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| The '''Twin Gates''' is one of the few remaining gates after the city walls were pulled down at the beginning of the 19th century. it dates from the 2nd-3rd century. It consists of two arches and a decorated frieze. Close by are a few remains of the old city wall. | The '''Twin Gates''' is one of the few remaining gates after the city walls were pulled down at the beginning of the 19th century. it dates from the 2nd-3rd century. It consists of two arches and a decorated frieze. Close by are a few remains of the old city wall. | ||
| The '''Gate of Hercules''' dates from the first century. At the top of the single arch one can see a carved head of ] and his club. A damaged inscription, close to the club, contains the names of Lucius Calpurnius Piso and Gaius Cassius Longinus who were entrusted by the Roman senate to found a colony at the site of Pula. Thus it can be deducted that Pula was founded between 47 and 44 BC. | |||
| The '''Forum''' was constructed in the first century BC, close to the sea. In Roman times it was surrounded by temples of ], ] and ]. This Roman commercial and administrative centre of the city remained the main square of classical and medieval Pula. It still is the main administrative and legislative centre of the city. The temple of Roma and Augustus is still preserved today. A part of the back wall of the temple of Juno was integrated into the Communal Palace in the 13th century. | |||
| The city's old quarter of narrow streets, lined with ] and ] buildings, are still surfaced with ancient Roman paving stones. | The city's old quarter of narrow streets, lined with ] and ] buildings, are still surfaced with ancient Roman paving stones. | ||
Revision as of 14:10, 2 December 2007
For other uses, see Pula (disambiguation). Place in Istria, Croatia| Pula | |
|---|---|
 Aerial view | |
 Coat of arms | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Istria |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Boris Miletić (IDS) |
| Area | |
| • City | 51.65 km (19.94 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 30 m (100 ft) |
| Population | |
| • City | 62,080 |
| • Density | 1,093.27/km (2,831.6/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 90,000 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 52100 |
| Area code | 52 |
| Website | http://www.pula.hr/ |
Pula (Latin Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola; Italian Pola (the city has an official Croatian-Italian bilingualism ); Istriot Pula, German Polei, Slovenian Pulj) is the largest city in Istria, situated at the southern tip of the peninsula, with a population of 62,080 (2006).
From the 19th century through World War I, Pula was the headquarters of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. From 1918 to 1947 Pula was part of the Kingdom of Italy.
Like the rest of the region, it is known for its mild climate, tame sea, and unspoiled nature. The city has a long tradition of winemaking, fishing, shipbuilding, and tourism. Pula has also been Istria's administrative center since ancient Roman times.
Population
Pula is the largest city in Istria county, with a metropolitan area of 90,000 people. The city itself has 62,080 residents (2005), while the metropolitan area includes Barban (2,802 residents), Fažana (3,050 residents), Ližnjan (2,945 residents), Marčana (3,903 residents), Medulin (6,004 residents), Svetvinčenat (2,218 residents) and Vodnjan (5,651 residents).
Its population density is 1,093.27 residents/km², ranking Pula fifth in Croatia.
Its birth rate is 1.795 per cent and its mortality rate is 1.014 per cent (in 2001 466 people were born and 594 deceased), with a natural population increase of -0.219 per cent and vital index of 78.45.
The majority of its citizens are Croats representing 71.65% of the population (2001 census). Ethnic minorities and their composition is as follows: 3,415 Serbs (5.83 per cent), 2,824 Italians (4.82 per cent), 980 Bosnians (1.67 per cent), 731 Slovenians (1.25 per cent) and the rest belong to other minor ethnic communities.
Geography
The city lies on and beneath seven hills (Monte Zaro, Monte Serpente, Monte Ghiro, Monte Magno, Monte Paradiso, Monte Rizzi and Monte Vidal), on the inner part of a wide gulf and a naturally well-protected port (depth up to 38 m) open to the northwest with two entrances: from the sea and through Fažana channel.
Today, Pula's geographical area amounts to 5,165 ha, 4,150 ha on land and 1,015 ha at sea, bounded from the north by islands Sv. Jerolim and Kozada, city areas Štinjan, Veli Vrh and Šijanic forest; from the east area Monteserpo, Valmade, Busoler and Valdebek; from the south with the old gas works, commercial port Veruda and island Veruda; and from the west Verudela, Lungomare and Musil.
Like the rest of the region it is known for its mild climate, tame sea, and unspoiled nature with an average insolation of 2,316 hours per year or 6.3 hours a day, with an average air temperature of 13.2°C (6.1°C in February to 26.4°C in July and August) and sea oscillation from 7°C to 26°C.
History
The city's earliest recorded permanent habitation dates back to the 10th century BC. It was founded by the Illyrian tribe of the Histri, an ancient people that lived in Istria.
Significant Roman settlement (Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola) began in the first century BC. During that time great classical construction were built of which a few remain. The Romans also supplied the city with a water supply and sewage systems. They fortified the city with a wall with ten gates. A few of these gates still remain : Triumphal Arch of the Sergi, the Gate of Hercules and the Twin Gates. In 425 the town became the center of a bishopric, attested by the remains of foundations of a few religious buildings.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city and region were destroyed bythe Ostrogoths. During the 6th and the 7th centuries Pula became the major port of the Byzantine fleet. The cathedral and the Mary of Formosa church date from this period. It was then ruled in succession by the Franks, and by the Venetians. The first arrival of the Slavs in the environs of the town dates to the 7th century, but they never really settled the city, which always kept its Italian soul. The history of the city continued to reflect its location and significance, like that of the region, in the redrawing of borders between European powers.
Pula is quoted by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri in the Divine Comedy: "come a Pola, presso del Carnaro ch'Italia chiude e i suoi termini bagna" or "as Pula, along the Quarnero, that marks the end of Italy and bathes its boundaries".
In 1150 Pula swore allegiance to the Republic of Venice, thus becoming a Venetian possession. For centuries thereafter, the city's fate and fortunes were tied to those of Venetian power. During the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, Pula was attacked and occupied by the Genoese, a Croatian-Hungarian army and the Habsburgs; several outlying medieval settlements and towns were destroyed. In addition to war, the plague, malaria and typhoid ravaged the city. By the 1750s there were only 300 inhabitants left in the city.
With the collapse of the Venetian Republic in 1797, the city became part of the Habsburg Monarchy. It was invaded in 1805 and included in the French Empire's puppet Kingdom of Italy in, then placed directly under the French Empire's Illyrian Provinces.
In 1813, Pula and Istria were restored to the Austrian Empire (later the Austro-Hungarian Empire), and became part of the Austrian Littoral crown land. During this period, From 1856 Pula's large natural harbour became Austria's main naval base and a major shipbuilding centre. The island of Lussino (Lošinj) to the south of Pula became the summer vacation resort of Austria's Habsburg royal family.
Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Pula and the whole of Istria were given to Italy under the Peace Treaty. Italian rule lasted until the end of World War II. In this period governed by Benito Mussolini's fascist government non-Italian especially Slavic residents faced huge political and cultural repression and many fled the city and Istria altogether.
For several years after 1945, Pula was administered by the United Nations, whose presence included U.S. military forces. Istria was partitioned into occupation zones until the region became largely united with the rest of Croatia within the Communist Yugoslavia.
When the city was ceded to Yugoslavia, its population was largely made up of ethnic Italians — up to 90 per cent by some accounts, but with the signing of the peace treaty in 1947, most of those who had not already fled after 1945 left. Between December 1946 and September 1947, the city was abandoned by most of its Italian residents (istrian exodus).
On August 18 1946 it was the site of the Vergarolla explosion.
In 1931 Pula had 41,439 residents, and in 1948 there were only 19,595 residents.
Subsequently, the city's Croatian name of Pula became official. Since the collapse of Yugoslavia, Pula and Istria have remained part of the modern Republic of Croatia.
Sights
The city is best known for its many surviving ancient Roman buildings, the most famous of which is its first century amphitheatre, sixth largest in the world and locally known as the Arena. This is one of the best preserved amphitheatres from antiquity and is still in use today during summer film festivals. During the World War II Italian fascist administration, there were attempts to disassemble the arena and move it to mainland Italy, which were quickly abandoned due to the costs involved.
Two other notable and well-preserved ancient Roman structures are the 1st century AD triumphal arch, the Arch of the Sergii and the co-eval temple of Rome and Augustus, built in the 1st century AD built on the forum during the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus.
The Twin Gates is one of the few remaining gates after the city walls were pulled down at the beginning of the 19th century. it dates from the 2nd-3rd century. It consists of two arches and a decorated frieze. Close by are a few remains of the old city wall.
The Gate of Hercules dates from the first century. At the top of the single arch one can see a carved head of Hercules and his club. A damaged inscription, close to the club, contains the names of Lucius Calpurnius Piso and Gaius Cassius Longinus who were entrusted by the Roman senate to found a colony at the site of Pula. Thus it can be deducted that Pula was founded between 47 and 44 BC.
The Forum was constructed in the first century BC, close to the sea. In Roman times it was surrounded by temples of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. This Roman commercial and administrative centre of the city remained the main square of classical and medieval Pula. It still is the main administrative and legislative centre of the city. The temple of Roma and Augustus is still preserved today. A part of the back wall of the temple of Juno was integrated into the Communal Palace in the 13th century.
The city's old quarter of narrow streets, lined with Medieval and Renaissance buildings, are still surfaced with ancient Roman paving stones.
The Byzantine chapel of St. Mary Formosa was built in the 6th century in the form of a Greek cross, resembling the churches in Ravenna. It was part of a Benedictine abbey that was demolished in the 16th century. The floors and the walls are decorated with mosaics.
The church of St. Francis with adjoining monastery dates from the end of the 13th century. It was built in 1314 in late Romanesque style with Gothic additions such as the rose window. The church consists of a single nave with three apses. A 15th-century wooden polyptych from an Emilian artist adorns the altar. The cloisters display some antique Roman artifacts.
The Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built in the 6 th century, when Pula became the seat of a bishopry, over the remains over the original site where the Christians used to gather and pray in Roman times. it was enlarged in the 10th century and got its present form when a late Renaissance façade was added in early 16th century. The church still retains several Romanesque characters, such as parts of the walls, a few capitals and the upper windows of the nave. The windows of the aisles underwent reconstruction in Gothic style after a fire in 1242. The belfry in front the church was built between 1671 and 1707 with stones form the amphitheatre. There used to stand a baptistery from the 5th century in front of the church, but it was demolished in 1885.
The Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas with its Ravenna-style polygonal apse, originally dates from the 6th century, but was partially rebuilt in the 10th century. In 1583 it was assigned to the Orthodox community of Pula, mainly immigrants from Cyprus and Nauplion. The church owns several icons from the 15th and the 16th century and an iconostasis from the Greek artists Tomios Batos from the 18th century.
The star-shaped castle with four bastions is situated on top of the central hill of the old city. It was built, over the remains of the Roman capitolium, by the Venetians in the 14th century, following the plans of the French military architect Antoine de Ville. Since 1961 it now houses the Historical Museum of Istria. Close by, on the northeastern slopes, one can see the remains of a 2nd-century theatre.
The Archaeological Museum of Istria is situated in the park on a lower level than the Roman theatre and close to the Twin Gates. Its collection was started by Marshall Marmont in August 1802 when he collected the stone monuments from the temple of Roma and Augustus. The present-day museum was opened in 1949. It displays treasures from Pula and surroundings from prehistory untill the Middle Ages.
Culture
As a result of its rich political history, Pula is a city with a cultural mixture of people and languages from the Mediterranean and Central Europe, ancient and contemporary. Pula's architecture reflects these layers of history. Residents are commonly fluent in foreign languages, especially Italian, often also German and English. From October 30, 1904 to March 1905 Irish writer James Joyce taught English at the Berlitz School; his students were mainly Austro-Hungarian naval officers who were stationed at the Naval Shipyard. While he was in Pula he organized the local printing of his broadsheet The Holy Office, which satirized both William Butler Yeats and George Russell .
Opera composer Antonio Smareglia was born in Pula and returned to live there.
Alida Valli, Italian actress, was born in Pula.
Physician Robert Koch worked on the nearby Brijuni islands.
Herman Potočnik (pseudonym Hermann Noordung) a rocket engineer and pioneer of cosmonautics (astronautics) was also born in Pula.
Georg Ritter von Trapp - Austrian naval hero and head of the famous singing family immortalized in the musical The Sound of Music lived in Pula.
Among the "polesi" (Italian natives of the city) is Sergio Endrigo, one of the most famous Italian singer-songwriters.
Economy
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Major industries include shipbuilding, processing industry, tourism, traffic, food industies, construction industries and other non-metal industries.
Major companies located in Pula:
- Uljanik (shipbuilding)
- Tehnomont (shipbuilding)
- Istra cement d.o.o. (cement production)
- Brionka d.d. (food industry)
- Schott Boral d.d. (glass production)
- Bina Istra d.d. (construction industry)
- Istragradnja d.d. (construction industry)
- Cesta d.o.o. (construction industry)
- Arenaturist d.d. (tourism)
- Uniline d.o.o (tourism)
Sport
Football-NK Istra 1961 (second Croatian league) and NK Istra (third Croatian league)
Volleyball-OK OTP Banka Pula (first Croatian league)
Handball-RK Arena
Basketball-KK Stoja and KK Istra
Swimming-SK Arena
Judo-JK Istarski borac and JK PulaFit
Tourism
The natural beauty of Pula's surrounding countryside and turquoise water of the Adriatic have made the city an internationally popular summer vacation destination. The pearl nearby is Brijuni national park visited by numerous world leaders since it was the summer residence of Josip Broz Tito. Roman villas and temples still lie buried among farm fields and along the shoreline of the dozens of surrounding fishing and farming villages. The coastal waters offer beaches, fishing, wreck dives to ancient Roman galleys and World War I warships, cliff diving, and sailing to unspoiled coves and islands large and small.
Pula is the end point of the EuroVelo 9 cycle route that runs from Gdansk on the Baltic Sea through Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia.
It is possible to track dinosaur footprints on the nearby sea shores; certain more important finds have been made at an undisclosed location near Bale.
Transport
Pula Airport is located south-east of Pula, and serves both domestic and international destinations. Similarly to nearby Rijeka Airport, it is not a major international destination. However, this is likely to change as low-cost airline, Ryanair has started scheduled flights to Pula since November 2006. Nearby international airports include Trieste in Italy, Zagreb, Croatia's capital and Ljubljana, Slovenia's capital. There are direct flights into Pula airport from London and Dublin during whole year and several other large airports in Western Europe during summer.
A train service operates north from Pula through to Slovenia, however the line remains disconnected to the rest of the Croatian Railways network due to historical accident. Plans to tunnel the 'missing link' between this line and from Rijeka have existed for many years, and despite work commencing on this project previously, has never seen completion.
Buses serve Pula from a wide range of local, domestic and international locations and operate from the large bus terminal on the edge of the city centre.
Passenger ferries also operate from the port area to nearby islands, and also to Venice in Italy.
Nearby towns and villages
- Bale/Valle
- Banjole/Bagnole
- Barban/Barbanna
- Brijuni/Brioni
- Fažana/Fasana
- Galižana/Gallesano
- Ližnjan/Lisignano
- Medulin/Medolino
- Pomer/Pomero
- Premantura/Promontore
- Šišan/Sissano
- Štinjan/Stignano
- Valtura/Altura
- Vodnjan/Dignano
- Vinkuran/Vinkuran
Twin towns and partner towns
Twin towns:
Graz (since 1972, partnership established in 1961)
Trier (since 1971)
Imola (since 1972)- Verona (since 1982)
Kranj
Čabar (since 1974)- Varaždin (since 1979)
Hekinan (since 2007)
Other forms of partnership:
Szeged (A request for partnership in 2003.)
Veles (Document of friendship and cultural cooperation in 2002)
Novorossijsk (Protocol of partnership and town twinning in 1997)
Strong friendly relationships and continuous contacts are maintained with these towns:
- Vienna
- several towns from Styria region
- Pécs
Brno
Villefranche-de-Rouergue (location of Croatian rebellion, partnership since 2005)
External links
- City of Pula Official homepage
- Template:Wikitravel
- Pula Travel Guide
- Tourism Office Pula
- Archaeological Museum of Istria
- Template:En icon Audio interview with Pula resident about life in Pula
References
| Cities and towns of Croatia by population | ||
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| 100,000+ |  | |
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| Subdivisions of Istria County | ||
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| Cities and towns |  | |
| Municipalities | ||
| Counties of Croatia | |
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