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The ] space telescope opened up a new realm of sub-Earth discoveries. On January 10, 2012, Kepler discovered the first three sub-Earths around an ordinary star, ]. As of June 2014, Kepler has 45 confirmed planets that are smaller than Earth, with 17 of them being smaller than 0.8 R<sub>ⴲ</sub>. In addition, there are over 310 planet candidates with an estimated radius of <1 R<sub>ⴲ</sub>, with 135 of them being smaller than 0.8 R<sub>ⴲ</sub>.<ref name="STEP">{{cite journal |arxiv=1308.6308 |title=Below One Earth Mass: The Detection, Formation, and Properties of Subterrestrial Worlds |date=2013-08-28 |first2=B. |first3=L. |first4=E. |last1=Sinukoff |first1=E. |last2=Fulton |last3=Scuderi |last4=Gaidos |doi=10.1007/s11214-013-0019-1 |volume=180 |journal=Space Science Reviews |issue=1–4 |pages=71–99|bibcode=2013SSRv..180...71S |s2cid=255071638 }}</ref><ref></ref> |
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The ] space telescope opened up a new realm of sub-Earth discoveries. On January 10, 2012, Kepler discovered the first three sub-Earths around an ordinary star, ]. As of June 2014, Kepler has 45 confirmed planets that are smaller than Earth, with 17 of them being smaller than 0.8 R<sub>ⴲ</sub>. In addition, there are over 310 planet candidates with an estimated radius of <1 R<sub>ⴲ</sub>, with 135 of them being smaller than 0.8 R<sub>ⴲ</sub>.<ref name="STEP">{{cite journal |arxiv=1308.6308 |title=Below One Earth Mass: The Detection, Formation, and Properties of Subterrestrial Worlds |date=2013-08-28 |first2=B. |first3=L. |first4=E. |last1=Sinukoff |first1=E. |last2=Fulton |last3=Scuderi |last4=Gaidos |doi=10.1007/s11214-013-0019-1 |volume=180 |journal=Space Science Reviews |issue=1–4 |pages=71–99|bibcode=2013SSRv..180...71S |s2cid=255071638 }}</ref><ref></ref> |
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There is suspected to be a sub-Earth orbiting ], the closest star to the Sun.<ref></ref> The mass of ] is believed to be between that of Mars and Venus.<ref name="FariaSuárezMascareño2022">{{cite journal|last1=Faria|first1=J. P.|last2=Suárez Mascareño|first2=A.|last3=Figueira|first3=P.|last4=Silva|first4=A.M.|last5=Damasso|first5=M.|last6=Demangeon|first6=O.|last7=Pepe|first7=F.|last8=Santos|first8=N.C.|last9=Rebolo|first9=R.|last10=Cristiani|first10=S.|last11=Adibekyan|first11=V.|last12=Alibert|first12=Y.|last13=Allart|first13=R.|last14=Barros|first14=S.C.C.|last15=Cabral|first15=A.|last16=D’Odorico|first16=V.|last17=Di Marcantonio|first17=P.|last18=Dumusque|first18=X.|last19=Ehrenreich|first19=D.|last20=González Hernández|first20=J. I.|last21=Hara|first21=N.|last22=Lillo-Box|first22=J.|last23=Lo Curto|first23=G.|last24=Lovis|first24=C.|last25=Martins|first25=C.J.A.P.|last26=Mégevand|first26=D.|last27=Mehner|first27=A.|last28=Micela|first28=G.|last29=Molaro|first29=P.|last30=Nunes|first30=N. J.|last31=Pallé|first31=E.|last32=Poretti|first32=E.|last33=Sousa|first33=S. G.|last34=Sozzetti|first34=A.|last35=Tabernero|first35=H.|last36=Udry|first36=S.|last37=Zapatero Osorio|first37=M. R.|display-authors=4|title=A candidate short-period sub-Earth orbiting Proxima Centauri|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|date=February 2022|volume=658|page=A115|arxiv=2202.05188|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202142337|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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There is suspected to be a sub-Earth orbiting ], the closest star to the Sun.<ref></ref> The mass of ] is believed to be between that of Mars and Venus.<ref name="FariaSuárezMascareño2022">{{cite journal|last1=Faria|first1=J. P.|last2=Suárez Mascareño|first2=A.|last3=Figueira|first3=P.|last4=Silva|first4=A.M.|last5=Damasso|first5=M.|last6=Demangeon|first6=O.|last7=Pepe|first7=F.|last8=Santos|first8=N.C.|last9=Rebolo|first9=R.|last10=Cristiani|first10=S.|last11=Adibekyan|first11=V.|last12=Alibert|first12=Y.|last13=Allart|first13=R.|last14=Barros|first14=S.C.C.|last15=Cabral|first15=A.|last16=D’Odorico|first16=V.|last17=Di Marcantonio|first17=P.|last18=Dumusque|first18=X.|last19=Ehrenreich|first19=D.|last20=González Hernández|first20=J. I.|last21=Hara|first21=N.|last22=Lillo-Box|first22=J.|last23=Lo Curto|first23=G.|last24=Lovis|first24=C.|last25=Martins|first25=C.J.A.P.|last26=Mégevand|first26=D.|last27=Mehner|first27=A.|last28=Micela|first28=G.|last29=Molaro|first29=P.|last30=Nunes|first30=N. J.|last31=Pallé|first31=E.|last32=Poretti|first32=E.|last33=Sousa|first33=S. G.|last34=Sozzetti|first34=A.|last35=Tabernero|first35=H.|last36=Udry|first36=S.|last37=Zapatero Osorio|first37=M. R.|display-authors=4|title=A candidate short-period sub-Earth orbiting Proxima Centauri|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|date=February 2022|volume=658|page=A115|arxiv=2202.05188|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202142337|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022A&A...658A.115F }}</ref> |
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Sub-Earths commonly lack substantial atmospheres because of their low gravity and weak ]s, allowing stellar radiation to wear away their atmospheres.<ref name="STEP" /> Due to their small sizes, and unless there are significant ]s when orbiting close to the parent star, sub-Earths also have short periods of geologic activity. |
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Sub-Earths commonly lack substantial atmospheres because of their low gravity and weak ]s, allowing stellar radiation to wear away their atmospheres.<ref name="STEP" /> Due to their small sizes, and unless there are significant ]s when orbiting close to the parent star, sub-Earths also have short periods of geologic activity. |
Sub-Earths commonly lack substantial atmospheres because of their low gravity and weak magnetic fields, allowing stellar radiation to wear away their atmospheres. Due to their small sizes, and unless there are significant tidal forces when orbiting close to the parent star, sub-Earths also have short periods of geologic activity.
