| Revision as of 03:10, 28 March 2023 edit114.110.23.65 (talk) →Paleobiology← Previous edit | Revision as of 03:00, 24 July 2023 edit undoFunkMonk (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, File movers, Pending changes reviewers102,706 edits Prepare for expansion.Tag: use of deprecated (unreliable) sourceNext edit → | ||
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
| | fossil_range = Late Cretaceous, {{fossilrange|95}} | | fossil_range = Late Cretaceous, {{fossilrange|95}} | ||
| | image = Mimodactylus.png | | image = Mimodactylus.png | ||
| | image_caption = ] with interpretive drawing and inset close-ups of the the ] and ] (b), wrist (c), and ] (d) | |||
| | image_caption = Holotype fossil | |||
| | display_parents = 3 | | display_parents = 3 | ||
| | genus = Mimodactylus | | genus = Mimodactylus | ||
| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''''Mimodactylus''''' is a ] of ] ] ] from the ] of what is now Lebanon. |
'''''Mimodactylus''''' is a ] of ] ] ] from the Late ] of what is now Lebanon. | ||
| ==Discovery |
==Discovery== | ||
| ] | ] (a-b) and position of Lebanon during the late ] (c)]] | ||
| In the '']'' of ], ten kilometres inland from the port of ], commercial fossil hunters regularly make important discoveries. A rare pterosaur skeleton was acquired by an anonymous benefactor and donated to the |
In the '']'' of ], ten kilometres inland from the port of ], commercial fossil hunters regularly make important discoveries. A rare pterosaur skeleton was acquired by an anonymous benefactor and donated to the ] of minerals in ], part of the '']''. It was prepared in Canada by Luke Allan Lindoe, a technician of the ].<ref name="Mimodactylus">{{cite journal |last1=Kellner |first1=Alexander W. A. |last2=Caldwell |first2=Michael W. |last3=Holgado |first3=Borja |last4=Vecchia |first4=Fabio M. Dalla |last5=Nohra |first5=Roy |last6=Sayão |first6=Juliana M. |last7=Currie |first7=Philip J. |title=First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Mail Online">{{cite news |last1=Thomsen |first1=Michael |title=Researchers discover new species of pterosaur that ate crustaceans |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-7747999/Researchers-discover-new-species-pterosaur-lived-crustaceans-Lebanon.html |access-date=24 July 2023 |work=Mail Online |date=2 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Middle East Monitor">{{cite news |title=New dinosaur species discovered in Lebanon |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191204-new-dinosaur-species-discovered-in-lebanon/ |access-date=24 July 2023 |work=Middle East Monitor |date=4 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Brazilians">{{cite news |last1=Sousa |first1=Thais |title=Brazilians find new species of flying reptile in Lebanon |url=https://anba.com.br/en/brazilians-find-new-species-of-flying-reptile-in-lebanon/ |access-date=24 July 2023 |work=Agência de Notícias Brasil-Árabe |date=9 December 2019}}</ref> Since 2017, the museum displays two life-size models of the animal, one standing, the other flying, and a ].<ref name="MIM">{{cite web |title=MIM |url=https://www.mim.museum/map |website=www.mim.museum |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref> | ||
| In 2019, the ] ''Mimodactylus libanensis'' was named and described by ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The generic name combines a reference to the MIM, the usual acronym of the museum, with a Greek δάκτυλος, ''daktylos'', "finger". The name was intended to honour the philanthropist as well. The ] refers to the provenance from ].<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | In 2019, the ] ''Mimodactylus libanensis'' was named and described by ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The generic name combines a reference to the MIM, the usual acronym of the museum, with a Greek δάκτυλος, ''daktylos'', "finger". The name was intended to honour the philanthropist as well. The ] refers to the provenance from ].<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| The ], |
The ], MIM F1, was excavated from a marine deposit of the ] dating from the late ], about ninety-five million years old. The layers were deposited off the coast of the Afro-Arabic plate, in the south of the ]. It consists of a relatively complete skeleton with skull and lower jaws. It lacks some vertebrae and some pelvic elements. The skeleton is largely articulated and partly three-dimensionally preserved but the rear of the skull is strongly compressed. It is a juvenile individual. It represents the most complete pterosaur skeleton ever found on the Afro-Arabic plate. The University of Alberta made a cast, with inventory number MN 7216-V.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| ==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| ] | |||
| ===Size and distinguishing traits=== | |||
| ] by ]]] | |||
| The holotype of ''Mimodactylus'' has a wingspan of 132 centimetres but the exemplar was far from being full-grown.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | The holotype of ''Mimodactylus'' has a wingspan of 132 centimetres but the exemplar was far from being full-grown.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| The describing authors identified some distinguishing traits. Two of these are ], unique derived characters. The humerus has a rectangular deltopectoral crest. The humerus has less than half of the length of the second phalanx of the fourth (wing) finger.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | The describing authors identified some distinguishing traits. Two of these are ], unique derived characters. The humerus has a rectangular deltopectoral crest. The humerus has less than half of the length of the second phalanx of the fourth (wing) finger.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| Additionally the fossils shows a combination of traits that is unique for the ]. The palate has a distinct ridge. The upper jaws each have eleven teeth and the lower jaws each ten. The shoulderblade is somewhat longer than the ]. The humerus is 30% longer than the thighbone. The deltopectoral crest covers 40% of the shaft length of the humerus.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | Additionally the fossils shows a combination of traits that is unique for the ]. The palate has a distinct ridge. The upper jaws each have eleven teeth and the lower jaws each ten. The shoulderblade is somewhat longer than the ]. The humerus is 30% longer than the thighbone. The deltopectoral crest covers 40% of the shaft length of the humerus.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> As a pterosaur, ''Mimodactylus'' would have been covered in hair-like ], and had extensive ], which were distended by a long wing-finger.{{Sfn|Witton|2013|pp=51–52}} | ||
| ⚫ | ===Skull=== | ||
| ⚫ | From the ''Lagerstätte'' of |
||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ===Skeleton=== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| The snout of ''Mimodactylus'' is wide but not rounded in front, ending in a pointed tip. The upper jaw bears eleven teeth. These are somewhat transversely flattened, but not dagger-shaped or serrated. They are conical with an oval cros-section. Their outer side is convex. Sharp cutting-edges or ''carinae'' are lacking. Their apices are sharp and slightly bent inwards. They possess a cingulum, a thickened ridge at the crown base. The first tooth is smaller, with a circular cross-section. Subsequent teeth are longer, straight and widely spaced. They are only present in the front half of the jaw.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | The snout of ''Mimodactylus'' is wide but not rounded in front, ending in a pointed tip. The upper jaw bears eleven teeth. These are somewhat transversely flattened, but not dagger-shaped or serrated. They are conical with an oval cros-section. Their outer side is convex. Sharp cutting-edges or ''carinae'' are lacking. Their apices are sharp and slightly bent inwards. They possess a cingulum, a thickened ridge at the crown base. The first tooth is smaller, with a circular cross-section. Subsequent teeth are longer, straight and widely spaced. They are only present in the front half of the jaw.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| Line 42: | Line 38: | ||
| The lower jaw has a preserved length of 105 millimetres. It bears ten teeth for a total of forty-two in the head as a whole. The lower jaws have a central forwards pointing odontoid process in front. Of the ] two first ceratobranchialia have been preserved, thin elongated fork-shaped elements.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | The lower jaw has a preserved length of 105 millimetres. It bears ten teeth for a total of forty-two in the head as a whole. The lower jaws have a central forwards pointing odontoid process in front. Of the ] two first ceratobranchialia have been preserved, thin elongated fork-shaped elements.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| === |
===Postcranial skeleton=== | ||
| ] | ] of ''Mimodactylus'' in its environment by ]]] | ||
| The front vertebrae of the back are not fused into a ]. A series of seven tail vertebrae is visible. These quickly diminish in size towards the rear, indicating that the tail was very short.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | The front vertebrae of the back are not fused into a ]. A series of seven tail vertebrae is visible. These quickly diminish in size towards the rear, indicating that the tail was very short.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| Line 50: | Line 46: | ||
| The wings are conspicuously elongated, with a low ]. The humerus is fifty-two millimetres long. Its deltopectoral crest has distinctive straight distal edge. This crest covering 40% of shaft length exceeds the ratio in all other Ornithocheiroidea, except the ]. The pteroid, the bone supporting the forward wing membrane or propatagium, is very long, somewhat longer even than the humerus. It clearly points towards the neck and articulates with the proximal syncarpal; this had been a point of contention among researchers. The first and second phalanx of the fourth finger are relatively longer than with istiodactylids. The fourth phalanx is curved to behind.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | The wings are conspicuously elongated, with a low ]. The humerus is fifty-two millimetres long. Its deltopectoral crest has distinctive straight distal edge. This crest covering 40% of shaft length exceeds the ratio in all other Ornithocheiroidea, except the ]. The pteroid, the bone supporting the forward wing membrane or propatagium, is very long, somewhat longer even than the humerus. It clearly points towards the neck and articulates with the proximal syncarpal; this had been a point of contention among researchers. The first and second phalanx of the fourth finger are relatively longer than with istiodactylids. The fourth phalanx is curved to behind.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| == |
==Classification== | ||
| ]'']] | |||
| In 2019, ''Mimodactylus'' was, within the ], placed in the ]. More precisely, it would be a member of the ], as ] of '']''.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | In 2019, ''Mimodactylus'' was, within the ], placed in the ]. More precisely, it would be a member of the ], as ] of '']''.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| Line 77: | Line 75: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| All istiodactylid remains are known from deposits in the ], dating from the ]–] ] of the ] period. They are distinguished from other pterosaurs by features such as the shape and position of their teeth, broad snouts, narrowed orbits, and large naso-antorbital fenestrae.<ref name=witton2012/> In addition to the istiodactylids from China, teeth indicate the presence of the group in Spain and the elsewhere in the UK. Two fossils from North America formerly thought to have been similar to istiodactylids are now believed to have been misidentified; a mandible fragment from the ] probably belongs to another pterosaur group, and '']'' is most likely a fish.{{Sfn|Witton|2013|pp=143–151}} ''Mimodactylus'' is the first istiodactyliform known from the ] ].<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | |||
| ==Paleobiology== | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ==Palaeobiology== | |||
| ] of the back near the right ] and ]]] | |||
| The ] of ''Mimodactylus'' consisted of the islands and archipelagos situated on the wide chalk plateau extending from the north coast of the Afro-Arabic plate, in the ].<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | The ] of ''Mimodactylus'' consisted of the islands and archipelagos situated on the wide chalk plateau extending from the north coast of the Afro-Arabic plate, in the ].<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| The dentition of ''Mimodactylus'' differs from all other known pterosaurs. Its short unserrated straight conical teeth would have been useful to crack the exoskeletons of ]. That could indicate it was an insectivore, but insects are largely absent from the ''Lagerstätte'' layers. A lack of plant fossils proves that the location was far from land. Its elongated wings did not provide the manoeuvrability needed to catch fast flying insects. However, they would allow for a stable flight during dynamic soaring over the sea surface. The site is rich in fossils of ] belonging to the ]. Such shrimp-like creatures could have been scooped from the water surface by the wide beak, similar to the way some extant ducks, herons and ]s catch prey.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | The dentition of ''Mimodactylus'' differs from all other known pterosaurs. Its short unserrated straight conical teeth would have been useful to crack the exoskeletons of ]. That could indicate it was an insectivore, but insects are largely absent from the ''Lagerstätte'' layers. A lack of plant fossils proves that the location was far from land. Its elongated wings did not provide the manoeuvrability needed to catch fast flying insects. However, they would allow for a stable flight during dynamic soaring over the sea surface. The site is rich in fossils of ] belonging to the ]. Such shrimp-like creatures could have been scooped from the water surface by the wide beak, similar to the way some extant ducks, herons and ]s catch prey.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| ⚫ | ]]] | ||
| ] suggested in 2013 that istiodactylids would have been powerful fliers, due to an enlarged area for downstroke musculature attachments and well-developed pectoral and upper arm bones, and they probably spent much time in the air. Istiodactylids had wing-membranes connected to shortened bodies with short legs and long forelimbs, which may have created large wings with a high ] and low ]s. The wings of the istiodactylid ''Nurhachius'' have been compared to those of modern ] (that fly with little flapping), and may have been ideal for low-energy soaring. Witton found it unlikely that istiodactylids and their relatives were especially proficient on the ground, due to their disproportionate limbs and small ]s, though they may have had relatively large thigh muscles. He also found the feet too small in relation to their body size to have been used for climbing or suspension, as had previously been suggested.<ref name=witton2012>{{cite journal|author=Witton, M. P.|author-link=Mark P. Witton|title=New insights into the skull of ''Istiodactylus latidens'' (Ornithocheiroidea, Pterodactyloidea)|journal=PLOS ONE|year=2012|volume=7|issue=3|pages=e33170|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0033170|pmid=22470442|pmc=3310040|bibcode=2012PLoSO...733170W|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Sfn|Witton|2013|pp=143–151}} | |||
| ==Palaeoenvironment== | |||
| ] of the tail]] | |||
| ⚫ | From the ''Lagerstätte'' of Hjoula two other pterosaur specimens are known. One of these is the holotype of '']'', the other is specimen MSNM V 3881. According to the describing authors, both clearly differed in proportions from the ''Mimodactylus'' holotype, proving that they represented different taxa.<ref name="Mimodactylus"/> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 90: | Line 97: | ||
| {{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| {{Refbegin}} | |||
| * <!-- {{Sfn|Witton|2013}} -->{{cite book |last=Witton |first=M. P.|author-link=Mark P. Witton |year=2013 |title=Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy |edition=1st |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton and Oxford |isbn=978-0-691-15061-1}} | |||
| {{Refend}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons category}} | |||
| {{Wikispecies}} | |||
| * | |||
| {{Pterosauria|P.}} | {{Pterosauria|P.}} | ||
Revision as of 03:00, 24 July 2023
Genus of mimodactylid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous
| Mimodactylus Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 95 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ | |
|---|---|
| |
| Holotype specimen with interpretive drawing and inset close-ups of the the scapula and coracoid (b), wrist (c), and humerus (d) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Order: | †Pterosauria |
| Suborder: | †Pterodactyloidea |
| Clade: | †Istiodactyliformes |
| Clade: | †Mimodactylidae |
| Genus: | †Mimodactylus Kellner et al., 2019 |
| Species: | †M. libanensis |
| Binomial name | |
| †Mimodactylus libanensis Kellner et al., 2019 | |
Mimodactylus is a genus of mimodactylid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of what is now Lebanon.
Discovery
In the Lagerstätte of Hjoula, ten kilometres inland from the port of Byblos, commercial fossil hunters regularly make important discoveries. A rare pterosaur skeleton was acquired by an anonymous benefactor and donated to the Mim Museum of minerals in Beirut, part of the Université Saint-Joseph. It was prepared in Canada by Luke Allan Lindoe, a technician of the University of Alberta. Since 2017, the museum displays two life-size models of the animal, one standing, the other flying, and a hologram.
In 2019, the type species Mimodactylus libanensis was named and described by Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner, Michael Wayne Caldwell, Borja Holgado, Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia, Roy Nohra, Juliana Manso Sayão and Philip John Currie. The generic name combines a reference to the MIM, the usual acronym of the museum, with a Greek δάκτυλος, daktylos, "finger". The name was intended to honour the philanthropist as well. The specific name refers to the provenance from Lebanon.
The holotype, MIM F1, was excavated from a marine deposit of the Sannine Chalk dating from the late Cenomanian, about ninety-five million years old. The layers were deposited off the coast of the Afro-Arabic plate, in the south of the Tethys Sea. It consists of a relatively complete skeleton with skull and lower jaws. It lacks some vertebrae and some pelvic elements. The skeleton is largely articulated and partly three-dimensionally preserved but the rear of the skull is strongly compressed. It is a juvenile individual. It represents the most complete pterosaur skeleton ever found on the Afro-Arabic plate. The University of Alberta made a cast, with inventory number MN 7216-V.
Description
The holotype of Mimodactylus has a wingspan of 132 centimetres but the exemplar was far from being full-grown.
The describing authors identified some distinguishing traits. Two of these are autapomorphies, unique derived characters. The humerus has a rectangular deltopectoral crest. The humerus has less than half of the length of the second phalanx of the fourth (wing) finger.
Additionally the fossils shows a combination of traits that is unique for the Ornithocheiroidea. The palate has a distinct ridge. The upper jaws each have eleven teeth and the lower jaws each ten. The shoulderblade is somewhat longer than the coracoid. The humerus is 30% longer than the thighbone. The deltopectoral crest covers 40% of the shaft length of the humerus. As a pterosaur, Mimodactylus would have been covered in hair-like pycnofibres, and had extensive wing-membranes, which were distended by a long wing-finger.
Skull
The snout of Mimodactylus is wide but not rounded in front, ending in a pointed tip. The upper jaw bears eleven teeth. These are somewhat transversely flattened, but not dagger-shaped or serrated. They are conical with an oval cros-section. Their outer side is convex. Sharp cutting-edges or carinae are lacking. Their apices are sharp and slightly bent inwards. They possess a cingulum, a thickened ridge at the crown base. The first tooth is smaller, with a circular cross-section. Subsequent teeth are longer, straight and widely spaced. They are only present in the front half of the jaw.
The palate forms a concave plate with a small ridge. The choanae, the internal nostrils, are large and separated by the vomers. The fenestrae postpalatinae are elongated and egg-shaped in profile, as with Hongshanopterus. The quadrate is angled at 150° relative to the jaw edge.
The lower jaw has a preserved length of 105 millimetres. It bears ten teeth for a total of forty-two in the head as a whole. The lower jaws have a central forwards pointing odontoid process in front. Of the hyoid bone two first ceratobranchialia have been preserved, thin elongated fork-shaped elements.
Postcranial skeleton
The front vertebrae of the back are not fused into a notarium. A series of seven tail vertebrae is visible. These quickly diminish in size towards the rear, indicating that the tail was very short.
The breastbone is rounded in front. Its cristospina, central crest on the underside, is short and deep. The shoulder blade is robust and constricted. It is longer than the coracoid, different from the condition in the Istiodactylidae. The coracoid facet touching the breastbone is concave, with a process extending to behind, again different from the isiodactylid morphology.
The wings are conspicuously elongated, with a low aspect ratio. The humerus is fifty-two millimetres long. Its deltopectoral crest has distinctive straight distal edge. This crest covering 40% of shaft length exceeds the ratio in all other Ornithocheiroidea, except the Pteranodontidae. The pteroid, the bone supporting the forward wing membrane or propatagium, is very long, somewhat longer even than the humerus. It clearly points towards the neck and articulates with the proximal syncarpal; this had been a point of contention among researchers. The first and second phalanx of the fourth finger are relatively longer than with istiodactylids. The fourth phalanx is curved to behind.
Classification
In 2019, Mimodactylus was, within the Lanceodontia, placed in the Istiodactyliformes. More precisely, it would be a member of the Mimodactylidae, as sister species of Haopterus.
The cladogram below is a topology recovered by Kellner et al. (2019). In the analyses, they recovered Mimodactylus as the sister taxon of Haopterus within the family Mimodactylidae, and placed within the more inclusive group Istiodactyliformes.
| Istiodactyliformes |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All istiodactylid remains are known from deposits in the Northern Hemisphere, dating from the Barremian–Aptian ages of the Early Cretaceous period. They are distinguished from other pterosaurs by features such as the shape and position of their teeth, broad snouts, narrowed orbits, and large naso-antorbital fenestrae. In addition to the istiodactylids from China, teeth indicate the presence of the group in Spain and the elsewhere in the UK. Two fossils from North America formerly thought to have been similar to istiodactylids are now believed to have been misidentified; a mandible fragment from the Morrison Formation probably belongs to another pterosaur group, and Gwawinapterus is most likely a fish. Mimodactylus is the first istiodactyliform known from the supercontinent Gondwana.
Palaeobiology
The habitat of Mimodactylus consisted of the islands and archipelagos situated on the wide chalk plateau extending from the north coast of the Afro-Arabic plate, in the Neotethys.
The dentition of Mimodactylus differs from all other known pterosaurs. Its short unserrated straight conical teeth would have been useful to crack the exoskeletons of arthropods. That could indicate it was an insectivore, but insects are largely absent from the Lagerstätte layers. A lack of plant fossils proves that the location was far from land. Its elongated wings did not provide the manoeuvrability needed to catch fast flying insects. However, they would allow for a stable flight during dynamic soaring over the sea surface. The site is rich in fossils of crustaceans belonging to the Decapoda. Such shrimp-like creatures could have been scooped from the water surface by the wide beak, similar to the way some extant ducks, herons and shoebills catch prey.
Mark Witton suggested in 2013 that istiodactylids would have been powerful fliers, due to an enlarged area for downstroke musculature attachments and well-developed pectoral and upper arm bones, and they probably spent much time in the air. Istiodactylids had wing-membranes connected to shortened bodies with short legs and long forelimbs, which may have created large wings with a high aspect ratio and low wing loadings. The wings of the istiodactylid Nurhachius have been compared to those of modern soaring birds (that fly with little flapping), and may have been ideal for low-energy soaring. Witton found it unlikely that istiodactylids and their relatives were especially proficient on the ground, due to their disproportionate limbs and small appendages, though they may have had relatively large thigh muscles. He also found the feet too small in relation to their body size to have been used for climbing or suspension, as had previously been suggested.
Palaeoenvironment
From the Lagerstätte of Hjoula two other pterosaur specimens are known. One of these is the holotype of Microtuban, the other is specimen MSNM V 3881. According to the describing authors, both clearly differed in proportions from the Mimodactylus holotype, proving that they represented different taxa.
See also
References
- ^ Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Holgado, Borja; Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla; Nohra, Roy; Sayão, Juliana M.; Currie, Philip J. (2019). "First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity". Scientific Reports. 9 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z.
- Thomsen, Michael (2 December 2019). "Researchers discover new species of pterosaur that ate crustaceans". Mail Online. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- "New dinosaur species discovered in Lebanon". Middle East Monitor. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- Sousa, Thais (9 December 2019). "Brazilians find new species of flying reptile in Lebanon". Agência de Notícias Brasil-Árabe. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- "MIM". www.mim.museum. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- Witton 2013, pp. 51–52.
- ^ Witton, M. P. (2012). "New insights into the skull of Istiodactylus latidens (Ornithocheiroidea, Pterodactyloidea)". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33170. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733170W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033170. PMC 3310040. PMID 22470442.
- ^ Witton 2013, pp. 143–151.
Bibliography
- Witton, M. P. (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy (1st ed.). Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15061-1.
External links
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Mimodactylus | |
_Mus%C3%A9e_des_min%C3%A9raux,_fossiles_-_Beyrouth_02.jpg){kind=link}