  2. Thermometer
  3. Electrical battery
  4. Telegraph
  5. Photography
  6. Telephone
  7. Animation
  8. Television
  9. Computer
  10. Transistor
  11. Satellite
  12. Internet
  13. Electrostatic generator
  1. Accounting
  2. Probability
  3. Calculus
  4. Vaccination
  5. Atomic theory
  6. Anesthesia
  7. Natural selection
  8. Genetics
  9. Special relativity
  10. Penicillin
  11. DNA
  12. Quantum mechanics
  13. Electricity
  1. Canned food
  2. Plastic
  3. Assembly line
  4. Sliced bread
  5. Frozen food
  6. Nuclear reactor
  7. Food processor
  8. Finite geometry
  1. Barometer
  2. Bicycle
  3. Steam engine
  4. Steam turbine
  5. Internal combustion engine
  6. Steam locomotive
  7. Human flight
  8. Moon landing
  9. Space shuttle
  10. Space station
  11. GPS navigation
  1. Longbow
  2. Rockets
  3. Aircraft carrier
  4. Nuclear weapon
  5. Submarine
  6. Tanks
  7. Firearms

Calendar

Further information: Year 2000 problem

The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, and all countries that once used the Julian calendar had adopted the Gregorian calendar by the end of it. For this reason, the end date of the 2nd millennium is usually calculated based on the Gregorian calendar, while the beginning date is based on the Julian calendar (or occasionally the proleptic Gregorian calendar).

In 1999, there was some public debate as to whether the millennium should be taken to end on December 31, 1999, or December 31, 2000. Stephen Jay Gould at the time argued there is no objective way of deciding this question. Associated Press reported that the third millennium began on 1 January 2001, but also reported that celebrations in the US were generally more subdued at the beginning of 2001, compared to the beginning of 2000. Many public celebrations for the end of the second millennium were held on December 31, 1999 – January 1, 2000—with a few people marking the end of the millennium a year later.

Centuries and decades

11th century 1000s 1010s 1020s 1030s 1040s 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s
12th century 1100s 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s
13th century 1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s
14th century 1300s 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s 1360s 1370s 1380s 1390s
15th century 1400s 1410s 1420s 1430s 1440s 1450s 1460s 1470s 1480s 1490s
16th century 1500s 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s
17th century 1600s 1610s 1620s 1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s 1680s 1690s
18th century 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s
19th century 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s
20th century 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s

Notes

  1. 9 of the 10 years of the decade are in this millennium

References

  1. "The Sixth Extinction – The Most Recent Extinctions". Archived from the original on 2015-12-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Keeley, Larry (2007-02-16). "The Greatest Innovations of All Time". BusinessWeek. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "The Big 100: the Science Channels 100 Greatest Discoveries". Discovery Communications, LLC. 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. Stephen Jay Gould, Questioning the Millennium: A Rationalist's Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown (New York: Harmony Books, 1999), ch 2.
  5. Associated Press, "Y2K It Wasn't, but It Was a Party", Los Angeles Times, January 1, 2001.
  6. "Millennium FAQs – Frequently Asked Questions". When does the Millennium start?. Greenwich2000.ltd.uk. 2008-08-12. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Millennia
CE / AD
BCE / BC
Categories: