Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitextInline

Revision as of 22:18, 2 November 2022 edit77.188.28.121 (talk) →Overlap of membership in various agreements: - {{clear}}Tag: Reverted← Previous edit		Revision as of 00:02, 3 November 2022 edit undoMicga (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users14,182 edits Restored from an arbitrary and unjustified revert by an unregistered userTags: Manual revert Reverted nowiki addedNext edit →
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description|Process of political, economic, social, and cultural integration of states in and around Europe}}		{{Short description|Cooperation between states in and near Europe}}
	{{about|the process of state integration into Europe|other meanings|European values|and|Member state of the European Union|and|Foreign relations of the European Union}}		{{about|the process of political, economic, social, and cultural integration of states located primarily in Europe|other meanings|European values|and|Member state of the European Union|and|Politics of the European Union|and|Foreign relations of the European Union}}
	{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}		{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
	<!-- the article is not about the EU {{Politics of the European Union}} -->		<!-- the article is not about the EU {{}} -->
	'''European integration''' is the process of industrial, ], political, legal, ], and cultural ] of states wholly or partially in ] or nearby. European integration has primarily come about through the ] and its policies.		'''European integration''' is the process of industrial, ], political, legal, ], and cultural ] of states wholly or partially in ] or nearby. European integration has primarily come about through the ] (EU) and its policies, but also by the ], the ], the ], and the ].
	{{TOC limit}}		{{TOC limit}}
	==History==		==History==
	In antiquity, the ] brought about integration of multiple European and Mediterranean territories. The numerous subsequent claims of ], even the iterations of the Classical Empire and its ancient peoples, have occasionally been reinterpreted in the light of post-1950 European integration as providing inspiration and historical precedents. Of those in importance would have to include the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the Unification of ], ], and ].		In antiquity, the ] brought about integration of multiple European and Mediterranean territories. The numerous subsequent claims of ], even the iterations of the Classical Empire and its ancient peoples, have occasionally been reinterpreted in the light of post-1948 European integration as providing inspiration and historical precedents. Of those in importance would have to include the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ], the ], the Napoleonic ], the ], the ], the ], the ], as well as the unifications of ], ], and the ].
			On the other hand, a number of European unification attempts have become a dystopian anti-inspiration and a warning for the future European Fathers against the threat of European unity in a degenerate version, including the ], the ], the ], and the Cold War Europe divided between two blocks.
	] coin for the hypothetical "Federated States of Europe" (''États fédérés d'Europe'')]]		] coin for the hypothetical "Federated States of Europe" (''États fédérés d'Europe'')]]
Line 16:		Line 18:
	One of the first to articulate this view was ], who outlined a conservative vision of European unity in his ] (1923).<ref>Ben Rosamond, Theories of European Integration, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, pp. 21–22.</ref> The First ] Congress took place in ] in 1926, and the association possessed 8000 members by the time of the Wall Street Crash. The aim was for a specifically Christian, and by implication Catholic, Europe. The British civil servant and future Conservative minister ] published a book advocating ''The'' ''United States of Europe'' in 1933.		One of the first to articulate this view was ], who outlined a conservative vision of European unity in his ] (1923).<ref>Ben Rosamond, Theories of European Integration, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, pp. 21–22.</ref> The First ] Congress took place in ] in 1926, and the association possessed 8000 members by the time of the Wall Street Crash. The aim was for a specifically Christian, and by implication Catholic, Europe. The British civil servant and future Conservative minister ] published a book advocating ''The'' ''United States of Europe'' in 1933.
	In contrast the Soviet commissar (minister) ] raised the slogan "For a ] United States of Europe" in 1923, advocating a Europe united along communist principles.		In contrast the Soviet commissar (minister) ] raised the slogan "For a ] United States of Europe" in 1923, advocating a Europe forcibly united along communist principles.
	Among liberal-democratic parties, the French centre-left undertook several initiatives to group like-minded parties from the European states. In 1927, the French politician Emil Borel, a leader of the centre-left Radical Party and the founder of the Radical International, set up a French Committee for European Cooperation, and a further twenty countries set up equivalent committees. However, it remained an elite venture: the largest committee, the French one, possessed fewer than six-hundred members, two-thirds of whom were parliamentarians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guieu|first=Jean-Michel|date=2003|title=.Le Comité fédéral de coopération européenne|journal=Organisations Internationales et Architectures Européennes (1929–1939)|pages=73–91}}</ref> Two centre-left French prime ministers went further. In 1929 ] gave a speech in the presence of the ] Assembly in which he proposed the idea of a federation of European nations based on solidarity and in the pursuit of economic prosperity and political and social co-operation. In 1930, at the League's request, Briand presented a ''Memorandum on the organisation of a system of European Federal Union''.<ref>D. Weigall and P. Stirk, editors, ''The Origins and Development of the European Community'', Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992, pp.&nbsp;11–15.</ref> The next year the future French prime minister ] published his book '']''. Indeed, a template for such a system already existed, in the form of the 1921 ]		Among liberal-democratic parties, the French centre-left undertook several initiatives to group like-minded parties from the European states. In 1927, the French politician Emil Borel, a leader of the centre-left Radical Party and the founder of the Radical International, set up a French Committee for European Cooperation, and a further twenty countries set up equivalent committees. However, it remained an elite venture: the largest committee, the French one, possessed fewer than six-hundred members, two-thirds of whom were parliamentarians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guieu|first=Jean-Michel|date=2003|title=.Le Comité fédéral de coopération européenne|journal=Organisations Internationales et Architectures Européennes (1929–1939)|pages=73–91}}</ref> Two centre-left French prime ministers went further. In 1929 ] gave a speech in the presence of the ] Assembly in which he proposed the idea of a federation of European nations based on solidarity and in the pursuit of economic prosperity and political and social co-operation. In 1930, at the League's request, Briand presented a ''Memorandum on the organisation of a system of European Federal Union''.<ref>D. Weigall and P. Stirk, editors, ''The Origins and Development of the European Community'', Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992, pp.&nbsp;11–15.</ref> The next year the future French prime minister ] published his book '']''. Indeed, a template for such a system already existed, in the form of the 1921 ]
Line 37:		Line 39:
	European integration scholars Thomas Diez and Antje Wiener identify the general tendencies in the development of European integration theory and suggest to divide theories of integration into three broad phases, which are preceded by a normative proto-integration theory period.<ref name=":1">Diez, Thomas, and Antje Wiener. 2019. ‘Introducing the Mosaic of Integration Theory’. Pp. 1–24 in ''European integration theory'', edited by A. Wiener, T. A. Börzel, and T. Risse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> There's a gradual shift from theories studying European integration as ] towards new approaches that incorporate theories of International Relations and Comparative politics.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |author=Saurugger, Sabine |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/967394091 |title=Theoretical approaches to European integration |date=30 August 2013 |isbn=978-1-137-36724-2 |oclc=967394091}}</ref>		European integration scholars Thomas Diez and Antje Wiener identify the general tendencies in the development of European integration theory and suggest to divide theories of integration into three broad phases, which are preceded by a normative proto-integration theory period.<ref name=":1">Diez, Thomas, and Antje Wiener. 2019. ‘Introducing the Mosaic of Integration Theory’. Pp. 1–24 in ''European integration theory'', edited by A. Wiener, T. A. Börzel, and T. Risse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> There's a gradual shift from theories studying European integration as ] towards new approaches that incorporate theories of International Relations and Comparative politics.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |author=Saurugger, Sabine |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/967394091 |title=Theoretical approaches to European integration |date=30 August 2013 |isbn=978-1-137-36724-2 |oclc=967394091}}</ref>
	=== Proto-integration period ===		=== Proto-integration period (1940s) ===
			{{main|Ideas of European unity before 1948}}
	The question of how to avoid wars between the nation-states was essential for the first theories. ] and ] proposed the containment of the nation-state, while ] sought to theorise the conditions for the stabilisation of the nation-state system. Early federalism was more like a political movement calling for European federation by various political actors, for example, ] calling for a federal Europe in his ], and ] envisioning European civilization for unity.<ref>Ginsberg, Roy H. 2010. ''Demystifying the European Union the Enduring Logic of Regional Integration / Roy H. Ginsberg.'' 2nd ed. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</ref> State sovereignty was an issue for federalists who hoped political organizations at higher regional level would solve the issue.<ref name=":1" /> Representative scholar of functionalism is ], who also sees states and their sovereignty as core problem that one should restrain states to prevent future wars. However, Mitrany disagreed with regional integration as he viewed it as mere replication of state-model.<ref name=":1" /> Transactionalism, on the other hand, sees increased cross-border exchanges as promoting regional integration so that the risk of war is reduced.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Theresa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688913.001.0001 |title=Experiencing European Integration |date=2015-01-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688913.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-968891-3}}</ref>
			The question of how to avoid wars between the Nation-states was essential for the first theories. ] and ] proposed the containment of the nation-state, while ] sought to theorise the conditions for the stabilisation of the nation-state system. Early federalism was more like a political movement calling for European federation by various political actors, for example, ] calling for a federal Europe in his ], and ] envisioning European civilization for unity.<ref>Ginsberg, Roy H. 2010. ''Demystifying the European Union the Enduring Logic of Regional Integration / Roy H. Ginsberg.'' 2nd ed. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</ref> State sovereignty was an issue for federalists who hoped political organizations at higher regional level would solve the issue.<ref name=":1" /> Representative scholar of functionalism is ], who also sees states and their sovereignty as core problem that one should restrain states to prevent future wars. However, Mitrany disagreed with regional integration as he viewed it as mere replication of state-model.<ref name=":1" /> Transactionalism, on the other hand, sees increased cross-border exchanges as promoting regional integration so that the risk of war is reduced.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Theresa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688913.001.0001 |title=Experiencing European Integration |date=2015-01-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688913.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-968891-3}}</ref>
	=== First phase: explaining integration, 1960s onwards ===		=== Explaining integration, 1948 onwards ===
	European integration theory initially focused on explaining integration process of ] institution-building.<ref name=":1" /> One of the most influential theories of European integration is ], influenced by functionalist ideas, developed by ] (1958) and further investigated by ] (1963). This theory focuses on spillovers of integration, where well-integrated and interdependent areas led to more integration.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=Policy-making in the European Union |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Wallace, Helen (Helen S.), Wallace, William, 1941–, Pollack, Mark A., 1966– |isbn=0199276129 |edition=5th |location=Oxford |pages=16–19 |oclc=58828845}}</ref><ref>Niemann, Arne, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 2009. ‘Neofunctionalism’. Pp. 45–66 in ''European integration theory'', edited by A. Wiener and T. Diez. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> Neofunctionalism well captures the spillover from the European Coal and Steel Community to the European Economic Community established in the 1957 Treaties of Rome. Transfers of loyalties from the national level to the supranational level is expected to occur as integration progresses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Risse |first=Thomas |date=April 2005 |title=Neofunctionalism, European identity, and the puzzles of European integration |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13501760500044033 |journal=Journal of European Public Policy |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=291–309 |doi=10.1080/13501760500044033 |s2cid=144529861 |issn=1350-1763}}</ref>		European integration theory initially focused on explaining integration process of ] institution-building.<ref name=":1" /> One of the most influential theories of European integration is ], influenced by functionalist ideas, developed by ] (1958) and further investigated by ] (1963). This theory focuses on spillovers of integration, where well-integrated and interdependent areas led to more integration.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=Policy-making in the European Union |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Wallace, Helen (Helen S.), Wallace, William, 1941–, Pollack, Mark A., 1966– |isbn=0199276129 |edition=5th |location=Oxford |pages=16–19 |oclc=58828845}}</ref><ref>Niemann, Arne, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 2009. ‘Neofunctionalism’. Pp. 45–66 in ''European integration theory'', edited by A. Wiener and T. Diez. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> Neofunctionalism well captures the spillover from the European Coal and Steel Community to the European Economic Community established in the 1957 Treaties of Rome. Transfers of loyalties from the national level to the supranational level is expected to occur as integration progresses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Risse |first=Thomas |date=April 2005 |title=Neofunctionalism, European identity, and the puzzles of European integration |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13501760500044033 |journal=Journal of European Public Policy |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=291–309 |doi=10.1080/13501760500044033 |s2cid=144529861 |issn=1350-1763}}</ref>
Line 48:		Line 51:
	As the empirical world has changed, so have the theories and thus the understanding of European Integration. The second generation of integration theorists focused on the importance of institutions and their impacts on both integration process and European governance development.<ref name=":1" /> The second phase brought in perspectives from comparative politics in addition to traditional International Relations theoretical references. Studies attempted to understand what kind of polity the EU is and how it operates.<ref name=":1" /> For example, new theory ] (MLG) was developed to understand the workings and development of the EU.		As the empirical world has changed, so have the theories and thus the understanding of European Integration. The second generation of integration theorists focused on the importance of institutions and their impacts on both integration process and European governance development.<ref name=":1" /> The second phase brought in perspectives from comparative politics in addition to traditional International Relations theoretical references. Studies attempted to understand what kind of polity the EU is and how it operates.<ref name=":1" /> For example, new theory ] (MLG) was developed to understand the workings and development of the EU.
	=== Third phase: constructing the EU, 1990s onwards ===		=== Third phase: constructing, expanding and consolidating the EU, 1990s onwards ===
	The third phase of integration theory marked a return of International Relations theory with the rise of critical and constructivist approaches in the 1990s.<ref name=":1" /> Perspectives from social constructivists, post-structuralists, critical theories, feminist theories are incorporated in integration theories to conceptualize European integration process of widening and deepening.<ref name=":1" />		The third phase of integration theory marked a return of International Relations theory with the rise of critical and constructivist approaches in the 1990s.<ref name=":1" /> Perspectives from social constructivists, post-structuralists, critical theories, feminist theories are incorporated in integration theories to conceptualize European integration process of widening and deepening.<ref name=":1" />
	==Citizens' organisations calling for further integration==		==General pan-European integration==
			===Council of Europe===
	Various federalist organisations have been created over time supporting the idea of a federal Europe. These include the ], the ], the ], and ]. The ] (UEF) is a European non-governmental organisation, campaigning for a Federal Europe. It consists of 20 constituent organisations and it has been active at the European, national and local levels for more than 50 years. The ] is a lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration, and disseminating information about it. The ] is a pro-European, pan-European and federalist political party which advocates further integration of the EU and the establishment of a Federal Europe. Its aim is to gather all Europeans to promote European federalism and to participate in all elections all over Europe. It has national sections in 15 countries. ] is a pan-European and European federalist political movement that also serves as the pan-European structure for subsidiary parties in EU member states. It is present in 29 countries and participates in elections all over the EU on the local, national and European level.
	==Overlap of membership in various agreements==
	{{Supranational European Bodies|size=580px|align=right}}
	There are various agreements with overlapping membership. Several countries take part in a larger number of agreements than others.
	===Common membership of member states of the European Union===
	All ] (EU) are members of the:
	* ] (OSCE), Secretariat: Vienna, Austria
	* ] (CoE), HQ: Strasbourg, France
	* ] (ECAC), HQ: Neuilly-sur-Seine/Paris, France
	* ] (Eurocontrol), HQ: Brussels, Belgium
	* ] (CEN), HQ: Brussels, Belgium
	* ] (ETSI), HQ: Sophia Antipolis, France
	* ] (CENELEC), HQ: Brussels, Belgium
	* ] (EUCU)
	* ] (EOC), HQ: Rome, Italy
	* ] (EPC)/European Patent Organisation (EPOrg)
	* ] (EAEC, Euratom)
	* ] (SEPA)
	* ] (ECAA)
	* ] (EHEA) – Belgium as ] and ], i.e. the ] is not included.
	have organizations that are members of the:
	* ] (EBU), HQ: Geneva, Switzerland
	* ] (UEFA), HQ: Nyon, Switzerland
	* ], HQ: Brussels, Belgium
	have organisations that are members, associated partners or observers of the
	* ], HQ: Brussels, Belgium
	are located in the ] (EBA)
	===Most integrated countries===
	Fourteen states are part of the ] and ]. These are Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain.
	They are all members of or take part in:
	* the ]
	* the ] (EEA)
	* the ]
	* the ] (EDA)
	* the ] (PESCO)
	Of these states several take part in further organisations, or have other basic structural things in common, but some are outside.
	{| class="wikitable sortable"
	|-
	! Qty || State || observation
	|-
	| 1 || Spain || did not sign the ]
	|-
	| 3 || Bulgaria, Lithuania, Romania || are not part of ], but partner states
	|-
	| 3 || Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania || are not part of the RG Continental Europe of the ], not part of ]
	|-
	| 3 || Estonia, Latvia, Slovenia || are not members of ] (EMBL), but Estonia and Latvia are EMBL Prospect Member States
	|-
	| 3 || Estonia, Latvia, the Netherlands || did not sign the Declaration 52 on ]<ref>]</ref>
	|-
	| 4 || Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia || are not members of the ] (ESA) but all have signed an ECS Agreement
	|-
	| 4 || Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia || are not part of ] (CERN). Slovenia has formally confirmed its wish to become a member
	|-
	| 4 || Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia || are not part of ] (ECMWF), but have signed a co-operation agreement
	|-
	| 5 || Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain || do not have the UIC ] as the main railway ]
	|-
	| 5 || Latvia, Lithuania, Greece, Italy, Portugal || did not sign the ], but all except Latvia notified the Council of their desire to become part of the convention
	|-
	| 6 || Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Luxembourg || don't participate in the ] (ILL)
	|-
	| 7 || Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Luxembourg, Greece || don't participate in the ] (ESO)
	|-
	| 9 || Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg || don't participate in the ]
	|-
	| 10 || Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands || don't participate in the ] (Euromarfor or EMF)
	|}
	{{Clear}}
	France is part of all of these groups, and Belgium and Germany take part in all where at least half of the 14 member states participate.
	==Geographic scope==
	===Beyond geographic Europe===
	Some agreements that are mostly related to countries of the European continent, are also valid in territories outside the continent.
	Not listed below are agreements if their scope is beyond geographic Europe only because the agreement includes:
	* Territories of transcontinental countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia contain some territory in Europe and some in Asia
	* The EU uses bilateral Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreements as an integration tool.<ref name="epca_kz">{{Cite web|url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2016/123/oj/eng|title=EUR-Lex – 32016D0123 – EN – EUR-Lex}}</ref>
	* Special territories of European countries, e.g. ]
	* Cyprus, which is a member of the Council of Europe and several other agreements
	List:
	* NATO contains USA and Canada, but has a European focus, Article 10 of the ] describes how non-member states may join: "The Parties may invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty"<ref>{{cite web |title=The North Atlantic Treaty|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/treaty.htm|access-date=15 September 2008|date=29 November 2007}}</ref>
	* ] (OSCE) contains the United States, Canada, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Mongolia
	* ] (EBU) contains North African and Middle East countries
	* ] (EOC) contains ]
	===Limited to regions within geographic Europe===
	Several ] efforts have effectively promoted intergovernmental cooperation and reduced the possibility of regional armed conflict. Other initiatives have removed barriers to free trade in European regions, and increased the free movement of people, labour, goods, and capital across national borders.
	====Nordic countries====
	Since the end of the Second World War, the following organisations have been established in the ]:
	The ] and the Nordic Council of Ministers is a co-operation forum for the parliaments and governments of the ] created in February 1953. It includes the states of ], ], ], ] and ], and their autonomous territories (], ] and ]).
	The ], created in 1954 but implemented on 1 May 1958, establishes free movement across borders without passports for the countries' citizens. It comprises Denmark, Sweden and Norway as foundational states; further, it includes Finland and Iceland since 24 September 1965, and the Danish autonomous territories of ] since 1 January 1966.
	====Baltic Sea region====
	The following political and/or economic organisations have been in the ] in the ]:
	The ] aims to promote co-operation between the parliaments of the ], namely the Republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The organisation was planned in ] on 1 December 1990, and the three nations agreed to its structure and rules on 13 June 1994.
	The ] (BAFTA) was a trade agreement between Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. It was signed on 13 September 1993 and came into force on 1 April 1994. The agreement was later extended to apply also to agricultural products, effective from 1 January 1997. BAFTA ceased to exist when its members joined the EU on 1 May 2004.
	The ] (CBSS) was founded in 1992 to promote intergovernmental cooperation among ] countries in questions concerning economy, civil society development, human rights issues, and nuclear and radiation safety. It has 12 members including ], ], ], ], ] (since 1995), ], ], ], ], ], ] and the ].
	In 2009 the ] approved the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR) following a communication from the ]. The EUSBSR was the first macro-regional strategy in Europe. The Strategy aims to reinforce cooperation within the Baltic Sea Region, to address challenges together, and to promote balanced development in the Region. The Strategy contributes to major EU policies, including ], and reinforces integration within the Region.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702112935/http://www.balticsea-region-strategy.eu/pages/what-is-the-eusbsr |date=2 July 2013 }}. Balticsea-region-strategy.eu. Retrieved on 19 July 2013.</ref>
	====Nordic-Baltic Eight====
	{{main|NB8}}
	====Low Countries region (Benelux)====
	Since the end of the First World War the following unions have been set in the ] region:
	The ] is an economic and political union between Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. On 5 September 1944, a treaty establishing the Benelux Customs Union was signed. It entered into force in 1948, and ceased to exist on 1 November 1960, when it was replaced by the ] after a treaty signed in The Hague on 3 February 1958. A ] was created in 1955.
	The ] (BLEU) can be seen as a forerunner of the Benelux. BLEU was created by the treaty signed on 25 July 1921. It established a ] between both countries, while setting the ] and ] at a fixed parity.
	====Black Sea region====
	Several regional organisations have been founded in the ] region since the fall of the Soviet Union, such as:
	The ] (BSEC) aims to ensure peace, stability and prosperity by encouraging friendly and good-neighbourly relations among the 12 state members, located mainly in the Black Sea region. It was created on 25 June 1992 in Istanbul, and entered into force on 1 May 1999. The 11 founding members were Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Serbia (then Serbia and Montenegro) joined in April 2004.
	The ] is a regional organisation of four post-Soviet states, which aims to promote cooperation and democratic values, ensure stable development, enhance international and regional security, and stepping up European integration. Current members include the four founding ones, namely, Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova. Uzbekistan joined in 1999, and left in 2005.
	====United Kingdom and Ireland====
	Since the end of the First World War, the following agreements have been signed in the United Kingdom and Ireland region:
	The ] was created by the ] in 1998 to ''"promote the harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands"''. It was formally established on 2 December 1999. Its membership comprises Ireland, the United Kingdom, three of the ] (], Scotland and Wales), and three British ] (], the ] and ]). Because England does not have a ], it is not represented on the Council as a separate entity.
	The ] is a passport-free zone established in 1922 that comprises Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey. Under Irish law, all British citizens are exempt from immigration control and immune from deportation.<ref>Per the provisions of the and .</ref> They are entitled to live in Ireland without any restrictions or conditions.<ref name="Residence rights of UK citizens">{{Cite web|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/residence_rules_UK_citizens.html|title=Residence rights of UK citizens|website=www.citizensinformation.ie}}</ref> Under ], Irish citizens are entitled to enter and live in the United Kingdom without any restrictions or conditions. They also have the right to vote, work, study and access welfare and healthcare services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.parliament.uk/DepositedPapers/Files/DEP2020-0350/Kevin_Foster_to_Stuart_C_McDonald.pdf|title=Letter from Kevin Foster MP to Stuart McDonald MP, 22 June 2020|website=data.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://services.parliament.uk/Bills/2019-21/immigrationandsocialsecuritycoordinationeuwithdrawal.html|title=Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020 — UK Parliament|website=services.parliament.uk}}</ref>
	In January 2020, ], reversing most aspects of its 40+ years of participation in EU integration. Ireland continues to remain an enthusiastic member of the Union and participates in some elements of the Schengen Agreement other than the common visa policy ] remains part of the United Kingdom]. The Common Travel Area continues to operate though, {{as of|June 2022|lc=on}}, other aspects of the relationship are ].
	====Central Europe====
	]
	The following cooperation agreements have been signed in Central Europe:
	The ] is a Central-European alliance for cooperation and European integration, based on an ancient strategic alliance of core Central European countries. The Group originated in a summit meeting of ], Hungary and Poland held in the Hungarian castle town of ] on 15 February 1991. The Czech Republic and Slovakia became members after the ] in 1993.
	In 1989, the ], a forum of regional cooperation in ] with 18 member states, was formed in ]. The CEI headquarters have been in ], Italy, since 1996.
	The ] (CEFTA) is a trade agreement between countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, which works as a preparation for full European Union membership. {{As of|2013}}, it has 7 members: ], Albania, ], ], ], ] and the ] (as ]).
	It was established in 1992 by Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, but came into force only in 1994. Czechoslovakia had in the meantime split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Slovenia joined in 1996, while Romania did the same in 1997, Bulgaria in 1999, and Croatia in 2003. In 2004, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia left the CEFTA to join the EU. Romania and Bulgaria left it in 2007 for the same reason. Subsequently, North Macedonia joined it in 2006,<ref name="FYROM" /> and Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and ] (on behalf of Kosovo) in 2007. In 2013, Croatia left the CEFTA to join the EU.
	'''Switzerland and Liechtenstein''' participate in a ] since 1924, and both employ the ] as national currency.
	====Eastern Europe ====
	The effects of the EU integration process of the countries from the former ] are still debated. As a result, the relationship between immigration levels and EU public support remains uncertain. Through the integration, the countries in Eastern Europe have experienced growth of the economy, benefits of the free market agreements and freedom of the labor movement within the EU.<ref>Alsasua, Jesús, Javier Bilbao‐Ubillos, and Jon Olaskoaga. "The EU integration process and the convergence of social protection benefits at national level." ''International Journal of Social Welfare'' 16.4 (2007): 297–306.</ref> However, the results of the empirical socioeconomic analyses{{which|date=June 2016}} suggest that in ], ], ] and the ], the immigration from CEE had negative effects on support for European integration in the host societies.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The research{{which|date=June 2016}} also implies that the immigration from the CEE seems to undermine the long-term effects of the integration.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} There are theories{{which|date=June 2016}} for the programs of social development that range in views from: an extended contact with the immigrants from ] might help forge a common European identity and it could also lead to a potential national isolation, caused by tightening support mechanisms for the labor immigration.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} Equal amount of research also implies that the internal migration of the countries within the EU is necessary for the successful development of its economic union.<ref>Toshkov, Dimiter, and Elitsa Kortenska. "Does immigration undermine public support for integration in the European Union?." ''JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies'' 53.4 (2015): 910–925.</ref>
	====Danube region====
	The EU Strategy for the Danube Region was endorsed by the European Council in 2011 and is the second macro-regional strategy in Europe. The Strategy provides a basis for improved cooperation among 14 countries along the ]. It aims to improve the effectiveness of regional integration efforts and leverage the impact of policies at the EU, national and local levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://files.groupspaces.com/EUStrategyfortheDanubeRegion/files/720746/TOmnsaHj4huI83uSbzat/Pamphlet.pdf|title=EU STRATEGY FOR THE DANUBE REGION|website=Files.groupspaces.com|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref>
	====Balkans====
	The ], Craiova Four, or C4 is a cooperation project of four European states – Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia – for the purposes of furthering their European integration as well as economic, transport and energy cooperation with one another.
	==Council of Europe==
	{{Main|Council of Europe}}		{{Main|Council of Europe}}
	]		]
Line 232:		Line 71:
	European integration at the level of the Council of Europe functions through the accession of member states to its conventions, and through political coordination at the level of ministerial conferences and inter-parliamentary sessions. In accordance with its Statute of 1949, the Council of Europe works to achieve greater unity among its members based on common values, such as human rights and democracy.		European integration at the level of the Council of Europe functions through the accession of member states to its conventions, and through political coordination at the level of ministerial conferences and inter-parliamentary sessions. In accordance with its Statute of 1949, the Council of Europe works to achieve greater unity among its members based on common values, such as human rights and democracy.
	==Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe==		===Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe===
	]]]		]]]
	The ] (OSCE) is a trans-Atlantic ] whose aim is to secure stability in Europe. It was established as the ] (CSCE) in July 1973, and was subsequently transformed into its current form in January 1995. The OSCE has 56 member states, covering most of the ].		The ] (OSCE) is a trans-Atlantic ] whose aim is to secure stability in Europe. It was established as the ] (CSCE) in July 1973, and was subsequently transformed into its current form in January 1995. The OSCE has 56 member states, covering most of the ].
Line 239:		Line 78:
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}
	==European Free Trade Association==		===European Union===
			]
	]
			] of the EU:{{Leftlegend|#3F48CC|] form the European Single Market}}{{Leftlegend|#3dc1ed|Non-EU states that participate in the EU Single Market with exceptions: ], ], ] and ] (see also: ])}}{{Leftlegend|#FF40FF|Part of a former EU state that remains partially aligned to the EU Single Market on goods: ] in the ] (see also: ])}}{{Leftlegend|#48cc3f|Non-EU states with a ] with the EU allowing for participation in selected sectors of the Single Market: EU accession candidates ], ], ] and ]; potential EU accession candidates: ] and ]}}{{Leftlegend|#FFD833|Non-EU states which have a bilateral Customs Union arrangement with the EU: ], ] and EU accession candidate ]}}{{Leftlegend|#ff8c00|Non-EU states with a ] agreement with the EU allowing for participation in selected sectors of the Single Market: ], ] and ]}}]]
	The ] (EFTA) is a European ] which was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states who did not join the ]. EFTA currently has four member states: Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein; just Norway and Switzerland are founding members.
			{{See also|Enlargement of the European Union|Future enlargement of the European Union}}
			The European Union (EU) is an association of 27 sovereign ], that by treaty have delegated certain of their competences to common institutions, in order to coordinate their policies in a number of areas, without however constituting a new state on top of the member states. Officially established by the ] in 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing ].
			Thus, 12 states are founding members, namely, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. In 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden entered the EU. Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined in 2004. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007. Croatia acceded in 2013. The United Kingdom withdrew in 2020 after 47 years of membership. Official candidate states include Albania, North Macedonia,<ref name="FYROM">Until February 2019, officially referred to by the EU and most other European organisations by the provisional appellation "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", due to a ].</ref> Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey. Morocco's application was rejected by the EEC. Iceland and Switzerland have withdrawn their respective applications. Norway rejected membership in two referendums.
	The EFTA Convention was signed on 4 January 1960 in ] by seven states: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Finland became an associate member in 1961 and a full member in 1986; Iceland joined in 1970 and Liechtenstein did the same in 1991. A revised Convention, the ] Convention, was signed on 21 June 2001 and entered into force on 1 June 2002.
			The institutions of the European Union, its parliamentarians, judges, commissioners and secretariat, the governments of its member states as well as their people, all play a role in European Integration. Nevertheless, the question of who plays the key role is disputed as there are different theories on European Integration focusing on different actors and agency.
	The United Kingdom and Denmark left in 1973, when they joined the ] (EC). Portugal left EFTA in 1986, when it also joined the EC. Austria, Finland and Sweden ceased to be EFTA members in 1995 by joining the European Union, which superseded the EC in 1993.
	{{Clear}}
			The European Union has a number of relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union. According to the European Union's official site, and a statement by Commissioner Günter Verheugen, the aim is to have a ring of countries, sharing EU's democratic ideals and joining them in further integration without necessarily becoming full member states.
	==European Broadcasting Union==
	]
	{{Main|European Broadcasting Union}}
	The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) is an alliance of public service media entities, established on 12 February 1950. {{As of|2015}}, the organisation comprises 73 active members in 56 countries,<ref name="EBU Active">{{cite web|url=http://www3.ebu.ch/about/members?type=active|title=EBU Active Members|website=Ebu.ch|publisher=EBU|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> and 34 associate members from a further 20 countries.<ref name="EBU Associates">{{cite web|url=http://www3.ebu.ch/about/members?type=associate|title=EBU Associate Members|website=Ebu.ch|publisher=EBU|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> Most EU states are part of this organisation and therefore EBU has been subject to ] legislation and regulation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-00-472_en.htm?locale=it|title=European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Commission approves the EBU-Eurovision system|publisher=europa.eu|access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> It also hosted debates between candidates for the ] ] for the ] but is unrelated to the institution itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.ebu.ch/calendar/the-eurovision-debate|title=EBU – Eurovision Debate|publisher=EBU|access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>
	{{Clear}}
			====History====
	==European Patent Convention==
			The year 1948 marked the beginning of the institutionalised modern European integration. With the start of the ], the ] was signed in 1948 establishing the ] (WU). The new treaty included the ] countries and was to promote cooperation not only in the military matters but in economic, social and cultural spheres. Some of these roles however were rapidly taken over by other organisations.<ref>, CVCE</ref>
	]
	{{Main|European Patent Convention}}
	The European Patent Convention (EPC), also known as the Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973, is a multilateral ] instituting the ] and providing an autonomous legal system according to which European patents are granted. As of 2013, there are 38 parties to the European Patent Convention. The Convention on the Grant of European Patents was first signed on 5 October 1973.
			Coal and steel production was essential for the reconstruction of countries in Europe after the Second World War and this sector of the national economy had been important for warfare in the First and Second World Wars. The start of the cold war changed the context of French policy toward Germany. Further, the U.S. ] (the European Recovery Plan) was aimed at reviving the economies of western Europe, including West Germany. To address French concerns, the ] (IAR) was announced at the ] in June 1948 as part of the plan to establish the ].<ref>Amos Yoder, "", ''The Review of Politics'', Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul., 1955), pp. 345–358</ref> The IAR would supervise the production, organization, trade and ownership policies of the Ruhr's coal and steel industries, and distribute the industries' products so that Marshall Plan countries would have adequate access to them. <ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=1948-12-29|title=The Ruhr Agreement|page=20|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The mechanism outlined in the Ruhr Agreement to allocate coal and steel supplies was a council composed of representatives France, the US and the UK (with three votes each), and Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (with one vote each). The ] would have three votes for its representatives, as soon as it formed a government recognized by the Allies. Following the ], that role came to be held by ].<ref name="Daniel">{{cite news | last=Daniel | first=Clifton | work=New York Times | title= Russia is Ignored: Agreement to Continue for Indefinite Period – French Win Points; German will have seat; Cooperation in Europe Viewed as a Basic Aim of Plan – Ratification Expected; Authority Set Up To Control Ruhr | date=1948-12-29 | page=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=July 1949|title=Agreement for Establishment of an International Authority for the Ruhr|journal=American Journal of International Law|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=43|issue=3|pages=140–153|doi=10.2307/2213981}}</ref>{{rp|142}} The Statute for the IAR was signed and came into effect on April 28, 1949.<ref name="UShighcom">{{cite web | author=US High Commissioner for Germany Office of Public Affairs, Public Relations Division | date=January 1952 | title=Plans for Terminating the International Authority for the Ruhr | url= https://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=div&did=History.omg1952Jan.i0023&isize=text | work=Information bulletin | pages=61–62 }}</ref> In 1951, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany agreed to confer powers over their steel and coal production to the ] (ECSC) in the ], which came into force on 23 July 1952.
	==European Communities==
	In 1951, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany agreed to confer powers over their steel and coal production to the ] (ECSC) in the ], which came into force on 23 July 1952.
			In 1954 the Treaty of Brussels was transformed by the ] into the ] which created the ] which would take on European defence and be merged into the EU in later decades.<ref>, CVCE – Historical events in the European integration process (1945–2009)</ref> transformed the Western Union into the ] (WEU).
	Coal and steel production was essential for the reconstruction of countries in Europe after the Second World War and this sector of the national economy had been important for warfare in the First and Second World Wars. Therefore, France had originally maintained its occupation of the ] with its steel companies after the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1949. By transferring national powers over the coal and steel production to a newly created ECSC Commission, the member states of the ECSC were able to provide for greater transparency and trust among themselves.
	This transfer of national powers to a "Community" to be exercised by its Commission was paralleled under the 1957 ] establishing the ] (or Euratom) and the ] (EEC) in Brussels.		By transferring national powers over the coal and steel production to a newly created ECSC Commission, the member states of the ECSC were able to provide for greater transparency and trust among themselves. This transfer of national powers to a "Community" to be exercised by its Commission was paralleled under the 1957 ] establishing the ] (or Euratom) and the ] (EEC) in Brussels.
	In 1967, the ] (or '''Brussels Treaty''') combine the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC. They already shared a ] and ]. Collectively they were known as the ]. In 1987, the ] (SEA) was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome that formally established the single European market and the European Political Cooperation. The Communities originally had independent personalities although they were increasingly integrated, and over the years were transformed into what is now called the European Union.		In 1967, the ] (or '''Brussels Treaty''') combine the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC. They already shared a ] and ]. Collectively they were known as the ]. In 1987, the ] (SEA) was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome that formally established the single European market and the European Political Cooperation. The Communities originally had independent personalities although they were increasingly integrated, and over the years were transformed into what is now called the European Union.
Line 272:		Line 105:
	A key person in the Community creation process was ], regarded as the "founding father" of the European Union, which is seen as the dominant force in European integration.		A key person in the Community creation process was ], regarded as the "founding father" of the European Union, which is seen as the dominant force in European integration.
			The idea of a multi-speed Europe has been revived because of the following initiatives:
	==European Union==
			* the Euro with 19 EU member-states and one more in ]. All but two states (], ]) have agreed by treaty to join but at least one of those treaty signatories (]) has made no further steps to do so.
	]
			* the ] Treaty leading to a common border for many EU states ({{as of|April 2020|lc=on}}, it excludes five ]s: ], ], ], ], and ], but includes four non-EU members - ], ], ] and ]). ], in a ] debate, asserted that Ireland only reluctantly agreed to stay out of the treaty to avoid creating a physical border between the Republic and Northern Ireland because the UK had chosen not to participate in the scheme.<ref name="UK">{{cite web | author=] | title=Volume: 587, Part: 120 (12 Mar 1998: Column 391, Baroness Williams of Crosby) | date=12 March 1998 | work=] ] | url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980312/text/80312-21.htm | access-date=2007-10-13 | archive-date=26 June 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626090730/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980312/text/80312-21.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
	] of the EU:{{Leftlegend|#3F48CC|] form the European Single Market}}{{Leftlegend|#3dc1ed|Non-EU states that participate in the EU Single Market with exceptions: ], ], ] and ] (see also: ])}}{{Leftlegend|#FF40FF|Part of a former EU state that remains partially aligned to the EU Single Market on goods: ] in the ] (see also: ])}}{{Leftlegend|#48cc3f|Non-EU states with a ] with the EU allowing for participation in selected sectors of the Single Market: EU accession candidates ], ], ] and ]; potential EU accession candidates: ] and ]}}{{Leftlegend|#FFD833|Non-EU states which have a bilateral Customs Union arrangement with the EU: ], ] and EU accession candidate ]}}{{Leftlegend|#ff8c00|Non-EU states with a ] agreement with the EU allowing for participation in selected sectors of the Single Market: ], ] and ]}}]]
			* other initiatives limited to some states, such as the ] and ].
	{{See also|Enlargement of the European Union|Future enlargement of the European Union}}
			Furthermore, important events were
	The European Union (EU) is an association of 27 sovereign ], that by treaty have delegated certain of their competences to common institutions, in order to coordinate their policies in a number of areas, without however constituting a new state on top of the member states. Officially established by the ] in 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing ].
			* the enlargement of the ] to 28 member-states and in the forthcoming years other candidates (], ], ], ] and ]) where new members initially don't join the Schengen area and the Eurozone for some time.
			* the ] that led to the ] that was signed in 2004 by the 25 Heads of State, but was not ratified by all national parliaments or assemblies and so failed. Later most of its provisions were adopted through the ] that included additional ] for some states.
			* differences of view between EU members on some foreign diplomatic and military issues. In a 2004 article '']'' compared the variances of Europe to a lake that has many deep parts (areas in which countries are similar) and many shallow parts (areas in which countries have major differences).<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206162947/http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8629365 |date=6 February 2007 }}, ''The Economist'', 1 February 2007.</ref>
			{{Update section|date=June 2022}}
	Thus, 12 states are founding members, namely, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. In 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden entered the EU. Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined in 2004. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007. Croatia acceded in 2013. The United Kingdom withdrew in 2020 after 47 years of membership. Official candidate states include Albania, North Macedonia,<ref name="FYROM">Until February 2019, officially referred to by the EU and most other European organisations by the provisional appellation "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", due to a ].</ref> Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey. Morocco's application was rejected by the EEC. Iceland and Switzerland have withdrawn their respective applications. Norway rejected membership in two referendums.
			In March 2017, ] ] ] released a five-point view of possible courses for the EC and its to-be-27 post-] members, looking forward to the year 2025. The points, among which Juncker expressed no preference, "range from standing down from policing of government financing of companies, for example, to a broader pullback that would essentially strip the EU back to being merely a single market", per one report.
			The updated possibilities would entail member countries or groups of countries adopting different levels of participation with the union. The EC was approaching a March meeting of the 27 members in Rome and Juncker's paper addressed the options that "once invited scorn from convinced ]s" and seemed maybe even to have some backing "of lifelong ]" like the president.<ref>Valentine Pop, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302040209/https://www.wsj.com/articles/once-scorned-multispeed-europe-is-back-1488388260 |date=2 March 2017 }}, '']'', 1 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-01.</ref>
	The institutions of the European Union, its parliamentarians, judges, commissioners and secretariat, the governments of its member states as well as their people, all play a role in European Integration. Nevertheless, the question of who plays the key role is disputed as there are different theories on European Integration focusing on different actors and agency.
	The European Union has a number of relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union. According to the European Union's official site, and a statement by Commissioner Günter Verheugen, the aim is to have a ring of countries, sharing EU's democratic ideals and joining them in further integration without necessarily becoming full member states.
	===Competences===		====Competences====
	{{Main|Member State of the European Union}}		{{Main|Member State of the European Union}}
	Whilst most responsibilities ('competences') are retained by the member states, some competences are conferred exclusively on the Union for collective decision, some are shared pending Union action and some receive Union support. These are shown on this table:		Whilst most responsibilities ('competences') are retained by the member states, some competences are conferred exclusively on the Union for collective decision, some are shared pending Union action and some receive Union support. These are shown on this table:
	{{EU competences}}		{{EU competences}}
	===Economic integration===		====Economic integration====
	{{Further|Economy of the European Union}}		{{Further|Economy of the European Union}}
	{{Further|Third country economic relationships with the European Union}}		{{Further|Third country economic relationships with the European Union}}
	The European Union operates a single economic market across the territory of all its members, and uses a single currency between the ] members. Further, the EU has a number of economic relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union through the ] and customs union agreements.		The European Union operates a single economic market across the territory of all its members, and uses a single currency between the ] members. Further, the EU has a number of economic relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union through the ] and customs union agreements.
	====Free trade area====		=====Customs union=====
	]]]
	The creation of the EEC eliminated tariffs, quotas and preferences on goods among member states, which are the requisites to define a ] (FTA). The United Kingdom remains part of the FTA during the transition period of the ].
	Numerous countries have signed a ] (AA) with FTA provisions. These mainly include Mediterranean countries (Algeria in 2005, Egypt in 2004, Israel in 2000, Jordan in 2002, Lebanon in 2006, Morocco in 2000, ] in 1997, and Tunisia in 1998), albeit some countries from other trade blocs have also signed one (such as Chile in 2003, Mexico in 2000, and South Africa in 2000).
	Further, many Balkan states have signed a ] (SAA) with FTA provisions, such as Albania (signed 2006), Montenegro (2007), North Macedonia<ref name="FYROM" /> (2004), Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia (both 2008, entry-into-force pending).
	In 2008, Poland and Sweden proposed the ] which would include setting a FTA between the EU and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615203243/http://telegraf.by/en/2011/10/belarus-sohranila-uchastie-v-vostochnom-partnerstve |date=15 June 2012 }}. Telegraf.by. Retrieved on 19 July 2013.</ref> Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3357563,00.html |title =EU Looks East as Foreign Policy Council Convenes |work=Deutsche Welle |location =Bonn |date =25 May 2008 |access-date =25 May 2008}}</ref>
	====Customs union====
	The ] defines an area where no customs are levied on goods travelling within it. It includes all ]. The abolition of internal tariff barriers between ] member states was achieved in 1968.		The ] defines an area where no customs are levied on goods travelling within it. It includes all ]. The abolition of internal tariff barriers between ] member states was achieved in 1968.
Line 310:		Line 135:
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}
	====European Single Market====		=====European Single Market=====
	{{main|European Single Market}}		{{main|European Single Market}}
	A prominent goal of the EU since its creation by the ] in 1992 is establishing and maintaining a ]. This seeks to guarantee the ], which are related to ensure the free movement of goods, services, capital and people around the EU's internal market.		A prominent goal of the EU since its creation by the ] in 1992 is establishing and maintaining a ]. This seeks to guarantee the ], which are related to ensure the free movement of goods, services, capital and people around the EU's internal market.
	The United Kingdom remained part of the single market during the transition period of the ]. The ] (EEA) agreement allows Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein to participate in the European Single Market without joining the EU. The four basic freedoms apply. However, some restrictions on fisheries and agriculture take place. Switzerland is linked to the European Union by ], with a different content from that of the EEA agreement.
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}
	====Eurozone====		=====Eurozone=====
	]		]
	{{legend|#003399|Members of the Eurozone}}		{{legend|#003399|Members of the Eurozone}}
Line 324:		Line 147:
	{{legend|#704c4c|The rest of the EU-members, which are obliged to join}}]]		{{legend|#704c4c|The rest of the EU-members, which are obliged to join}}]]
	The ] refers to the European Union member states that have adopted the euro ] as the third stage of the ] (EMU). Further, certain states outside the EU have adopted the euro as their currency, despite not belonging to the EMU. Thus, a total of 25 states, including 19 European Union states and six non-EU members, currently use the euro.		The ] refers to the European Union member states that have adopted the euro ] as the third stage of the ] (EMU). Further, certain states outside the EU have adopted the euro as their currency, despite not belonging to the EMU. Thus, a total of 25 states, including 19 European Union states and six non-EU members, currently use the euro.
	The Eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro on 1 January 1999. Physical ] and ] were introduced on 1 January 2002.		The Eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro on 1 January 1999. Physical ] and ] were introduced on 1 January 2002.
Line 333:		Line 156:
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}
	====Fiscal union====		=====Fiscal union=====
	{{main|European Fiscal Union}}		{{main|European Fiscal Compact}}
	There has long been speculation about the possibility of the European Union eventually becoming a ]. In the wake of the ] that began in 2009, calls for closer fiscal ties, possibly leading to some sort of fiscal union have increased; though it is generally regarded as implausible in the short term, some analysts regard fiscal union as a long-term necessity.<ref>{{Cite news |title = Fiscal union is crucial to the euro's survival |author=Münchau, Wolfgang |url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ceca784c-f02a-11df-88db-00144feab49a.html#axzz1BYYp0bwj| newspaper=Financial Times |location =London |date =10 November 2010| access-date =20 January 2011 |quote =The establishment of a fiscal union would require such a massive change in the European treaties that it is hard to see how it could be done.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title =How a mini fiscal union could end instability |author=Münchau, Wolfgang |url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d55ec168-061e-11e0-976b-00144feabdc0.html#ixzz1| newspaper=Financial Times |location =London |date= 12 December 2010 |access-date =20 January 2011|quote =Yet almost all political and legal experts who specialise in the European Union believe a fiscal union is Utopian. If both are right a fiscal union is simultaneously necessary and impossible.}}</ref> While stressing the need for coordination, governments have rejected talk of fiscal union or harmonisation in this regard.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Tighter Fiscal Union in Europe? Not So Fast, Says French Finance Minister |author=Saltmarsh, Matthew |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/business/global/25iht-euro25.html?src=busln| newspaper=The New York Times |date =24 January 2011 |access-date =24 January 2011}}</ref>		There has long been speculation about the possibility of the European Union eventually becoming a ]. In the wake of the ] that began in 2009, calls for closer fiscal ties, possibly leading to some sort of fiscal union have increased; though it is generally regarded as implausible in the short term, some analysts regard fiscal union as a long-term necessity.<ref>{{Cite news |title = Fiscal union is crucial to the euro's survival |author=Münchau, Wolfgang |url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ceca784c-f02a-11df-88db-00144feab49a.html#axzz1BYYp0bwj| newspaper=Financial Times |location =London |date =10 November 2010| access-date =20 January 2011 |quote =The establishment of a fiscal union would require such a massive change in the European treaties that it is hard to see how it could be done.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title =How a mini fiscal union could end instability |author=Münchau, Wolfgang |url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d55ec168-061e-11e0-976b-00144feabdc0.html#ixzz1| newspaper=Financial Times |location =London |date= 12 December 2010 |access-date =20 January 2011|quote =Yet almost all political and legal experts who specialise in the European Union believe a fiscal union is Utopian. If both are right a fiscal union is simultaneously necessary and impossible.}}</ref> While stressing the need for coordination, governments have rejected talk of fiscal union or harmonisation in this regard.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Tighter Fiscal Union in Europe? Not So Fast, Says French Finance Minister |author=Saltmarsh, Matthew |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/business/global/25iht-euro25.html?src=busln| newspaper=The New York Times |date =24 January 2011 |access-date =24 January 2011}}</ref>
			====Area of freedom, security and justice====
	====Aviation====
			{{Main|Area of freedom, security and justice}}
			=====Charter of Fundamental Rights=====
			{{Main|Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union}}
			The Charter of Fundamental Rights is a document enshrining certain ]. The wording of the document has been agreed at ministerial level and has been incorporated into the ]. Poland has negotiated a partial opt-out from enforcement of this Charter.
			====Right to vote====
			The European integration process has extended the ]. Thus, European Union citizens were given ] in ]s by the 1992 ]. Several member states (Belgium, Luxembourg, Lithuania, and Slovenia) have extended since then the right to vote to all foreign residents. This was already the case in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden. Further, voting and eligibility rights are granted among citizens of the ], and between numerous countries through bilateral treaties (i.e. between Norway and Spain, or between Portugal and Brazil, Cape Verde, Iceland, Norway, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile and Argentina), or without them (i.e. Ireland and the United Kingdom). Finally, within the ], Iceland and Norway also grant the right to vote to all foreign residents.
			=====Schengen zone=====
			{{main|Schengen Area}}
			]
			{{legend|#333366|Full Schengen EU members}}{{legend|#6666CC|Non-EU Schengen members}}{{legend|#CCCC00|Future members}}{{legend|#336633|Cooperating countries}}]]
			The main purpose of the establishment of the ] is the abolition of physical borders among European countries. A total of 30 states, including 26 European Union states (all except Ireland, which is part of the ] with the United Kingdom) and four non-EU members (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland), are subject to the Schengen rules. Its provisions have already been implemented by 26 states, leaving just Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, and Romania to do so among signatory states.
			Further, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are ''de facto'' members.
			====Visa policy in EU====
			{{main|Visa policy of the Schengen Area}}
			European Union has visa-free regime agreements with some European countries outside EU and discussing such agreements with others; Armenia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://armradio.am/en/4916|title=Armenia starts visa liberalization dialogue with EU member states|date=2019-01-18|access-date=2019-05-07|publisher=]}}</ref> Russia,<ref>{{Cite news |url =http://www.eu-russiacentre.org/2010/09/09 |title =Visa-free travel between Russia and the EU? Yes, but not yet |work =European Voice |location =Brussels |date =9 September 2010 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100914063926/http://www.eu-russiacentre.org/2010/09/09 |archive-date =14 September 2010 |df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://euobserver.com/24/30726 |title =Russia optimistic on EU visa-free travel |date =3 September 2010 |work=EU Observer}}</ref> Ukraine,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine Reconfirms its Aspiration for Closer Integration With the European Union |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ukraine-reconfirms-its-aspiration-for-closer-integration-with-the-european-union-102782244.html |website=] |date=13 September 2010}}</ref> and Moldova.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://euobserver.com/24/30047 |title =Moldova eyes EU visa-free travel |date =10 May 2010 |work=EU Observer}}</ref> Matters concerning Turkey have also been debated.<ref>. ''Hurriyet''. 15 February 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanunionplatform.org/category/eu-visa-policy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325025155/http://www.europeanunionplatform.org/category/eu-visa-policy/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2010 |title=Turkey – EU Relations |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref> Ireland maintains an independent visa policy in the EU.
			==Specialised pan-European integration==
			===Trade===
			====European Economic Area====
			The ] (EEA) agreement allows Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein to participate in the European Single Market without joining the EU. The four basic freedoms apply. However, some restrictions on fisheries and agriculture take place. Switzerland is linked to the European Union by ], with a different content from that of the EEA agreement.
			{{Clear}}
			==== European Free Trade Association====
			]
			]]]
			The ] (EFTA) is a European ] which was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states who did not join the ]. EFTA currently has four member states: Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein; just Norway and Switzerland are founding members. The EFTA Convention was signed on 4 January 1960 in ] by seven states: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Finland became an associate member in 1961 and a full member in 1986; Iceland joined in 1970 and Liechtenstein did the same in 1991. A revised Convention, the ] Convention, was signed on 21 June 2001 and entered into force on 1 June 2002. The United Kingdom and Denmark left in 1973, when they joined the ] (EC). Portugal left EFTA in 1986, when it also joined the EC. Austria, Finland and Sweden ceased to be EFTA members in 1995 by joining the European Union, which superseded the EC in 1993.
			==== Central European Free Trade Agreement====
			The ] (CEFTA) is a trade agreement between countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, which works as a preparation for full European Union membership. {{As of|2013}}, it has 7 members: ], Albania, ], ], ], ] and the ] (as ]). It was established in 1992 by Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, but came into force only in 1994. Czechoslovakia had in the meantime split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Slovenia joined in 1996, while Romania did the same in 1997, Bulgaria in 1999, and Croatia in 2003. In 2004, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia left the CEFTA to join the EU. Romania and Bulgaria left it in 2007 for the same reason. Subsequently, North Macedonia joined it in 2006,<ref name="FYROM" /> and Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and ] (on behalf of Kosovo) in 2007. In 2013, Croatia left the CEFTA to join the EU.
			{{Clear}}
			====European Patent Organisation====
			]
			{{Main|European Patent Organisation}}
			The European Patent Convention (EPC), also known as the Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973, is a multilateral ] instituting the ] and providing an autonomous legal system according to which European patents are granted. As of 2013, there are 38 parties to the European Patent Convention. The Convention on the Grant of European Patents was first signed on 5 October 1973.
			====OECD====
			{{main|OECD}}
			] member states]]
			===Aviation===
	], ], ], ]}}		], ], ], ]}}
	{{legend|#0000ff|], ], ]}}		{{legend|#0000ff|], ], ]}}
Line 344:		Line 212:
	{{legend|#ffff7d|]}}]]		{{legend|#ffff7d|]}}]]
	There are three main aviation related institutions present in Europe:		There are eight principal aviation-related bodies present in Europe:
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}
	====Energy====		===Energy===
	]		]
	The transnational energy related structures present in Europe are:		The transnational energy-related structures present in Europe are:
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ] Joint Undertaking
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}
	====Standardisation====		===Telecommunications===
			]
	The transnational standardisation organisations present in Europe are:
			The transnational telecommunications organisations present in Europe are:
	{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
			* ]
			* ] & its French subsidiary ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) is an alliance of public service media entities, established on 12 February 1950. {{As of|2015}}, the organisation comprises 73 active members in 56 countries,<ref name="EBU Active">{{cite web|url=http://www3.ebu.ch/about/members?type=active|title=EBU Active Members|website=Ebu.ch|publisher=EBU|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> and 34 associate members from a further 20 countries.<ref name="EBU Associates">{{cite web|url=http://www3.ebu.ch/about/members?type=associate|title=EBU Associate Members|website=Ebu.ch|publisher=EBU|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> Most EU states are part of this organisation and therefore EBU has been subject to ] legislation and regulation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-00-472_en.htm?locale=it|title=European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Commission approves the EBU-Eurovision system|publisher=europa.eu|access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> It also hosted debates between candidates for the ] ] for the ] but is unrelated to the institution itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.ebu.ch/calendar/the-eurovision-debate|title=EBU – Eurovision Debate|publisher=EBU|access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>
			{{clear}}
			===Standardisation===
			The transnational standardisation organisations present in Europe are:
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	{{div col end}}
	===Social and political integration===
	====Education====		===Education===
	The ] ('''E'''uropean '''R'''egion '''A'''ction '''S'''cheme for the '''M'''obility of '''U'''niversity '''S'''tudents) seeks to encourage and support free movement of the academic community. It was established in 1987.		The ] ('''E'''uropean '''R'''egion '''A'''ction '''S'''cheme for the '''M'''obility of '''U'''niversity '''S'''tudents) seeks to encourage and support free movement of the academic community. It was established in 1987.
Line 382:		Line 269:
	The Bologna declaration was signed in 1999 by 29 countries, all EU members or candidates at the moment (except Cyprus which joined later) and three out of four EFTA countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom. Croatia, Cyprus, Liechtenstein, and Turkey joined in 2001. In 2003, Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the ] (a ] permanent observer), North Macedonia,<ref name="FYROM" /> Russia, and Serbia signed the convention. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine followed in 2005. Montenegro joined in 2007. Finally, Kazakhstan (not a member of the ]) joined in 2010. This makes a total of 47 member states. Monaco and San Marino are the only members of the ] which have not adopted the convention. The other European nation that is eligible to join, but has not, is Belarus.		The Bologna declaration was signed in 1999 by 29 countries, all EU members or candidates at the moment (except Cyprus which joined later) and three out of four EFTA countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom. Croatia, Cyprus, Liechtenstein, and Turkey joined in 2001. In 2003, Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the ] (a ] permanent observer), North Macedonia,<ref name="FYROM" /> Russia, and Serbia signed the convention. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine followed in 2005. Montenegro joined in 2007. Finally, Kazakhstan (not a member of the ]) joined in 2010. This makes a total of 47 member states. Monaco and San Marino are the only members of the ] which have not adopted the convention. The other European nation that is eligible to join, but has not, is Belarus.
	====Research====		===Research===
	There are a number of multinational research institutions based in Europe.		There are a number of multinational research institutions based in Europe. Of these, eight are engaged in the ] collaboration.
			{{col-begin}}
			{{col-break}}
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			{{col-break}}
			'''Particle physics:'''
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			{{col-break}}
			'''Meteorology:'''
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			{{col-end}}
			===Health===
	*In the ] collaboration:
	** ]
	** ]
	** ]
	** ]
	** Particle physics:
	*** ]
	*** ]
	*** ]
	*** ]
	*Meteorology:
	** ]
	** ]
	** ]
	====Health====
	{{multiple image		{{multiple image
	| align = right		| align = right
Line 419:		Line 311:
	The project has been launched by the EU and 47 member institutions from 23 EU member states and 3 non-EU members. They include national health ministries, national competence centres, social insurance institutions and scientific institutions as well as technical and administrative management entities.		The project has been launched by the EU and 47 member institutions from 23 EU member states and 3 non-EU members. They include national health ministries, national competence centres, social insurance institutions and scientific institutions as well as technical and administrative management entities.
			Other European bodies related to health include:
	====Charter of Fundamental Rights====
			* ]
	The ] is a document enshrining certain ]. The wording of the document has been agreed at ministerial level and has been incorporated into the ]. Poland has negotiated an opt out from this Charter, as had the United Kingdom before the latter's ].
			* ]
			* ]
	====Right to vote====
			* ]
	The European integration process has extended the ]. Thus, European Union citizens were given ] in ]s by the 1992 ]. Several member states (Belgium, Luxembourg, Lithuania, and Slovenia) have extended since then the right to vote to all foreign residents. This was already the case in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden. Further, voting and eligibility rights are granted among citizens of the ], and between numerous countries through bilateral treaties (i.e. between Norway and Spain, or between Portugal and Brazil, Cape Verde, Iceland, Norway, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile and Argentina), or without them (i.e. Ireland and the United Kingdom). Finally, within the ], Iceland and Norway also grant the right to vote to all foreign residents.
			* ]
			* ]
	====Schengen zone====
			* ]
	{{main|Schengen Area}}
	]
	{{legend|#333366|Full Schengen EU members}}{{legend|#6666CC|Non-EU Schengen members}}{{legend|#CCCC00|Future members}}{{legend|#336633|Cooperating countries}}]]
	The main purpose of the establishment of the ] is the abolition of physical borders among European countries. A total of 30 states, including 26 European Union states (all except Ireland, which is part of the ] with the United Kingdom) and four non-EU members (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland), are subject to the Schengen rules. Its provisions have already been implemented by 26 states, leaving just Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, and Romania to do so among signatory states.
	Further, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are ''de facto'' members.
	====Visa policy in EU====
	{{main|Visa policy of the Schengen Area}}
	European Union has visa-free regime agreements with some European countries outside EU and discussing such agreements with others; Armenia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://armradio.am/en/4916|title=Armenia starts visa liberalization dialogue with EU member states|date=2019-01-18|access-date=2019-05-07|publisher=]}}</ref> Russia,<ref>{{Cite news |url =http://www.eu-russiacentre.org/2010/09/09 |title =Visa-free travel between Russia and the EU? Yes, but not yet |work =European Voice |location =Brussels |date =9 September 2010 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100914063926/http://www.eu-russiacentre.org/2010/09/09 |archive-date =14 September 2010 |df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://euobserver.com/24/30726 |title =Russia optimistic on EU visa-free travel |date =3 September 2010 |work=EU Observer}}</ref> Ukraine,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine Reconfirms its Aspiration for Closer Integration With the European Union |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ukraine-reconfirms-its-aspiration-for-closer-integration-with-the-european-union-102782244.html |website=] |date=13 September 2010}}</ref> and Moldova.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://euobserver.com/24/30047 |title =Moldova eyes EU visa-free travel |date =10 May 2010 |work=EU Observer}}</ref> Matters concerning Turkey have also been debated.<ref>. ''Hurriyet''. 15 February 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanunionplatform.org/category/eu-visa-policy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325025155/http://www.europeanunionplatform.org/category/eu-visa-policy/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2010 |title=Turkey – EU Relations |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref> Ireland maintains an independent visa policy in the EU.
	===Defence===		===Defence===
	{{main|Common Security and Defence Policy|NATO|European Union–NATO relations}}		{{main|Common Security and Defence Policy|NATO|European Union–NATO relations}}
	] members in blue, ] members in orange]]		] members in blue, ] members in orange]]
	There are a number of multi-national military and peacekeeping forces which are ultimately under the command of the EU, and therefore can be seen as the core for a future European Union army.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6441417.stm|title=New force behind EU foreign policy|date=15 March 2007|access-date=16 December 2017|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> These corps include forces from 26 EU states – all except Denmark, which had an opt-out clause in its accession treaty and was not obliged to participate in the common defence policy, but in 2022 decided to abandon its stance; and Malta, which currently does not participate in any battlegroup –, Norway and Turkey. Further, the ''']''' (WEU) capabilities and functions have been transferred to the European Union, under its developing ] (CFSP) and ] (ESDP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weu.int/documents/001113en.pdf|title=Marseille Declaration|website=Weu.int|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708090712/http://www.weu.int/documents/001113en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>		There are a number of multi-national military and peacekeeping forces which are ultimately under the command of the EU, and therefore can be seen as the core for a future European Union army.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6441417.stm|title=New force behind EU foreign policy|date=15 March 2007|access-date=16 December 2017|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> These corps include forces from 26 EU states – all except Denmark, which had an opt-out clause in its accession treaty and was not obliged to participate in the common defence policy, but in 2022 decided to abandon its stance; and Malta, which currently does not participate in any battlegroup –, Norway and Turkey. Further, the ''']''' (WEU) capabilities, functions and agencies have been transferred to the European Union, under its developing ] (CFSP) and ] (ESDP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weu.int/documents/001113en.pdf|title=Marseille Declaration|website=Weu.int|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708090712/http://www.weu.int/documents/001113en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	The EU also has close ties with the ] (NATO), according to the ]. This is a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the EU on 16 December 2002. With this agreement the EU is given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO does not want to act itself – the so-called "right of first refusal".<ref>Bram Boxhoorn, ''Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands'', 21 September 2005, {{cite web|url=http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id%3D107 |title=Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands |access-date=19 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218090444/http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id=107 |archive-date=18 February 2007 }} ''www.ataedu.org''</ref>		The EU also has close ties with the ] (NATO), according to the ]. This is a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the EU on 16 December 2002. With this agreement the EU is given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO does not want to act itself – the so-called "right of first refusal".<ref>Bram Boxhoorn, ''Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands'', 21 September 2005, {{cite web|url=http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id%3D107 |title=Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands |access-date=19 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218090444/http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id=107 |archive-date=18 February 2007 }} ''www.ataedu.org''</ref>
Line 468:		Line 351:
	In 2007 the political perspective of the European Union was to make ESA an ] by 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br268/br268.pdf |title=ESA BR-268 |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> ESA is likely to expand in the coming years with the countries which joined the EU in both 2004 and 2007. Currently, almost all EU member states are in different stages of affiliation with ESA. Poland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMXT291M9H_index_0.html |title=ESA Portal – Polish flag raised at ESA |publisher=Esa.int |date=19 November 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref> has joined on 19 November 2012. Hungary<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Hungary_accedes_to_ESA_Convention2 |title=Hungary accedes to ESA Convention / Welcome to ESA / About Us / ESA |publisher=Esa.int |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> and Estonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/Estonia_accedes_to_ESA_Convention |title=Estonia accedes to ESA Convention / Press Releases / For Media / ESA |publisher=Esa.int |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> have signed ESA Convention. Latvia and Slovenia have started to implement a Plan for European Cooperating State (PECS) Charter. Slovakia, Lithuania and Bulgaria have signed a European Cooperating State (ECS) Agreement. Cyprus,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/About_ESA/SEMTH0I7KYF_0.html |title=ESA – About ESA – Cyprus signs Cooperation Agreement |publisher=Esa.int |date=27 August 2009 |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809052034/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/About_ESA/SEMTH0I7KYF_0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Malta and Croatia have signed Cooperation Agreements with ESA.		In 2007 the political perspective of the European Union was to make ESA an ] by 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br268/br268.pdf |title=ESA BR-268 |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> ESA is likely to expand in the coming years with the countries which joined the EU in both 2004 and 2007. Currently, almost all EU member states are in different stages of affiliation with ESA. Poland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMXT291M9H_index_0.html |title=ESA Portal – Polish flag raised at ESA |publisher=Esa.int |date=19 November 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref> has joined on 19 November 2012. Hungary<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Hungary_accedes_to_ESA_Convention2 |title=Hungary accedes to ESA Convention / Welcome to ESA / About Us / ESA |publisher=Esa.int |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> and Estonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/Estonia_accedes_to_ESA_Convention |title=Estonia accedes to ESA Convention / Press Releases / For Media / ESA |publisher=Esa.int |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> have signed ESA Convention. Latvia and Slovenia have started to implement a Plan for European Cooperating State (PECS) Charter. Slovakia, Lithuania and Bulgaria have signed a European Cooperating State (ECS) Agreement. Cyprus,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/About_ESA/SEMTH0I7KYF_0.html |title=ESA – About ESA – Cyprus signs Cooperation Agreement |publisher=Esa.int |date=27 August 2009 |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809052034/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/About_ESA/SEMTH0I7KYF_0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Malta and Croatia have signed Cooperation Agreements with ESA.
			The EU ultimately established its own ].
	===Membership in European Union agreements===
	{{For|participation of non-EU countries in EU integration initiatives|Multi-speed Europe#Participation of European countries in EU integration initiatives}}
			==Regional European integration==
	[[File:EU-Agreements-2011-06-03.svg|upright=1.45|thumb|{{legend|#000080|EU, Schengen, EMU, CSDP (All agreements): 17 c.}}
			Several ] efforts have effectively promoted intergovernmental cooperation and reduced the possibility of regional armed conflict. Other initiatives have removed barriers to free trade in European regions, and increased the free movement of people, labour, goods, and capital across national borders.
	{{legend|#008080|EU, Schengen, CSDP: 5 c.}}
			===Low Countries region (Benelux)===
	{{legend|#008000|EU, EMU, CSDP: 2 c.}}
			Since the end of the First World War the following unions have been set in the ] region:
	{{legend|#00FF00|EU, CSDP: 3 c.}}
	{{legend|#800080|EEA, Schengen: 3 c.}}
			The ] is an economic and political union between Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. On 5 September 1944, a treaty establishing the Benelux Customs Union was signed. It entered into force in 1948, and ceased to exist on 1 November 1960, when it was replaced by the ] after a treaty signed in The Hague on 3 February 1958. A ] was created in 1955.
	{{legend|#803300|Schengen, Bilateral treaties: 1 c.}}
			The ] (BLEU) can be seen as a forerunner of the Benelux. BLEU was created by the treaty signed on 25 July 1921. It established a ] between both countries, while setting the ] and ] at a fixed parity.
			===British Isles===
			Since the end of the First World War, the following agreements have been signed in the ] region:
			The ] was created by the ] in 1998 to ''"promote the harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands"''. It was formally established on 2 December 1999. Its membership comprises Ireland, the United Kingdom, three of the ] (], Scotland and Wales), and three British ] (], the ] and ]). Because England does not have a ], it is not represented on the Council as a separate entity.
			The ] is a passport-free zone established in 1922 that comprises Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey. Under Irish law, all British citizens are exempt from immigration control and immune from deportation.<ref>Per the provisions of the and .</ref> They are entitled to live in Ireland without any restrictions or conditions.<ref name="Residence rights of UK citizens">{{Cite web|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/residence_rules_UK_citizens.html|title=Residence rights of UK citizens|website=www.citizensinformation.ie}}</ref> Under ], Irish citizens are entitled to enter and live in the United Kingdom without any restrictions or conditions. They also have the right to vote, work, study and access welfare and healthcare services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.parliament.uk/DepositedPapers/Files/DEP2020-0350/Kevin_Foster_to_Stuart_C_McDonald.pdf|title=Letter from Kevin Foster MP to Stuart McDonald MP, 22 June 2020|website=data.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://services.parliament.uk/Bills/2019-21/immigrationandsocialsecuritycoordinationeuwithdrawal.html|title=Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020 — UK Parliament|website=services.parliament.uk}}</ref> Following Brexit, the Common Travel Area continues to operate.
			===Nordic countries===
			Since the end of the Second World War, the following organisations have been established in the ]:
			The ] and the Nordic Council of Ministers is a co-operation forum for the parliaments and governments of the ] created in February 1953. It includes the states of ], ], ], ] and ], and their autonomous territories (], ] and ]).
			The ], created in 1954 but implemented on 1 May 1958, establishes free movement across borders without passports for the countries' citizens. It comprises Denmark, Sweden and Norway as foundational states; further, it includes Finland and Iceland since 24 September 1965, and the Danish autonomous territories of ] since 1 January 1966.
			===Central and Eastern Europe===
			]
			The following cooperation agreements have been signed in Central and Eastern Europe:
			'''Switzerland and Liechtenstein''' participate in a ] since 1924, and both employ the ] as national currency.
			Further, many Balkan states have signed a ] (SAA) with the EU, including FTA provisions, such as Albania (signed 2006), Montenegro (2007), North Macedonia<ref name="FYROM" /> (2004), Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia (both 2008, entry-into-force pending).
			In 2008, Poland and Sweden proposed the ] which would include setting a FTA between the EU and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615203243/http://telegraf.by/en/2011/10/belarus-sohranila-uchastie-v-vostochnom-partnerstve |date=15 June 2012 }}. Telegraf.by. Retrieved on 19 July 2013.</ref> Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3357563,00.html |title =EU Looks East as Foreign Policy Council Convenes |work=Deutsche Welle |location =Bonn |date =25 May 2008 |access-date =25 May 2008}}</ref>
			The ] is a Central-European alliance for cooperation and European integration, based on an ancient strategic alliance of core Central European countries. The Group originated in a summit meeting of ], Hungary and Poland held in the Hungarian castle town of ] on 15 February 1991. The Czech Republic and Slovakia became members after the ] in 1993.
			In 1989, the ], a forum of regional cooperation in ] with 18 member states, was formed in ]. The CEI headquarters have been in ], Italy, since 1996.
			The EU Strategy for the Danube Region was endorsed by the European Council in 2011 and is the second macro-regional strategy in Europe. The Strategy provides a basis for improved cooperation among 14 countries along the ]. It aims to improve the effectiveness of regional integration efforts and leverage the impact of policies at the EU, national and local levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://files.groupspaces.com/EUStrategyfortheDanubeRegion/files/720746/TOmnsaHj4huI83uSbzat/Pamphlet.pdf|title=EU STRATEGY FOR THE DANUBE REGION|website=Files.groupspaces.com|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref>
			The ], Craiova Four, or C4 is a cooperation project of four European states – Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia – for the purposes of furthering their European integration as well as economic, transport and energy cooperation with one another.
			The effects of the EU integration process of the countries from the former ] are still debated. As a result, the relationship between immigration levels and EU public support remains uncertain. Through the integration, the countries in Eastern Europe have experienced growth of the economy, benefits of the free market agreements and freedom of the labor movement within the EU.<ref>Alsasua, Jesús, Javier Bilbao‐Ubillos, and Jon Olaskoaga. "The EU integration process and the convergence of social protection benefits at national level." ''International Journal of Social Welfare'' 16.4 (2007): 297–306.</ref> However, the results of the empirical socioeconomic analyses{{which|date=June 2016}} suggest that in ], ], ] and the ], the immigration from CEE had negative effects on support for European integration in the host societies.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The research{{which|date=June 2016}} also implies that the immigration from the CEE seems to undermine the long-term effects of the integration.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} There are theories{{which|date=June 2016}} for the programs of social development that range in views from: an extended contact with the immigrants from ] might help forge a common European identity and it could also lead to a potential national isolation, caused by tightening support mechanisms for the labor immigration.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} Equal amount of research also implies that the internal migration of the countries within the EU is necessary for the successful development of its economic union.<ref>Toshkov, Dimiter, and Elitsa Kortenska. "Does immigration undermine public support for integration in the European Union?." ''JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies'' 53.4 (2015): 910–925.</ref>
			The post-Soviet ] of ], ], ], and ] are all members of the ] which aims to forge closer integration.
			The ] is a regional organisation of four post-Soviet states, which aims to promote cooperation and democratic values, ensure stable development, enhance international and regional security, and stepping up European integration. Current members include the four founding ones, namely, Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova. Uzbekistan joined in 1999, and left in 2005.
			===Black Sea region===
			Several regional organisations have been founded in the ] region since the fall of the Soviet Union, such as:
			The ] (BSEC) aims to ensure peace, stability and prosperity by encouraging friendly and good-neighbourly relations among the 12 state members, located mainly in the Black Sea region. It was created on 25 June 1992 in Istanbul, and entered into force on 1 May 1999. The 11 founding members were Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Serbia (then Serbia and Montenegro) joined in April 2004.
			===Baltic Sea region===
			The following political and/or economic organisations have been in the ] in the ]:
			The ] aims to promote co-operation between the parliaments of the ], namely the Republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The organisation was planned in ] on 1 December 1990, and the three nations agreed to its structure and rules on 13 June 1994.
			The ] (BAFTA) was a trade agreement between Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. It was signed on 13 September 1993 and came into force on 1 April 1994. The agreement was later extended to apply also to agricultural products, effective from 1 January 1997. BAFTA ceased to exist when its members joined the EU on 1 May 2004.
			The ] (CBSS) was founded in 1992 to promote intergovernmental cooperation among ] countries in questions concerning economy, civil society development, human rights issues, and nuclear and radiation safety. It has 12 members including ], ], ], ], ] (since 1995), ], ], ], ], ], ] and the ].
			In 2009 the ] approved the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR) following a communication from the ]. The EUSBSR was the first macro-regional strategy in Europe. The Strategy aims to reinforce cooperation within the Baltic Sea Region, to address challenges together, and to promote balanced development in the Region. The Strategy contributes to major EU policies, including ], and reinforces integration within the Region.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702112935/http://www.balticsea-region-strategy.eu/pages/what-is-the-eusbsr |date=2 July 2013 }}. Balticsea-region-strategy.eu. Retrieved on 19 July 2013.</ref>
			==Multi-speed Europe==
			[[File:EU-Agreements-2011-06-03.svg|upright=1.45|thumb|{{legend|#000080|EU, Schengen, Eurozone, CSDP, EEA: 17 c.}}
			{{legend|#008080|EU, Schengen, CSDP, EEA: 5 c.}}
			{{legend|#008000|EU, Eurozone, CSDP, EEA: 2 c.}}
			{{legend|#00FF00|EU, CSDP, EEA: 3 c.}}
			{{legend|#800080|EEA, EFTA, Schengen: 3 c.}}
			{{legend|#803300|EFTA. Schengen, Bilateral treaties: 1 c.}}
	{{legend|#FF6600|Candidates, some agreements: 7 c.}}		{{legend|#FF6600|Candidates, some agreements: 7 c.}}
	{{legend|#F5FF52|Microstates, some agreements: 4 c.}}		{{legend|#F5FF52|Non-EEA microstates, some agreements: 4 c.}}
	{{legend|#000000|Association Agreement: 3 c.}}		{{legend|#000000|Association Agreement: 3 c.}}
	{{legend|grey|some agreements: 0 c.}}]]		{{legend|grey|some agreements: 4 c.}}]]
			''Multi-speed Europe'' is the idea that different parts of ] should integrate at different levels and pace depending on the political situation in each individual country. Indeed, multi-speed Europe is currently a reality, with only a subset of EU countries being members of such policies as the ] or the ]. In resemblance to the earlier concepts of differentiated integration such as ''à la carte'' and ''variable geometry'', "multi-speed Europe" arguably aims to salvage the "widening and deepening of the European Union" in the face of ].
	A small group of EU member states have joined all European treaties, instead of opting out on some. They drive the development of a federal model for the European integration. This is linked to the concept of ] where some countries would create a core union; and goes back to the ] references to the founding member states of the ].
			===Concept===
	At present, the formation of a formal Core Europe Federation ("a federation within the confederation") has been held off at every occasion where such a federation treaty had been discussed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Instead, supranational institutions are created that govern more areas in "Inner Europe" than existing European integration provides for.
			The concept was initially known as ''variable-geometry Europe'', '']'' or ''two-speed Europe'', depending on the form it would take in practice. The current term entered political discourse when, after the end of the Cold War, an eastward enlargement of the European Union began to materialise and the question arose how "widening" could be made compatible with "deepening",<ref>Marcin Zaborowski: Germany and EU Enlargement: From Rapprochement to "Reaproachment"? In: Helene Sjursen (Ed.), , ARENA Report February 2005, p. 46.</ref> i.e., how the imminent enlargement process could be prevented from diluting the idea of an "ever closer union among the peoples of Europe", as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community of 1957 had put it. In 1994 – still at a time of the ] – the German ] ] and ] published a document<ref>Karl Lamers / Wolfgang Schäuble: (Reflections on European Policy). See also Gilles Andréani: , Centre for European Reform Essays, September 2002, {{ISBN|1-901229-33-5}}, p. 7-8.</ref> in which they called for a '']'' (= core Europe). This idea envisaged that "core Europe" would have a "centripetal effect", a magnetic attraction for the rest of Europe. A precursor to that concept had been a proposal by two advisors to German Chancellor ], ] and Norbert J. Prill, published as early as July 1989. Mertes and Prill called for a '''concentric circles Europe''', built around a federal core consisting of the ] (EU6) and like-minded EU member states.<ref>Michael Mertes / Norbert J. Prill: Der verhängnisvolle Irrtum eines Entweder-Oder. Eine Vision für Europa, ] 19 July 1989.</ref> In 1994 they partly revoked their original idea, arguing that the post-Cold War EU would rather look like a "Europe of Olympic rings" than a "Europe of concentric circles".<ref>Michael Mertes / Norbert J. Prill: Es wächst zusammen, was zusammengehören will. "Maastricht Zwei" muss die Europäische Union flexibel machen, ] 9 December 1994, p. 11.</ref>
			===EU inner framework===
			] alongside the Outer Seven from 1960 to 1972{{legend|#039|Inner Six (])}}{{legend|#393|Outer Seven (])}}]]
			The multi-speed Europe concept has been debated for years in European political circles, as a way to solve some institutional issues. The concept is that the more members there are in the Union, the more difficult it becomes to reach consensus on various topics, and the less likely it is that all would advance at the same pace in various fields. Thus, supranational institutions are created that govern more areas in "Inner Europe" than basic level of European integration provides for. For member states that do not have special-status territories the EU law applies fully with the exception of the ] and ]. It is also possible now for a minimum of nine EU member states to use ]. The existing modes of non-uniform application of the ] are as follows:
			{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
			| permanent deviations<ref>In addition to the permanent deviations there are temporary transition periods for the application of certain EU law provisions in some member states, but these have an already set dates for lapsing.</ref>
			| request by states to cooperate more than EU<br><small>(post-]: request to participate at EU level instead of less)</small>
			| request by states to cooperate less than general EU level
			|-
			| allowed by the EU
			| ''']'''
			| ''']'''<br>Minor ] derogations or exemptions<br>]
			|-
			| not allowed by the EU
			| ''']'''<br>''']/] suspensions'''<br><small>(post accession: benchmarks for adoption of EU level)</small>
			|
			|-
			|}
			<!--{{clear|right}}-->
	Among the 27 EU state members, seventeen states have signed all integration agreements: Austria, Belgium, Finland, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. The agreements considered include the fifth stage of economic integration or ], the ] and the ].		Among the 27 EU members, 19 have joined the eurozone, 22 have joined the Schengen Area, 25 participate fully in the AFSJ, and also 25 participate fully in the military PESCO. Among the 27 EU member states, fifteen have joined the majority of European treaties, without opting out on some, and are covered by all key EU integration initiatives, including the fifth stage of economic integration named the ], the ] implementing the ], the ], the ], and the ]; these are: Austria, Belgium, Finland, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, and Slovenia, though 2 of them (Austria, Finland) are outside of ]. It is worth noticing that as many as seven of them joined the EU only after 1991, with five of them being former communist countries.
			===Outer European environment of the EU===
	Thus, among the 27 EU countries, 19 have joined the Eurozone, 22 have joined Schengen, and 26 compose the European Military.
			{{Further|Greater Europe}}
			Some dependent territories of the EU member states are outside of the EU and have a ] in regard to EU laws applied. Twenty-two sovereign countries in Europe also have special relations to the European Union and implement to a variable degree EU initiatives and laws; these include the seven candidate states to the EU (including four ] countries, two ] participants and ]), four members of the ], the remaining one country of the ] as well as four countries of the ], the four European microstates belonging to none of the abovelisted categories, and the United Kingdom with the three Crown Dependencies and the two ] bordering the European Union.
			The countries most closely aligned to the EU are the only four extant EFTA members (while all other former EFTA members have converted into EU members), namely Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. Through agreements Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein (not including Switzerland) are members of the ] since 1994. As a consequence of taking part in the EU single market they need to adopt part of the ]. Formally they would not need to fund the EU government{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} but in practice they have opted to take on their part of financing EU institutions as required by EU law (see ]) with the financial footprint of Norway being equal to that of an EU member since 2009.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Especially Norway and Iceland are known to forfeit EU membership on the basis of ] that they want to opt out on. Following Norway's decision not to join the EU, it remained one of the members of the ] (EEA) via the ] (EFTA), which also includes ], ], and ]. Switzerland rejected membership of the EEA. The EEA links these countries into the EU's market, extending the ] to these states. In return, they pay a membership fee and have to adopt most areas of ] (which they do not have direct impact in shaping). The democratic repercussions of this have been described by commentators as "fax democracy" (waiting for new laws to be faxed in from ] rather than being involved in drafting them).<ref>{{cite web |last = Ekman |first = Ivar |date = 27 October 2007 |url = http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/10/26/news/norway.php |title = In Norway, EU pros and cons (the cons still win) |work = International Herald Tribune |access-date = 30 August 2008 |archive-date = 14 June 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060614162428/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/10/26/news/norway.php |url-status = live }}</ref>
	Further, some countries which do not belong to the EU have joined several of these initiatives, albeit sometimes at a lower stage such as the ], the ], or even unilaterally adopting the euro; by taking part in ], either as a signatory state, or ''de facto''; or by joining some common military forces.
			A different example is ], which has been under international supervision. The ] is an international administrator who has wide-ranging powers over Bosnia and Herzegovina to ensure the peace agreement is respected. The High Representative is also the EU's representative, and is in practice appointed by the EU. In this role, and since a major ambition of Bosnia and Herzegovina is to join the EU, the country has become a ''de facto'' protectorate of the EU. The EU appointed representative has the power to impose legislation and dismiss elected officials and civil servants, meaning the EU has greater direct control over Bosnia and Herzegovina than its own states. Indeed, the ] resembles the ] according to some observers.<ref name="Balkan Insight 2017">{{cite web | title=Bosnia's 'Foreign' Flag Still Draws Mixed Feelings | website=Balkan Insight | date=6 December 2017 | url=https://balkaninsight.com/2017/12/06/bosnia-s-foreign-flag-still-draws-mixed-feelings-12-05-2017/ | access-date=1 April 2020 | archive-date=6 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706120755/https://balkaninsight.com/2017/12/06/bosnia-s-foreign-flag-still-draws-mixed-feelings-12-05-2017/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
	Thus, six non-EU countries have adopted the euro (four through an agreement with the EU and two unilaterally), four non-EU states have joined the Schengen agreement officially, and other countries have joined common military corps.
			In the same manner as Bosnia and Herzegovina, ] is under heavy EU influence, particularly after the ''de facto'' transfer from ] to EU authority.{{dubious|date=July 2020}} In theory Kosovo is supervised by ], with justice and policing personal training and helping to build up the state institutions. However the EU mission does enjoy certain executive powers over the state and has a responsibility to maintain stability and order.<ref>{{cite web |last = Kurti |first = Albin |date = 2 September 2009 |url = http://euobserver.com/9/28602 |title = Comment: Causing damage in Kosovo |work = EUobserver |access-date = 2 September 2009 |archive-date = 3 September 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090903142957/http://euobserver.com/9/28602 |url-status = live }}</ref> Like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo has been termed an "EU protectorate".<ref>Judah, Tim (18 February 2008) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222025759/http://www.iss.europa.eu/publications/detail/article/kosovo-the-era-of-the-eu-protectorate-dawns/ |date=22 December 2011 }}, ]</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122061459/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,536354,00.html |date=22 November 2011 }}, '']'' (19 February 2008)</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.economist.com/node/10711623 |date=20 January 2016 }}, '']'' (17 February 2008)</ref>
	The following table shows the status of each state membership to the different agreements promoted by the EU. It lists 47 countries, including the 27 EU member states, 7 candidate states, 3 members of the ] and Switzerland, 3 countries with soft ties to the EU (such as those with SAA or participation agreements), 4 microstates, and the United Kingdom and Armenia as special cases.
			=== Summary of European integration uniformity and progress ===
	Hence, this table summarises some components of EU laws applied in most European states. Some territories of EU member states also have a ] in regard to EU laws applied. Some territories of EFTA member states also have a ] in regard to EU laws applied as is the case with some ]. For member states that do not have special-status territories the EU law applies fully with the exception of the ] and ] or alternatively some states participate in ] between a subset of the EU members. Additionally, there are various examples of non-participation by some EU members and non-EU states participation in particular ], the programmes for ], ] and ].
			{{for|special territories|Special territories of members of the European Economic Area#Summary}}
			The following table presents the status of 49 European states in respect to their membership to the ], the ] along with its various integration initiatives, the ], the ], and the ]. The list includes the 27 EU member states, 7 candidate states to the EU (including 2 ] participants), 4 members of the ], the remaining 4 countries of the ], the 4 European microstates belonging to none of the abovelisted categories, and, as a special case, the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the two British Overseas Territories bordering the European Union. The remaining two states located partially in Europe but belonging to none of these categories, namely Kazakhstan and Russia, are not included. Hence, this table summarises the principal components of the contemporary European integration.
	{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: center; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"		{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: center; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
	|+ style="font-size: 130%;" | European Union Agreements		|+ style="font-size: 130%;" | Multi-speed Europe
	! State		! State
	! Map		! Map
			! ]
			! ]
	! EU		! EU
			! Declaration no. 52 on the ]
	! ]
			! ], including ], ] and ]
	! ]		! ]
			! ]
	! ]
			! ]
	! ]
			! ]
	! ]
			! ] other than ], ], Prüm, Divorce Pact, and ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ], ] & ]
			! ] other than PESCO
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Austria}} Austria		| {{flagicon|Austria}} Austria
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Belgium|state}} Belgium		| {{flagicon|Belgium|state}} Belgium
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Estonia}} Estonia		| {{flagicon|Estonia}} Estonia
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Finland}} Finland		| {{flagicon|Finland}} Finland
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|France}} France		| {{flagicon|France}} France{{efn|Metropolitan France}}
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ], ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Germany}} Germany		| {{flagicon|Germany}} Germany
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]<ref>3 October 1990 for East Germany</ref>		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]<ref>3 October 1990 for East Germany</ref>
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] & ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Greece}} Greece		| {{flagicon|Greece}} Greece
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] & ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Italy}} Italy		| {{flagicon|Italy}} Italy
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Latvia}} Latvia		| {{flagicon|Latvia}} Latvia
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Lithuania}} Lithuania		| {{flagicon|Lithuania}} Lithuania
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ] (partner)		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ] (partner), ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} Luxembourg		| {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} Luxembourg
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Malta}} Malta		| {{flagicon|Malta}} Malta
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes<ref>Though a member of the CSDP, Malta does not participate in the ], ], or ].</ref><ref>. Timesofmalta.com (23 November 2004). Retrieved on 2013-07-19.</ref>
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]<ref>Though a member of the CSDP, Malta does not participate in the ], ], or ].</ref><ref>. Timesofmalta.com (23 November 2004). Retrieved on 2013-07-19.</ref>
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| Cooperation agreement
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands		| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands{{efn|European provinces}}
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Portugal}} Portugal		| {{flagicon|Portugal}} Portugal
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Slovakia}} Slovakia		| {{flagicon|Slovakia}} Slovakia
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] & ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} Slovenia		| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} Slovenia
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain		| {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain
	| style="background:navy;"|		| style="background:navy;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ], ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic		| {{flagicon|Hungary}} Hungary
	| style="background:teal;"|		| style="background:teal;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] & ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| All except ] and ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark		| {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic
	| style="background:teal;"|		| style="background:teal;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes<ref>On 20 June 2022, Denmark joined the ] after abolishing the opt-out via ] on 1 June 2022. At the moment, Denmark has not joined ], ], or ]. </ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borrell Fontelles |first=Josep |date=20 June 2022 |title=I received the official notification of Denmark joining our Common Security and Defence Policy. With this, Europe will be even more united, #EUDefence even stronger and it will increase our capacity to act. Tak Danmark! Thank you @JeppeKofod |url=https://twitter.com/JosepBorrellF/status/1538812977834561536?s=20&t=5Z3xipDxS0qve9RPSCsgUQ |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=]}}</ref>
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] & ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| All except ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Hungary}} Hungary		| {{flagicon|Poland}} Poland
	| style="background:teal;"|		| style="background:teal;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Candidate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes;
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] & ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114881,10745118,Polska_dolaczy_do_waznego_europejskiego___klubu__.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204041258/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114881,10745118,Polska_dolaczy_do_waznego_europejskiego___klubu__.html|url-status=dead|title=Polska dołączy do ważnego europejskiego "klubu". Wojskowego|archivedate=4 December 2011}}</ref> ], ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| All except ] and ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Poland}} Poland		| {{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark{{efn|"Denmark Proper"}}
	| style="background:teal;"|		| style="background:teal;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No (]); {{hilite|some opt-in agreements (e.g. ])|#FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ] {{hilite|(intergovernmental agreement)|#FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Candidate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]<ref>On 20 June 2022, Denmark joined the ] after abolishing the opt-out via ] on 1 June 2022. At the moment, Denmark has not joined ], ], or ]. </ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borrell Fontelles |first=Josep |date=20 June 2022 |title=I received the official notification of Denmark joining our Common Security and Defence Policy. With this, Europe will be even more united, #EUDefence even stronger and it will increase our capacity to act. Tak Danmark! Thank you @JeppeKofod |url=https://twitter.com/JosepBorrellF/status/1538812977834561536 |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=]}}</ref>
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No; considers accession
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| All except ], ], ] and ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ],<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204041258/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114881,10745118,Polska_dolaczy_do_waznego_europejskiego___klubu__.html |date=4 December 2011 }}</ref> ], ]
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden		| {{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden
	| style="background:teal;"|		| style="background:teal;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| All except ] and ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Cyprus}} Cyprus		| {{flagicon|Cyprus}} Cyprus
	| style="background:green;"|		| style="background:green;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| European Cooperating State
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Ireland}} Ireland		| {{flagicon|Ireland}} Ireland
	| style="background:green;"|		| style="background:green;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No (])
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No (]); ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] & ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| All except ] and ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria		| {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria
	| style="background:#0f0;"|		| style="background:#0f0;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]; ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| European Cooperating State
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia		| {{flagicon|Romania}} Romania
	| style="background:#0f0;"|		| style="background:#0f0;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] & ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| All except ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Romania}} Romania		| {{flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia
	| style="background:#0f0;"|		| style="background:#0f0;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes {{hilite|]|#FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]; ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| All
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| Cooperation agreement
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ], ]
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} Liechtenstein		| {{flagicon|Norway}} Norway{{efn|without ]}}
	| style="background:#800080;"|		| style="background:#800080;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No (])		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]<ref>accession suspended (1962 and 1967). Then rejected in two referendums (1972 and 1994)</ref>
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes {{hilite|Participation agreement in force|#FFFFBB}}
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite|], ]|#FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ], ], ], ] and ] member; ] ] and executive agencies associate; ] participant; ], ], ], ], ] and ] observer
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Norway}} Norway		| {{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} Liechtenstein
	| style="background:#800080;"|		| style="background:#800080;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]<ref>accession suspended (1962 and 1967). Then rejected in two referendums (1972 and 1994)</ref>
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No (])
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Participation agreement signed but unratified
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] & ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ], ] and ] member; ] associate; ], ] and ] observer
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | ] | #FFFFBB}}
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Iceland}} Iceland		| {{flagicon|Iceland}} Iceland
	| style="background:#800080;"|		| style="background:#800080;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/iceland-withdraws-eu-accession-bid/a-18313183 |title=Iceland withdraws EU accession bid &#124; News &#124; DW.COM &#124; 12.03.2015 |publisher=Dw.de |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/iceland-withdraws-eu-accession-bid/a-18313183 |title=Iceland withdraws EU accession bid &#124; News &#124; DW.COM &#124; 12.03.2015 |publisher=Dw.de |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Participation agreement signed but unratified
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ], ], ], and ] member; ], ] and executive agencies associate; ], ], ], ] and ] observer
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} Switzerland		| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} Switzerland
	| style="background:#803300;"|		| style="background:#803300;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/content/dam/dea/fr/documents/bundesrat/160727-Lettre-retrait-adhesion-CH_fr.pdf|date=27 July 2016|access-date=13 September 2016|publisher=]|title=Retrait de la demande d'adhesion de la Suisse a l'UE}}</ref>		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/content/dam/dea/fr/documents/bundesrat/160727-Lettre-retrait-adhesion-CH_fr.pdf|date=27 July 2016|access-date=13 September 2016|publisher=]|title=Retrait de la demande d'adhesion de la Suisse a l'UE}}</ref>
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/switzerland/|title=Trade – Switzerland|access-date=15 September 2012|publisher=]}}</ref>		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Yes (])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/switzerland/|title=Trade – Switzerland|access-date=15 September 2012|publisher=]}}</ref>
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No (])		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No (])
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Participating third country
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Participation agreement signed but unratified
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] & ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | ] | #FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ], and ] member; ] associate; ] and ] observer; ], ], ], ] and executive agencies non-associate third country
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Albania}} Albania		| {{flagicon|Albania}} Albania
	| style="background:#f60;"|		| style="background:#f60;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Associate
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] and executive agencies associate; ] observer; ] cooperating country
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Moldova}} Moldova		| {{flagicon|Moldova}} Moldova
	| style="background:#f60;"|		| style="background:#f60;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Associate
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] and executive agencies associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Individual Partnership Action Plan
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Montenegro}} Montenegro		| {{flagicon|Montenegro}} Montenegro
	| style="background:#f60;"|		| style="background:#f60;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No; ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] and executive agencies associate; ] observer; ] cooperating country
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|North Macedonia}} North Macedonia<ref name="FYROM" />		| {{flagicon|North Macedonia}} North Macedonia<ref name="FYROM" />
	| style="background:#f60;"|		| style="background:#f60;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No; ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No; ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | EU BGs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.republika.mk/?p=122099 |title=EU Battle Group, including Macedonian army troops, ends military exercise &#124; Republika Online |publisher=English.republika.mk |date=13 June 2014 |access-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322055804/http://english.republika.mk/?p=122099 |archive-date=22 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | #FFFFBB}}		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | EU BGs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.republika.mk/?p=122099 |title=EU Battle Group, including Macedonian army troops, ends military exercise &#124; Republika Online |publisher=English.republika.mk |date=13 June 2014 |access-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322055804/http://english.republika.mk/?p=122099 |archive-date=22 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | #FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] and executive agencies associate; ] observer; ] cooperating Country
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Serbia}} Serbia		| {{flagicon|Serbia}} Serbia
	| style="background:#f60;"|		| style="background:#f60;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No; ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No; ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | ] | #FFFFBB}}		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | ] | #FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] and executive agencies associate; ] observer; ] cooperating country
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Individual Partnership Action Plan
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Turkey}} Turkey		| {{flagicon|Turkey}} Turkey
	| style="background:#f60;"|		| style="background:#f60;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]{{refn|In a customs union with the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_412_en.htm |title=Andorra : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements |publisher=] |access-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026034312/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_412_en.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_413_en.htm|title=San Marino : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements|publisher=]|access-date=12 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026034319/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_413_en.htm|archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/turkey/index_en.htm|title=Trade : Turkey|publisher=]|access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_414_en.htm|title=Turkey : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements|publisher=]|access-date=12 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730093911/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_414_en.htm|archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>|name=CU|group=Note}}
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]{{refn|In a customs union with the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_412_en.htm |title=Andorra : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements |publisher=] |access-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026034312/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_412_en.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_413_en.htm|title=San Marino : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements|publisher=]|access-date=12 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026034319/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_413_en.htm|archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/turkey/index_en.htm|title=Trade : Turkey|publisher=]|access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_414_en.htm|title=Turkey : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements|publisher=]|access-date=12 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730093911/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_414_en.htm|archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>|name=CU|group=Note}}
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | ] | #FFFFBB}}		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | ] | #FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] member; ] and executive agencies associate; ] observer
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| Cooperation agreement
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} Ukraine		| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} Ukraine
	| style="background:#f60;"|		| style="background:#f60;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No; ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | ] | #FFFFBB}}		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | ] | #FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] and executive agencies associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| Cooperation agreement
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Enhanced Opportunities Partnership
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Andorra}} Andorra		| {{flagicon|Andorra}} Andorra
	| style="background:#F5FF52;"|		| style="background:#F5FF52;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]{{refn|name=CU|group=Note}}		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]{{refn|name=CU|group=Note}}
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]{{refn|Formal ] with the EU to issue euros.|name=euros|group=Note}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Monaco}} Monaco		| {{flagicon|Monaco}} Monaco
	| style="background:#F5FF52;"|		| style="background:#F5FF52;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ''de facto'', with France		| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ''de facto'', with France
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ''de facto'', with France
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]{{refn|Formal ] with the EU to issue euros.|name=euros|group=Note}}		| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ''de facto'', with France
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|San Marino}} San Marino		| {{flagicon|San Marino}} San Marino
	| style="background:#F5FF52;"|		| style="background:#F5FF52;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]{{refn|name=CU|group=Note}}		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ]{{refn|name=CU|group=Note}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]{{refn|name=euros|group=Note}}		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Vatican City}} Vatican City		| {{flagicon|Vatican City}} Vatican City
	| style="background:#F5FF52;"|		| style="background:#F5FF52;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| Observer
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]{{refn|name=euros|group=Note}}		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Bosnia and Herzegovina		| {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Bosnia and Herzegovina
	| style="background:#000;"|		| style="background:#000;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] extension country
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] and executive agencies associate; ] observer; ] cooperating country
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Membership Action Plan
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Georgia}} Georgia		| {{flagicon|Kosovo}} Republic of Kosovo
	| style="background:#000;"|		| style="background:#000;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Applicant
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] and executive agencies associate; ] observer
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Kosovo}} Republic of Kosovo		| {{flagicon|Georgia}} Georgia
	| style="background:#000;"|		| style="background:#000;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]. ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] and executive agencies associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Enhanced Opportunities Partnership
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|Armenia}} Armenia		| {{flagicon|Armenia}} Armenia
	| style="background#000;"|		| style="background#000;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ] ({{hilite | ] | #fdb}})		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ]: ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| Cooperation agreement
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] and executive agencies associate
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]
	|-		|-
	| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom		| {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} Azerbaijan
	| style="background#000;"|		| style="background#000;"|
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ] (])		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No (withdrew)		| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ]
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ]		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No, negotiating ] accession
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ]
			|-
			| {{flagicon|Belarus}} Belarus
			| style="background#000;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| Applicant (accession suspended)
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] (PCA signed 1995 but unratified, ])
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ] (all practical cooperation suspended by NATO)
			|-
			| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom{{efn|without ] other than ] and ]}} and ]
			| style="background#000;"|
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| ] (])
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No (withdrew); {{hilite|]: partially in and ] ''de facto'' partially in the ]|#FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite|] partially in and ] ''de facto'' partially in the ]|#FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| Participating third country
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, ], {{hilite | ] and ] negotiating membership | #FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite|]: ]|#FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| ] only
	| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | ] | #FFFFBB}}		| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No; {{hilite | ] | #FFFFBB}}
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No
			| style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| ], ], ], ] and executive agencies participating non-associate third country
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
			| style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes
	|}		|}
	Notes:		Notes:
	{{Reflist|group="Note"|2}}		{{Reflist|group="Note"|2}}
			===Common membership of all EU member states ===
	==Future of European integration==
			All ] (EU) are members of the:
	{{Main| Enlargement of the European Union| Future enlargement of the European Union|Federal Europe|Eurosphere|Eurasian Union|Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union}}
			* ] (OSCE), Secretariat: Vienna, Austria
	] status of possible ]:{{Leftlegend|#3F48CC|Current member states}}
			* ] (CoE) & the ] (ECHR) HQ: Strasbourg, France
	{{Leftlegend|#FF1493|Former member state which has ]: ]}}{{Leftlegend|#00BFFF|Candidates: ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]<ref name=status1>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/check-current-status/index_en.htm|title=Enlargement – Check current status|publisher=]|access-date=27 June 2014}}</ref>}}
			* ] (EC), HQ: Vienna, Austria
	{{Leftlegend|#86FDF1|Potential candidates that have applied for membership: ], recently – ] (member of ])}}
			* ] (EPPO) HQ: Paris, France
	{{Leftlegend|#FFF200|Potential candidates that have not applied for membership: ] ('']'').<ref name=status1/>}}{{Leftlegend|#ff0000|States that have withdrawn their applications: ], ], ]}}]]
			* ] (EBRD) HQ: London, United Kingdom
	There is no fixed end to the process of integration. The discussion on the possible final political shape or configuration of the European Union is sometimes referred to as the debate on the '''finalité politique''' (French for "political purpose").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=proj.document&PJ_RCN=5908045|title=European Commission : CORDIS : Search : Simple|website=Cordis.europa.eu|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001503/http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=proj.document|archive-date=28 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Integration and ] are major issues in the politics of Europe, each at European, national and local level. Integration may conflict with national ] and ], and is opposed by ]. To the east of the European Union, the countries of ], ] and ] launched the creation of the ] in the year 2015, which was subsequently joined by ] and ]. Other states in the region, such as ] and ] may also join. Meanwhile, the post-Soviet ] of ], ], ], and ] have created the ] to closer integrate among each other. Some Eastern European countries such as ] have opted to cooperate with both the EU and the Eurasian Union. On 24 February 2017 ], the Chairman of the ] stated that Armenia's stance was to cooperate and work with both the ] and the ]. Sargsyan added that although Armenia is part of the Eurasian Union, a new ] between Armenia and the EU would be finalized shortly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/880133/armenia-eu-new-agreement-may-be-signed-soon-%E2%80%93-eec-board-chairman.html|title=Armenia president and European Commission official discuss EU-Armenia talks|date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
			* ] (ECAC), HQ: Neuilly-sur-Seine/Paris, France
			* ] (Eurocontrol), HQ: Brussels, Belgium
			* ] (CEN), HQ: Brussels, Belgium
			* ] (CEPT) HQ: Montreaux, Switzerland
			* ] (EDQM}
			* ] (EEA)
			* ] (EFI) HQ: Joensuu, Finland
			* ] (ETSI), HQ: Sophia Antipolis, France
			* ] (EUTELSAT IGO), HQ: Paris, France
			* ] (EUMETSAT) HQ: Darmstadt, Germany
			* ] (EUCU)
			* ] (EOC), HQ: Rome, Italy
			* ] (EPOrg) & the ] (EPO) HQ; Munich, Germany
			* ] (ECB) and the ] (ESCB) HQ; Frankfurt am Main, Germany
			* ]
			* ] (EUI) HQ: Florence, Italy
			* ] (EBI) and EBI Group entities, HQ: Kirchberg, Luxembourg
			* ] (EAEC, Euratom)
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ] (SEPA)
			* ] (ECAA)
			* ] (UNECE)
			* ] (WTO)
			* ] (EHEA) – Belgium as ] and ], i.e. the ] is not included.
			* ]
			take part in:
			* the ]
			have organizations that are members of the:
			* ] (CENELEC), HQ: Brussels, Belgium
			* ] (EBU), HQ: Geneva, Switzerland
			* ] (UEFA), HQ: Nyon, Switzerland
			* ] (ENTSO-E), HQ: Brussels, Belgium
			have organisations that are members, associated partners or observers of the
			* ] (ENTSO-G), HQ: Brussels, Belgium
			are located in the ] (EBA)
			===Overlap of membership in various agreements===
	Several countries in ] have engaged the EU with the aim to grow economic and political ties. The ], established in 2003, is the inter-parliamentary forum in which members of the ] and the national parliaments of ], ], ], ], ] and ] participate and forge closer political and economic ties with the European Union.<ref>{{cite web| title =Initial Agreement Reached To Establish Parliamentary Assembly Of European Parliament's Eastern Neighbors| url =http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/77332/-initial-agreement-reached-to-establish-parliamentary-assembly-of-european-parliament-s-eastern-neighbors-.html| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110615013815/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/77332/-initial-agreement-reached-to-establish-parliamentary-assembly-of-european-parliament-s-eastern-neighbors-.html| url-status =dead| archive-date =15 June 2011}}</ref> All of these States participate in the EU's ] program. The ] and the ] are other organizations established to promote European integration, stability, and democracy. On 12 January 2002, the ] noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libertas-institut.com/de/PDF/Armenia%20ante%20portas.pdf|title=How Could America Approach the European Union?|website=Libertas-institut.com|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> Currently, ] is the only country in the ] actively seeking EU membership.
			{{Supranational European Bodies|size=580px|align=right}}
			There are various agreements with overlapping membership. Several countries take part in a larger number of agreements than others.
			{{Clear}}
			=== EU exclusive mandate ===
	===European Security Treaty===
			The EU represents its member states (but not their special territories outside of EU) under an ] in the following international organisations:
	In 2008, Russian President ] announced a new concept for Russian foreign politics and called for the creation of a common space in Euro-Atlantic and Eurasia area "from Vancouver to Vladivostok".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geopolitika.lt/?artc=2647 |title=New concept of the Russian foreign policy: from Vancouver to Vladivostok? |publisher=Geopolitika.lt |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref> On 5 June 2009 in Berlin he proposed a new all-European pact for security that would include all European, ] countries and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Socor |first=Vladimir |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33701 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228121511/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33701 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2011 |title=The Jamestown Foundation: Medvedev Proposes All-European Security Pact During Berlin Visit |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/medvedev-and-the-new-european-security-architecture|title=Medvedev and the new European security architecture|website=Opendemocracy.net|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> On 29 November 2009 a draft version of the European Security Treaty appeared.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.news.kremlin.ru/news/275 |title=The draft of the European Security Treaty|publisher=Eng.news.kremlin.ru|date=29 November 2009|access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid.ru/ns-dvbr.nsf/dveurope/968BFE5F5D506083C325767E003CEEAE|title=Главная|website=Mid.ru|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/foreign-affairs/russia-proposes-new-euro-atlantic-security-treaty/article-187790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203104009/http://www.euractiv.com/en/foreign-affairs/russia-proposes-new-euro-atlantic-security-treaty/article-187790 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2009 |title=Russia proposes new Euro-Atlantic security treaty |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref> French president Sarkozy spoke positively about Medvedev's ideas and called for closer security and economic relation between Europe and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/9/27113|title=Sarkozy wants new EU-US-Russia security accord|website=Euobserver.com|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/15/nicolas-sarkozy-russia-european-security|title=Sarkozy backs Russian calls for pan-European security pact|authors=Ian Traynor and Luke Harding|date=15 November 2008|access-date=16 December 2017|website=Theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20100619/159490485.html|title=France's Sarkozy supports Russian-European security plan|website=En.rian.ru|date=19 June 2010|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/10/06/24433259.html|title=Sarkozy to push for Russia-EU security deal|website=English.ruvr.ru|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318121328/http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/10/06/24433259.html|archive-date=18 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/world/europe/02france.html|title=Sarkozy to Propose New Bond With Russia|first1=Steven|last1=Erlanger|first2=Katrin|last2=Bennhold|date=1 October 2010|access-date=16 December 2017|website=]}}</ref> Ukrainian president ] also called for stronger integration of Europe, Ukraine and Russia. On the other hand, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and ] chief Anders Fogh Rasmussen said such new agreement is unnecessary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20100619/159490485.html |title=France's Sarkozy supports Russian-European security plan |publisher=En.rian.ru |date=19 June 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20101008/160881510.html|title=No need for new European security treaty – NATO chief|website=En.rian.ru|date=8 October 2010|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref>
			* ]
			* ], except for the ]
			** the ]
			** the ] (GFCM)
			** the ]
			** the ],
			** the ]
			** the ]
			** the ]
			** the ]
			** the ]
			** the ]
			** the ]
			** the ]
			** the ]
			In addition, the EU represents its member states under a near-exclusive mandate at almost all meetings in:
	===Common space from Lisbon to Vladivostok===
			* the ] (WTO)
	] and ] countries]]
	Russian Prime Minister ] in a German newspaper in 2010 called for common economic space, free-trade area or more advanced economic integration, stretching from ] to ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Donahue |first=Patrick |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/putin-promotes-trade-zone-from-lisbon-to-vladivostok-update1-.html |title=Putin Promotes Trade Zone From 'Lisbon to Vladivostok' |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=sueddeutsche.de GmbH, Munich, Germany |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/putin-plaedoyer-fuer-wirtschaftsgemeinschaft-von-lissabon-bis-wladiwostok-1.1027908 |title=Von Lissabon bis Wladiwostok |publisher=Sueddeutsche.de |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://translate.google.de/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fputin-plaedoyer-fuer-wirtschaftsgemeinschaft-von-lissabon-bis-wladiwostok-1.1027908&sl=de&tl=en&hl=&ie=UTF-8 |title=From Lisbon to Vladivostok |language=de |publisher=Translate.google.de |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,731109,00.html |title=Putin Envisions a Russia-EU Free Trade Zone |work=Der Spiegel |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://government.ru/eng/docs/13088/ |title=Russia and Europe: From an Analysis of Crisis Lessons to a New Partnership Agenda |publisher=Government.ru |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511182858/http://government.ru/eng/docs/13088/ |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}</ref> He also said it is quite possible Russia could join the eurozone one day.<ref>{{cite web|last=Armitstead |first=Louise |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/8163347/Putin-Russia-will-join-the-euro-one-day.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/8163347/Putin-Russia-will-join-the-euro-one-day.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Putin: Russia will join the euro one day |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=26 November 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> French president ] in 2010 said he believes in 10 or 15 years there will be common economic space between EU and Russia with visa-free regime and general concept of security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visahouse.com/news-visa-free-regime-is-possible-in-10-15-years.asp |title=Nicolas Sarkozy believes the visa-free regime (EU-Russia) is possible in 10–15 years |publisher=Visahouse.com |date=26 October 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref>
			==Beyond Europe==
	===Concept of a single legal space for the CIS and Europe===
			{{Main|Eurosphere}}
	]}} {{legend|#38DD6E|]}} {{legend|#804000|] outside the EU}} {{legend|#FF8040|] of ] outside the EU}}]]
			=== Europe-centered organisations extending outside===
			{{see also|Eurocentrism}}
			Not listed below are agreements if their scope is beyond geographic Europe only because the agreement includes:
			* Territories of transcontinental countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia contain some territory in Europe and some in Asia
			* The EU uses bilateral Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreements as an integration tool.<ref name="epca_kz">{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2016/123/oj/eng|title=EUR-Lex - 32016D0123 - EN - EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref>
			* Special territories of European countries, e.g. ]
			* Cyprus, which is a member of the Council of Europe and several other agreements
			Some agreements that are mostly related to countries of the European continent, are also valid in territories outside the continent.
	Russian legal scholar Oleg Kutafin and economist Alexander Zakharov produced a Concept of a Single Legal Space for the ] and Europe in 2002. This idea was fully incorporated in the resolution of the 2003 Moscow Legal Forum. The Forum gathered representatives of more than 20 countries including 10 CIS countries. In 2007 both the International Union of Jurists of the CIS and the International Union (Commonwealth) of Advocates passed resolutions that strongly support the Concept of a Single Legal Space for Europe and post-Soviet Countries.
			* NATO contains USA and Canada, but has a European focus, Article 10 of the ] describes how non-member states may join: "The Parties may invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty"<ref>{{cite web |title=The North Atlantic Treaty|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/treaty.htm|access-date=15 September 2008|date=29 November 2007}}</ref>
			* ] (OSCE) contains the United States, Canada, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Mongolia
			* ] contains Australia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, South Korea and the United States; it was originally founded under the name ] (OEEC)
			* the ] (IEA) contains Australia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, South Korea and the United States
			* the ] (NEA) contains Argentina, Australia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, South Korea and the United States; it was originally founded under the name European Nuclear Energy Agency
			* ] (EBRD) contains ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]
			* ] (EPPO) contains Algeria, Israel, Morocco, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Tunisia, Uzbekistan
			* ] (EBU) contains North African and Middle East countries
			* ] (EOC) contains ]
			* ] (ESA) contains Canada as an associate member
			* ] has been ratified by Australia, Canada, Israel, ], New Zealand, and ].
			===EU and other regions and countries in the world===
	The concept said: "Obviously, to improve its legislation Russia and other countries of CIS should be oriented toward the continental legal family of European law. The civil law system is much closer to the Russian and other CIS countries will be instrumental in harmonising legislation of CIS countries and the European Community but all values of common law should be also investigated on the subject of possible implementation in some laws and norms.
			{{multiple image
	It is suggested that the introduction of the concept of a Single legal space and a single Rule of Law space for Europe and CIS be implemented in four steps:
			|total_width=750|align=center
	# Development plans at the national level regarding adoption of selected EC legal standards in the legislation of CIS countries;
			|image1=ASEM.PNG|caption1=]
	# Promotion of measures for harmonisation of law with the goal of developing a single legal space for Europe and CIS countries in the area of commercial and corporate law;
			|image2=African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States member nations map.svg|caption2=]
	# Making the harmonisation of judicial practice of CIS countries compatible with Rule of Law principles and coordination of the basic requirements of the Rule of Law in CIS countries with the EU legal standards.
			|image3=European Union Latin America Locator.svg|caption3=]
	# Development of ideas the ] (International Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institution and Historic Monuments initiated by Russian thinker Nicholas Roerich and signed in 1935 by 40&thinsp;% of sovereign states in Washington D.C.) into the law of CIS countries and European law.
			|image4=TAFTA.png|caption4=Proposed ]
	<ref>Evgeny Semenyako, Petr Barenboim, ''The Moscow-Bruges Concept of a Single Legal and Rule of Law Space for Europe and Russia'', Justitceinform, Moscow, 2007, {{ISBN|978-5-7205-0911-8}}; . {{ISBN|978-5-98856-114-9}}</ref>
			}}
			Numerous countries have signed a ] (AA) with FTA provisions. These mainly include Mediterranean countries (Algeria in 2005, Egypt in 2004, Israel in 2000, Jordan in 2002, Lebanon in 2006, Morocco in 2000, ] in 1997, and Tunisia in 1998), albeit some countries from other trade blocs have also signed one (such as Chile in 2003, Mexico in 2000, and South Africa in 2000).
	==Beyond Europe==
	===Euro-Mediterranean Partnership===
			====Euro-Mediterranean Partnership====
	] (] and ]), ]; ], ] and ]]]		] (] and ]), ]; ], ] and ]]]
	The ] or ] was organised by the European Union to strengthen its relations with the countries in the ] and ] regions. It started in 1995 with the ], and it has been developed in successive annual meetings.		The ] or ] was organised by the European Union to strengthen its relations with the countries in the ] and ] regions. It started in 1995 with the ], and it has been developed in successive annual meetings.
Line 975:		Line 1,936:
	The ] is a community of countries, mostly bordering the ], established in July 2008.<ref name="EA167"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511115359/http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/sarkozy-sounds-basis-mediterranean-union/article-165541?Ref=RSS |date=11 May 2011 }} Euractiv.com 16 July 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2007.</ref>		The ] is a community of countries, mostly bordering the ], established in July 2008.<ref name="EA167"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511115359/http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/sarkozy-sounds-basis-mediterranean-union/article-165541?Ref=RSS |date=11 May 2011 }} Euractiv.com 16 July 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2007.</ref>
	====Ties with partners====
	Morocco already has a number of close ties with the EU, including an Association Agreement with FTA provisions, air transport integration, or the participation in military operations such as ALTHEA in Bosnia.		Morocco already has a number of close ties with the EU, including an Association Agreement with FTA provisions, air transport integration, or the participation in military operations such as ALTHEA in Bosnia.
	Further, it will be the first partner to go beyond association by enhancing political and economic ties, entering the Single Market, and participating in some EU agencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/last_politics/morocco_satisfied_to/view |title=Morocco glad to be the first partner with which EU decides to go beyond association, minister |access-date=15 October 2008 |website=www.map.ma |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014234356/http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/last_politics/morocco_satisfied_to/view |archive-date=14 October 2008 }}. Retrieved 15 October 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/31228|title=afrol News – Morocco enters EU market|website=Afrol.com|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2008/01/23/feature-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212092435/http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2008/01/23/feature-01 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2008 |title=Europe supports Morocco's EU partnership aspirations |date=23 January 2008 |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_2409215,00.html |title=Closer ties for EU, Morocco |date=14 October 2008 |website=/www.news24.com |access-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106044608/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_2409215,00.html |archive-date=6 January 2009 }}. Retrieved 15 October 2008.</ref>		Further, it will be the first partner to go beyond association by enhancing political and economic ties, entering the Single Market, and participating in some EU agencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/last_politics/morocco_satisfied_to/view |title=Morocco glad to be the first partner with which EU decides to go beyond association, minister |access-date=15 October 2008 |website=www.map.ma |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014234356/http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/last_politics/morocco_satisfied_to/view |archive-date=14 October 2008 }}. Retrieved 15 October 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/31228|title=afrol News – Morocco enters EU market|website=Afrol.com|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2008/01/23/feature-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212092435/http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2008/01/23/feature-01 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2008 |title=Europe supports Morocco's EU partnership aspirations |date=23 January 2008 |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_2409215,00.html |title=Closer ties for EU, Morocco |date=14 October 2008 |website=/www.news24.com |access-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106044608/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_2409215,00.html |archive-date=6 January 2009 }}. Retrieved 15 October 2008.</ref>
			====EU cooperation with other regions of the world====
	===Commonwealth of Independent States===
	{{see also|Post-Soviet states#Regional organizations}}
	] and ]]]
	The ] (CIS) is a loose organisation in which most former Soviet republics participate. A visa-free regime operates among members and a free-trade area is planned. Ukraine is not an official member, but has participated in the organisation. Some members are more integrated than others, for example Russia and Belarus form a ]. In 2010, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan formed a ] and a ] (]) commenced on 1 January 2012. The Presidents of Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan established the ] with a Eurasian Commission in 2015, subsequently joined by ] and ]. A ] is also planned, potentially to be named "evraz". Some other countries in the region, such as ] are potential members of these organisations.
	===Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations===
	The post-Soviet ] of ], ], ], and ] are all members of the ] which aims to forge closer integration.
	===EU and other regions and countries in the world===
	{{multiple image
	|total_width=750|align=center
	|image1=ASEM.PNG|caption1=]
	|image2=African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States member nations map.svg|caption2=]
	|image3=European Union Latin America Locator.svg|caption3=]
	|image4=TAFTA.png|caption4=Proposed ]
	}}
	The European Union cooperates with some other countries and regions via loose organisations and regular meetings. The ] forum, consisting of the EU and some Asian countries, has been held every two years since 1996. The EU and ] form the ], promoting ], democracy and human rights. The EU and Latin American countries form the ]. ] is a proposed free-trade area between EU and ].		The European Union cooperates with some other countries and regions via loose organisations and regular meetings. The ] forum, consisting of the EU and some Asian countries, has been held every two years since 1996. The EU and ] form the ], promoting ], democracy and human rights. The EU and Latin American countries form the ]. ] is a proposed free-trade area between EU and ].
Line 1,006:		Line 1,948:
	* TAFTA – ]		* TAFTA – ]
			===Commonwealth of Independent States and the Eurasian Union===
	===Other organisations in world===
			{{see also|Post-Soviet states#Regional organizations|Eurasian Economic Union|Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union|Russia–European Union relations}}
	European countries like the ], ], ], ] have made organisations with other countries in the world with which they have strong cultural and historical links.
			] and ]]]
			The ] (CIS) is a loose organisation in which most former Soviet republics participate. A visa-free regime operates among members and a free-trade area is planned. Ukraine and Georgia are not members, but historically have participated in the organisation. Some members are more integrated than others, for example Russia and Belarus form a ]. In 2010, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan formed a ] and a ] (]) commenced on 1 January 2012.{{cn|date=November 2022}} The Presidents of Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan established the ] with a Eurasian Commission in 2015, subsequently joined by ] and ].{{cn|date=November 2022}} A ] is also planned, potentially to be named "evraz".{{cn|date=November 2022}} Some other countries in the region, such as ], ] and ] are potential members of these organisations.{{cn|date=November 2022}}
			Despite the fact that relations between the EU and the CIS stalled after the Ukrainian ], then-Prime Minister of Russia ] called in a German newspaper in 2010 for common economic space, free-trade area or more advanced economic integration, stretching from ] to ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Donahue |first=Patrick |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/putin-promotes-trade-zone-from-lisbon-to-vladivostok-update1-.html |title=Putin Promotes Trade Zone From 'Lisbon to Vladivostok' |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/putin-plaedoyer-fuer-wirtschaftsgemeinschaft-von-lissabon-bis-wladiwostok-1.1027908 |title= Von Lissabon bis Wladiwostok |trans-title=From Lisbon to Vladivostok |language=de |publisher=sueddeutsche.de |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,731109,00.html |title=Putin Envisions a Russia-EU Free Trade Zone |work=Der Spiegel |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://government.ru/eng/docs/13088/ |title=Russia and Europe: From an Analysis of Crisis Lessons to a New Partnership Agenda |publisher=Government.ru |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511182858/http://government.ru/eng/docs/13088/ |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}</ref> He also said it is quite possible Russia could join the eurozone one day.<ref>{{cite web|last=Armitstead |first=Louise |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/8163347/Putin-Russia-will-join-the-euro-one-day.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/8163347/Putin-Russia-will-join-the-euro-one-day.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Putin: Russia will join the euro one day |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=26 November 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> French president ] in 2010 said he believes in 10 or 15 years there will be common economic space between EU and Russia with visa-free regime and general concept of security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visahouse.com/news-visa-free-regime-is-possible-in-10-15-years.asp |title=Nicolas Sarkozy believes the visa-free regime (EU-Russia) is possible in 10–15 years |publisher=Visahouse.com |date=26 October 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref> Any proposed initiatives of EU-Eurasian Union integration have become obsolete since 2014, due to the ].
			===Collective Security Treaty Organisation===
			{{Main|Collective Security Treaty Organization}}
			Relations between the NATO and the CSTO stalled after the Ukrainian ], and subsequently started to deteriorate, following the outbreak of ]. Nevertheless, Russian President ] announced in 2008 a new concept for Russian foreign politics and called for the creation of a common space in Euro-Atlantic and Eurasia area "from Vancouver to Vladivostok".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geopolitika.lt/?artc=2647 |title=New concept of the Russian foreign policy: from Vancouver to Vladivostok? |publisher=Geopolitika.lt |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref> On 5 June 2009 in Berlin he proposed a new all-European pact for security that would include all European, ] countries and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Socor |first=Vladimir |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33701 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228121511/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33701 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2011 |title=The Jamestown Foundation: Medvedev Proposes All-European Security Pact During Berlin Visit |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/medvedev-and-the-new-european-security-architecture|title=Medvedev and the new European security architecture|website=Opendemocracy.net|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> On 29 November 2009 a draft version of the European Security Treaty appeared.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.news.kremlin.ru/news/275 |title=The draft of the European Security Treaty|publisher=Eng.news.kremlin.ru|date=29 November 2009|access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid.ru/ns-dvbr.nsf/dveurope/968BFE5F5D506083C325767E003CEEAE|title=Главная|website=Mid.ru|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/foreign-affairs/russia-proposes-new-euro-atlantic-security-treaty/article-187790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203104009/http://www.euractiv.com/en/foreign-affairs/russia-proposes-new-euro-atlantic-security-treaty/article-187790 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2009 |title=Russia proposes new Euro-Atlantic security treaty |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref> French president Sarkozy spoke positively about Medvedev's ideas and called for closer security and economic relation between Europe and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/9/27113|title=Sarkozy wants new EU-US-Russia security accord|website=Euobserver.com|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/15/nicolas-sarkozy-russia-european-security|title=Sarkozy backs Russian calls for pan-European security pact|authors=Ian Traynor and Luke Harding|date=15 November 2008|access-date=16 December 2017|website=Theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20100619/159490485.html|title=France's Sarkozy supports Russian-European security plan|website=En.rian.ru|date=19 June 2010|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/10/06/24433259.html|title=Sarkozy to push for Russia-EU security deal|website=English.ruvr.ru|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318121328/http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/10/06/24433259.html|archive-date=18 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/world/europe/02france.html|title=Sarkozy to Propose New Bond With Russia|first1=Steven|last1=Erlanger|first2=Katrin|last2=Bennhold|date=1 October 2010|access-date=16 December 2017|website=]}}</ref> Ukrainian president ] also called for stronger integration of Europe, Ukraine and Russia. On the other hand, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and ] chief Anders Fogh Rasmussen said such new agreement is unnecessary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20100619/159490485.html |title=France's Sarkozy supports Russian-European security plan |publisher=En.rian.ru |date=19 June 2010 |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20101008/160881510.html|title=No need for new European security treaty – NATO chief|website=En.rian.ru|date=8 October 2010|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref>
			Any proposed initiatives of NATO-CSTO alliance ultimately became obsolete, following the outbreak of ].
			===Organisations related to European languages in the world===
			European countries like the ], ] with ], ] and ], as well as ] and ] have made organisations with other countries in the world with which they have strong cultural and historical links.
	{{multiple image		{{multiple image
	|total_width=750|align=center		|total_width=750|align=center
Line 1,015:		Line 1,970:
	}}		}}
	===European languages in the world===
	] is considered to be the global ]. European languages like English, ], ], ], ], ] and ] are official, co-official or widely in use in many countries with a ] past or with a ].		] is considered to be the global ]. European languages like English, ], ], ], ], ] and ] are official, co-official or widely in use in many countries with a ] past or with a ].
Line 1,025:		Line 1,979:
	|image4=		|image4=
	|image5=Linguistic map of the Italian language.svg|caption5=]		|image5=Linguistic map of the Italian language.svg|caption5=]
	|image6=Legal statuses of German in the world.svg|caption6=]		|image6=Legal statuses of German in the world.svg|caption6=]
	}}		}}
Line 1,031:		Line 1,985:
	{{Main|Globalisation}}		{{Main|Globalisation}}
	{{multiple image		{{multiple image
	|total_width=750|align=center		| total_width = 1200
			| align = center
	|image1=World Trade Organization Members.svg|caption1=] members
			| image1 = World Trade Organization Members.svg
	|image2=Economic integration stages (World).png|caption2=]
			| caption1 = ] members
	|image3=ICC member states world map.png|caption3=] members
			| image2 = Economic integration stages (World).png
	|image4=Death Penalty World Map.svg|caption4=]
			| caption2 = ]
	|image5=Conscription map of the world.svg|caption5=]
			| image3 = ICC member states world map.png
	|image6=ParisAgreement.svg|caption6=]
			| caption3 = ] members
	|image7=World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression.svg|caption7=]
			| image4 = Death Penalty World Map.svg
	|image8=Istanbul Convention 2011 participation map.svg|caption8=]
			| caption4 = ]
			| image5 = Conscription map of the world.svg
			| caption5 = ]
			| image6 = ParisAgreement.svg
			| caption6 = ]
			| image7 = World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression.svg
			| caption7 = ]
			| image8 = Istanbul Convention 2011 participation map.svg
			| caption8 = ]
	}}		}}
			==Future of European integration==
			]}} {{legend|#38DD6E|]}} {{legend|#804000|] outside the EU}} {{legend|#FF8040|] of ] outside the EU}}]]
			] status of possible ]:{{Leftlegend|#3F48CC|Current member states}}
			{{Leftlegend|#FF1493|Former member state which has ]: ]}}{{Leftlegend|#00BFFF|Candidates: ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]<ref name=status1>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/check-current-status/index_en.htm|title=Enlargement – Check current status|publisher=]|access-date=27 June 2014}}</ref>}}
			{{Leftlegend|#86FDF1|Potential candidates that have applied for membership: ], recently – ] (member of ])}}
			{{Leftlegend|#FFF200|Potential candidates that have not applied for membership: ] ('']'').<ref name=status1/>}}{{Leftlegend|#ff0000|States that have withdrawn their applications: ], ], ]}}]]
			There are no officially defined endpoints of the process of European integration in terms of territorial extent or depth. The discussion on the possible final political shape or configuration of the European Union is sometimes referred to as the debate on the '''finalité politique''' (French for "political purpose").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=proj.document&PJ_RCN=5908045|title=European Commission : CORDIS : Search : Simple|website=Cordis.europa.eu|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001503/http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=proj.document|archive-date=28 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Integration and ] are major issues in the politics of Europe, each at European, national and local level.
			===Extent===
			{{Main|Enlargement of the European Union| Future enlargement of the European Union}}
			The furthest limit of the potential future contiguous expansion of the European Union, defined by the ], is widely believed to be coextensive with the territory of the ], namely the EU and ] states, the four European microstates outside of the EU and EFTA, the ] states, the ] states, Turkey, as well as the United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies.
			Six countries located in ], namely ], ], ], ], ] and ], have engaged with the European Union through the ], in order to foster closer political and economic ties. The ], established in 2003, is the inter-parliamentary forum in which members of the ] cooperate with members of the national parliaments in the six countries.<ref>{{cite web| title =Initial Agreement Reached To Establish Parliamentary Assembly Of European Parliament's Eastern Neighbors| url =http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/77332/-initial-agreement-reached-to-establish-parliamentary-assembly-of-european-parliament-s-eastern-neighbors-.html| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110615013815/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/77332/-initial-agreement-reached-to-establish-parliamentary-assembly-of-european-parliament-s-eastern-neighbors-.html| url-status =dead| archive-date =15 June 2011}}</ref> The ], the ], and the ] are some of the organizations established to promote European integration, stability, and democracy in the region. On 12 January 2002, the ] noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libertas-institut.com/de/PDF/Armenia%20ante%20portas.pdf|title=How Could America Approach the European Union?|website=Libertas-institut.com|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> Currently, ], ] and ] are the only Eastern Partnership countries actively seeking EU membership: the EU has accepted Moldova and Ukraine as official candidates for membership of the Union.
			Meanwhile, ] and ] have joined the ] established by ], expanded by the accessions of ] and ]. ] has chosen not to pursue membership of either with the ] or the ], balancing between the two for the time being. The ] of ], ], ], and ], have created the ] in order to cooperate with each other. Some Eastern European countries such as ] have opted to cooperate with both the EU and the Eurasian Economic Union. On 24 February 2017 ], the Chairman of the ] stated that Armenia's stance was to cooperate and work with both the European Union and the ]. Sargsyan added that although Armenia is part of the Eurasian Union, a new ] between Armenia and the EU would be finalized shortly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/880133/armenia-eu-new-agreement-may-be-signed-soon-%E2%80%93-eec-board-chairman.html|title=Armenia president and European Commission official discuss EU-Armenia talks|date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
			The two remaining states located partially in Europe, namely Kazakhstan and Russia, are very unlikely to join the process in the foreseeable future as ordinary candidates or members, due to the size and remoteness of their territory, but also due to their apparent open hostility and lack of commitment to ]. Nevertheless, they might engage in the future with the remainder of Europe in some forms of cooperation looser than candidacy or membership.
			===Depth===
			{{main|Supranational union|United States of Europe}}
			{{cn span|text=The ] (EU) is not legally ('']'') a federation, although various academics have argued that it contains some federal characteristics. At present, the formation of a formal Core Europe Federation ("a federation within the confederation") has been held off at every occasion where such a federation treaty had been discussed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} About how various scholars approach the issue, ] of ] said: "Unencumbered by the prejudice that the EU is '']'' and incomparable, federalism scholars now regularly treat the EU as a case in their comparative studies (Friedman-Goldstein, 2001; Filippov, Ordeshook, Shevtsova, 2004; Roden, 2005; Bednar, 2006). For the purposes of the present analysis, the EU has the necessary minimal attributes of a federal system and crucially the EU is riven with many of the same tensions that afflict federal systems." |date=November 2022}}
			According to ], "Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism".<ref>{{cite book |author=J.H.H. Weiler |author-link=Joseph H. H. Weiler |title=The federal vision: legitimacy and levels of governance in the United States and the European Union |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-924500-2 |chapter=Chapter 2, Federalism without Constitutionalism: Europe's ''Sonderweg'' |quote=Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism. It works. Why fix it? |year=2003 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/federalvisionleg00kaly }}</ref> Jean-Michel Josselin and Alain Marciano see the ] as being a primary force behind building a federal legal order in the Union<ref></nowiki> court made a federation of the EU] Josselin (U de Rennes-1/CREM) and Marciano (U de Reims CA/CNRS).</ref> with Josselin stating that "A complete shift from a confederation to a federation would have required to straightforwardly replace the principality of the member states vis-à-vis the Union by that of the European citizens. … As a consequence, both confederate and federate features coexist in the judicial landscape."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Josselin |first1=Jean Michel |last2=Marciano |first2=Alain |year=2006 |title=The political economy of European federalism |series=Series: Public Economics and Social Choice |publisher=Centre for Research in Economics and Management, University of Rennes 1, University of Caen |page=12 |id=WP 2006–07; UMR CNRS 6211 |url=http://crem.univ-rennes1.fr/wp/2006/ie-200607.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819213748/http://crem.univ-rennes1.fr/wp/2006/ie-200607.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2008 }}</ref>
			Thomas Risse and Tanja A. Börzel wrote: "The EU only lacks two significant features of a federation. First, the Member States remain the 'masters' of the treaties, i.e., they have the exclusive power to amend or change the constitutive treaties of the EU. Second, the EU lacks a real 'tax and spend' capacity, in other words, there is no fiscal federalism."<ref>Thomas Risse and Tanja A. Börzel, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010193511/http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/00/00f0101-04.html |date=10 October 2008 }}, Jean Monnet Center at ]</ref>
			Other academics have argued that the EU is unlikely to evolve into a unified federal state. Kelemen has taken this view himself in a paper co-written with Andy Tarrant, arguing that limits placed on the bureaucratic capacity of the European institutions – such as the relatively small size of the ] – form a barrier to the creation of a federal European state. In their words: "widespread political opposition to the creation of anything approximating a large, unified executive bureaucracy in Brussels has long-since ended hopes, for the few who harboured them, of creating a ]."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kelemen |first1=R. Daniel |last2=Tarrant |first2=Andy |year=2007 |title=Building the Eurocracy |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/7931/1/kelemen-d-08h.pdf }}</ref> Some common points in this context are that the European budget is very small and does not finance a lot of the economic activity of the European Union; that each member state of the European Union has its own foreign relations and has its own military; that it is often the case that European Union member states decide to opt out of agreements which they oppose; and that member states still retain sovereignty over a large number of areas which might be expected to be transferred to a federal authority under a federal system. One important fact is that treaties must be agreed by all member states even if a particular treaty has support among the vast majority of the population of the European Union. Member states may also want legally binding guarantees that a particular treaty will not affect a nation's position on certain issues.
			Use of the word 'federal' is itself the cause of some disagreement. ] found opposition from the United Kingdom towards including the word "federal" in the proposed ], and hence replaced the word with "Community".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/1435550/Giscard%27s-%27federal%27-ruse-to-protect-Blair.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130114035522/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/1435550/Giscard%27s-%27federal%27-ruse-to-protect-Blair.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2013 |title=Giscard's 'federal' ruse to protect Blair |work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London |author=Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose |date= 8 July 2003 |access-date=2008-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Sean |last=Thomas |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2003/06/22/do2210.xml |title=Gobbledegook |work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London |date=22 June 2003 |access-date=2008-10-15}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first=V. G. |last=d'Estaing |date=7 July 2003 |title= ''Unknown title'' |journal=] |quote=I knew the word 'federal' was ill-perceived by the British and a few others. I thought that it wasn't worth creating a negative commotion, which could prevent them supporting something that otherwise they would have supported. … So I rewrote my text, replacing intentionally the word 'federal' with the word 'communautaire', which means exactly the same thing.}}</ref>
			In November 2021, the incoming German government, the ], called for European federalism in the coalition agreement and wanted to help achieve this.<ref>{{cite web |title=German government will push for a European federation |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/german-government-will-push-for-a-european-federation/ |website=euractiv.com |date=25 November 2021 |accessdate=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What's in the German coalition deal for Europe (and the UK) |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-elections-government-europe-olaf-scholz-angela-merkel-sdp-fdp-greens-brussels/ |website=Politico Europe |date=24 November 2021 |accessdate=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
			===Identity and diversity===
			{{Main|Pan-European identity|European values}}
			Just as every sociological identity, the European identity is not as much defined by its contents as by its boundaries.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ethnic Groups and Boundaries : The social organization of culture difference|last=Barth|first=Frederik|publisher=Universitetsforlaget; George Allen & Unwin|year=1969|location=Bergen; Oslo; London}}</ref> There are today heated political debates on whether to or not to allow immigrants coming to Europe, and on which criteria. The debate is also on whether to integrate or assimilate people that come from very different cultures, and how to do it. Some European right-wing politicians, such as ] are now advocating a vision of European identity as a citadel being threaten by immigration, and thus needing to be defended by harsher policies on this matter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/sur-les-terres-de-viktor-orban-l-homme-qui-defie-l-ue-avec-son-projet-d-europe-chretienne-20190516|title=Sur les terres de Viktor Orban, l'homme qui défie l'UE avec son projet d'Europe chrétienne|last=Mandeville|first=Laure|website=LeFigaro.fr|date=16 May 2019|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref> This ideology, known as ], mainly became defunct in the 1970s but a ] movement{{snd}} the ]{{snd}} has re-emerged to promote this view. Their adversaries say that their vision of Europe is ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bastamag.net/Anti-migrants-homophobes-masculinistes-neo-nazis-complotistes-les-identitaires|title=Anti-migrants, homophobes, masculinistes, néo-nazis, complotistes: les identitaires européens ratissent large|last=Courtil|first=Elise|date=2017|website=Bastamag|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref> and that it symbolically excludes people who are already European by law.
			===Advocacy and opposition===
			{{Main|Pro-Europeanism|Paneuropean Union|Union of European Federalists|European Movement International|European Federalist Party|Volt Europa|Euroscepticism}}
			Various federalist organisations have been created over time supporting the idea of a federal Europe. These include the ], the ], the ], the ], and ]. The International ] is the oldest European unification movement. The ] (UEF) is a European non-governmental organisation, campaigning for a Federal Europe. It consists of 20 constituent organisations and it has been active at the European, national and local levels for more than 50 years. The ] is a lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration, and disseminating information about it. The ] is a pro-European, pan-European and federalist political party which advocates further integration of the EU and the establishment of a Federal Europe. Its aim is to gather all Europeans to promote European federalism and to participate in all elections all over Europe. It has national sections in 15 countries. ] is a pan-European and European federalist political movement that also serves as the pan-European structure for subsidiary parties in EU member states. It is present in 29 countries and participates in elections all over the EU on the local, national and European level.
			Integration may conflict with national ] and ], and is opposed by ].
	==See also==		==See also==
			{{Portal|Europe}}
	*]		*]
	*]		*]
Line 1,056:		Line 2,062:
	*]		*]
	*]		*]
			*]
	*]		*]
	*]		*]
Line 1,080:		Line 2,087:
	*]		*]
	*]		*]
	{{clear}}
	{{portal bar|Europe}}
	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

---

Revision as of 00:02, 3 November 2022

Cooperation between states in and near Europe This article is about the process of political, economic, social, and cultural integration of states located primarily in Europe. For other meanings, see European values, Member state of the European Union, Politics of the European Union, and Foreign relations of the European Union.

European integration is the process of industrial, economic, political, legal, social, and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe or nearby. European integration has primarily come about through the European Union (EU) and its policies, but also by the Council of Europe, the European Patent Organisation, the European Space Agency, and the NATO.

History

In antiquity, the Roman Empire brought about integration of multiple European and Mediterranean territories. The numerous subsequent claims of succession of the Roman Empire, even the iterations of the Classical Empire and its ancient peoples, have occasionally been reinterpreted in the light of post-1948 European integration as providing inspiration and historical precedents. Of those in importance would have to include the Holy Roman Empire, the Hanseatic League, the Kalmar Union, the Jagiellonian dynasty and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Peace of Westphalia, the Napoleonic Continental System, the Russian Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Holy Alliance, as well as the unifications of Germany, Italy, and the Southern Slavs.

On the other hand, a number of European unification attempts have become a dystopian anti-inspiration and a warning for the future European Fathers against the threat of European unity in a degenerate version, including the Concert of Europe, the Soviet Union, the German-occupied Europe, and the Cold War Europe divided between two blocks.

Following the catastrophe of the First World War, thinkers and visionaries from a range of political traditions again began to float the idea of a politically unified Europe. In the early 1920s a range of internationals were founded (or re-founded) to help like-minded political parties to coordinate their activities. These ranged from the Comintern (1919), to the Labour and Socialist International (1921) to the Radical and Democratic Entente of centre-left progressive parties (1924), to the Green International of farmers' parties (1923), to the centre-right International Secretariat of Democratic Parties Inspired by Christianity (1925). While the remit of these internationals was global, the predominance of political parties from Europe meant that they facilitated interaction between the adherents of a given ideology, across European borders. Within each political tradition, voices emerged advocating not merely the cooperation of various national parties, but the pursuit of political institutions at the European level.

One of the first to articulate this view was Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, who outlined a conservative vision of European unity in his Pan-Europa manifesto (1923). The First Paneuropean Congress took place in Vienna in 1926, and the association possessed 8000 members by the time of the Wall Street Crash. The aim was for a specifically Christian, and by implication Catholic, Europe. The British civil servant and future Conservative minister Arthur Salter published a book advocating The United States of Europe in 1933.

In contrast the Soviet commissar (minister) Leon Trotsky raised the slogan "For a Soviet United States of Europe" in 1923, advocating a Europe forcibly united along communist principles.

Among liberal-democratic parties, the French centre-left undertook several initiatives to group like-minded parties from the European states. In 1927, the French politician Emil Borel, a leader of the centre-left Radical Party and the founder of the Radical International, set up a French Committee for European Cooperation, and a further twenty countries set up equivalent committees. However, it remained an elite venture: the largest committee, the French one, possessed fewer than six-hundred members, two-thirds of whom were parliamentarians. Two centre-left French prime ministers went further. In 1929 Aristide Briand gave a speech in the presence of the League of Nations Assembly in which he proposed the idea of a federation of European nations based on solidarity and in the pursuit of economic prosperity and political and social co-operation. In 1930, at the League's request, Briand presented a Memorandum on the organisation of a system of European Federal Union. The next year the future French prime minister Édouard Herriot published his book The United States of Europe. Indeed, a template for such a system already existed, in the form of the 1921 Belgian and Luxembourgish customs and monetary union.

Support for the proposals by the French centre-left came from a range of prestigious figures. Many eminent economists, aware that the economic race-to-the-bottom between states was creating ever greater instability, supported the view: these included John Maynard Keynes. The French political scientist and economist Bertrand Jouvenel remembered a widespread mood after 1924 calling for a "harmonisation of national interests along the lines of European union, for the purpose of common prosperity". The Spanish philosopher and politician, Ortega y Gasset, expressed a position shared by many within Republican Spain: "European unity is no fantasy, but reality itself; and the fantasy is precisely the opposite: the belief that France, Germany, Italy or Spain are substantive & independent realities." Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece, outlined his government's support in a 1929 speech by saying that "the United States of Europe will represent, even without Russia, a power strong enough to advance, up to a satisfactory point, the prosperity of the other continents as well".

Between the two world wars, the Polish statesman Józef Piłsudski envisaged the idea of a European federation that he called Międzymorze ("Intersea" or "Between-seas"), known in English as Intermarum, which was a Polish-oriented version of Mitteleuropa.

The Great Depression, the rise of fascism and communism and subsequently World War II prevented the inter war movements from gaining further support: between 1933 and 1936 most of Europe's remaining democracies became dictatorships, and even Ortega's Spain and Venizelos's Greece had both been plunged into civil war. But although the supporters of European unity, whether social-democratic, liberal or Christian-democratic, were out of power during the 1930s and unable to put their ideas into practice, many would find themselves in power in the 1940s and 1950s, and better-placed to put into effect their earlier remedies against economic and political crisis.

At the end of World War II, the continental political climate favoured unity in democratic European countries, seen by many as an escape from the extreme forms of nationalism which had devastated the continent. In a speech delivered on 19 September 1946 at the University of Zürich in Switzerland, Winston Churchill postulated a United States of Europe. The same speech however contains remarks, less often quoted, which make it clear that Churchill did not initially see Britain as being part of this United States of Europe:

We British have our own Commonwealth of Nations ... And why should there not be a European group which could give a sense of enlarged patriotism and common citizenship to the distracted peoples of this turbulent and mighty continent and why should it not take its rightful place with other great groupings in shaping the destinies of men? ... France and Germany must take the lead together. Great Britain, the British Commonwealth of Nations, mighty America and I trust Soviet Russia—for then indeed all would be well—must be the friends and sponsors of the new Europe and must champion its right to live and shine.

We must build a kind of United States of Europe. In this way only, will hundreds of millions of toilers be able to regain the simple joys and hopes which make life worth living.

— Winston Churchill

Theories of integration

European integration scholars Thomas Diez and Antje Wiener identify the general tendencies in the development of European integration theory and suggest to divide theories of integration into three broad phases, which are preceded by a normative proto-integration theory period. There's a gradual shift from theories studying European integration as sui generis towards new approaches that incorporate theories of International Relations and Comparative politics.

Proto-integration period (1940s)

Main article: Ideas of European unity before 1948

The question of how to avoid wars between the Nation-states was essential for the first theories. Federalism and functionalism proposed the containment of the nation-state, while transactionalism sought to theorise the conditions for the stabilisation of the nation-state system. Early federalism was more like a political movement calling for European federation by various political actors, for example, Altiero Spinelli calling for a federal Europe in his Ventotene Manifesto, and Paul Valéry envisioning European civilization for unity. State sovereignty was an issue for federalists who hoped political organizations at higher regional level would solve the issue. Representative scholar of functionalism is David Mitrany, who also sees states and their sovereignty as core problem that one should restrain states to prevent future wars. However, Mitrany disagreed with regional integration as he viewed it as mere replication of state-model. Transactionalism, on the other hand, sees increased cross-border exchanges as promoting regional integration so that the risk of war is reduced.

Explaining integration, 1948 onwards

European integration theory initially focused on explaining integration process of supranational institution-building. One of the most influential theories of European integration is neofunctionalism, influenced by functionalist ideas, developed by Ernst B. Haas (1958) and further investigated by Leon Lindberg (1963). This theory focuses on spillovers of integration, where well-integrated and interdependent areas led to more integration. Neofunctionalism well captures the spillover from the European Coal and Steel Community to the European Economic Community established in the 1957 Treaties of Rome. Transfers of loyalties from the national level to the supranational level is expected to occur as integration progresses.

The other big influential theory in Integration Studies is Intergovernmentalism, advanced by Stanley Hoffmann after the Empty Chair Crisis by French President Charles De Gaulle in the 1960s. Intergovernmentalism and later, Liberal Intergovernmentalism, developed in the 1980s by Andrew Moravcsik focus on governmental actors' impacts that are enhanced by supranational institutions but not restrained from them. The important debate between neofunctionalism and (liberal) intergovernmentalism still remains central in understanding the development and setbacks of the European integration.

Second phase: analyzing governance, 1980s onwards

As the empirical world has changed, so have the theories and thus the understanding of European Integration. The second generation of integration theorists focused on the importance of institutions and their impacts on both integration process and European governance development. The second phase brought in perspectives from comparative politics in addition to traditional International Relations theoretical references. Studies attempted to understand what kind of polity the EU is and how it operates. For example, new theory multi-level governance (MLG) was developed to understand the workings and development of the EU.

Third phase: constructing, expanding and consolidating the EU, 1990s onwards

The third phase of integration theory marked a return of International Relations theory with the rise of critical and constructivist approaches in the 1990s. Perspectives from social constructivists, post-structuralists, critical theories, feminist theories are incorporated in integration theories to conceptualize European integration process of widening and deepening.

General pan-European integration

Council of Europe

Main article: Council of Europe

Against the background of the devastation and human suffering during the Second World War as well as the need for reconciliation after the war, the idea of European integration led to the creation of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg in 1949.

The most important achievement of the Council of Europe is the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950 with its European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, which serves as a de facto supreme court for human rights and fundamental freedoms throughout Europe. Human rights are also protected by the Council of Europe's Committee for the Prevention of Torture and the European Social Charter.

Most conventions of the Council of Europe pursue the aim of greater legal integration, such as the conventions on legal assistance, against corruption, against money laundering, against doping in sport, or internet crime.

Cultural co-operation is based on the Cultural Convention of 1954 and subsequent conventions on the recognition of university studies and diplomas as well as on the protection of minority languages.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, former communist European countries were able to accede to the Council of Europe, which now comprises 47 states in Europe. Therefore, European integration has practically succeeded at the level of the Council of Europe, encompassing almost the whole European continent, with the exception of Kazakhstan and Belarus, the latter due to its still non-democratic government.

European integration at the level of the Council of Europe functions through the accession of member states to its conventions, and through political coordination at the level of ministerial conferences and inter-parliamentary sessions. In accordance with its Statute of 1949, the Council of Europe works to achieve greater unity among its members based on common values, such as human rights and democracy.

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a trans-Atlantic intergovernmental organisation whose aim is to secure stability in Europe. It was established as the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) in July 1973, and was subsequently transformed into its current form in January 1995. The OSCE has 56 member states, covering most of the northern hemisphere.

The OSCE develops three lines of activities, namely the Politico-Military Dimension, the Economic and Environmental Dimension and the Human Dimension. These respectively promote (i) mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution; (ii) the monitoring, alerting and assistance in case of economic and environmental threats; and (iii) full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

European Union

See also: Enlargement of the European Union and Future enlargement of the European Union

The European Union (EU) is an association of 27 sovereign member states, that by treaty have delegated certain of their competences to common institutions, in order to coordinate their policies in a number of areas, without however constituting a new state on top of the member states. Officially established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing European Economic Community.

Thus, 12 states are founding members, namely, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. In 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden entered the EU. Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined in 2004. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007. Croatia acceded in 2013. The United Kingdom withdrew in 2020 after 47 years of membership. Official candidate states include Albania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey. Morocco's application was rejected by the EEC. Iceland and Switzerland have withdrawn their respective applications. Norway rejected membership in two referendums.

The institutions of the European Union, its parliamentarians, judges, commissioners and secretariat, the governments of its member states as well as their people, all play a role in European Integration. Nevertheless, the question of who plays the key role is disputed as there are different theories on European Integration focusing on different actors and agency.

The European Union has a number of relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union. According to the European Union's official site, and a statement by Commissioner Günter Verheugen, the aim is to have a ring of countries, sharing EU's democratic ideals and joining them in further integration without necessarily becoming full member states.

History

The year 1948 marked the beginning of the institutionalised modern European integration. With the start of the Cold War, the Treaty of Brussels was signed in 1948 establishing the Western Union (WU). The new treaty included the Benelux countries and was to promote cooperation not only in the military matters but in economic, social and cultural spheres. Some of these roles however were rapidly taken over by other organisations.

Coal and steel production was essential for the reconstruction of countries in Europe after the Second World War and this sector of the national economy had been important for warfare in the First and Second World Wars. The start of the cold war changed the context of French policy toward Germany. Further, the U.S. Marshall Plan (the European Recovery Plan) was aimed at reviving the economies of western Europe, including West Germany. To address French concerns, the International Authority for the Ruhr (IAR) was announced at the London Six-Power Conference in June 1948 as part of the plan to establish the Federal Republic of Germany. The IAR would supervise the production, organization, trade and ownership policies of the Ruhr's coal and steel industries, and distribute the industries' products so that Marshall Plan countries would have adequate access to them. The mechanism outlined in the Ruhr Agreement to allocate coal and steel supplies was a council composed of representatives France, the US and the UK (with three votes each), and Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (with one vote each). The Allied Occupation Zones in Germany would have three votes for its representatives, as soon as it formed a government recognized by the Allies. Following the Petersberg Agreement, that role came to be held by West Germany. The Statute for the IAR was signed and came into effect on April 28, 1949. In 1951, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany agreed to confer powers over their steel and coal production to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in the Treaty of Paris, which came into force on 23 July 1952.

In 1954 the Treaty of Brussels was transformed by the Paris Agreements into the Modified Brussels Treaty which created the Western European Union which would take on European defence and be merged into the EU in later decades. transformed the Western Union into the Western European Union (WEU).

By transferring national powers over the coal and steel production to a newly created ECSC Commission, the member states of the ECSC were able to provide for greater transparency and trust among themselves. This transfer of national powers to a "Community" to be exercised by its Commission was paralleled under the 1957 Treaty of Rome establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (or Euratom) and the European Economic Community (EEC) in Brussels.

In 1967, the Merger Treaty (or Brussels Treaty) combine the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC. They already shared a Parliamentary Assembly and Courts. Collectively they were known as the European Communities. In 1987, the Single European Act (SEA) was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome that formally established the single European market and the European Political Cooperation. The Communities originally had independent personalities although they were increasingly integrated, and over the years were transformed into what is now called the European Union.

The six states that founded the three Communities were known as the "inner six" (the "outer seven" were those countries who formed the European Free Trade Association). These were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The first enlargement was in 1973, with the accession of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Greece joined in 1981, and Portugal and Spain in 1986. On 3 October 1990 East Germany and West Germany were reunified, hence East Germany became part of the Community in the new reunified Germany (not increasing the number of states).

A key person in the Community creation process was Jean Monnet, regarded as the "founding father" of the European Union, which is seen as the dominant force in European integration.

The idea of a multi-speed Europe has been revived because of the following initiatives:

• the Euro with 19 EU member-states and one more in ERM II. All but two states (Denmark, United Kingdom) have agreed by treaty to join but at least one of those treaty signatories (Sweden) has made no further steps to do so.
• the Schengen area Treaty leading to a common border for many EU states (as of April 2020, it excludes five EU member states: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Ireland, and Romania, but includes four non-EU members - Norway, Switzerland, Iceland and Liechtenstein). Baroness Williams of Crosby, in a House of Lords debate, asserted that Ireland only reluctantly agreed to stay out of the treaty to avoid creating a physical border between the Republic and Northern Ireland because the UK had chosen not to participate in the scheme.
• other initiatives limited to some states, such as the European Defence initiative and Prüm Convention.

Furthermore, important events were

• the enlargement of the European Union to 28 member-states and in the forthcoming years other candidates (Turkey, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Iceland) where new members initially don't join the Schengen area and the Eurozone for some time.
• the European Convention that led to the European Constitution that was signed in 2004 by the 25 Heads of State, but was not ratified by all national parliaments or assemblies and so failed. Later most of its provisions were adopted through the Treaty of Lisbon that included additional opt-outs for some states.
• differences of view between EU members on some foreign diplomatic and military issues. In a 2004 article The Economist compared the variances of Europe to a lake that has many deep parts (areas in which countries are similar) and many shallow parts (areas in which countries have major differences).

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2022)

In March 2017, European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker released a five-point view of possible courses for the EC and its to-be-27 post-Brexit members, looking forward to the year 2025. The points, among which Juncker expressed no preference, "range from standing down from policing of government financing of companies, for example, to a broader pullback that would essentially strip the EU back to being merely a single market", per one report.

The updated possibilities would entail member countries or groups of countries adopting different levels of participation with the union. The EC was approaching a March meeting of the 27 members in Rome and Juncker's paper addressed the options that "once invited scorn from convinced Europhiles" and seemed maybe even to have some backing "of lifelong federalists" like the president.

Competences

Main article: Member State of the European Union

Whilst most responsibilities ('competences') are retained by the member states, some competences are conferred exclusively on the Union for collective decision, some are shared pending Union action and some receive Union support. These are shown on this table:

Competences of the European Union in relation to those of its member states

• view
• talk
• edit

Exclusive competence	Shared competence		Supporting competence
The Union has exclusive competence to make directives and conclude international agreements when provided for in a Union legislative act as to … the customs union the establishing of the competition rules necessary for the functioning of the internal market monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the euro the conservation of marine biological resources under the common fisheries policy Common Commercial Policy conclusion of certain international agreements	Member States cannot exercise competence in areas where the Union has done so, that is … the internal market social policy, for the aspects defined in this Treaty economic, social and territorial cohesion agriculture and fisheries, excluding the conservation of marine biological resources environment consumer protection transport trans-European networks energy the area of freedom, security and justice common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defined in this Treaty	Union exercise of competence shall not result in Member States being prevented from exercising theirs in … research, technological development and (outer) space development cooperation, humanitarian aid The Union coordinates Member States policies or implements supplemental to their common policies not covered elsewhere in … the coordination of economic, employment and social policies common foreign, security and defence policies	The Union can carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement Member States' actions in … the protection and improvement of human health industry culture tourism education, youth, sport and vocational training civil protection (disaster prevention) administrative cooperation

Economic integration

Further information: Economy of the European Union Further information: Third country economic relationships with the European Union

The European Union operates a single economic market across the territory of all its members, and uses a single currency between the Eurozone members. Further, the EU has a number of economic relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union through the European Economic Area and customs union agreements.

Customs union

The European Union Customs Union defines an area where no customs are levied on goods travelling within it. It includes all member states of the European Union. The abolition of internal tariff barriers between EEC member states was achieved in 1968.

Andorra and San Marino belong to the EU customs unions with third states. Turkey is linked by the European Union-Turkey Customs Union.

European Single Market

Main article: European Single Market

A prominent goal of the EU since its creation by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 is establishing and maintaining a single market. This seeks to guarantee the four basic freedoms, which are related to ensure the free movement of goods, services, capital and people around the EU's internal market.

Eurozone

The eurozone refers to the European Union member states that have adopted the euro currency union as the third stage of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Further, certain states outside the EU have adopted the euro as their currency, despite not belonging to the EMU. Thus, a total of 25 states, including 19 European Union states and six non-EU members, currently use the euro.

The Eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro on 1 January 1999. Physical coins and banknotes were introduced on 1 January 2002.

The original members were Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Greece adopted the euro on 1 January 2001. Slovenia joined on 1 January 2007, Cyprus and Malta were admitted on 1 January 2008, Slovakia joined on 1 January 2009, Estonia on 1 January 2011, Latvia on 1 January 2014 and Lithuania on 1 January 2015.

Outside the EU, agreements have been concluded with Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City for formal adoption, including the right to issue their own coins. Montenegro and Kosovo unilaterally adopted the euro when it launched.

Fiscal union

Main article: European Fiscal Compact

There has long been speculation about the possibility of the European Union eventually becoming a fiscal union. In the wake of the European debt crisis that began in 2009, calls for closer fiscal ties, possibly leading to some sort of fiscal union have increased; though it is generally regarded as implausible in the short term, some analysts regard fiscal union as a long-term necessity. While stressing the need for coordination, governments have rejected talk of fiscal union or harmonisation in this regard.

Area of freedom, security and justice

Main article: Area of freedom, security and justice

Charter of Fundamental Rights

Main article: Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

The Charter of Fundamental Rights is a document enshrining certain fundamental rights. The wording of the document has been agreed at ministerial level and has been incorporated into the Treaty of Lisbon. Poland has negotiated a partial opt-out from enforcement of this Charter.

Right to vote

The European integration process has extended the right of foreigners to vote. Thus, European Union citizens were given voting rights in local elections by the 1992 Maastricht Treaty. Several member states (Belgium, Luxembourg, Lithuania, and Slovenia) have extended since then the right to vote to all foreign residents. This was already the case in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden. Further, voting and eligibility rights are granted among citizens of the Nordic Passport Union, and between numerous countries through bilateral treaties (i.e. between Norway and Spain, or between Portugal and Brazil, Cape Verde, Iceland, Norway, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile and Argentina), or without them (i.e. Ireland and the United Kingdom). Finally, within the EEA, Iceland and Norway also grant the right to vote to all foreign residents.

Schengen zone

Main article: Schengen Area

The main purpose of the establishment of the Schengen Agreement is the abolition of physical borders among European countries. A total of 30 states, including 26 European Union states (all except Ireland, which is part of the Common travel area with the United Kingdom) and four non-EU members (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland), are subject to the Schengen rules. Its provisions have already been implemented by 26 states, leaving just Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, and Romania to do so among signatory states.

Further, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are de facto members.

Visa policy in EU

Main article: Visa policy of the Schengen Area

European Union has visa-free regime agreements with some European countries outside EU and discussing such agreements with others; Armenia, Russia, Ukraine, and Moldova. Matters concerning Turkey have also been debated. Ireland maintains an independent visa policy in the EU.

Specialised pan-European integration

Trade

European Economic Area

The European Economic Area (EEA) agreement allows Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein to participate in the European Single Market without joining the EU. The four basic freedoms apply. However, some restrictions on fisheries and agriculture take place. Switzerland is linked to the European Union by Swiss-EU bilateral agreements, with a different content from that of the EEA agreement.

European Free Trade Association

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a European trade bloc which was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states who did not join the EEC. EFTA currently has four member states: Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein; just Norway and Switzerland are founding members. The EFTA Convention was signed on 4 January 1960 in Stockholm by seven states: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Finland became an associate member in 1961 and a full member in 1986; Iceland joined in 1970 and Liechtenstein did the same in 1991. A revised Convention, the Vaduz Convention, was signed on 21 June 2001 and entered into force on 1 June 2002. The United Kingdom and Denmark left in 1973, when they joined the European Community (EC). Portugal left EFTA in 1986, when it also joined the EC. Austria, Finland and Sweden ceased to be EFTA members in 1995 by joining the European Union, which superseded the EC in 1993.

Central European Free Trade Agreement

The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is a trade agreement between countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, which works as a preparation for full European Union membership. As of 2013, it has 7 members: North Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and the UNMIK (as Kosovo). It was established in 1992 by Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, but came into force only in 1994. Czechoslovakia had in the meantime split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Slovenia joined in 1996, while Romania did the same in 1997, Bulgaria in 1999, and Croatia in 2003. In 2004, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia left the CEFTA to join the EU. Romania and Bulgaria left it in 2007 for the same reason. Subsequently, North Macedonia joined it in 2006, and Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and UNMIK (on behalf of Kosovo) in 2007. In 2013, Croatia left the CEFTA to join the EU.

European Patent Organisation

Main article: European Patent Organisation

The European Patent Convention (EPC), also known as the Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973, is a multilateral treaty instituting the European Patent Organisation and providing an autonomous legal system according to which European patents are granted. As of 2013, there are 38 parties to the European Patent Convention. The Convention on the Grant of European Patents was first signed on 5 October 1973.

OECD

Main article: OECD

Aviation

There are eight principal aviation-related bodies present in Europe:

• European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC)
• Eurocontrol
• European Common Aviation Area (ECAA)
• European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
• European Union Aviation Safety Agency
• SESAR Joint Undertaking
• Council of European Aerospace Societies
• AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe

Energy

The transnational energy-related structures present in Europe are:

• Energy Community
• European Atomic Energy Community
• European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
• Euratom Supply Agency
• Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking
• European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity
• European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas
• INOGATE
• Energy Charter Conference
• International Energy Agency
• Nuclear Energy Agency
• ITER
• International Atomic Energy Agency

Telecommunications

The transnational telecommunications organisations present in Europe are:

• European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
• EUTELSAT IGO & its French subsidiary Eutelsat S.A.
• European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
• European Broadcasting Union
• Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) is an alliance of public service media entities, established on 12 February 1950. As of 2015, the organisation comprises 73 active members in 56 countries, and 34 associate members from a further 20 countries. Most EU states are part of this organisation and therefore EBU has been subject to supranational legislation and regulation. It also hosted debates between candidates for the European Commission presidency for the 2014 parliamentary elections but is unrelated to the institution itself.

Standardisation

The transnational standardisation organisations present in Europe are:

• European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
• European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC)
• Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM)

Education

The ERASMUS programme (European Region Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students) seeks to encourage and support free movement of the academic community. It was established in 1987.

A total of 33 states (including all European Union states, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey) are involved.

The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) aims to integrate education systems in Europe. Thus, degrees and study periods are recognised mutually. This is done by following the Bologna process, and under the Lisbon Recognition Convention of the Council of Europe.

The Bologna declaration was signed in 1999 by 29 countries, all EU members or candidates at the moment (except Cyprus which joined later) and three out of four EFTA countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom. Croatia, Cyprus, Liechtenstein, and Turkey joined in 2001. In 2003, Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Holy See (a Council of Europe permanent observer), North Macedonia, Russia, and Serbia signed the convention. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine followed in 2005. Montenegro joined in 2007. Finally, Kazakhstan (not a member of the Council of Europe) joined in 2010. This makes a total of 47 member states. Monaco and San Marino are the only members of the Council of Europe which have not adopted the convention. The other European nation that is eligible to join, but has not, is Belarus.

Research

There are a number of multinational research institutions based in Europe. Of these, eight are engaged in the EIROforum collaboration.

European Space Agency European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Fusion Development Agreement European Southern Observatory European Forest Institute European University Institute

Particle physics: CERN European Synchrotron Radiation Facility Institut Laue–Langevin European XFEL

Meteorology: EUMETSAT European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts EUMETNET

Health

EHIC participating nations (EU members in blue, non-members in green)epSOS participating nations

The European Health Insurance Card (or EHIC) is issued free of charge and allows anyone who is insured by or covered by a statutory social security scheme of the EEA countries and Switzerland to receive medical treatment in another member state for free or at a reduced cost, if that treatment becomes necessary during their visit (for example, due to illness or an accident), or if they have a chronic pre-existing condition which requires care such as kidney dialysis.

The epSOS project, also known as Smart Open Services for European Patients, aims to promote free movement of patients. It will allow health professionals to electronically access the data from patients from another country, to electronically process prescriptions in all involved countries, or to provide treatment in another EU state to a patient on a waiting list.

The project has been launched by the EU and 47 member institutions from 23 EU member states and 3 non-EU members. They include national health ministries, national competence centres, social insurance institutions and scientific institutions as well as technical and administrative management entities.

Other European bodies related to health include:

• European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
• European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
• European Medicines Agency
• European Food Safety Authority
• European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction

Defence

Main articles: Common Security and Defence Policy, NATO, and European Union–NATO relations

There are a number of multi-national military and peacekeeping forces which are ultimately under the command of the EU, and therefore can be seen as the core for a future European Union army. These corps include forces from 26 EU states – all except Denmark, which had an opt-out clause in its accession treaty and was not obliged to participate in the common defence policy, but in 2022 decided to abandon its stance; and Malta, which currently does not participate in any battlegroup –, Norway and Turkey. Further, the Western European Union (WEU) capabilities, functions and agencies have been transferred to the European Union, under its developing Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP).

The EU also has close ties with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), according to the Berlin Plus agreement. This is a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the EU on 16 December 2002. With this agreement the EU is given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO does not want to act itself – the so-called "right of first refusal".

In fact, many EU member states are among the 28 NATO members. The Treaty of Brussels is considered the precursor to NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington, D.C. in 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states, as well as the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Greece and Turkey joined the alliance in 1952, and West Germany did the same in 1955. Spain entered in 1982. In 1999, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland became NATO members. Finally, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia joined in 2004. In 2009, Croatia and Albania joined. In 2008, Ukraine and Georgia were told that they will also eventually become members. Thus, 21 out of 28 NATO states are among the 27 EU members, another two are members of the EEA, and one more is an EU candidate and also a member of the European Union Customs Union.

Space

Further information: European Space Agency, European Space Agency Science Programme, Enlargement of the European Space Agency, European Union Agency for the Space Programme, European Union Space Programme, European Union Satellite Centre, European Cooperation for Space Standardization, Copernicus Programme, and Ariane (rocket family)   ESA member countries  ECS states  signed Cooperation Agreement (CA)  ESA and EU member countries  ESA-only members  EU-only members

On 22 May 2007, the member states of the European Union have agreed to create a common political framework for space activities in Europe by unifying the approach of the European Space Agency (ESA) with those of the individual European Union member states.

However, ESA is an intergovernmental organisation with no formal organic link to the EU; indeed the two institutions have different member states and are governed by different rules and procedures. ESA was created in 1975 by the merger of the two pre-existing European organisations engaged in space activities, ELDO and ESRO. The 10 founding members were Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Ireland joined on 31 December 1975. In 1987, Austria and Norway became member states. Finland joined in 1995, Portugal in 2000, Greece and Luxembourg in 2005, the Czech Republic in 2008, and Romania in 2011. Currently, it has 20 member states: all the EU member states before 2004, plus Czech Republic, Norway, Poland, Romania, and Switzerland. In addition, Canada has had the special status of a Cooperating State under a series of cooperation agreements dating since 1979.

In 2007 the political perspective of the European Union was to make ESA an agency of the EU by 2014. ESA is likely to expand in the coming years with the countries which joined the EU in both 2004 and 2007. Currently, almost all EU member states are in different stages of affiliation with ESA. Poland has joined on 19 November 2012. Hungary and Estonia have signed ESA Convention. Latvia and Slovenia have started to implement a Plan for European Cooperating State (PECS) Charter. Slovakia, Lithuania and Bulgaria have signed a European Cooperating State (ECS) Agreement. Cyprus, Malta and Croatia have signed Cooperation Agreements with ESA.

The EU ultimately established its own European Union Agency for the Space Programme.

Regional European integration

Several regional integration efforts have effectively promoted intergovernmental cooperation and reduced the possibility of regional armed conflict. Other initiatives have removed barriers to free trade in European regions, and increased the free movement of people, labour, goods, and capital across national borders.

Low Countries region (Benelux)

Since the end of the First World War the following unions have been set in the Low Countries region:

The Benelux is an economic and political union between Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. On 5 September 1944, a treaty establishing the Benelux Customs Union was signed. It entered into force in 1948, and ceased to exist on 1 November 1960, when it was replaced by the Benelux Economic Union after a treaty signed in The Hague on 3 February 1958. A Benelux Parliament was created in 1955.

The Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) can be seen as a forerunner of the Benelux. BLEU was created by the treaty signed on 25 July 1921. It established a single market between both countries, while setting the Belgian franc and Luxembourgian franc at a fixed parity.

British Isles

Since the end of the First World War, the following agreements have been signed in the British Isles region:

The British–Irish Council was created by the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 to "promote the harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands". It was formally established on 2 December 1999. Its membership comprises Ireland, the United Kingdom, three of the countries of the UK (Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales), and three British Crown dependencies (Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey). Because England does not have a devolved parliament, it is not represented on the Council as a separate entity.

The Common Travel Area is a passport-free zone established in 1922 that comprises Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey. Under Irish law, all British citizens are exempt from immigration control and immune from deportation. They are entitled to live in Ireland without any restrictions or conditions. Under British law, Irish citizens are entitled to enter and live in the United Kingdom without any restrictions or conditions. They also have the right to vote, work, study and access welfare and healthcare services. Following Brexit, the Common Travel Area continues to operate.

Nordic countries

Since the end of the Second World War, the following organisations have been established in the Nordic region:

The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers is a co-operation forum for the parliaments and governments of the Nordic countries created in February 1953. It includes the states of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and their autonomous territories (Greenland, Faroe Islands and Åland).

The Nordic Passport Union, created in 1954 but implemented on 1 May 1958, establishes free movement across borders without passports for the countries' citizens. It comprises Denmark, Sweden and Norway as foundational states; further, it includes Finland and Iceland since 24 September 1965, and the Danish autonomous territories of Faroe Islands since 1 January 1966.

Central and Eastern Europe

The following cooperation agreements have been signed in Central and Eastern Europe: Switzerland and Liechtenstein participate in a customs union since 1924, and both employ the Swiss franc as national currency.

Further, many Balkan states have signed a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the EU, including FTA provisions, such as Albania (signed 2006), Montenegro (2007), North Macedonia (2004), Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia (both 2008, entry-into-force pending).

In 2008, Poland and Sweden proposed the Eastern Partnership which would include setting a FTA between the EU and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine.

The Visegrád Group is a Central-European alliance for cooperation and European integration, based on an ancient strategic alliance of core Central European countries. The Group originated in a summit meeting of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland held in the Hungarian castle town of Visegrád on 15 February 1991. The Czech Republic and Slovakia became members after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993.

In 1989, the Central European Initiative, a forum of regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe with 18 member states, was formed in Budapest. The CEI headquarters have been in Trieste, Italy, since 1996.

The EU Strategy for the Danube Region was endorsed by the European Council in 2011 and is the second macro-regional strategy in Europe. The Strategy provides a basis for improved cooperation among 14 countries along the Danube River. It aims to improve the effectiveness of regional integration efforts and leverage the impact of policies at the EU, national and local levels.

The Craiova Group, Craiova Four, or C4 is a cooperation project of four European states – Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia – for the purposes of furthering their European integration as well as economic, transport and energy cooperation with one another.

The effects of the EU integration process of the countries from the former Eastern bloc are still debated. As a result, the relationship between immigration levels and EU public support remains uncertain. Through the integration, the countries in Eastern Europe have experienced growth of the economy, benefits of the free market agreements and freedom of the labor movement within the EU. However, the results of the empirical socioeconomic analyses suggest that in Spain, France, Ireland and the Netherlands, the immigration from CEE had negative effects on support for European integration in the host societies. The research also implies that the immigration from the CEE seems to undermine the long-term effects of the integration. There are theories for the programs of social development that range in views from: an extended contact with the immigrants from Eastern Europe might help forge a common European identity and it could also lead to a potential national isolation, caused by tightening support mechanisms for the labor immigration. Equal amount of research also implies that the internal migration of the countries within the EU is necessary for the successful development of its economic union.

The post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia, Artsakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria are all members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations which aims to forge closer integration.

The GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development is a regional organisation of four post-Soviet states, which aims to promote cooperation and democratic values, ensure stable development, enhance international and regional security, and stepping up European integration. Current members include the four founding ones, namely, Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova. Uzbekistan joined in 1999, and left in 2005.

Black Sea region

Several regional organisations have been founded in the Black Sea region since the fall of the Soviet Union, such as:

The Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) aims to ensure peace, stability and prosperity by encouraging friendly and good-neighbourly relations among the 12 state members, located mainly in the Black Sea region. It was created on 25 June 1992 in Istanbul, and entered into force on 1 May 1999. The 11 founding members were Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Serbia (then Serbia and Montenegro) joined in April 2004.

Baltic Sea region

The following political and/or economic organisations have been in the Baltic region in the post-modern era:

The Baltic Assembly aims to promote co-operation between the parliaments of the Baltic states, namely the Republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The organisation was planned in Vilnius on 1 December 1990, and the three nations agreed to its structure and rules on 13 June 1994.

The Baltic Free Trade Area (BAFTA) was a trade agreement between Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. It was signed on 13 September 1993 and came into force on 1 April 1994. The agreement was later extended to apply also to agricultural products, effective from 1 January 1997. BAFTA ceased to exist when its members joined the EU on 1 May 2004.

The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) was founded in 1992 to promote intergovernmental cooperation among Baltic Sea countries in questions concerning economy, civil society development, human rights issues, and nuclear and radiation safety. It has 12 members including Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland (since 1995), Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the European Commission.

In 2009 the European Council approved the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR) following a communication from the European Commission. The EUSBSR was the first macro-regional strategy in Europe. The Strategy aims to reinforce cooperation within the Baltic Sea Region, to address challenges together, and to promote balanced development in the Region. The Strategy contributes to major EU policies, including Europe 2020, and reinforces integration within the Region.

Multi-speed Europe

Multi-speed Europe is the idea that different parts of Europe should integrate at different levels and pace depending on the political situation in each individual country. Indeed, multi-speed Europe is currently a reality, with only a subset of EU countries being members of such policies as the eurozone or the Schengen area. In resemblance to the earlier concepts of differentiated integration such as à la carte and variable geometry, "multi-speed Europe" arguably aims to salvage the "widening and deepening of the European Union" in the face of political opposition.

Concept

The concept was initially known as variable-geometry Europe, core Europe or two-speed Europe, depending on the form it would take in practice. The current term entered political discourse when, after the end of the Cold War, an eastward enlargement of the European Union began to materialise and the question arose how "widening" could be made compatible with "deepening", i.e., how the imminent enlargement process could be prevented from diluting the idea of an "ever closer union among the peoples of Europe", as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community of 1957 had put it. In 1994 – still at a time of the EU12 – the German Christian Democrats Wolfgang Schäuble and Karl Lamers published a document in which they called for a Kerneuropa (= core Europe). This idea envisaged that "core Europe" would have a "centripetal effect", a magnetic attraction for the rest of Europe. A precursor to that concept had been a proposal by two advisors to German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Michael Mertes and Norbert J. Prill, published as early as July 1989. Mertes and Prill called for a concentric circles Europe, built around a federal core consisting of the Inner Six (EU6) and like-minded EU member states. In 1994 they partly revoked their original idea, arguing that the post-Cold War EU would rather look like a "Europe of Olympic rings" than a "Europe of concentric circles".

EU inner framework

The multi-speed Europe concept has been debated for years in European political circles, as a way to solve some institutional issues. The concept is that the more members there are in the Union, the more difficult it becomes to reach consensus on various topics, and the less likely it is that all would advance at the same pace in various fields. Thus, supranational institutions are created that govern more areas in "Inner Europe" than basic level of European integration provides for. For member states that do not have special-status territories the EU law applies fully with the exception of the opt-outs in the European Union and states under a safeguard clause. It is also possible now for a minimum of nine EU member states to use enhanced co-operation. The existing modes of non-uniform application of the European Union law are as follows:

permanent deviations	request by states to cooperate more than EU (post-accession: request to participate at EU level instead of less)	request by states to cooperate less than general EU level
allowed by the EU	Enhanced co-operation	Opt-outs in the European Union Minor EU law derogations or exemptions special territories status
not allowed by the EU	Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification Eurozone/Schengen suspensions (post accession: benchmarks for adoption of EU level)

Among the 27 EU members, 19 have joined the eurozone, 22 have joined the Schengen Area, 25 participate fully in the AFSJ, and also 25 participate fully in the military PESCO. Among the 27 EU member states, fifteen have joined the majority of European treaties, without opting out on some, and are covered by all key EU integration initiatives, including the fifth stage of economic integration named the eurozone, the Schengen Area implementing the Schengen agreement, the area of freedom, security and justice, the Unified Patent Court, and the Permanent Structured Cooperation; these are: Austria, Belgium, Finland, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, and Slovenia, though 2 of them (Austria, Finland) are outside of NATO. It is worth noticing that as many as seven of them joined the EU only after 1991, with five of them being former communist countries.

Outer European environment of the EU

Further information: Greater Europe

Some dependent territories of the EU member states are outside of the EU and have a special status in regard to EU laws applied. Twenty-two sovereign countries in Europe also have special relations to the European Union and implement to a variable degree EU initiatives and laws; these include the seven candidate states to the EU (including four Stabilisation and Association Process countries, two Eastern Partnership participants and Turkey), four members of the EFTA, the remaining one country of the Stabilisation and Association Process as well as four countries of the Eastern Partnership, the four European microstates belonging to none of the abovelisted categories, and the United Kingdom with the three Crown Dependencies and the two British Overseas Territories bordering the European Union.

The countries most closely aligned to the EU are the only four extant EFTA members (while all other former EFTA members have converted into EU members), namely Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. Through agreements Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein (not including Switzerland) are members of the European Economic Area since 1994. As a consequence of taking part in the EU single market they need to adopt part of the Law of the European Union. Formally they would not need to fund the EU government but in practice they have opted to take on their part of financing EU institutions as required by EU law (see EEA and Norway Grants) with the financial footprint of Norway being equal to that of an EU member since 2009. Especially Norway and Iceland are known to forfeit EU membership on the basis of EU fishery regulations that they want to opt out on. Following Norway's decision not to join the EU, it remained one of the members of the European Economic Area (EEA) via the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which also includes Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland. Switzerland rejected membership of the EEA. The EEA links these countries into the EU's market, extending the four freedoms to these states. In return, they pay a membership fee and have to adopt most areas of EU law (which they do not have direct impact in shaping). The democratic repercussions of this have been described by commentators as "fax democracy" (waiting for new laws to be faxed in from Brussels rather than being involved in drafting them).

A different example is Bosnia and Herzegovina, which has been under international supervision. The High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina is an international administrator who has wide-ranging powers over Bosnia and Herzegovina to ensure the peace agreement is respected. The High Representative is also the EU's representative, and is in practice appointed by the EU. In this role, and since a major ambition of Bosnia and Herzegovina is to join the EU, the country has become a de facto protectorate of the EU. The EU appointed representative has the power to impose legislation and dismiss elected officials and civil servants, meaning the EU has greater direct control over Bosnia and Herzegovina than its own states. Indeed, the state's flag resembles the EU's flag according to some observers.

In the same manner as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo is under heavy EU influence, particularly after the de facto transfer from UN to EU authority. In theory Kosovo is supervised by EU missions, with justice and policing personal training and helping to build up the state institutions. However the EU mission does enjoy certain executive powers over the state and has a responsibility to maintain stability and order. Like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo has been termed an "EU protectorate".

Summary of European integration uniformity and progress

For special territories, see Special territories of members of the European Economic Area § Summary.

The following table presents the status of 49 European states in respect to their membership to the Council of Europe, the European Union along with its various integration initiatives, the European Patent Organisation, the European Space Agency, and the NATO. The list includes the 27 EU member states, 7 candidate states to the EU (including 2 Eastern Partnership participants), 4 members of the EFTA, the remaining 4 countries of the Eastern Partnership, the 4 European microstates belonging to none of the abovelisted categories, and, as a special case, the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the two British Overseas Territories bordering the European Union. The remaining two states located partially in Europe but belonging to none of these categories, namely Kazakhstan and Russia, are not included. Hence, this table summarises the principal components of the contemporary European integration.

Multi-speed Europe

State	Map	Council of Europe	Council of Europe Development Bank	EU	Declaration no. 52 on the symbols of the EU	Single market, including EEA, EC and ECAA	Customs Union	Euratom	EUI	EIB Group	AFSJ other than CFR, Schengen, Prüm, Divorce Pact, and EPPO	CFR	Schengen Area	Prüm Convention	Divorce Pact	€	Banking union	ESM	Euro+	UPC, unitary patent & EPOrg	CSDP other than PESCO	PESCO	EU agencies	ESA	NATO
Austria		Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Partnership for Peace
Belgium		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	Eurocorps, EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Yes
Estonia		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Yes
Finland		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Candidate
France		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	Eurocorps, EU BGs, EGF, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Yes
Germany		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unitary patent & EPOrg only	Eurocorps, EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Yes
Greece		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Prüm Decision only	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unitary patent & EPOrg only	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Yes
Italy		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Prüm Decision only	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	EU BGs, EGF, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Yes
Latvia		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Prüm Decision only	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Associate	Yes
Lithuania		Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Prüm Decision only	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	EU BGs, EGF (partner), Club de Berne	Yes	All	Associate	Yes
Luxembourg		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	Eurocorps, EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Yes
Malta		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Prüm Decision only	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	Club de Berne	No	All	Cooperation agreement	Partnership for Peace
Netherlands		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	EU BGs, EGF, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Yes
Portugal		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Prüm Decision only	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	EU BGs, EGF, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Yes
Slovakia		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unitary patent & EPOrg only	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Associate	Yes
Slovenia		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Associate	Yes
Spain		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	EPOrg only	Eurocorps, EU BGs, EGF, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Yes	Yes
Hungary		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Obliged to join eurozone	Yes	Yes	No	Unitary patent & EPOrg only	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All except EPPO and SRB	Yes	Yes
Czech Republic		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Prüm Decision only	No	Obliged to join eurozone	Yes	No	No	Unitary patent & EPOrg only	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All except SRB	Yes	Yes
Poland		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Partial opt-out from CFR enforcement	Yes	Prüm Decision only	No	Obliged to join eurozone	Candidate	No	Yes;	Unitary patent & EPOrg only	Eurocorps, EU BGs, EGF, Club de Berne	Yes	All except EPPO and SRB	Yes	Yes
Denmark		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No (opt-out); some opt-in agreements (e.g. Europol)	Yes	Yes (intergovernmental agreement)	Prüm Decision only	No	opt-out, ERM II	Candidate	No	Yes	UPC	Club de Berne	No; considers accession	All except CEPOL, EDA, EPPO and SRB	Yes	Yes
Sweden		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Prüm Decision only	No	Obliged to join eurozone	No	No	No	UPC	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All except EPPO and SRB	Yes	Candidate
Cyprus		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Obliged to join Schengen	Prüm Decision only	No	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	UPC	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	European Cooperating State	No
Ireland		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No (Opt-out on case-by-case basis)	Yes	No (opt-out); freedom of movement	Prüm Decision only	No	Eurozone	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unitary patent & EPOrg only	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All except EPPO and Frontex	Yes	Partnership for Peace
Bulgaria		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Obliged to join Schengen	Yes	Yes	Obliged to join eurozone; ERM II	Yes	No	Yes	UPC	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	European Cooperating State	Yes
Romania		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Obliged to join Schengen	Yes	Yes	Obliged to join eurozone	Yes	No	Yes	Unitary patent & EPOrg only	EU BGs, EGF, Club de Berne	Yes	All except SRB	Yes	Yes
Croatia		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes EEA accession agreement pending ratification, but applies provisionally	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Obliged to join Schengen	Prüm Decision only	No	Obliged to join eurozone; ERM II	Yes	No	No	EPOrg only	EU BGs, Club de Berne	Yes	All	Cooperation agreement	Yes
Norway		Yes	Yes	Applications withdrawn	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes Participation agreement in force	No	No	No	No	No	EPOrg only	No; EU BGs, Club de Berne	No	EASA, EEAg, EMSA, EMCDDA, ERA and Frontex member; CEPOL EIT and executive agencies associate; EDA participant; Cefedop, ECDC, EFSA, EUROFOUND, EUSPA and EMA observer	Yes	Yes
Liechtenstein		Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No (Swiss-Liecht CU)	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Participation agreement signed but unratified	No	No	No	No	No	CHE-LIE unitary patent & EPOrg only	No	No	EASA, EEAg, EMCDDA and Frontex member; CEPOL associate; ECDC, EUROFOUND and EMA observer	No	No
Iceland		Yes	Yes	Applications withdrawn	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Participation agreement signed but unratified	No	No	No	No	No	EPOrg only	No	No	EASA, EEAg, EMSA, EMCDDA, and Frontex member; CEPOL, EIT and executive agencies associate; Cefedop, ECDC, EFSA, EUROFOUND and EMA observer	No	Yes
Switzerland		Yes	Yes	Application withdrawn	No	Yes (Bilateral treaties)	No (CHE-LIE CU)	Participating third country	No	No	No	No	Yes	Participation agreement signed but unratified	No	No	No	No	No	CHE-LIE unitary patent & EPOrg only	No; Club de Berne	No	EASA, EEAg, and Frontex member; CEPOL associate; EFSA and EUROFOUND observer; EuratomSA, F4E, JET, EIT and executive agencies non-associate third country	Yes	Partnership for Peace
Albania		Yes	Yes	Candidate, Stabilisation and Association Process	No	No, EC, ECAA	No	Associate	No	No	No	No	No, visa-free	No	No	No	No	No	No	EPOrg only	No	No	EIT and executive agencies associate; EASA observer; EEAg cooperating country	No	Yes
Moldova		Yes	Yes	Candidate, Eastern Partnership	No	No, EC, ECAA	No	Associate	No	No	No	No	No, visa-free	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	EIT and executive agencies associate	No	Individual Partnership Action Plan
Montenegro		Yes	Yes	Candidate, Stabilisation and Association Process	No	No; EC, ECAA	No	Associate	No	No	No	No	No, visa-free	No	No	Unilaterally adopted	No	No	No	EPOrg only	No	No	EIT and executive agencies associate; EASA observer; EEAg cooperating country	No	Yes
North Macedonia		Yes	Yes	Candidate, Stabilisation and Association Process	No	No; EC, ECAA	No	Associate	No	No	No	No	No; visa-free	No	No	No	No	No	No	EPOrg only	No; EU BGs	No	EIT and executive agencies associate; EASA observer; EEAg cooperating Country	No	Yes
Serbia		Yes	Yes	Candidate, Stabilisation and Association Process	No	No; EC, ECAA	No	Associate	No	No	No	No	No; visa-free	No	No	No	No	No	No	EPOrg only	No; EU BGs	No	EIT and executive agencies associate; EASA observer; EEAg cooperating country	No	Individual Partnership Action Plan
Turkey		Yes	Yes	Candidate	No	No	Turkey-EU Customs Union	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	EPOrg only	No; EU BGs	No	EEAg member; EIT and executive agencies associate; EMCDDA observer	Cooperation agreement	Yes
Ukraine		Yes	Yes	Candidate, Eastern Partnership	No	No; EC, ECAA	No	Associate	No	No	No	No	No, visa-free	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No; EU BGs	No	EIT and executive agencies associate	Cooperation agreement	Enhanced Opportunities Partnership
Andorra		Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Andorra-EU Customs Union	No	No	No	No	No	No, visa-free	No	No	Monetary agreement with minting rights	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Monaco		Yes	No	No	No	No	de facto, with France	No	No	No	de facto, with France	No	de facto, with France	de facto, with France	No	Monetary agreement with minting rights	No	No	No	EPOrg only	No	No	No	No	No
San Marino		Yes	Yes	No	No	No	San Marino-EU Customs Union	No	No	No	No	No	Open border	No	No	Monetary agreement with minting rights	No	No	No	EPOrg only	No	No	No	No	No
Vatican City		Observer	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Open border	No	No	Monetary agreement with minting rights	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Bosnia and Herzegovina		Yes	Yes	Stabilisation and Association Process, SAA signed (Application submitted 15 February 2016)	No	No, EC, ECAA	No	No	No	No	No	No	No, visa-free	No	No	No	No	No	No	EPOrg extension country	No	No	EIT and executive agencies associate; EASA observer; EEAg cooperating country	No	Membership Action Plan
Republic of Kosovo		Applicant	Yes	Stabilisation and Association Process, SAA signed	No	No, EC, ECAA	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Unilaterally adopted	No	No	No	No	No	No	EIT and executive agencies associate; EASA observer	No	No
Georgia		Yes	Yes	Eastern Partnership. AA signed (Application submitted 3 march 2022)	No	No, EC, ECAA	No	No	No	No	No	No	No, visa-free	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	EIT and executive agencies associate	No	Enhanced Opportunities Partnership
Armenia		Yes	Yes	Eastern Partnership, Status: CEPA signed	No	No, EC, ECAA	No	Cooperation agreement	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	EIT and executive agencies associate	No	Partnership for Peace
Azerbaijan		Yes	Yes	Eastern Partnership, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) in force	No	No, negotiating ECAA accession	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Partnership for Peace
Belarus		Applicant (accession suspended)	No	Eastern Partnership (PCA signed 1995 but unratified, relations currently suspended)	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Partnership for Peace (all practical cooperation suspended by NATO)
United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies		Yes	No	No (decided to withdraw)	No	No (withdrew); Akrotiri and Dhekelia: partially in and Northern Ireland de facto partially in the Single Market	No; Akrotiri and Dhekelia partially in and Northern Ireland de facto partially in the Customs Union	Participating third country	No	No	No	No	No, visa-free, Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia negotiating membership	No	No	No; Akrotiri and Dhekelia: monetary agreement without minting rights	No	No	No	EPOrg only	No; EU BGs	No	EuratomSA, F4E, JET, EIT and executive agencies participating non-associate third country	Yes	Yes

Notes:

1. ^ In a customs union with the EU.

Common membership of all EU member states

All member states of the European Union (EU) are members of the:

• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Secretariat: Vienna, Austria
• Council of Europe (CoE) & the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) HQ: Strasbourg, France
• Energy Community (EC), HQ: Vienna, Austria
• European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) HQ: Paris, France
• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) HQ: London, United Kingdom
• European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC), HQ: Neuilly-sur-Seine/Paris, France
• European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol), HQ: Brussels, Belgium
• European Committee for Standardization (CEN), HQ: Brussels, Belgium
• European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) HQ: Montreaux, Switzerland
• European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM}
• European Economic Area (EEA)
• European Forest Institute (EFI) HQ: Joensuu, Finland
• European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), HQ: Sophia Antipolis, France
• European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (EUTELSAT IGO), HQ: Paris, France
• European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) HQ: Darmstadt, Germany
• European Union Customs Union (EUCU)
• European Olympic Committees (EOC), HQ: Rome, Italy
• European Patent Organisation (EPOrg) & the European Patent Office (EPO) HQ; Munich, Germany
• European Central Bank (ECB) and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) HQ; Frankfurt am Main, Germany
• European System of Financial Supervision
• European University Institute (EUI) HQ: Florence, Italy
• European Investment Bank (EBI) and EBI Group entities, HQ: Kirchberg, Luxembourg
• European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC, Euratom)
• Fisheries Convention
• Green card system
• TIR Convention
• Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA)
• European Common Aviation Area (ECAA)
• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
• World Trade Organization (WTO)
• European Higher Education Area (EHEA) – Belgium as Flemish Community and French Community, i.e. the German-speaking Community of Belgium is not included.
• European Political Community

take part in:

• the Visa Waiver Program

have organizations that are members of the:

• European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), HQ: Brussels, Belgium
• European Broadcasting Union (EBU), HQ: Geneva, Switzerland
• Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), HQ: Nyon, Switzerland
• European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), HQ: Brussels, Belgium

have organisations that are members, associated partners or observers of the

• European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSO-G), HQ: Brussels, Belgium

are located in the European Broadcasting Area (EBA)

Overlap of membership in various agreements

An Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements

• v
• t
• e

There are various agreements with overlapping membership. Several countries take part in a larger number of agreements than others.

EU exclusive mandate

The EU represents its member states (but not their special territories outside of EU) under an exclusive mandate in the following international organisations:

• ITER
• regional fisheries management organisations, except for the International Whaling Commission
  • the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission
  • the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
  • the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization
  • the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources,
  • the South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation
  • the Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement
  • the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
  • the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
  • the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
  • the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
  • the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
  • the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
  • the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization

In addition, the EU represents its member states under a near-exclusive mandate at almost all meetings in:

• the World Trade Organization (WTO)

Beyond Europe

Main article: Eurosphere

Europe-centered organisations extending outside

See also: Eurocentrism

Not listed below are agreements if their scope is beyond geographic Europe only because the agreement includes:

• Territories of transcontinental countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia contain some territory in Europe and some in Asia
• The EU uses bilateral Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreements as an integration tool.
• Special territories of European countries, e.g. Special territories of member states of the European Union
• Cyprus, which is a member of the Council of Europe and several other agreements

Some agreements that are mostly related to countries of the European continent, are also valid in territories outside the continent.

• NATO contains USA and Canada, but has a European focus, Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty describes how non-member states may join: "The Parties may invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty"
• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) contains the United States, Canada, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Mongolia
• OECD contains Australia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, South Korea and the United States; it was originally founded under the name Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)
• the International Energy Agency (IEA) contains Australia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, South Korea and the United States
• the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) contains Argentina, Australia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, South Korea and the United States; it was originally founded under the name European Nuclear Energy Agency
• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) contains Algeria, Australia, Canada, China, Egypt, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, New Zealand, South Korea, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, United States and Uzbekistan
• European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) contains Algeria, Israel, Morocco, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Tunisia, Uzbekistan
• European Broadcasting Union (EBU) contains North African and Middle East countries
• European Olympic Committees (EOC) contains Israel
• European Space Agency (ESA) contains Canada as an associate member
• Lisbon Recognition Convention has been ratified by Australia, Canada, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, New Zealand, and Tajikistan.

EU and other regions and countries in the world

ASEMACP countriesEuroLatProposed TAFTA

Numerous countries have signed a European Union Association Agreement (AA) with FTA provisions. These mainly include Mediterranean countries (Algeria in 2005, Egypt in 2004, Israel in 2000, Jordan in 2002, Lebanon in 2006, Morocco in 2000, Palestinian National Authority in 1997, and Tunisia in 1998), albeit some countries from other trade blocs have also signed one (such as Chile in 2003, Mexico in 2000, and South Africa in 2000).

Euro-Mediterranean Partnership

The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership or Barcelona Process was organised by the European Union to strengthen its relations with the countries in the Mashriq and Maghreb regions. It started in 1995 with the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference, and it has been developed in successive annual meetings.

The European Union enlargement of 2004 brought two more Mediterranean countries (Cyprus and Malta) into the Union, while adding a total of 10 to the number of Member States. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership today comprises 43 members: 27 European Union member states, and 15 partner countries (Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Syria and Tunisia, as well as the Palestinian Territories). Libya has had observer status since 1999.

The Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area (EU-MEFTA) is based on the Barcelona Process and European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). It will cover the EU, the EFTA, the EU customs unions with third states (Andorra, San Marino, and Turkey), the EU candidate states, and the partners of the Barcelona Process.

The Union for the Mediterranean is a community of countries, mostly bordering the Mediterranean Sea, established in July 2008.

Morocco already has a number of close ties with the EU, including an Association Agreement with FTA provisions, air transport integration, or the participation in military operations such as ALTHEA in Bosnia.

Further, it will be the first partner to go beyond association by enhancing political and economic ties, entering the Single Market, and participating in some EU agencies.

EU cooperation with other regions of the world

The European Union cooperates with some other countries and regions via loose organisations and regular meetings. The ASEM forum, consisting of the EU and some Asian countries, has been held every two years since 1996. The EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States form the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, promoting ACP–EU development cooperation, democracy and human rights. The EU and Latin American countries form the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly. TAFTA is a proposed free-trade area between EU and United States.

• ASEM – Asia–Europe Meeting
• ACP – African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (Economic Partnership Agreements)
• EuroLat – Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly
• TAFTA – Transatlantic Free Trade Area

Commonwealth of Independent States and the Eurasian Union

See also: Post-Soviet states § Regional organizations, Eurasian Economic Union, Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union, and Russia–European Union relations

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a loose organisation in which most former Soviet republics participate. A visa-free regime operates among members and a free-trade area is planned. Ukraine and Georgia are not members, but historically have participated in the organisation. Some members are more integrated than others, for example Russia and Belarus form a Union State. In 2010, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan formed a customs union and a single market (Common Economic Space) commenced on 1 January 2012. The Presidents of Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan established the Eurasian Union with a Eurasian Commission in 2015, subsequently joined by Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. A common currency is also planned, potentially to be named "evraz". Some other countries in the region, such as Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are potential members of these organisations.

Despite the fact that relations between the EU and the CIS stalled after the Ukrainian Orange Revolution, then-Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin called in a German newspaper in 2010 for common economic space, free-trade area or more advanced economic integration, stretching from Lisbon to Vladivostok. He also said it is quite possible Russia could join the eurozone one day. French president Nicolas Sarkozy in 2010 said he believes in 10 or 15 years there will be common economic space between EU and Russia with visa-free regime and general concept of security. Any proposed initiatives of EU-Eurasian Union integration have become obsolete since 2014, due to the Russian invasions of Ukraine.

Collective Security Treaty Organisation

Main article: Collective Security Treaty Organization

Relations between the NATO and the CSTO stalled after the Ukrainian Orange Revolution, and subsequently started to deteriorate, following the outbreak of Russo-Georgian War. Nevertheless, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced in 2008 a new concept for Russian foreign politics and called for the creation of a common space in Euro-Atlantic and Eurasia area "from Vancouver to Vladivostok". On 5 June 2009 in Berlin he proposed a new all-European pact for security that would include all European, CIS countries and the United States. On 29 November 2009 a draft version of the European Security Treaty appeared. French president Sarkozy spoke positively about Medvedev's ideas and called for closer security and economic relation between Europe and Russia. Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych also called for stronger integration of Europe, Ukraine and Russia. On the other hand, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and NATO chief Anders Fogh Rasmussen said such new agreement is unnecessary.

Any proposed initiatives of NATO-CSTO alliance ultimately became obsolete, following the outbreak of Russo-Ukrainian War.

Organisations related to European languages in the world

European countries like the United Kingdom, France with Belgium, Quebec and Switzerland, as well as Spain and Portugal have made organisations with other countries in the world with which they have strong cultural and historical links.

Commonwealth of NationsFrancophonieIbero-American States

English is considered to be the global lingua franca. European languages like English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Russian and German are official, co-official or widely in use in many countries with a colonial past or with a European diaspora.

AnglophoneFrancophoneHispanophone and LusophoneItalophoneGermanosphere

World integration

Main article: Globalisation WTO membersEconomic integrationICC membersDeath penaltyConscriptionParis AgreementSame sex marriageIstanbul Convention

Future of European integration

There are no officially defined endpoints of the process of European integration in terms of territorial extent or depth. The discussion on the possible final political shape or configuration of the European Union is sometimes referred to as the debate on the finalité politique (French for "political purpose"). Integration and enlargement of the European Union are major issues in the politics of Europe, each at European, national and local level.

Extent

Main articles: Enlargement of the European Union and Future enlargement of the European Union

The furthest limit of the potential future contiguous expansion of the European Union, defined by the Copenhagen Criteria, is widely believed to be coextensive with the territory of the abovelisted 49 states, namely the EU and EFTA states, the four European microstates outside of the EU and EFTA, the Stabilisation and Association Process states, the Eastern Partnership states, Turkey, as well as the United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies.

Six countries located in Eastern Europe, namely Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, have engaged with the European Union through the Eastern Partnership, in order to foster closer political and economic ties. The Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, established in 2003, is the inter-parliamentary forum in which members of the European Parliament cooperate with members of the national parliaments in the six countries. The Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, the Community of Democratic Choice, and the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development are some of the organizations established to promote European integration, stability, and democracy in the region. On 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the future. Currently, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine are the only Eastern Partnership countries actively seeking EU membership: the EU has accepted Moldova and Ukraine as official candidates for membership of the Union.

Meanwhile, Belarus and Armenia have joined the Eurasian Economic Union established by Russia, expanded by the accessions of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Azerbaijan has chosen not to pursue membership of either with the European Union or the Eurasian Economic Union, balancing between the two for the time being. The unrecognized polities of Abkhazia, Artsakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria, have created the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations in order to cooperate with each other. Some Eastern European countries such as Armenia have opted to cooperate with both the EU and the Eurasian Economic Union. On 24 February 2017 Tigran Sargsyan, the Chairman of the Eurasian Economic Commission stated that Armenia's stance was to cooperate and work with both the European Union and the Eurasian Union. Sargsyan added that although Armenia is part of the Eurasian Union, a new European Union Association Agreement between Armenia and the EU would be finalized shortly.

The two remaining states located partially in Europe, namely Kazakhstan and Russia, are very unlikely to join the process in the foreseeable future as ordinary candidates or members, due to the size and remoteness of their territory, but also due to their apparent open hostility and lack of commitment to European values. Nevertheless, they might engage in the future with the remainder of Europe in some forms of cooperation looser than candidacy or membership.

Depth

Main articles: Supranational union and United States of Europe

The European Union (EU) is not legally (de jure) a federation, although various academics have argued that it contains some federal characteristics. At present, the formation of a formal Core Europe Federation ("a federation within the confederation") has been held off at every occasion where such a federation treaty had been discussed. About how various scholars approach the issue, R. Daniel Kelemen of Rutgers University said: "Unencumbered by the prejudice that the EU is sui generis and incomparable, federalism scholars now regularly treat the EU as a case in their comparative studies (Friedman-Goldstein, 2001; Filippov, Ordeshook, Shevtsova, 2004; Roden, 2005; Bednar, 2006). For the purposes of the present analysis, the EU has the necessary minimal attributes of a federal system and crucially the EU is riven with many of the same tensions that afflict federal systems."

According to Joseph H. H. Weiler, "Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism". Jean-Michel Josselin and Alain Marciano see the European Court of Justice as being a primary force behind building a federal legal order in the Union with Josselin stating that "A complete shift from a confederation to a federation would have required to straightforwardly replace the principality of the member states vis-à-vis the Union by that of the European citizens. … As a consequence, both confederate and federate features coexist in the judicial landscape."

Thomas Risse and Tanja A. Börzel wrote: "The EU only lacks two significant features of a federation. First, the Member States remain the 'masters' of the treaties, i.e., they have the exclusive power to amend or change the constitutive treaties of the EU. Second, the EU lacks a real 'tax and spend' capacity, in other words, there is no fiscal federalism."

Other academics have argued that the EU is unlikely to evolve into a unified federal state. Kelemen has taken this view himself in a paper co-written with Andy Tarrant, arguing that limits placed on the bureaucratic capacity of the European institutions – such as the relatively small size of the European Commission – form a barrier to the creation of a federal European state. In their words: "widespread political opposition to the creation of anything approximating a large, unified executive bureaucracy in Brussels has long-since ended hopes, for the few who harboured them, of creating a European superstate." Some common points in this context are that the European budget is very small and does not finance a lot of the economic activity of the European Union; that each member state of the European Union has its own foreign relations and has its own military; that it is often the case that European Union member states decide to opt out of agreements which they oppose; and that member states still retain sovereignty over a large number of areas which might be expected to be transferred to a federal authority under a federal system. One important fact is that treaties must be agreed by all member states even if a particular treaty has support among the vast majority of the population of the European Union. Member states may also want legally binding guarantees that a particular treaty will not affect a nation's position on certain issues.

Use of the word 'federal' is itself the cause of some disagreement. Valéry Giscard d'Estaing found opposition from the United Kingdom towards including the word "federal" in the proposed European Constitution, and hence replaced the word with "Community".

In November 2021, the incoming German government, the Scholz cabinet, called for European federalism in the coalition agreement and wanted to help achieve this.

Identity and diversity

Main articles: Pan-European identity and European values

Just as every sociological identity, the European identity is not as much defined by its contents as by its boundaries. There are today heated political debates on whether to or not to allow immigrants coming to Europe, and on which criteria. The debate is also on whether to integrate or assimilate people that come from very different cultures, and how to do it. Some European right-wing politicians, such as Victor Orban are now advocating a vision of European identity as a citadel being threaten by immigration, and thus needing to be defended by harsher policies on this matter. This ideology, known as Pan-European nationalism, mainly became defunct in the 1970s but a neo-fascist movement – the Identitarian movement – has re-emerged to promote this view. Their adversaries say that their vision of Europe is racist, and that it symbolically excludes people who are already European by law.

Advocacy and opposition

Main articles: Pro-Europeanism, Paneuropean Union, Union of European Federalists, European Movement International, European Federalist Party, Volt Europa, and Euroscepticism

Various federalist organisations have been created over time supporting the idea of a federal Europe. These include the Paneuropean Union, the Union of European Federalists, the European Movement International, the European Federalist Party, and Volt Europa. The International Paneuropean Union is the oldest European unification movement. The Union of European Federalists (UEF) is a European non-governmental organisation, campaigning for a Federal Europe. It consists of 20 constituent organisations and it has been active at the European, national and local levels for more than 50 years. The European Movement International is a lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration, and disseminating information about it. The European Federalist Party is a pro-European, pan-European and federalist political party which advocates further integration of the EU and the establishment of a Federal Europe. Its aim is to gather all Europeans to promote European federalism and to participate in all elections all over Europe. It has national sections in 15 countries. Volt Europa is a pan-European and European federalist political movement that also serves as the pan-European structure for subsidiary parties in EU member states. It is present in 29 countries and participates in elections all over the EU on the local, national and European level.

Integration may conflict with national sovereignty and cultural identity, and is opposed by eurosceptics.

See also

• Assembly of European Regions
• Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
• Common Foreign and Security Policy
• CIS
• Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
• Community of Democratic Choice
• Council of Europe
• Eastern Partnership
• Enlargement of the European Union
• Eurasian Economic Union
• Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
• European Coal and Steel Community
• European Policy Centre
• European Political Community
• European values
• Europe Day
• Euroscepticism
• Eurosphere
• Eurovoc
• Federal Europe
• Federalism
• Intergovernmentalism
• International organisations in Europe
• Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
• Multi-level governance
• Multi-speed Europe
• Neofunctionalism
• North American integration
• Pan-European identity
• Politics of Europe
• Pro-European
• Pulse of Europe Initiative
• Regions of Europe
• Roman Empire
• Supranationalism
• TRACECA
• United States of Europe
• Virtual Centre for Knowledge on Europe

Notes

1. Template:Kosovo-note
2. Metropolitan France
3. European provinces
4. "Denmark Proper"
5. without Svalbard
6. without British Overseas Territories other than Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia

References

1. Ben Rosamond, Theories of European Integration, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, pp. 21–22.
2. Guieu, Jean-Michel (2003). ".Le Comité fédéral de coopération européenne". Organisations Internationales et Architectures Européennes (1929–1939): 73–91.
3. D. Weigall and P. Stirk, editors, The Origins and Development of the European Community, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992, pp. 11–15.
4. Jouvenel, Bertrand (1980). Un Voyageur dans le Siècle. Paris. p. 79.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
5. Ortega y Gasset, José (1998) . The Revolt of the Masses. Madrid: Editorial Castalia.
6. Emm. Papadakis, Nikolaos (2006). Eleftherios K. Venizelos – A Biography. National Research Foundation "Eleftherios K. Venizelos". pp. 48–50.
7. "The political consequences". Cvce.eu. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
8. "Ein britischer Patriot für Europa: Winston Churchills Europa-Rede, Universität Zürich, 19. September 1946" [A British Patriot for Europe: Winston Churchill's Speech on Europe University of Zurich, 19 September 1946]. Zeit Online. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
9. Churchill, Winston (1946). Speech to the Academic Youth (Speech). Zürich, Switzerland. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
10. ^ Diez, Thomas, and Antje Wiener. 2019. ‘Introducing the Mosaic of Integration Theory’. Pp. 1–24 in European integration theory, edited by A. Wiener, T. A. Börzel, and T. Risse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11. Saurugger, Sabine (30 August 2013). Theoretical approaches to European integration. ISBN 978-1-137-36724-2. OCLC 967394091.
12. Ginsberg, Roy H. 2010. Demystifying the European Union the Enduring Logic of Regional Integration / Roy H. Ginsberg. 2nd ed. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
13. Kuhn, Theresa (15 January 2015). Experiencing European Integration. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688913.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-968891-3.
14. Policy-making in the European Union. Wallace, Helen (Helen S.), Wallace, William, 1941–, Pollack, Mark A., 1966– (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005. pp. 16–19. ISBN 0199276129. OCLC 58828845.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
15. Niemann, Arne, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 2009. ‘Neofunctionalism’. Pp. 45–66 in European integration theory, edited by A. Wiener and T. Diez. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Risse, Thomas (April 2005). "Neofunctionalism, European identity, and the puzzles of European integration". Journal of European Public Policy. 12 (2): 291–309. doi:10.1080/13501760500044033. ISSN 1350-1763. S2CID 144529861.
17. ^ Until February 2019, officially referred to by the EU and most other European organisations by the provisional appellation "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", due to a naming dispute.
18. Western Union, CVCE
19. Amos Yoder, "The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem", The Review of Politics, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul., 1955), pp. 345–358
20. "The Ruhr Agreement". The New York Times. 29 December 1948. p. 20.
21. Daniel, Clifton (29 December 1948). "Russia is Ignored: Agreement to Continue for Indefinite Period – French Win Points; German will have seat; Cooperation in Europe Viewed as a Basic Aim of Plan – Ratification Expected; Authority Set Up To Control Ruhr". New York Times. p. 1.
22. "Agreement for Establishment of an International Authority for the Ruhr". American Journal of International Law. 43 (3). Cambridge University Press: 140–153. July 1949. doi:10.2307/2213981.
23. US High Commissioner for Germany Office of Public Affairs, Public Relations Division (January 1952). "Plans for Terminating the International Authority for the Ruhr". Information bulletin. pp. 61–62.
24. Western European Union, CVCE – Historical events in the European integration process (1945–2009)
25. Parliament of the United Kingdom (12 March 1998). "Volume: 587, Part: 120 (12 Mar 1998: Column 391, Baroness Williams of Crosby)". House of Lords Hansard. Archived from the original on 26 June 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
26. 'Coalitions for the willing' Archived 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 1 February 2007.
27. Valentine Pop, "Once Scorned, ‘Multispeed Europe’ Is Back" (subscription) Archived 2 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journal, 1 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
28. As outlined in Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
29. Münchau, Wolfgang (10 November 2010). "Fiscal union is crucial to the euro's survival". Financial Times. London. Retrieved 20 January 2011. The establishment of a fiscal union would require such a massive change in the European treaties that it is hard to see how it could be done.
30. Münchau, Wolfgang (12 December 2010). "How a mini fiscal union could end instability". Financial Times. London. Retrieved 20 January 2011. Yet almost all political and legal experts who specialise in the European Union believe a fiscal union is Utopian. If both are right a fiscal union is simultaneously necessary and impossible.
31. Saltmarsh, Matthew (24 January 2011). "Tighter Fiscal Union in Europe? Not So Fast, Says French Finance Minister". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
32. "Armenia starts visa liberalization dialogue with EU member states". Public Radio of Armenia. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
33. "Visa-free travel between Russia and the EU? Yes, but not yet". European Voice. Brussels. 9 September 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2010.
34. "Russia optimistic on EU visa-free travel". EU Observer. 3 September 2010.
35. "Ukraine Reconfirms its Aspiration for Closer Integration With the European Union". PR Newswire. 13 September 2010.
36. "Moldova eyes EU visa-free travel". EU Observer. 10 May 2010.
37. Turkey's visa policy: Has Turkey given up its demand of free movement in the EU?. Hurriyet. 15 February 2010.
38. "Turkey – EU Relations". Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
39. "EBU Active Members". Ebu.ch. EBU. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
40. "EBU Associate Members". Ebu.ch. EBU. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
41. "European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Commission approves the EBU-Eurovision system". europa.eu. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
42. "EBU – Eurovision Debate". EBU. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
43. "epSOS: Home". Epsos.eu. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
44. "New force behind EU foreign policy". News.bbc.co.uk. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
45. "Marseille Declaration" (PDF). Weu.int. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
46. Bram Boxhoorn, Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands, 21 September 2005, "Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands". Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007. www.ataedu.org
47. "European Space Policy". Esa.int. 22 May 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
48. Canada-ESA Evaluation 2010 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
49. "ESA Portal – Benefits for Europe – ESA and Canada renew partnership in space science and technology – printer version". Esa.int. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
50. "ESA BR-268" (PDF). Retrieved 17 October 2011.
51. "ESA Portal – Polish flag raised at ESA". Esa.int. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
52. "Hungary accedes to ESA Convention / Welcome to ESA / About Us / ESA". Esa.int. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
53. "Estonia accedes to ESA Convention / Press Releases / For Media / ESA". Esa.int. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
54. "ESA – About ESA – Cyprus signs Cooperation Agreement". Esa.int. 27 August 2009. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
55. Per the provisions of the S.I. No. 97/1999 — Aliens (Exemption) Order, 1999 and Immigration Act 1999.
56. "Residence rights of UK citizens". www.citizensinformation.ie.
57. "Letter from Kevin Foster MP to Stuart McDonald MP, 22 June 2020" (PDF). data.parliament.uk.
58. "Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020 — UK Parliament". services.parliament.uk.
59. Belarus still Participating in "Eastern Partnership," FM Archived 15 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Telegraf.by. Retrieved on 19 July 2013.
60. "EU Looks East as Foreign Policy Council Convenes". Deutsche Welle. Bonn. 25 May 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
61. "EU STRATEGY FOR THE DANUBE REGION" (PDF). Files.groupspaces.com. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
62. Alsasua, Jesús, Javier Bilbao‐Ubillos, and Jon Olaskoaga. "The EU integration process and the convergence of social protection benefits at national level." International Journal of Social Welfare 16.4 (2007): 297–306.
63. Toshkov, Dimiter, and Elitsa Kortenska. "Does immigration undermine public support for integration in the European Union?." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 53.4 (2015): 910–925.
64. What is the EUSBSR : EUSBSR : GroupSpaces Archived 2 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Balticsea-region-strategy.eu. Retrieved on 19 July 2013.
65. Marcin Zaborowski: Germany and EU Enlargement: From Rapprochement to "Reaproachment"? In: Helene Sjursen (Ed.), Enlargement in perspective, ARENA Report February 2005, p. 46.
66. Karl Lamers / Wolfgang Schäuble: Überlegungen zur europäischen Politik (Reflections on European Policy). See also Gilles Andréani: What future for federalism?, Centre for European Reform Essays, September 2002, ISBN 1-901229-33-5, p. 7-8.
67. Michael Mertes / Norbert J. Prill: Der verhängnisvolle Irrtum eines Entweder-Oder. Eine Vision für Europa, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 19 July 1989.
68. Michael Mertes / Norbert J. Prill: Es wächst zusammen, was zusammengehören will. "Maastricht Zwei" muss die Europäische Union flexibel machen, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 9 December 1994, p. 11.
69. In addition to the permanent deviations there are temporary transition periods for the application of certain EU law provisions in some member states, but these have an already set dates for lapsing.
70. Ekman, Ivar (27 October 2007). "In Norway, EU pros and cons (the cons still win)". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
71. "Bosnia's 'Foreign' Flag Still Draws Mixed Feelings". Balkan Insight. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
72. Kurti, Albin (2 September 2009). "Comment: Causing damage in Kosovo". EUobserver. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
73. Judah, Tim (18 February 2008) Kosovo: the era of the EU protectorate dawns Archived 22 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, European Union Institute for Security Studies
74. 'Kosovo Is not Independent, It Is an EU Protectorate' Archived 22 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Der Spiegel (19 February 2008)
75. Independence day Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist (17 February 2008)
76. 3 October 1990 for East Germany
77. Though a member of the CSDP, Malta does not participate in the Eurocorps, EGF, or EU BGs.
78. Malta considers token part in EU 'battle groups'. Timesofmalta.com (23 November 2004). Retrieved on 2013-07-19.
79. "Polska dołączy do ważnego europejskiego "klubu". Wojskowego". Archived from the original on 4 December 2011.
80. On 20 June 2022, Denmark joined the CSDP after abolishing the opt-out via referendum on 1 June 2022. At the moment, Denmark has not joined Eurocorps, EU BGs, or EGF.
81. Borrell Fontelles, Josep (20 June 2022). "I received the official notification of Denmark joining our Common Security and Defence Policy. With this, Europe will be even more united, #EUDefence even stronger and it will increase our capacity to act. Tak Danmark! Thank you @JeppeKofod". Twitter. Retrieved 18 July 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
82. accession suspended (1962 and 1967). Then rejected in two referendums (1972 and 1994)
83. "Iceland withdraws EU accession bid | News | DW.COM | 12.03.2015". Dw.de. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
84. "Retrait de la demande d'adhesion de la Suisse a l'UE" (PDF). Swiss Federal Council. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
85. "Trade – Switzerland". European Commission. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
86. "EU Battle Group, including Macedonian army troops, ends military exercise | Republika Online". English.republika.mk. 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
87. "Andorra : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements". European Commission. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
88. "San Marino : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements". European Commission. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
89. "Trade : Turkey". European Commission. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
90. "Turkey : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements". European Commission. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
91. "EUR-Lex - 32016D0123 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu.
92. "The North Atlantic Treaty". 29 November 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
93. Sarkozy sounds out basis for Mediterranean Union Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Euractiv.com 16 July 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
94. "Morocco glad to be the first partner with which EU decides to go beyond association, minister". www.map.ma. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
95. "afrol News – Morocco enters EU market". Afrol.com. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
96. "Europe supports Morocco's EU partnership aspirations". 23 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
97. "Closer ties for EU, Morocco". /www.news24.com. 14 October 2008. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2008.. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
98. Donahue, Patrick (25 November 2010). "Putin Promotes Trade Zone From 'Lisbon to Vladivostok'". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
99. "Von Lissabon bis Wladiwostok" [From Lisbon to Vladivostok] (in German). sueddeutsche.de. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
100. "Putin Envisions a Russia-EU Free Trade Zone". Der Spiegel. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
101. "Russia and Europe: From an Analysis of Crisis Lessons to a New Partnership Agenda". Government.ru. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
102. Armitstead, Louise (26 November 2010). "Putin: Russia will join the euro one day". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
103. "Nicolas Sarkozy believes the visa-free regime (EU-Russia) is possible in 10–15 years". Visahouse.com. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
104. "New concept of the Russian foreign policy: from Vancouver to Vladivostok?". Geopolitika.lt. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
105. Socor, Vladimir. "The Jamestown Foundation: Medvedev Proposes All-European Security Pact During Berlin Visit". Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
106. "Medvedev and the new European security architecture". Opendemocracy.net. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
107. "The draft of the European Security Treaty". Eng.news.kremlin.ru. 29 November 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
108. "Главная". Mid.ru. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
109. "Russia proposes new Euro-Atlantic security treaty". 30 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 December 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
110. "Sarkozy wants new EU-US-Russia security accord". Euobserver.com. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
111. "Sarkozy backs Russian calls for pan-European security pact". Theguardian.com. 15 November 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
112. "France's Sarkozy supports Russian-European security plan". En.rian.ru. 19 June 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
113. "Sarkozy to push for Russia-EU security deal". English.ruvr.ru. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
114. Erlanger, Steven; Bennhold, Katrin (1 October 2010). "Sarkozy to Propose New Bond With Russia". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
115. "France's Sarkozy supports Russian-European security plan". En.rian.ru. 19 June 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
116. "No need for new European security treaty – NATO chief". En.rian.ru. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
117. ^ "Enlargement – Check current status". European Commission. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
118. "European Commission : CORDIS : Search : Simple". Cordis.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
119. "Initial Agreement Reached To Establish Parliamentary Assembly Of European Parliament's Eastern Neighbors". Archived from the original on 15 June 2011.
120. "How Could America Approach the European Union?" (PDF). Libertas-institut.com. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
121. "Armenia president and European Commission official discuss EU-Armenia talks". 3 February 2017.
122. J.H.H. Weiler (2003). "Chapter 2, Federalism without Constitutionalism: Europe's Sonderweg". The federal vision: legitimacy and levels of governance in the United States and the European Union. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924500-2. Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism. It works. Why fix it?
123. How the court made a federation of the EU Josselin (U de Rennes-1/CREM) and Marciano (U de Reims CA/CNRS).
124. Josselin, Jean Michel; Marciano, Alain (2006). "The political economy of European federalism" (PDF). Series: Public Economics and Social Choice. Centre for Research in Economics and Management, University of Rennes 1, University of Caen. p. 12. WP 2006–07; UMR CNRS 6211. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008.
125. Thomas Risse and Tanja A. Börzel, The European Union as an Emerging Federal System Archived 10 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Jean Monnet Center at NYU School of Law
126. Kelemen, R. Daniel; Tarrant, Andy (2007). "Building the Eurocracy" (PDF).
127. Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (8 July 2003). "Giscard's 'federal' ruse to protect Blair". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
128. Thomas, Sean (22 June 2003). "Gobbledegook". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
129. d'Estaing, V. G. (7 July 2003). "Unknown title". The Wall Street Journal Europe. I knew the word 'federal' was ill-perceived by the British and a few others. I thought that it wasn't worth creating a negative commotion, which could prevent them supporting something that otherwise they would have supported. … So I rewrote my text, replacing intentionally the word 'federal' with the word 'communautaire', which means exactly the same thing.
130. "German government will push for a European federation". euractiv.com. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
131. "What's in the German coalition deal for Europe (and the UK)". Politico Europe. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
132. Barth, Frederik (1969). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries : The social organization of culture difference. Bergen; Oslo; London: Universitetsforlaget; George Allen & Unwin.
133. Mandeville, Laure (16 May 2019). "Sur les terres de Viktor Orban, l'homme qui défie l'UE avec son projet d'Europe chrétienne". LeFigaro.fr. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
134. Courtil, Elise (2017). "Anti-migrants, homophobes, masculinistes, néo-nazis, complotistes: les identitaires européens ratissent large". Bastamag. Retrieved 5 July 2019.

Further reading

• Carrasco, C. A., & Peinado, P. (2014). On the origin of European imbalances in the context of European integration, Working papers wpaper71, Financialisation, Economy, Society & Sustainable Development (FESSUD) Project.
• Glencross, A. (2014). The Politics of European Integration: Political Union or a House Divided.

v t e Foreign relations of the European Union
Bilateral relations See also: Economic relationships with third countries Africa Algeria Cape Verde Egypt Libya Morocco South Africa Sudan Tunisia Americas Argentina trade Brazil Canada Colombia Cuba Greenland Mexico Peru United States Uruguay Asia Bahrain Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Lebanon Malaysia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Palestine† Philippines South Korea Syria Taiwan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Accession negotiations Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Faroe Islands Georgia Accession negotiations Iceland Kosovo† Liechtenstein Moldova Accession negotiations Monaco Montenegro North Macedonia Northern Cyprus† Norway Russia San Marino Serbia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Switzerland Turkey Accession negotiations Ukraine Accession negotiations United Kingdom Vatican City Oceania Australia Micronesia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Former Yugoslavia General Overseas territories of member states European microstates Largest trading partners Association Agreements Free trade agreements European Union Sanctions †= Disputed state, may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members.
Multilateral relations and initiatives Organisations Arab League ASEAN Council of Europe ECHR G7 ICC IOC Mercosur NATO UN Initiatives African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States Asia–Europe Meeting CARIFORUM Customs Union Eastern Partnership Energy Community Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly European Common Aviation Area European Economic Area Euro-Mediterranean free trade area Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Euronest Economic Partnership Agreements EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative Neighbourhood Policy Northern Dimension Mediterranean Union Stabilisation and Association Process
Administration and policies Foreign and Security Policy Global Strategy Neighbourhood Policy Enlargement Security and Defence Policy Administration Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development External Action Service Foreign Affairs Council High Representative Josep Borrell Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee Foreign Policy Instruments Service Diplomatic missions of the EU (ambassadors) / to the EU Special Representatives Funding Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance Global Europe
v t e Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union Leadership High Representative Director General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability Chairman of the Military Committee European Council Foreign Affairs Council Structure External Action Service Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (Military Planning and Conduct Capability within the Military Staff, Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, Joint Support Coordination Cell) Intelligence and Situation Centre (Club de Berne) Crisis Management and Planning Directorate Security & Defence College Agencies Defence Agency Institute for Security Studies Satellite Centre Council preparatory bodies Committee of Permanent Representatives Political and Security Committee Politico-Military Group Military Committee Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management European Commission bodies Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space Funding Defence Fund Policies Security Strategy Everything but Arms Annual Review Equipment Galileo navigation system Secure Software-defined Radio (PESCO) Decorations Service medal Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service Monitor mission medal Related Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) Headline Goal 2010 Military Erasmus Military Mobility (PESCO) Intelligence School (PESCO) Kortenberg building NATO relations (Berlin Plus agreement, Joint Declaration)

v t e Europe articles
History	Chronology Bibliography of European history Prehistory Classical antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages Early modernity World War I World War II Pax Europaea Crisis situations and unrest since 2000 COVID-19 pandemic and Deltacron hybrid variant (2020–22) Russian invasion of Ukraine By topic Military Sovereignty predecessor states
Geography	Areas and populations Countries by area European microstates Largest metropolitan areas Cities Climate Climate change Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Regions Rivers Sovereign states and dependent territories by population Villages
Politics	Eurosphere International organisations Integration Law Post-Soviet Europe Transatlantic relations Intergovernmental Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Council of Europe (CoE) Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) European Political Community (EPC) GUAM Organization Open Balkan North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) statistics Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation European Union Economy relations free trade agreements Education European Economic Area (EEA) European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) Eastern Partnership Euronest Parliamentary Assembly European Union Customs Union (EUCU) Eurozone Foreign relations Members enlargement Politics Schengen Area Visa policy Statistics
Economy	History Financial (and social) rankings Free trade areas Energy Telecommunications Transport Rail Road Intergovernmental Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) Eurasian Customs Union (EACU) Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC) European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Sovereign states by Average wage Budget revenues per capita GDP (nominal) per capita GDP (PPP) per capita GNI (nominal) per capita GNI (PPP) per capita HDI Internet users (%) Minimum wage Press Freedom Index Unemployment rate (%) Health expense per capita Military spending (%) Urban population (%) Electricity use per capita
Society	Ages of consent Etiquette Social (and financial) rankings Languages endangered Tattooing Universities Bologna Process Erasmus Culture Art painting sculpture Architecture Capital of Culture Cinema film festivals Classical music Cuisine Dance Literature Philosophy Religion Christianity Islam Judaism Sport Symbols (Armorial, Flags) Demographics Ageing Childhood population (%) Ethnic groups genetic history Immigration Life expectancy by region Retirement
Outline Index Category Portal Maps

v t e European Union articles
History	Timeline Ideas of European unity before 1948 Founders 1948–1957 1958–1972 1973–1993 1993–2004 Since 2004 Predecessors Defence policy Western Union (1948–1954) Western European Union (1954–2011) European Communities (1967–2009) International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951) European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002) European Economic Community (1958–1993) European Community (1993–2009) European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958) Central bank European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994) European Monetary Institute (1994–1998) Financial stability European Financial Stability Facility (2010–2012) European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–2012) Enlargements 1954 1973 1981 1986 1990 1995 2004 2007 2013 Withdrawals 1962 1984 1985 2012 2020
Geography	Geography Demographics External border Environmental issues Extreme points Geographic centre Larger urban zones Member states Protected areas Regions (first-level NUTS) Special territories Statistics
Bodies	Institutions Legislature European Parliament President Vice-Presidents Secretariat Committees Elections Constituencies Political groups European political parties European political foundations Council of the European Union Presidency General Secretariat Eurogroup Executive European Council President Euro summit European Commission President Vice-Presidents Commissioners Directorates-General Judiciary Court of Justice of the European Union Court of Justice General Court Central bank European Central Bank President System of Central Banks Eurosystem Supreme audit institution European Court of Auditors Secretary-General Other international-law EU bodies European Atomic Energy Community EIB Group European Investment Bank European Investment Fund EIB Institute European University Institute European Stability Mechanism Unified Patent Court Independent offices European Ombudsman European Data Protection Supervisor Agencies Agencies of the European Union Advisory bodies European Committee of the Regions European Economic and Social Committee Military bodies Political and Security Committee European Union Military Committee European Union Military Staff
Law	Acquis Charter of Fundamental Rights Competition law Copyright law Directive Citizens' Rights Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification Official Journal Legislative procedure Citizens' Initiative Regulation LGBT rights Enhanced cooperation Treaties opt-outs Withdrawal
Economy	Budget Currencies Community preference Government procurement Eurozone Euro International status and usage Transport TRACECA Minimum wage Average wage Unemployment rate Health expense per person
Politics	Concepts European integration Eurosphere Intergovernmentalism Multi-speed Europe Neofunctionalism Optimum currency area Supranational union Euroscepticism Euromyths Federalisation Pro-Europeanism Democratic legitimacy Differentiated integration Privileged partnership Potential superpower status Policies Area of freedom, security and justice Migration and asylum policy Schengen Area European Judicial Network (criminal matters) European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters Citizenship passports identity card (list) Driving licence Vehicle registration plates Common Foreign and Security Policy Common Security and Defence Policy Permanent Structured Cooperation Enlargement Policy Neighbourhood Policy Global Strategy Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) Eurozone European banking union European Banking Supervision Single Resolution Mechanism Capital Markets Union European System of Financial Supervision Single market Agricultural policy Cultural policies Customs Union Educational policies Energy policy Environmental policy European Green Deal Fisheries policy Healthcare Health Insurance Card Labour mobility Regional development European Structural and Investment Funds Space policy Sport policies VAT Area Foreign relations Neighbourhood Policy European Economic Area EEA Joint Committee Energy Community European Political Community European Common Aviation Area European Higher Education Area EU/ESA Framework Agreement EU/ESA Space Council European Peace Facility Economic Partnership Agreements European Union Association Agreement Stabilisation and Association Process Eastern Partnership Euronest Parliamentary Assembly EU Gateway Programme EU Strategy for the South Caucasus Northern Dimension Union for the Mediterranean Global Strategy Free trade agreements Enlargement Current agenda Statistics
Culture	Douzelage House of European History 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Laissez-passer Languages Media freedom Public holidays Religion Telephone numbers Symbols
Lists	Books on the subject Directives Largest cities by population within city limits National parties by affiliation Presidents of the institutions Terrorist incidents Urban areas
Outline Category Portal

v t e Forms of economic integration
Trade bloc	Preferential trading area Free-trade area Economic partnership Passport-free zone Single market
Economic union	Customs union Monetary union Customs and monetary union Economic and monetary union Complete economic integration
Shared policies	Fiscal union Social union Political union
Theory	Economic integration effects Friction of distance Harmonisation of law Theory of the second best
Regions	Europe Latin America Middle East North America

v t e History of Europe
Prehistory	Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe
Classical antiquity	Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Christianity in late antiquity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity
Middle Ages	Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianity in the Middle Ages Christianization Francia Anglo-Saxon England Byzantine Empire Papal States Bulgarian Empire First Second Maritime republics Venice Genoa Pisa Amalfi Viking Age Kievan Rus' Crown of Aragon (Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Majorca) Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Republic of Florence Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Serbian Empire Late Middle Ages Black Death Hundred Years' War Kalmar Union
Modern period	Renaissance Early modern Christianity in the modern era Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Grand Duchy of Tuscany Thirty Years' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Cossack Hetmanate Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration European debt crisis COVID-19 pandemic Russian invasion of Ukraine
See also	Art of Europe Bibliography of European history Genetic history of Europe History of Christianity History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe Crusading movement

Categories:

• European integration
• Council of Europe
• Pan-Europeanism
• Regionalism (international relations)