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A request that this article title be changed to Alleged UNRWA involvement in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed.

On 26 January 2024, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) announced it was investigating allegations, presented to it by Israel days before, of the involvement of a number of its employees in Hamas's October 7 attacks on Israel. Philippe Lazzarini, the commissioner-general of UNRWA, said the organization had dismissed the employees concerned, and that any staff found to have engaged in acts of terror would face consequences.

According to Israel, UNRWA employees took part in the October 7 attacks, and that UNRWA facilities and vehicles were used in them; it said it has compiled a case "incriminating several UNRWA employees for their alleged involvement in the massacre, along with evidence pointing to the use of UNRWA facilities for terrorist purposes". Israel also alleges that there is a structural relation between UNRWA and Hamas, and the names provided so far are "just the tip of the iceberg". Per reports, accusations have been leveled against 12 UNRWA employees for their alleged involvement in the massacres. UN Secretary-General António Guterres later clarified that nine UNRWA employees had been dismissed, one was deceased, and the identities of two other individuals involved in the case were under clarification.

The controversy garnered international condemnation, leading several countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Italy, Finland, Germany, Iceland, the Netherlands, Switzerland,, France,, Estonia, and Japan. to halt funding for UNRWA pending further developments. In 2022, these nations provided a combined total of 739 million US dollars in funding; UNRWA's total funding in that year was $1,113 million.

Background

Israel and Hamas take part in one of the world's longest-continuing conflicts. After several relatively calm years, the death toll in the first half of 2023 climbed to the highest level since 2005.

October 7 attacks

On 7 October 2023, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel from the Gaza Strip, coinciding with the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah, resulting in the deaths of 1,300 people, predominantly citizens. The militants overtook civilian communities, military installations, and public gatherings, massacring civilians and mutilating them. In the Nova festival massacre, 364 party-goers were killed. The assault inflicted injuries upon thousands, with hundreds sustaining severe wounds. Hamas militants are also accused of committing acts of sexual violence and gender-based violence against numerous women, girls, and, in some instances, men. Additionally, approximately 250 Israeli civilians and soldiers were abducted and taken as hostages to the Gaza Strip, including 30 children who were kidnapped. 7 October 2023 has been labelled the bloodiest day in Israel's history and the deadliest for Jews since the Holocaust.

In response, Israel launched airstrikes and a subsequent full-scale offensive on Gaza, with the stated goal of destroying the organization and securing the release of the hostages. According to the Hamas-run Gaza Health Ministry, the conflict has resulted in the deaths of over 26,000 Palestinians, most of whom were women and children.

UNRWA

UNRWA is a UN agency responsible for supporting the relief and human development of Palestinian refugees. Initially established to assist Palestinians displaced by the 1948 Arab–Israeli War (estimated at 700,000 individuals) and subsequent conflicts, along with their descendants, including legally adopted children, UNRWA now aids over 5.6 million registered Palestinian refugees as of 2019. In 2023, UNRWA's largest donors were the US, the EU and Germany.

With a workforce of over 30,000 employees, including approximately 13,000 in Gaza, UNRWA predominantly comprises Palestinian refugees alongside a smaller contingent of international staff. Operating in Gaza, the West Bank, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, the agency's mandate has shifted from providing employment and humanitarian aid to delivering healthcare, schooling, and social services to the population it serves. Prior to the Israel–Hamas war, UNRWA operated 700 schools and 140 health centers in the Gaza Strip.

UNRWA is the only UN agency dedicated to aiding refugees from a specific region or conflict, distinguishing it from UNHCR, a UN agency established in 1950 to assist refugees globally. Unlike UNRWA, UNHCR's mandate includes supporting refugees in achieving local integration, resettlement in third countries, or repatriation when feasible, with the aim of eliminating their refugee status.

In 2021, the European Parliament criticized UNRWA for promoting hate and violence in its textbooks. In a hearing later the same year, UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini acknowledged that a report commissioned by the EU highlighted "a number of issues which need to be addressed". A few weeks after the October 7 attacks, IMPACT-SE reported that at least a hundred Hamas members had been educated within the UNRWA system, with two confirmed to have participated in the attacks.

Israel has been a longtime critic of UNRWA and considers it an obstacle to resolving the Israel-Palestine conflict, by preventing the descendants of refugees from settling in their present locations and keeping the question of return open. It has also expressed concern over what the agency teaches students and over the agency's relation to Hamas; according to Israel, schools operated by the agency have been used by Hamas for terrorist activities. Israeli officials have alleged that since the October 7 attacks, several UNRWA members have been observed celebrating the incidents on social media platforms. Prior to the release of the allegations, Israeli officials had discussed ways to shut down UNRWA funding. On 4 January 2024, Israel Hayom reported that a group of Knesset members were seeking to halt global funding for UNRWA, based on concerns that it is a tool of Hamas. MK Sharren Haskel stated they sought "to stop funds which are being transferred from various countries to this organization, and remove UNRWA's mask".

Allegations

A few days prior to 26 January Israel presented allegations to UNRWA saying that twelve employees had been involved with the 7 October attacks; reportedly some had been identified based on footage captured during the attacks, while others had admitted to working for UNRWA under interrogation after being captured. According to Israel, while they had held information on this for some time it was only in the two weeks prior to the allegations emerging that they had connected this information with a second cache of intelligence which "solidified an assessment that the UNRWA employees had been involved in the attack"; this intelligence included footage taken by Hamas militants during the attacks. According to Israel, these twelve employees are just the "tip of the iceberg". Israel also alleges that UNRWA facilities and vehicles were used in the 7 October attacks and that there is a structural relation between Hamas and UNRWA.

On 28 January, Israel Hayom reported that Israel had been in possession of the information for an extended time, but had declined to release it publicly as they considered UNRWA to be the only functional entity in Gaza, and that "without it the chaos would be even greater". According to Israel Hayom's sources, Israel is uncertain why UNRWA and the United States decided to act on the information now; they speculated that the US action might be because of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs hearing on 30 January "where even more embarrassing information about UNRWA will likely be exposed".

Response from UNRWA and the United Nations

On 26 January 2024, UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini stated, "The Israeli authorities have provided UNRWA with information about the alleged involvement of several UNRWA employees in the horrific attacks on Israel on October 7." He further emphasized, "To protect the agency's ability to deliver humanitarian assistance, I have taken the decision to immediately terminate the contracts of these staff members and launch an investigation in order to establish the truth without delay", adding that "any UNRWA employee who was involved in acts of terror" would be held accountable.

Lazzarini refrained from disclosing the number of employees allegedly involved in the attacks or the nature of their alleged involvement. The US State Department reported the figure to be 12. António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, said on 28 January that accusations had been made against 12 specific employees, and that of those 12 nine had been fired, one was dead, and the identies of the other two were still being confirmed.

Guterres also said he was "horrified by this news". His spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric further stated that the UN chief had directed Lazzarini to lead an investigation to ensure swift termination and potential criminal prosecution of any UNRWA employee implicated in or aiding the October 7 attacks. On 27 January, the deputy UN spokesperson stated, "UNRWA overall had had a strong record, which we have repeatedly underscored."

In a further statement issued on 27 January, Lazzarini described the decision by nine countries to suspend the agency's funding as "shocking" and stated that both people's lives in Gaza and regional stability depended on that support; he urged the nations to resume funding before UNRWA is "forced to suspend its humanitarian response". According to a 28 January statement by Francesca Albanese, the UN special rapporteur for the occupied Palestinian territories, the decision to suspend funding could be a violation of the Genocide Convention, and "overtly defies" the provisional rulings in South Africa v. Israel.

Chris Gunness, a former UNWRA chief spokesman, called on the Arab world to fill the funding gap, saying that they are "making billions each day on oil revenues", and that a "tiny fraction" of that would resolve the funding shortfall.

A UNRWA spokesperson said that the funding suspensions would result in it being unable to continue aiding Gazans by the end of February.

Reactions

International community

Matthew Miller, spokesperson of the US State Department, said that “The United States is extremely troubled by the allegations that twelve UNRWA employees may have been involved in the October 7 Hamas terrorist attack on Israel.” He further stated that the Department of State has temporarily halted additional funding for UNRWA as it conducts a review of the allegations and evaluates the actions being taken by the United Nations to address them.

Canada's Minister of International Development, Ahmed Hussen, announced that the Canadian government has temporarily halted additional funding to UNRWA pending investigation of the allegations. Hussen said he expressed Canada's deep concern directly to UNRWA Commissioner-General Lazzarini, adding that "Canada is taking these reports extremely seriously and is engaging closely with UNRWA and other donors on this issue".

Australia has declared a temporary suspension of its funding to UNRWA. Minister for Foreign Affairs Penny Wong stated that Australia will align itself with similar actions taken by the US and Canada in halting funding. She expressed Australia's deep concern regarding the allegations.

Italy and Germany have also suspended funding to UNRWA.

The UK Foreign Office released a statement, saying that the UK was “appalled” by the allegations.

Finland's Minister for Foreign Trade and Development, Ville Tavio, has opted to suspend Finland's payments to UNRWA in light of the allegations. He stated: "We must make sure that not a single euro of Finland's money goes to Hamas or other terrorists. The suspicion that employees of an organisation receiving humanitarian assistance are involved in a terrorist attack is the reason for suspending the payments. The case must be investigated thoroughly."

Josep Borrell, the European Union's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, said the European Commission would “assess further steps and draw lessons based on the result of the full and comprehensive investigation”, urging UNRWA to "provide full transparency on the allegations and to take immediate measures against staff involved".

The Netherlands announced it will stop financing UNRWA, saying "We are extremely shocked. The accusation is that the attack was committed on October 7 with UN money, with our money."

Norway and Ireland announced that they would not suspend funding for UNRWA.

Swiss officials said no decision would be taken until the “serious accusations” were clarified.

On 28 January 2024, France's Foreign Ministry declared the suspension of funding to UNRWA, describing the allegations as "exceptionally serious".

Israel

Israel's Foreign Minister Israel Katz stated that "UNRWA will not be a part of the day after", referring to the future of Gaza following the Israel–Hamas war. He added that: "We have been warning for years: UNRWA perpetuates the refugee issue, obstructs peace, and serves as a civilian arm of Hamas in Gaza. UNRWA is not the solution – many of its employees are Hamas affiliates with murderous ideologies, aiding in terror activities and preserving its authority."

Palestinian response

Palestinian Authority

The Palestinian Liberation Organization's Secretary-General Hussein al-Sheikh urged countries planning to withdraw funding from UNRWA to reconsider their decision due to significant political and humanitarian concerns.

Hamas

Hamas's press office stated via Telegram that the group implored the UN and international organizations "to not cave in to the threats and blackmail" from Israel, and accused Israel of a "campaign of incitement" against UN agencies delivering aid to Gaza.

See also

• Hamas–UNRWA Holocaust dispute
• Israel and the United Nations
• UNRWA#Criticism and controversies

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• Political controversies
• 2023 in the United Nations
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• 2023 controversies
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• UNRWA
• 2023 Hamas attack on Israel
• Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the United Nations
• Criticism of the United Nations
• Controversies in the State of Palestine