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{{short description|American biologist}}
{{Paranormal}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Marc Bekoff
| image = Marc Bekoff.png
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|09|06}}
| birth_place = ]<ref name=highbeam/>
| residence =
| nationality =
| education = AB (1967), ]<br/>MA (1968), ]<br/>PhD (1972, animal behavior), Washington University<ref name=highbeam/>
| occupation = Scientist, educator, writer
| known_for =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|https://marcbekoff.com/}}
}}
'''Marc Bekoff''' (born September 6, 1945) is an American biologist, ], ] and writer. He is Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the ].<ref name="highbeam">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/bekoff-marc-1945|title=Bekoff, Marc 1945-|date=2020-03-16|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref>


== Work ==
'''Suzane Northrop''' (born in 1948){{R|"SI1"}} is an author, podcaster, TV show host, and purported ] ].{{R|"SI1"}} She has written at least four books, and hosted the television show, '']''.{{R|"SI1"}} She participated in '']'' which was turned into a book by ].{{R|"TAE"}} The experiments and their conclusions were widely criticized across the scientific community for not being blinded, and for the lack of inclusion of any other scientifically credible evidence.{{R|"SI2"}}
Bekoff is the co-founder, with ], of Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/experts/marc-bekoff-phd|title=Marc Bekoff Ph.D.|website=Psychology Today|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> a fellow of the ] and a former ]. He lectures internationally on animal behavior, ] (the study of animal minds), and ], and writes a science column about animal emotion for ''Psychology Today''.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213071706/http://www.literati.net/authors/marc-bekoff |date=2013-02-13 }}, literati.net, undated.
*Marc Bekoff, , ''Psychology Today''.</ref> He is an advocate for the ] movement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wallach|first=Arian D.|last2=Bekoff|first2=Marc|last3=Batavia|first3=Chelsea|last4=Nelson|first4=Michael Paul|last5=Ramp|first5=Daniel|date=2018|title=Summoning compassion to address the challenges of conservation|journal=Conservation Biology|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=1255–1265|doi=10.1111/cobi.13126|pmid=29700860|issn=1523-1739}}</ref>


Bekoff is a ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vegans-shouldnt-eat-oyste_b_605786|title=Vegans Shouldn't Eat Oysters, and If You Do You're Not Vegan, So...|last=Bekoff|first=Marc|date=2010-06-10|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> He is also a patron of the Captive Animals Protection Society, a charity campaigning against the ] trade, and the use of non-human animals in circuses and zoos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freedomforanimals.org.uk/professor-marc-bekoff|title=Professor Marc Bekoff|website=Freedom for Animals|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> In May 2010, he argued in an article for the ], "Expanding Our Compassionate Footprint," that human beings need to abandon ]: "Research on animal morality is blossoming, and if we can break free of theoretical prejudices, we may come to better understand ourselves and the other animals with whom we share this planet."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/expanding_our_compassion_footprint|title=Expanding Our Compassion Footprint|last=Bekoff|first=Marc|date=2010-05-20|website=Greater Good Science Center|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref>
In 2020, she was a subject of a sting operation run by ] where, in addition to Northrop's use of standard ] techniques, it was also discovered that Northrop's co-host ] was using information acquired from audience Facebook accounts, a technique known as ], during these group sessions.{{R|"SI1"}}


==Early life== ==See also==
* ]
Suzane Northrop stated in an interview that her first memory of contact with the deceased occurred when she was five years old.{{R|"NCX"}} However, in both that interview and in an earlier one with the Dayton Daily News, Northrop said that her first real contact with dead people happened when she was 13 when she spoke with her paternal grandmother who had just died the previous week.{{R|"NCX"}}{{R|"DDD"}} She received a music degree from the ], in 1979.{{R|"DDD"}} She soon moved to New York City where she attempted composing as well as dance.{{R|"DDD"}}


==Mediumship career== ==Selected works==
Bekoff has written over 1000 articles and published 30 books, and has edited three encyclopedias.<ref name=":0" /> His books include the following:


* ''Species of Mind: The Philosophy and Biology of Cognitive Ethology'' (with Colin Allen, 1997).
===Career highlights===
* ''Nature's Purposes: Analyses of Function and Design in Biology'' (edited with Colin Allen and ], 1998)
Northrop started her mediumship career by giving readings at street fairs in New York City for $3.{{R|"DDD"}} She published her first book in 1994, ''Séance: A Guide for Living'', and went on to publish three more books over the next decade.{{R|"Seance"}}{{R|"Second"}}{{R|"Everything"}}{{R|"Cookbook"}} In 2008, Northrop hosted a ten-episode TV series called the ].{{R|"SI1"}} In August of 2020, Northrop launched a podcast, ''The Dead People's Society Podcast''.{{R|"GPOD"}} Late in 2020, Northrop, along with Thomas John, hosted a ticketed event virtually where they provided readings and over the internet to several of the people in attendance.{{R|"SI1"}}
* ''Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative and Ecological Perspectives'' (edited with John Byers, 1998)

* ''Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare'' (1998)
===''The Afterlife Experiments''===
* ''The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition'' (edited by Marc Bekoff, Colin Allen, and Gordon Burghardt, 2002)
In 1997, Northrop was contacted by ] about appearing in a documentary being produced for ] which would explore the question of the survival of consciousness after death.{{R|"TAE"}}{{R|"SI1"}} This would later become the HBO documentary ''Life After Life''.{{R|"TAE"}} ] and Linda Russek, who were involved in the project, wrote a very controversial book about the research he conducted during these sessions, '']''.{{R|"SI2"}} Schwartz describes Northrop's style as very fast, "an uninterrupted barrage of information...Northrup had begun talking virtually nonstop".{{R|"TAE"}} Schwartz' findings were that Northrop, as well as the rest of the "highly skilled mediums, in laboratory controlled yet supportive conditions, can receive specific categories of information that can be rated accurately by trained research sitters."{{R|"TAE"}}
* ''Minding Animals: Awareness, Emotions, and Heart'' (2002)

* ''The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do to Care for the Animals We Love'' (Jane Goodall and Marc Bekoff, 2002)
According to Schwartz, he and Russek set up a second set of experiments at the urging of ] and Northrop which were set up with a new group of sitters and four of the five original mediums including Northrop.{{R|"TAE"}} Schwartz refers to this as the The Miraval Experiment.{{R|"TAE"}} The goal of this second round of experiments was to replicate the findings of the original HBO show and expand on them with further quantitative data.{{R|"TAE"}} Schwartz wrote about their findings in this second round of experiments "that the accuracy of mediums 1 and 2 (Edward and Northrop) was replicated" and provided data "that are consistent with the hypothesis that some form of anomalous information retrieval was occurring in these skilled mediums."{{R|"TAE"}}
* ''Animals Matter: A Biologist Explains Why We Should Treat Animals with Compassion and Respect'' (2007)

* ''The Emotional Lives of Animals: A Leading Scientist Explores Animal Joy, Sorrow, and Empathy and Why They Matter'' (2007)
This would lead to staff of the show ''Exploring the Unknown'', produced by ], to call asking to do a segment on Northrop.{{R|"TAE"}}
* ''Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals'' (Marc Bekoff and ], 2009) {{ISBN|978-0-226-04161-2}}

* ''The Animal Manifesto: Six Reasons For Expanding Our Compassion Footprint'' (2010)
==Mediumship criticism==
* ''Ignoring Nature No More: The Case for Compassionate Conservation'' (edited by Marc Bekoff, 2013)

* ''Rewilding Our Hearts: Building Pathways of Compassion and Coexistence'' (2014)
===''Exploring the Unknown''===
* ''The Jane Effect: Celebrating Jane Goodall'' (edited with Dale Peterson, ], 2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tupress.org/books/the-jane-effect|title=The Jane Effect: Celebrating Jane Goodall|website=Trinity University Press}}</ref>
In 1999, Northrop was profiled on the TV show ''Exploring the Unknown'' produced by ]. In that episode, Northrop is seen giving a reading over the radio.{{R|"SI1"}} Mentalist ] was asked to explain how Northrop accomplished what appears to be talking to dead family members of the participants in the show.{{R|"SI1"}}{{R|"YT1"}} Edward said of Northrop that, “The technique is to talk really fast. Say a lot of things, so fast that the normal average person doesn’t have a chance to respond or reconstruct what you just said.”{{R|"YT1"}} He further explains how Northrop can easily overcome incorrect or unrelated guesses by telling the sitter to "watch for it" and that she also provides statements that could have multiple meanings to give herself the widest latitude for turning a miss into a hit.{{R|"YT1"}} Edward also provides the reasons behind her use of initials which have a much higher hit rate and can relate to almost anything.{{R|"YT1"}}
* ''The Animals' Agenda: Freedom, Compassion, and Coexistence in the Human Age'' (Beacon Press, 2017) {{ISBN|978-0-807-04520-6}}

* ''Canine Confidential: Why Dogs Do What They Do'' (University of Chicago Press, 2018) {{ISBN|978-0-226-56049-6}}
===''How Not To Test Mediums''===
Northrop uses ''The Afterlife Experiments'' as evidence of her abilities.{{R|"YT1"}} However, in his article, ''How Not To Test Mediums'', ] does a deep dive into ''The Afterlife Experiments'' and concludes that there were several major flaws in the experimental designs including the failure to use double-blind procedures, inadequate precautions against fraud and sensory leakage, failure to independently check on facts the sitters endorsed as true, and several others.{{R|"SI2"}} Hyman also finds severe issues with Schwartz' interpretations of the data, such as creating non-falsifiable outcomes by reinterpreting failures as successes. In his conclusion, Hyman states that, "The studies were methodologically defective in a number of important ways, not the least of which was that they were not double-blind... Yet the experimenters offer the results as a "breathtaking" validation of their claims about the existence of the afterlife."{{R|"SI2"}}

===Operation Lemon Meringue===
In 2020, Northrop and Thomas John began doing medium events together using ], where they charged people to attend these with the possibility that they would receive a reading from one of the two purported mediums.{{R|"SI1"}} ] and members of her Guerilla Skeptics team attended several of these events.{{R|"SI1"}} Gerbic's team was able to notice statements or terms that Northrop uses over and over again in different events that elicit hits.{{R|"SI1"}} Gerbic noted that in Northrop's ''Exploring the Unknown'' appearance, she used the word "rose" which she again uses again during the Zoom events with Thomas John, stating “Not only was she known for her rose bushes, but I think there is someone connected in her family with that name. I’m hearing it twice. There is somebody I think named Rose in her family as well as her doing the rose bushes.”{{R|"SI1"}}{{R|"YT1"}} Gerbic makes a point that the word "rose" could be used to reference a first name, middle name, nickname, hobby, the flower itself, etc. and also notes that Rose was one of the most popular names for women in the early 20th century which would fit the age of women that had recently passed.{{R|"SI1"}} Another example of reusing the same fishing technique in ''Exploring the Unknown'', and during her Zoom events, is asking about a vehicle -- whether it be a car or truck.{{R|"SI1"}}{{R|"YT1"}} Gerbic describes this as ]. which she defines as "using general statements that are typical of most people. It’s helpful to know some basics of the sitter: the gender, approximate age, ethnicity, and accents, all of which can be inferred over the radio".{{R|"SI1"}}

==Bibliography==
*''Séance: A Guide for Living''{{R|"Seance"}}
*''Second Chance: Healing Messages from the Afterlife''{{R|"Second"}}
*''Everything Happens for a Reason: Love, Free Will, and the Lessons of the Soul''{{R|"Everything"}}
*''A Medium’s Cookbook: Recipes for the Soul: A Step-By-Step Guide toward Creating a Banquet of Connections to Those Who Have Passed Over''{{R|"Cookbook"}}

==See also==<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*] ("One of the most extraordinary fake mediums... the world has ever known" -Houdini)
*]
*'']''
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*'']''
*]
*]
*'']''
*'']''
*] (Historic investigator of psychic mediums)
*]
*]
*]
}}''


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|refs= {{Reflist}}
<ref name=SI1>{{cite web |last1=Gerbic |first1=Susan |authorlink1=Susan Gerbic |title=Suzane Northrop – Operation Lemon Meringue |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/suzane-northup-operation-lemon-meringue/ |website=Skepticalinquirer.org |publisher=CFI |accessdate=28 January 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113212520/https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/suzane-northup-operation-lemon-meringue/ |archivedate=13 January 2021 |date=28 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=SI2>{{cite web |last1=Hyman |first1=Ray|authorlink1=Ray Hyman |title=How Not To Test Mediums |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/2003/01/how-not-to-test-mediums/ |website=Skepticalinquirer.org |publisher=CFI |accessdate=9 February 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030172722/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2003/01/how-not-to-test-mediums/ |archivedate=30 October 2020 |date=9 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=DDD>{{cite web |last1=Hopkins |first1=Tom |title=Psychics make stop in tri-state |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=66184846&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjQxMDMzOTYxMCwiaWF0IjoxNjEyNDgyMTI0LCJleHAiOjE2MTI1Njg1MjR9.fqvaENaGIZ0XIduv_TpqblolCMtlUkhFetl8pAijdXY |website=newspapers.com |publisher=Dayton Daily News |accessdate=4 February 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205003741/https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=66184846&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjQxMDMzOTYxMCwiaWF0IjoxNjEyNDgyMTI0LCJleHAiOjE2MTI1Njg1MjR9.fqvaENaGIZ0XIduv_TpqblolCMtlUkhFetl8pAijdXY |archivedate=5 February 2021 |date=4 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=TAE>{{cite book |last1=Schwartz |first1=Gary E. |author-link1= Gary Schwartz |last2= Simon |first2= William L. |last3= Russek |first3= Linda G. |title= The Afterlife Experiments: Breakthrough Scientific Evidence of Life After Death |publisher= ] |publication-date= 10 March 2002|page= |isbn= 0-7434-3658-X}}</ref>

<ref name=NCX>{{cite web |last1=Thompson|first1=Vicky|title=Doorway into the Afterlife: An Interview with Suzane Northrop |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/suzane-northup-operation-lemon-meringue/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326100250/http://www.newconnexion.net/articles/index.cfm/2012/07/Interview_with_Suzane_Northrop.html |archivedate=26 March 2015 |date=1 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=YT1>{{cite web|title=1999 Exploring the Unknown - Suzanne Northrup - Gary Schwartz - Mark Edward|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow-U6iPSZBo|website=YouTube|accessdate=February 15, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=Seance>{{cite book |last1=Northrop |first1=Suzane |title=Séance: A Guide for Living |date=25 January 1994 |publisher=Alliance Publishing Company |isbn=978-0964150904 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name=Second>{{cite book |last1=Northrop |first1=Suzane |title=Second Chance: Healing Messages from the Afterlife |date=21 April 2002 |publisher=Jodere Group |isbn=978-1588720351 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name=Everything>{{cite book |last1=Northrop |first1=Suzane |title=Everything Happens for a Reason |date=1 November 2004 |publisher=Northstar 2LLC |isbn=978-1588720436 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name=Cookbook>{{cite book |last1=Northrop |first1=Suzane |title=A Medium’s Cookbook: Recipes for the Soul: A Step-By-Step Guide toward Creating a Banquet of Connections to Those Who Have Passed Over |date=20 October 2005 |publisher=Northstar 2LLC |isbn=978-0976260837 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name=GPOD>{{cite web |url=https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy8yN2YwYmY4Yy9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw== |title= Dead Peoples' Society with Suzane Northrop |author=<!--Not stated--> |website= podcasts.google.com/ |access-date= 5 February 2021}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==


==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.SuzaneNorthrop.com}}
*{{Official website|https://marcbekoff.com/}}
*
* at '']''
* {{IMDb name|2056508}}


{{Animal rights|state=uncollapsed|advocates}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Animal welfare}}
{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Northrop, Suzane}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bekoff, Marc}}
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Suzane Northrop
OccupationSelf-described Psychic medium
WebsiteSuzaneNorthrop.com
American biologist
Marc Bekoff
Born (1945-09-06) September 6, 1945 (age 79)
Brooklyn, New York
EducationAB (1967), Washington University
MA (1968), Hofstra University
PhD (1972, animal behavior), Washington University
Occupation(s)Scientist, educator, writer
Websitemarcbekoff.com

Marc Bekoff (born September 6, 1945) is an American biologist, ethologist, behavioural ecologist and writer. He is Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

Work

Bekoff is the co-founder, with Jane Goodall, of Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, a fellow of the Animal Behavior Society and a former Guggenheim fellow. He lectures internationally on animal behavior, cognitive ethology (the study of animal minds), and behavioral ecology, and writes a science column about animal emotion for Psychology Today. He is an advocate for the compassionate conservation movement.

Bekoff is a vegan. He is also a patron of the Captive Animals Protection Society, a charity campaigning against the exotic pet trade, and the use of non-human animals in circuses and zoos. In May 2010, he argued in an article for the Greater Good Science Center, "Expanding Our Compassionate Footprint," that human beings need to abandon human exceptionalism: "Research on animal morality is blossoming, and if we can break free of theoretical prejudices, we may come to better understand ourselves and the other animals with whom we share this planet."

See also

Selected works

Bekoff has written over 1000 articles and published 30 books, and has edited three encyclopedias. His books include the following:

  • Species of Mind: The Philosophy and Biology of Cognitive Ethology (with Colin Allen, 1997).
  • Nature's Purposes: Analyses of Function and Design in Biology (edited with Colin Allen and George Lauder, 1998)
  • Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative and Ecological Perspectives (edited with John Byers, 1998)
  • Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare (1998)
  • The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition (edited by Marc Bekoff, Colin Allen, and Gordon Burghardt, 2002)
  • Minding Animals: Awareness, Emotions, and Heart (2002)
  • The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do to Care for the Animals We Love (Jane Goodall and Marc Bekoff, 2002)
  • Animals Matter: A Biologist Explains Why We Should Treat Animals with Compassion and Respect (2007)
  • The Emotional Lives of Animals: A Leading Scientist Explores Animal Joy, Sorrow, and Empathy and Why They Matter (2007)
  • Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals (Marc Bekoff and Jessica Pierce, 2009) ISBN 978-0-226-04161-2
  • The Animal Manifesto: Six Reasons For Expanding Our Compassion Footprint (2010)
  • Ignoring Nature No More: The Case for Compassionate Conservation (edited by Marc Bekoff, 2013)
  • Rewilding Our Hearts: Building Pathways of Compassion and Coexistence (2014)
  • The Jane Effect: Celebrating Jane Goodall (edited with Dale Peterson, Trinity University Press, 2015)
  • The Animals' Agenda: Freedom, Compassion, and Coexistence in the Human Age (Beacon Press, 2017) ISBN 978-0-807-04520-6
  • Canine Confidential: Why Dogs Do What They Do (University of Chicago Press, 2018) ISBN 978-0-226-56049-6

References

  1. ^ "Bekoff, Marc 1945-". Encyclopedia.com. 2020-03-16. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  2. ^ "Marc Bekoff Ph.D." Psychology Today. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  3. "Marc Bekoff" Archived 2013-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, literati.net, undated.
  4. Wallach, Arian D.; Bekoff, Marc; Batavia, Chelsea; Nelson, Michael Paul; Ramp, Daniel (2018). "Summoning compassion to address the challenges of conservation". Conservation Biology. 32 (6): 1255–1265. doi:10.1111/cobi.13126. ISSN 1523-1739. PMID 29700860.
  5. Bekoff, Marc (2010-06-10). "Vegans Shouldn't Eat Oysters, and If You Do You're Not Vegan, So..." HuffPost. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  6. "Professor Marc Bekoff". Freedom for Animals. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  7. Bekoff, Marc (2010-05-20). "Expanding Our Compassion Footprint". Greater Good Science Center. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  8. "The Jane Effect: Celebrating Jane Goodall". Trinity University Press.

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