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| ==== Europe ==== | ==== Europe ==== | ||
| * ] – ], prince of ], dies. By the terms of the ], his lands passed under the direct control of ], king of ]. Charles appoints a '']'' to rule the Latin principality.<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). ''The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 193. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref> | * ] – ], prince of ], dies. By the terms of the ], his lands passed under the direct control of ], king of ]. Charles appoints a '']'' to rule the Latin principality.<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). ''The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 193. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref> In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, ], on ]. He promises not to attack or invade the ] because Nicholas has hopes to unify the ] with the ].<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). ''The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 186. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref> | ||
| * ] – ]: Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King ] ('''the Wise''') besiege ] (at this time under control of the Marinids). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the ] to prevent the supply of the city from nearby ]. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the ], a military-] which is concentrated in naval warfare.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 75. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref> | * ] – ]: Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King ] ('''the Wise''') besiege ] (at this time under control of the Marinids). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the ] to prevent the supply of the city from nearby ]. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the ], a military-] which is concentrated in naval warfare.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 75. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref> | ||
| * ] – ]: A German-Hungarian army (some 9,000 men) under King ] in alliance with King ] ('''the Cuman'''), defeats ], ruler of ]. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of ]. Rudolf's ] will continue to rule ] and other captured territories, until the end of ] in ]. | * ] – ]: A German-Hungarian army (some 9,000 men) under King ] in alliance with King ] ('''the Cuman'''), defeats ], ruler of ]. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of ]. Rudolf's ] will continue to rule ] and other captured territories, until the end of ] in ]. | ||
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| ==== Markets ==== | ==== Markets ==== | ||
| * ] writes his ''De usuris''. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506–562}}</ref> | * ] writes his ''De usuris''. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506–562}}</ref> | ||
| ==== Religion ==== | ==== Religion ==== | ||
Revision as of 11:20, 6 June 2022
Calendar year
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1278 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1278 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1278 MCCLXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2031 |
| Armenian calendar | 727 ԹՎ ՉԻԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6028 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1199–1200 |
| Bengali calendar | 684–685 |
| Berber calendar | 2228 |
| English Regnal year | 6 Edw. 1 – 7 Edw. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1822 |
| Burmese calendar | 640 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6786–6787 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁丑年 (Fire Ox) 3975 or 3768 — to — 戊寅年 (Earth Tiger) 3976 or 3769 |
| Coptic calendar | 994–995 |
| Discordian calendar | 2444 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1270–1271 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5038–5039 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1334–1335 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1199–1200 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4378–4379 |
| Holocene calendar | 11278 |
| Igbo calendar | 278–279 |
| Iranian calendar | 656–657 |
| Islamic calendar | 676–677 |
| Japanese calendar | Kenji 4 / Kōan 1 (弘安元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1188–1189 |
| Julian calendar | 1278 MCCLXXVIII |
| Korean calendar | 3611 |
| Minguo calendar | 634 before ROC 民前634年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −190 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1820–1821 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴火牛年 (female Fire-Ox) 1404 or 1023 or 251 — to — 阳土虎年 (male Earth-Tiger) 1405 or 1024 or 252 |
Year 1278 (MCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
- May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea, dies. By the terms of the Treaty of Viterbo, his lands passed under the direct control of Charles I, king of Sicily. Charles appoints a bailiff to rule the Latin principality. In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, Nicholas III, on May 24. He promises not to attack or invade the Byzantine Empire because Nicholas has hopes to unify the Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church.
- August 5 – Siege of Algeciras: Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King Alfonso X (the Wise) besiege Algeciras (at this time under control of the Marinids). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the Bay of Gibraltar to prevent the supply of the city from nearby Gibraltar. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the Order of Saint Mary of Spain, a military-religious order which is concentrated in naval warfare.
- August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld: A German-Hungarian army (some 9,000 men) under King Rudolf I in alliance with King Ladislaus IV (the Cuman), defeats Ottokar II, ruler of Bohemia. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of Central Europe. Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories, until the end of World War I in 1918.
- September 29 – Aragonese forces under King Peter III take the Muslim stronghold of Montesa, putting an end to two years of Mudéjar rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm and go into exile.
Levant
- January – Charles I is crowned King of Jerusalem and is recognized by the kingdom's barons at Acre. His bailiff, Roger of San Severino, appoints various Frenchmen from Charles' court as his chief officers.
Asia
- May 8 – The 7-year-old Emperor Duan Zong (or Zhao Shi) dies of illness. He is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing who becomes the last ruler of the Song dynasty. Meanwhile, Mongol forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan ("Great Khan") draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court.
- November 8 – Trần Thánh Tông, second emperor of Vietnam's Trần dynasty, takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for eleven years to co-rule with his son Trần Khâm.
By topic
Art and Culture
- The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.
Markets
- Giles of Lessines writes his De usuris. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in Roman Catholic Europe.
Religion
- September 8 – Pere d'Urtx, Catalan bishop of Urgell, becomes the first Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra, when he signs the paréage, establishing joint-sovereignty over the territory with Roger-Bernard III, count of Foix.
Births
- March 11 – Mary of Woodstock, English princess (d. 1332)
- November 10 – Philip I (or II), Neapolitan prince (d. 1331)
- Constantine I (or III), king of Cilician Armenia (d. 1310)
- Ferdinand of Majorca, Aragonese prince (infante) (d. 1316)
- Rita of Armenia, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1333)
- Thomas of Lancaster, English nobleman (d. 1322)
Deaths
- May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea (b. 1211)
- May 8 – Duan Zong (or Zhao Shi), Chinese emperor (b. 1270)
- June 30 – Pierre de la Broce, French nobleman and councilor
- August 26 – Ottokar II, Bohemian nobleman and ruler (b. 1233)
- Andrew, Hungarian nobleman and prince (House of Árpád)
- Lý Chiêu Hoàng, Vietnamese empress consort (b. 1218)
References
- Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 193. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 186. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
- de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 120. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
- Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 288. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.