Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 04:26, 11 March 2007

v t e Pollution
History
Air	Acid rain Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Combustion Biofuel Biomass Joss paper Open burning of waste Construction Renovation Demolition Exhaust gas Diesel exhaust Haze Smoke Indoor air quality Internal combustion engine Global dimming Global distillation Mining Ozone depletion Particulates Asbestos Metal working Oil refining Wood dust Welding Persistent organic pollutant Smelting Smog Soot Black carbon Volatile organic compound Waste
Biological	Biological hazard Genetic pollution Introduced species Invasive species
Digital	Information pollution
Electromagnetic	Light Ecological light pollution Overillumination Radio spectrum pollution
Natural	Ozone Radium and radon in the environment Volcanic ash Wildfire
Noise	Transportation Land Water Air Rail Sustainable transport Urban Sonar Marine mammals and sonar Industrial Military Abstract Noise control
Radiation	Actinides Bioremediation Nuclear fission Nuclear fallout Plutonium Poisoning Radioactivity Uranium Electromagnetic radiation and health Radioactive waste
Soil	Agricultural pollution Herbicides Manure waste Pesticides Land degradation Bioremediation Open defecation Electrical resistance heating Soil guideline values Phytoremediation
Solid waste	Advertising mail Biodegradable waste Brown waste Electronic waste Battery recycling Foam food container Food waste Green waste Hazardous waste Biomedical waste Chemical waste Construction waste Lead poisoning Mercury poisoning Toxic waste Industrial waste Lead smelting Litter Mining Coal mining Gold mining Surface mining Deep sea mining Mining waste Uranium mining Municipal solid waste Garbage Nanomaterials Plastic pollution Microplastics Packaging waste Post-consumer waste Waste management Landfill Thermal treatment
Space	Satellite
Visual	Air travel Clutter (advertising) Traffic signs Overhead power lines Vandalism
War	Chemical warfare Herbicidal warfare (Agent Orange) Nuclear holocaust (Nuclear fallout - nuclear famine - nuclear winter) Scorched earth Unexploded ordnance War and environmental law
Water	Agricultural wastewater Biological pollution Diseases Eutrophication Firewater Freshwater Groundwater Hypoxia Industrial wastewater Marine debris Monitoring Nonpoint source pollution Nutrient pollution Ocean acidification Oil exploitation Oil exploration Oil spill Pharmaceuticals Sewage Septic tanks Pit latrine Shipping Stagnation Sulfur water Surface runoff Thermal Turbidity Urban runoff Water quality
Topics	Pollutants Heavy metals Paint Brain health and pollution
Misc	Area source Debris Dust Garbology Legacy pollution Midden Point source Waste
Responses	Cleaner production Industrial ecology Pollution haven hypothesis Pollutant release and transfer register Polluter pays principle Pollution control Waste minimisation Zero waste
Lists	Diseases Law by country Most polluted cities Least polluted cities by PM2.5 Most polluted countries Most polluted rivers Treaties
Categories (by country) Commons WikiProject Environment WikiProject Ecology Environment portal Ecology portal

Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface, observed since the beginning of systematic measurements in 1950s. The effect varies by location, but worldwide it is of the order of a 4% reduction over the three decades from 1960–1990. This trend may have reversed during the past decade. Global dimming creates a cooling effect that may have partially masked the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming.

Cause and effects

It is currently thought that the effect of global dimming is probably due to the increased presence of aerosol particles in the atmosphere . Aerosol particles and other particulate pollutants absorb solar energy and reflect sunlight back into space. The pollutants can also become nuclei for cloud droplets. It is thought that the water droplets in clouds coalesce around the particles. Increased pollution, resulting in more particulates, creates clouds consisting of a greater number of smaller droplets, which in turn makes them more reflective, therefore bouncing more sunlight back into space.

Clouds intercept both heat from the sun and heat radiated from the Earth. Their effects are complex and vary in time, location and altitude. Usually during the daytime the interception of sunlight predominates, giving a cooling effect; however, at night the re-radiation of heat to the Earth slows the Earth's heat loss. Also it has been thought that humans help produce the particles in the earths atmosphere, in the result of global dimming.

Research

Early reports of "global dimming" attracted little interest, perhaps because the term itself had not yet been coined. The earliest reports seem to be by M. Budyko: "The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth" in 1969, published in Tellus. From the late 1980s onwards, scientists independently began working on solar radiation datasets and discovered declining trends worldwide; Atsumo Ohmura Secular variation of global radiation in Europe in 1989; Vivii Russak in 1990 "Trends of solar radiation, cloudiness and atmospheric transparency during recent decades in Estonia", and Beate Liepert in 1994 "Solar radiation in Germany - Observed trends and an assessment of their causes". Gerry Stanhill who studied these declines worldwide in many papers (see references) coined the term "dimming". Dimming exists in sites all over the Former Soviet Union .

Independent research in Israel and the Netherlands in the late 1980s showed an apparent reduction in the amount of sunlight, despite widespread evidence that the climate was actually becoming hotter (see global warming). The rate of dimming varies around the world but is on average estimated at around 2–3% per decade, with the possibility that the trend reversed in the early 1990s. It is difficult to make a precise measurement, due to the difficulty in accurately calibrating the instruments used, and the problem of spatial coverage. Nonetheless, the effect is almost certainly present.

Note that the effect (2–3%, as above) is due to changes within the Earth's atmosphere; the value of the solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere has not changed by more than a fraction of this amount.

Over the last 50 or so years, pan evaporation has been carefully monitored. For decades, nobody took much notice of the pan evaporation measurements. But in the 1990s scientists spotted something that at the time was considered very strange, the rate of evaporation was falling.. This is seen as prima facie evidence of global dimming.

The effect varies greatly over the planet, but estimates of the global average value are:

• 5.3% (9 W/m²); over 1958–85 (Stanhill and Moreshet, 1992)
• 2%/decade over 1964–93 (Gilgen et al, 1998)
• 2.7%/decade (total 20 W/m²); up to 2000 (Stanhill and Cohen, 2001)
• 4% over 1961–90 (Liepert 2002)

The largest reductions are found in the northern hemisphere mid-latitudes.

Experiments in the Maldives (comparing the atmosphere over the northern and southern islands) in the 1990s showed that the effect of macroscopic pollutants in the atmosphere at that time (blown south from India) caused about a 10% reduction in sunlight reaching the surface in the area under the pollution cloud - a much greater reduction than expected from the presence of the particles themselves .

Prior to the research being undertaken, predictions were of a 0.5–1% effect from particulate matter; the variation from prediction may be explained by cloud formation with the particles acting as the focus for droplet creation. Clouds are very effective at reflecting light back out into space.

Some climate scientists have theorised that aircraft contrails (also called vapour trails) are implicated in global dimming, but the constant flow of air traffic previously meant that this could not be tested. The near-total shutdown of civil air traffic during the three days following the September 11, 2001 attacks afforded a rare opportunity in which to observe the climate of the United States absent from the effect of contrails. During this period, an increase in diurnal temperature variation of over 1 °C was observed in some parts of the U.S., i.e. aircraft contrails may have been raising nighttime temperatures and/or lowering daytime temperatures by much more than previously thought .

Recent reversal of the trend

In 2005 Wild et al. and Pinker et al. found that the "dimming" trend had reversed since about 1990 and confirmed this in 2006 . It is likely that at least some of this change, particularly over Europe, is due to decreases in pollution. Most governments of developed nations have done more to reduce aerosols released into the atmosphere, which helps reduce global dimming, more than to reduce CO₂ emissions.

The Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) has been collecting surface measurements. BSRN was started in the early 1990s and updated the archives in this time. Analysis of recent data reveals that the surface of the planet has brightened by about 4% in the past decade. The brightening trend is corroborated by other data, including satellite analyses.

Effects on rainfall pattern

Global dimming may have caused large scale changes in weather patterns. Climate models speculatively suggest that this reduction in sunshine at the surface may have led to the failure of the monsoon in sub-Saharan Africa during the 1970s and 1980s, together with the associated famines such as the Sahel drought, caused by Northern hemisphere pollution cooling the Atlantic. Because of this, the Tropical rain belt may not have risen to its northern latitudes, thus causing an absence of seasonal rains. This claim is not universally accepted and is very difficult to test.

It is also concluded that the imbalance between global dimming and global warming at the surface leads to weaker turbulent heat fluxes to the atmosphere. This means globally reduced evaporation and hence precipitation occur in a dimmer and warmer world, which could ultimately lead to a more humid atmosphere in which it rains less .

Relationship to global warming

Some scientists now consider that the effects of global dimming have masked the effect of global warming to some extent and that resolving global dimming may therefore lead to increases in predictions of future temperature rise. It may be suggested that increasing aerosol might be a possible solution to global warming. However, aerosol has negative effects (acid rain) which is why nations have made efforts to reduce it. Also, the aerosol has a very short lifetime (weeks).

The phenomenon underlying global dimming may also have regional effects. While most of the earth has warmed, the regions that are downwind from major sources of air pollution (specifically sulfur dioxide emissions) have generally cooled. This may explain the cooling of the eastern United States relative to the warming western part .

See also

• Global warming
• Iris hypothesis
• Solar variation

References

1. ^ Travis, David J. (2002). "Contrails reduce daily temperature range" (PDF). Nature. 418: 601. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
2. Abakumova, G.M. et al. 1996: "Evaluation of long-term changes in radiation, cloudiness and surface temperature on the territory of the former Soviet Union. Journal of Climate, Vol. 9/6, 1319-1327.
3. Roderick, Michael L. and Graham D. Farquhar (2002). "The cause of decreased pan evaporation over the past 50 years". Science. 298 (5597): pp. 1410-1411. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
4. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dimming_qa.shtml
5. ^ "RealClimate: Global dimming II". Retrieved 2006-06-12.
6. J. Srinivasan et al. 2002: "Asian Brown Cloud – fact and fantasy." Current Science, Vol. 83, No. 5, 586-592.
7. "Global Dimming may have a brighter future". Retrieved 2006-06-12.
8. Impact of global dimming and brightening on global warming Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 34, L04702
9. "Could Reducing Global Dimming Mean a Hotter, Dryer World?". Retrieved 2006-06-12.
10. "Crichton's Thriller State of Fear: Separating Fact from Fiction". Retrieved 2006-06-12.

• BBC Horizon TV broadcast of January 13, 2005 BBC Horizon
• Budyko, M.I. 1968: "The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth", Tellus, Vol. 21, 5.
• Ohmura, A. and Lang, H., 1989: Secular variation of global radiation in Europe. In Lenoble, J. and Geleyn, J.-F.(Eds.): IRS'88: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, A. Deepak Publ., Hampton, VA, 298-301.
• Liepert, B. G. 2002: "Observed Reductions in Surface Solar Radiation in the United States and Worldwide from 1961 to 1990. Geophy. Res. Lett. 29/12, 10.1029/2002GL014910.
• Liepert, B. G. et al. 2004: "Can Aerosols spin down the water cycle in a warmer and moister world? Vol 31, L06207, doi:10.1029/2003GL019060
• Charles N. Long; et al. (2005). "Changes in Earth's Reflectivity". Science. 308 (5723). {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
• "Earth lightens up". Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Retrieved May 8. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
• Roderick, Michael L. and Graham D. Farquhar, 2002. The cause of decreased pan evaporation over the past 50 years. Science Vol. 298, No 5597, pp. 1410-1411, November 15, 2002.
• Pinker, et al.; 2005, Science 308: 850-854.
• Russak, Vivii 1990: "Trends of solar radiation, cloudiness and atmospheric transparency during recent decades in Estonia." Tellus Vol. 42B, 206-210.
• Stanhill, G. & Cohen, S. 2001. Global Dimming: a review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 107, 255-278.
• Wild, M et al.; 2005, Science 6 May 2005; 308: 847-850.
• "Dimming The Sun". NOVA PBS WGBH Boston April 18, 2006.

External links

• Information from Beate Liepert
• PBS NOVA special on Global Dimming
• The Guardian, 18 December 2003, "Goodbye sunshine"
• Abstract: "Variability in solar radiation over Germany and an assessment of the role of aerosols."
• BBC Global Dimming Q&A
• Why the Sun seems to be 'dimming'
• Climate Change Chronicles The latest news and information on climate change, alternative energy, global warming and energy efficiency from around the internet
• RealClimate on this issue: part 1, part 2, Global Dimming may have a brighter future
• BBC Horizon Global Dimming summary from globalissues.org

• Climate change feedbacks and causes