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===Late Middle Ages=== ===Late Middle Ages===
] in 1804. Note that only Thalassery, ], and ], are marked as cities within the present-day state of ]]]
Until 16th century CE, the ] town was known by the name ''Kanhirakode'' (may be by the meaning, 'The land of ''Kanhira'' Trees') in ].<ref name="Kanhirakode">{{cite book Until 16th century CE, the ] town was known by the name ''Kanhirakode'' (may be by the meaning, 'The land of ''Kanhira'' Trees') in ].<ref name="Kanhirakode">{{cite book
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942 | author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
Line 137: Line 138:
}}</ref> The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of ] ]s and ]s.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |date=January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-81-264-1588-5 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> They also claimed their origin from ]s of Kerala.<ref name="askh"/> ] states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary ] kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of ].<ref name="askh"/> Just like other contemporary kings of Kerala in the medieval period, The powerful Kolathu Raja also came under the influence of ] later. The ] in the late medieval period emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., ] (]), ] or Poyanad (]), ] (]), ], Iruvazhinadu (], ] etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> The ] dynasty on the northernmost part of ] dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as the ] of ], in the early medieval period.<ref name="Neeleswaram fete">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/neeleswaram-fete-to-showcase-its-heritage/article2645520.ece | title=Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage | author=The Hindu staff reporter | website=The Hindu | date=21 November 2011 | access-date=24 November 2016 }}</ref> }}</ref> The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of ] ]s and ]s.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |date=January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-81-264-1588-5 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> They also claimed their origin from ]s of Kerala.<ref name="askh"/> ] states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary ] kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of ].<ref name="askh"/> Just like other contemporary kings of Kerala in the medieval period, The powerful Kolathu Raja also came under the influence of ] later. The ] in the late medieval period emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., ] (]), ] or Poyanad (]), ] (]), ], Iruvazhinadu (], ] etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> The ] dynasty on the northernmost part of ] dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as the ] of ], in the early medieval period.<ref name="Neeleswaram fete">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/neeleswaram-fete-to-showcase-its-heritage/article2645520.ece | title=Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage | author=The Hindu staff reporter | website=The Hindu | date=21 November 2011 | access-date=24 November 2016 }}</ref>
]'s minister Kuruppu's ] letter to ] (1524)|235x235px]] ]'s minister Kuruppu's ] letter to ] (1524)|235x235px]]

===Colonial era=== ===Colonial era===
Kannur was an important ] center in the 12th century with active ] connections with ] and ]. The port at ] held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while ], ], and ], were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> Kannur served as the ] military headquarters on India's west coast until 1887. In conjunction with her sister city, ], it was the third-largest city on the western coast of ] in the ] after ] and ]. The ] had right over the city of Kannur and ] in the late medieval period.<ref>Logan, William (2006). Malabar Manual, Mathrubhumi Books, Calicut. {{ISBN|978-81-8264-046-7}}</ref> Kannur was an important ] center in the 12th century with active ] connections with ] and ]. The port at ] held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while ], ], and ], were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> Kannur served as the ] military headquarters on India's west coast until 1887. In conjunction with her sister city, ], it was the third-largest city on the western coast of ] in the ] after ] and ]. The ] had right over the city of Kannur and ] in the late medieval period.<ref>Logan, William (2006). Malabar Manual, Mathrubhumi Books, Calicut. {{ISBN|978-81-8264-046-7}}</ref>

Revision as of 12:52, 15 June 2021

This article is about the district in Kerala. For other uses, see Kannur (disambiguation).

District in Kerala, India
Kannur district Cannanore district
District
File:Muzhappilangad Beach Sunset.jpg Clockwise from top:
Vayalapra lake, Thalassery cuisine, St. Angelo Fort, Mappila Bay, Muzhappilangad Beach, Kannur International Airport.
Nickname: Crown of Kerala
Kannur districtLocation in Kerala
Coordinates: 11°52′08″N 75°21′20″E / 11.8689°N 75.35546°E / 11.8689; 75.35546
Country India
StateKerala
RegionNorth Malabar
Established1957
HeadquartersKannur
Subdistricts
Government
 • District CollectorT V Subhash. IAS
 • City Police CommissionerR Ilango, IPS
 • Rural Superintendent of PoliceNavneet Sharma, IPS
Area
 • Total2,966 km (1,145 sq mi)
 • Rank5th
Population
 • Total2,615,266
 • Density882/km (2,280/sq mi)
DemonymKannurian
Languages
 • OfficialMalayalam, English
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-KL-KNR, IN-KL
Vehicle registration
  • KL-13 Kannur
  • KL-58 Thalassery
  • KL-59 Taliparamba
  • KL-78 Iritty
  • KL-86 Payyanur
HDI (2005)Increase 0.783 ( High)
Sex ratio1090 ♂/♀
Literacy95.10%
Websitekannur.nic.in

Kannur is one of the 14 districts along the west coast in the state of Kerala, India. The city of Kannur is the district headquarters and gives the district its name. The old name, Cannanore, is the anglicized form of the Malayalam name "Kannur". Kannur district is bounded by Kasaragod District to the north, Kozhikode district to the south, Mahé district to the southwest and Wayanad District to the southeast. To the east, the district is bounded by the Western Ghats, which forms the border with the state of Karnataka (Kodagu district). The Arabian Sea lies to the west. Paithalmala is the highest point in Kannur District (1,372m). Enclosed within the southern part of the district is the Mahé district of the Union Territory of Puducherry. The district was established in 1957.

Kannur Municipal Corporation is the sixth-largest urban local body in the state and Kannur Cantonment is the only Cantonment Board in Kerala. Indian Naval Academy at Ezhimala is the Asia's largest, and the world's third-largest, naval academy. Muzhappilangad beach is the longest Drive-In Beach in Asia and is featured among the top 6 best beaches for driving in the world in BBC article for Autos. Kannur district is home to some forts which include St. Angelo Fort, and Tellicherry Fort.

Kannur is the sixth-most urbanised district in Kerala, with more than 50% of its residents living in urban areas. Kannur has an urban population of 1,640,986, which is the second largest in Kerala after Ernakulam district. It was part of the Malabar District under the Madras province during the British Raj.

Formation

Following the formation of the state of Kerala in 1956, the erswhile Malabar District was divided into three: Kannur District, Kozhikode district, and Palakkad district.

On 1 November 1980, the North Wayanad Taluk of Kannur district was separated to form Wayanad district. Again in 1984, Kasaragod and Hosdurg Taluks were separated to form Kasargod district.

History

Main article: History of Kannur See also: Mushika dynasty, Kolathunadu, and North Malabar
Kannur Lighthouse
Indian Naval Academy at Ezhimala

Pre-history and Ancient Era

The earliest evidence of human habitation in the district are rock-cut caves and megalithic burial sites of the Neolithic age. The Taliparamba-Kannur-Thalassery area abounds in rock-cut caves, dolmens, burial stone circles and menhirs, all of megalith. North Malabar was the seat of powerful kingdom based at Ezhimala in the Sangam period (1st-5th century CE). The ancient port of Naura, which is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a port somewhere north of Muziris is identifed with Kannur.

The kingdom of Ezhimala had jurisdiction over two Nadus - The coastal Poozhinadu and the hilly eastern Karkanadu. According to the works of Sangam literature, Poozhinadu consisted much of the coastal belt between Mangalore and Kozhikode. Karkanadu consisted of Wayanad-Gudalur hilly region with parts of Kodagu (Coorg). It is said that Nannan, the most renowned ruler of Ezhimala dynasty, took refuge at Wayanad hills in 5th century CE when he was lost to Cheras, just before his execution in a battle, according to the Sangam works.

Early Middle Ages

Ezhimala kingdom was succeeded by Mushika dynasty in the early medival period, most possibly due to the migration of Tuluva Brahmins from Tulu Nadu. The Mushika-vamsha Mahakavya, written by Athula in the 11th century, throws light on the recorded past of the Mushika Royal Family up until that point. The Indian anthropologist Ayinapalli Aiyappan states that a powerful and warlike clan of the Bunt community of Tulu Nadu was called Kola Bari and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan. The Kolathunadu (Kannur) Kingdom at the peak of its power, reportedly extended from Netravati River (Mangalore) in the north to Korapuzha (Kozhikode) in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.

An Old Malayalam inscription (Ramanthali inscriptions), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore, can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty) near Cannanore, Kerala. The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the Madayi Mosque in Kannur records its foundation year as 1124 CE. In his book on travels (Il Milione), Marco Polo recounts his visit to the area in mid 1290s. Other visitors included Faxian, the Buddhist pilgrim and Ibn Batuta, writer and historian of Tangiers.

Late Middle Ages

An old map of India in 1804. Note that only Thalassery, Kozhikode, and Kochi, are marked as cities within the present-day state of Kerala

Until 16th century CE, the Kasargod town was known by the name Kanhirakode (may be by the meaning, 'The land of Kanhira Trees') in Malayalam. The Kumbla dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern Tulu Nadu wedged between Chandragiri River and Netravati River (including present-day Taluks of Manjeshwar and Kasaragod) from Maipady Palace at Kumbla, had also been vassals to the Kolathunadu, before the Carnatic conquests of Vijayanagara Empire. The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins. They also claimed their origin from Cheraman Perumals of Kerala. Francis Buchanan-Hamilton states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary Malayali kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of Tulu Nadu. Just like other contemporary kings of Kerala in the medieval period, The powerful Kolathu Raja also came under the influence of Zamorin later. The Kolathunadu in the late medieval period emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., Kadathanadu (Vadakara), Randathara or Poyanad (Dharmadom), Kottayam (Thalassery), Nileshwaram, Iruvazhinadu (Panoor, Kurumbranad etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions. The Nileshwaram dynasty on the northernmost part of Kolathiri dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as the Zamorin of Calicut, in the early medieval period.

Kolattiri Raja's minister Kuruppu's Arabic letter to Vasco da Gama (1524)

Colonial era

Kannur was an important trading center in the 12th century with active business connections with Persia and Arabia. The port at Kozhikode held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur, Kollam, and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather. Kannur served as the British military headquarters on India's west coast until 1887. In conjunction with her sister city, Tellicherry, it was the third-largest city on the western coast of British India in the 18th century after Bombay and Karachi. The Arakkal kingdom had right over the city of Kannur and Laccadive Islands in the late medieval period.

The Portuguese arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 during the Age of Discovery, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to India. The St. Angelo Fort at Kannur was built in 1505 by Dom Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese Viceroy of India. The Dutch captured the fort from the Portuguese in 1663. They modernized the fort and built the bastions Hollandia, Zeelandia, and Frieslandia that are the major features of the present structure. The original Portuguese fort was pulled down later. A painting of this fort and the fishing ferry behind it can be seen in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. The Dutch sold the fort to the king Ali Raja of Arakkal in 1772. The British conquered it in 1790 and used it as one of their major military stations on the Malabar Coast.

During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only Muslim Sultanate in the Malabar region - Arakkal - who also ruled the Laccadive Islands in addition to the city of Kannur. Arakkal Kingdom and Chirakkal kingdom were two vassal kingdoms based in the city of Kannur. The island of Dharmadom near Kannur, along with Thalassery, was ceded to the East India Company as early as 1734, which were claimed by all of the Kolattu Rajas, Kottayam Rajas, and Arakkal Bibi in the late medieval period, where the British initiated a factory and English settlement following the cession. In 1761, the British captured Mahé, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of Kadathanadu. The British restored Mahé to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris. In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of Mahé. In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and Mahé was handed over to the French in 1785.

During the British Raj, Kannur was part of the Madras province in the Malabar District. The municipalities of Kannur and Thalassery were formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850) of the British Indian Empire, along with the municipalities of Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Fort Kochi, making them the first modern municipalities in the modern state of Kerala.

Government and politics

Main article: Political divisions of Kannur district
Local bodies in Kannur district
Municipalities
Anthoor
Iritty
Kuthuparamba
Mattanur
Panoor
Payyanur
Sreekandapuram
Taliparamba
Thalassery

Kannur district consists of two revenue subdivisions- Taliparamba and Thalassery. For sake of rural administration, 71 Gram Panchayats are combined in 11 Blocks, which together form the Kannur District Panchayat. For the sake of urban administration, Kannur Municipal Corporation and 9 municipal towns are there.

For the representation of Kannur in Kerala Legislative Assembly, there are 11 assembly constituencies. These are included in three parlimantary constituencies,i.e., Kasaragod, Kannur, and Vatakara. The district is further divided into 132 villages which together form 5 subdistricts.

Political divisions

State legislature

Sl. No Constituency Member Party Alliance
6 Payyanur T. I. Madusoodhanan rowspan="3" style="background:Template:Communist Party of India (Marxist)/meta/color; color:white;" |CPI(M)   LDF
7 Kalliasseri M. Vijin
8 Taliparamba M. V. Govindan
9 Irikkur Sajeev Joseph style="background-color:Template:Indian National Congress/meta/color; color:white;" |INC   UDF
10 Azhikode K. V. Sumesh style="background: Template:Communist Party of India (Marxist)/meta/color; color:white;" |CPI(M)   LDF
11 Kannur Kadannappalli Ramachandran style="background:Template:Congress (Secular)/meta/color; color:white;" |Con (S)
12 Dharmadom Pinarayi Vijayan rowspan="4" style="background:Template:Communist Party of India (Marxist)/meta/color; color:white;" |CPI(M)
13 Thalassery A. N. Shamseer
14 Kuthuparamba K. P. Mohanan
15 Mattanur K. K. Shailaja
16 Peravoor Sunny Joseph style="background-color:Template:Indian National Congress/meta/color; color:white;" |INC   UDF

Parliament

Parliamentary
Constituency 		Political
Party 		Political
Coalition 		Elected
Representative
Kasargod style="background-color:Template:Indian National Congress/meta/color;"|INC   UDF Rajmohan Unnithan
Kannur style="background-color:Template:Indian National Congress/meta/color;"|INC   UDF K. Sudhakaran
Vatakara style="background-color:Template:Indian National Congress/meta/color;"|INC   UDF K. Muraleedharan

Demographics

Matool ferry
Taluks of Kannur
Payyambalam beach
Estaury of Anjarakandi River
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901529,623—    
1911565,261+0.65%
1921578,680+0.23%
1931662,715+1.37%
1941743,322+1.15%
1951904,470+1.98%
19611,177,948+2.68%
19711,552,809+2.80%
19811,930,726+2.20%
19912,251,727+1.55%
20012,408,956+0.68%
20112,523,003+0.46%
20182,615,266+0.51%
source:

According to the 2018 Statistics Report, Kannur district has a population of 2,615,266, The district has a population density of 882 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,280/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 4.84%. The 2011 Census of India gives the district a ranking of 170th in India (out of a total of 640). Kannur has a sex ratio of 1133 females for every 1000 males, the highest among any district in India, and a literacy rate of 95.10%.

The District has a population of 2,412,365 (2001 census). This was the most urbanised district in Kerala in 2001, but was pushed to 4th place after Ernakulam, Thrissur and Kozhikode in 2011. About 50.35% of the population reside in the urban agglomerations. The total urban population of Kannur district is 1,640,986. This is the second largest urban population in Kerala after Ernakulam and is more than the population of a metro city.

The high urban population is due to the 45 towns in the district which was the highest in Kerala as per 2001 census. 2011 census has Thrissur with 135 towns with Kannur having 67. Kannur district has seven statutory towns: Kannur, Kannur Cantonment, Thalassery, Payyanur, Taliparamba, Kuthuparamba and Mattannur. In addition to this there are 60 including Ancharakandy, Azhikode North, Azhikode South, Chala, Chelora, Cherukunnu, Cheruthazham, Chirakkal, Chockli, Dharmadom, Elayavoor, Eranholi, Iriveri, Kadachira, Kadirur, Kalliasseri, Kanhirode, Kannadiparamba, Kannapuram, Kottayam-Malabar, Mayyil, Mavilayi, Munderi, Muzhappilangad, Narath, New Mahe, Paduvilayi, Pallikkunnu, Panniyannur, Panoor, Pappinisseri, Pathiriyad, Pattiom, Iritty, Peralasseri, Peringathur, Pinarayi, Puzhathi, Thottada, Valapattanam, Varam.

Religion

Religion in Kannur (2011)

  Hinduism (59.8%)  Islam (29.4%)  Christianity (10.4%)  Other (0.4%)
Parassinikkadavu Muthappan Temple
A Masjid at Payyanur

Hinduism is the majority religion of Kannur district. Muslims and Christians form a significant minority.

Most of the Christians in Kannur district are descendants of Christians who migrated to Malabar in the 20th century(Malabar Migration).

Education

The Kannur University serves the region of North Malabar

Tourism

Main article: Tourist attractions in Kannur
Madayi rock during February

Kannur Cuisine

See also: Thalassery cuisine Pathiri, a pancake made of rice flour, is one of the common breakfast dishes in KannurKallummakkaya nirachathu or arikkadukka (mussels stuffed with rice)Thalassery biryani with raitaHalwas are popular in Kannur and Thalassery

The Kannur cuisine depicts it culture and heritage. It is famous for Thalassery biriyani. The city of is also famous for Haluva called as Sweet Meat by Europeans due to the texture of the sweet. Another speciality is banana chips, which are made crisp and wafer-thin. Other popular dishes include seafood preparations (prawns, mussels, mackerel) . Vegetarian fare includes the sadya.

Kannur cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala, Persian, Yemenese and Arab food culture. This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes. Kallummakkaya (mussels) curry, irachi puttu (irachi meaning meat), parottas (soft flatbread), Pathiri (a type of rice pancake) and ghee rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of the cuisine—black pepper, cardamom and clove are used profusely.

The Malabar version of biryani, popularly known as kuzhi mandi in Malayalam is another popular item, which has an influence from Yemen. Various varieties of biriyanis like Thalassery biriyani, and Kannur biriyani, are prepared here.

The snacks include unnakkaya (deep-fried, boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew, raisins and sugar), pazham nirachathu (ripe banana filled with coconut grating, molasses or sugar), muttamala made of eggs, chatti pathiri, a dessert made of flour, like a baked, layered chapati with rich filling, arikkadukka, and more.

Notable people

See also

References

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  2. "Major reshuffle in top posts in Kerala Police, S Sreejith to be Crime Branch chief". The News Minute. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  3. ^ Annual Vital Statistics Report - 2018 (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala. 2020. p. 55.
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  5. "Navy-Training Academy-proposed Expansion". Deccan Herald. 11 August 2017.
  6. "Asia's largest naval academy opened". Arab News. 10 January 2009.
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  8. Gibson, David K. "The best beaches for driving". Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  9. "Muzhappilangad wins BBC favour". deccanchronicle.com. 24 June 2016.
  10. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. "Untitled Document". Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  12. Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History. DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.
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  14. ^ Government of India (2014–15). District Census Handbook – Wayanad (Part-B) 2011 (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  15. ^ Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). Kerala Charitram (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. p. 175. ISBN 978-8126415885. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  16. Ayinapalli, Aiyappan (1982). The Personality of Kerala. Department of Publications, University of Kerala. p. 162. Retrieved 27 July 2018. A very powerful and warlike section of the Bants of Tulunad was known as Kola bari. It is reasonable to suggest that the Kola dynasty was part of the Kola lineages of Tulunad.
  17. Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.
  18. Charles Alexander Innes (1908). Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I). Madras Government Press. p. 423-424.
  19. S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942). Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language. University of Madras.
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  21. ^ Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007). Kerala Charitram (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 978-81-264-1588-5. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
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  23. The Hindu staff reporter (21 November 2011). "Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  24. The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)
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  27. "Arakkal royal family". Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
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