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{{See|Indigenous Aryans|Out of India Theory}} {{See|Indigenous Aryans|Out of India Theory}}


The separation of Indo-Aryans proper from the ] is commonly dated, on linguistic grounds, to roughly 1800 BCE.<ref>{{Citation | last =Mallory | first =J.P. | author-link =J.P. Mallory | year =1989 | title =In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth | place =London | publisher =Thames & Hudson | page=38f.}} </ref> The ] probably split in such early times, and are classified as either remote Indo-Aryan dialects or as an independent branch of Indo-Iranian. By the mid ] ] early Indo-Aryans had reached ] in the west (the ]) and the northern ] in the east (the ]).<ref>e.g. ], s.v. "]", p. 306.</ref> The separation of Indo-Aryans proper from the ] is commonly dated, on linguistic grounds, to roughly 1800 BCE.<ref>{{Citation | last =Mallory | first =J.P. | author-link =J.P. Mallory | year =1989 | title =In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth | place =London | publisher =Thames & Hudson | page=38f.}}</ref> The ] probably split in such early times, and are classified as either remote Indo-Aryan dialects or as an independent branch of Indo-Iranian. By the mid ] ] early Indo-Aryans had reached ] in the west (the ]) and the northern ] in the east (the ]).<ref>e.g. ], s.v. "]", p. 306.</ref>


The spread of Indo-Aryan languages has been connected with the spread of the ] in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. Some scholars trace the Indo-aryans (both Indo-Aryans and European aryans) back to the ] (2nd millennium BCE). Other scholars<ref>Brentjes (1981), Klejn (1974), ] (1989), Lyonnet (1993), Hiebert (1998) and ] (1993)</ref> have argued that the Andronovo culture proper formed too late to be associated with the Indo-Aryans of India, and that no actual traces of the Andronovo culture (e.g. warrior burials or timber-frame materials) have been found in India and Southern countries like Sri Lanka and the Maldives<ref>Edwin Bryant. 2001</ref> The spread of Indo-Aryan languages has been connected with the spread of the ] in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. Some scholars trace the Indo-aryans (both Indo-Aryans and European aryans) back to the ] (2nd millennium BCE). Other scholars<ref>Brentjes (1981), Klejn (1974), ] (1989), Lyonnet (1993), Hiebert (1998) and ] (1993)</ref> have argued that the Andronovo culture proper formed too late to be associated with the Indo-Aryans of India, and that no actual traces of the Andronovo culture (e.g. warrior burials or timber-frame materials) have been found in India and Southern countries like Sri Lanka and the Maldives<ref>Edwin Bryant. 2001</ref>
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===Genetic studies=== ===Genetic studies===
A genetic study in ] state of India found that the upper caste Hindus were closer relatives to Eastern-Europeans than to Hindus from lower castes. <ref>Bamshad et al. (2000)</ref> A genetic study in ] state of India found that the upper caste Hindus were closer relatives to Eastern-Europeans than to Hindus from lower castes.<ref>Bamshad et al. (2000)</ref>


Another study conducted by the ] in 2009 (in collaboration with ], ] and the ] and ]) analyzed half a million genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 ethnic groups from 13 states in India across multiple caste groups.<ref>{{better source}}</ref> Another study conducted by the ] in 2009 (in collaboration with ], ] and the ] and ]) analyzed half a million genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 ethnic groups from 13 states in India across multiple caste groups.<ref>{{Better source|date=October 2009}}</ref>


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Revision as of 04:54, 8 October 2009

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Ethnic group
Indo-Aryan peoples
Regions with significant populations
 India821 mil
 PakistanOver 164 mil
 BangladeshOver 150 mil
   NepalOver 26 mil
 Sri LankaOver 14 mil
 MaldivesOver 300,000
Languages
Indo-Aryan languages
Religion
Primarily Indian religions (Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain) and Islam, some non-religious atheist/agnostic and Christians
Related ethnic groups
Other Indian people · Banglas · Sri Lankans · Nepalese · Maldivians · Pakistanis · Afghans · Iranians · Europeans

Indo-Aryan is an ethno-linguistic term referring to the wide collection of peoples united as native speakers of the Indo-Aryan branch of the family of Indo-European languages. Today, there are over one billion native speakers of Indo-Aryan languages, most of them native to South Asia, where they form the majority. They trace their ancestry to a branch of the Indo-Europeans known as Indo-Iranians.

Origins

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Main article: Indo-Aryan migration Further information: Indigenous Aryans and Out of India Theory

The separation of Indo-Aryans proper from the Iranians is commonly dated, on linguistic grounds, to roughly 1800 BCE. The Nuristani languages probably split in such early times, and are classified as either remote Indo-Aryan dialects or as an independent branch of Indo-Iranian. By the mid 2nd millennium BCE early Indo-Aryans had reached Assyria in the west (the Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni) and the northern Punjab in the east (the Rigvedic tribes).

The spread of Indo-Aryan languages has been connected with the spread of the chariot in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. Some scholars trace the Indo-aryans (both Indo-Aryans and European aryans) back to the Andronovo culture (2nd millennium BCE). Other scholars have argued that the Andronovo culture proper formed too late to be associated with the Indo-Aryans of India, and that no actual traces of the Andronovo culture (e.g. warrior burials or timber-frame materials) have been found in India and Southern countries like Sri Lanka and the Maldives

Archaeologist J.P. Mallory (1998) finds it "extraordinarily difficult to make a case for expansions from this northern region to northern India" and remarks that the proposed migration routes "only the Indo-Iranian to Central Asia, but not as far as the seats of the Medes, Persians or Indo-Aryans" (Mallory 1998; Bryant 2001: 216). Therefore he prefers to derive the Indo-Aryans from the intermediate stage of the BMAC culture, in terms of a "Kulturkugel" model of expansion. Likewise, Asko Parpola (1988) connects the Indo-Aryans to the BMAC. But although horses were known to the Indo-Aryans, evidence for their presence in the form of horse bones is missing in the BMAC. Parpola (1988) has argued that the Dasas were the "carriers of the Bronze Age culture of Greater Iran" living in the BMAC and that the forts with circular walls destroyed by the Indo-Aryans were actually located in the BMAC. Parpola (1999) elaborates the model and has "Proto-Rigvedic" Indo-Aryans intrude the BMAC around 1700 BCE. He assumes early Indo-Aryan presence in the Late Harappan horizon from about 1900 BCE, and "Proto-Rigvedic" (Proto-Dardic) intrusion to the Punjab as corresponding to the Swat culture from about 1700 BCE.

Antiquity

See also: Vedic period, Rigvedic tribes, Iron Age India, Mahajanapadas, and Maurya Empire

An influx of early Indo-Aryan speakers over the Hindukush (comparable to the Kushan expansion of the first centuries CE) together with Late Harappan cultures gave rise to the Vedic civilization of the Early Iron Age. This civilization is marked by a continual shift to the east, first to the Gangetic plain with the Kurus and Panchalas, and further east with the Kosala and Videha. This Iron Age expansion corresponds to the black and red ware and painted grey ware cultures.

For Hellenistic times, Oleg N. Trubachev (1999; elaborating on a hypothesis by Kretschmer 1944) suggests that there were Indo-Aryan speakers in the Pontic steppe. The Maeotes and the Sindes, the latter also known as "Indoi" and described by Hesychius as an "an Indian people".

Middle Ages

Further information: Middle Indic, Middle Kingdoms of India, and History of Hindustani

The various Prakrit vernaculars developed into independent languages in the course of the Middle Ages (see Apabhramsha), forming the Abahatta group in the east and the Hindustani group in the west. The Romani people (also known as Gypsies) are believed to have left India around 1000 CE.

Contemporary Indo-Aryan peoples

Further information: South Asians and Desi

Contemporary Indo-Aryans are spread over most of the northern, western, central and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent, Hyderabad in southern India, and in most parts of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Non-native speakers of Indo-Aryan languages also reach the south of the peninsula. The largest groups are the Hindi, Bengali and Urdu (Hindustani) speakers of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, together with other dialects also grouped as Hindustani, numbering at roughly half a billion native speakers, constituting the largest community of speakers of any of the Indo-European languages. Of the 23 national languages of India, 16 are Indo-Aryan languages (see also languages of India).

Genetic studies

A genetic study in Andhra Pradesh state of India found that the upper caste Hindus were closer relatives to Eastern-Europeans than to Hindus from lower castes.

Another study conducted by the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in 2009 (in collaboration with Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT) analyzed half a million genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 ethnic groups from 13 states in India across multiple caste groups.


List of Indo-Aryan peoples

Historical

Contemporary


Notes

  1. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html#People
  2. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html#People
  3. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html#People
  4. Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, p. 38f.
  5. e.g. EIEC, s.v. "Indo-Iranian languages", p. 306.
  6. Brentjes (1981), Klejn (1974), Francfort (1989), Lyonnet (1993), Hiebert (1998) and Sarianidi (1993)
  7. Edwin Bryant. 2001
  8. e.g. Bernard Sergent. Genèse de l'Inde. 1997:161 ff.
  9. Parpola, Asko (1999), "The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European", in Blench, Roger & Spriggs, Matthew, Archaeology and Language, vol. III: Artefacts, languages and texts, London and New York: Routledge.
  10. Sindoi (or Sindi etc.) were also described by e.g. Herodotus, Strabo, Dionysius, Stephen Byzantine, Polienus.
  11. Bamshad et al. Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations (2000)
  12. Indians are one people descended from two tribes (dnaindia.com)

References

  • Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513777-9.
  • Mallory, JP. 1998. "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia. Ed. Mair. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
  • Trubachov, Oleg N., 1999: Indoarica, Nauka, Moscow.

See also

Categories: