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A martyr (Greek: μάρτυς, mártys, "witness"; stem μάρτυρ-, mártyr-) is somebody who dies in the name of God. Martyrdom is a promise from God to believers who die on His path. This is a purely religious word in everything that it implies, martyr is not someone who dies acting of his own will. While the word means 'witness', it implies witnessing the existence of God, implying belief in God, and dying for Him and not dying for other causes or doing something forbidden by God. While martyrdom is a promise and it is also used to describe people dying in the name of humanly things of this world, and they are named martyrs they are not because martyrdom is a status in the afterlife or 'hereafter'and not a status in this world, simply because they are not in this world anymore. Since people can not make such promises regarding 'afterlife', only God can, martyrdom, or the meaning of this word, can not be secular. The status of martyrdom is promised to people by God in His Revelations in the Books of many prophets since the beginning of time. The word is found in the Torah, the Bible, the Quran. Secular definition of this word or the status of martyrdom is also given to those who die in the name of something that is created by people in this world so that those who die are thought of as martyrs by those who are still alive. So the secular meaning of this word refers to this life and how those who are in still in this life see those who passed on to the afterlife.

Meaning

In its original meaning, the word martyr, meaning witness, was used in the secular sphere as well as in the New Testament of the Bible. The process of bearing witness was not intended to lead to the death of the witness, although it is known from ancient writers (e.g. Josephus) and from the New Testament that witnesses often died for their testimonies.

During the early Christian centuries, the term acquired the extended meaning of a believer who is called to witness for their religious belief, and on account of this witness, endures suffering and/or death. The term, in this later sense, entered the English language as a loanword. The death of a martyr or the value attributed to it is called martyrdom.

The early Christians who first began to use the term martyr in its new sense saw Jesus as the first and greatest martyr, on account of his crucifixion. The early Christians appear to have seen Jesus as the archetypal martyr.

The word martyr is used in English to describe a wide variety of people. However, the following table presents a general outline of common features present in stereotypical martyrdoms.

Christianity

In Christianity, a martyr, in accordance with the meaning of the original Greek martys in the New Testament, is one who brings a testimony, usually written or verbal. In particular, the testimony is that of the Christian Gospel, or more generally, the Word of God. A Christian witness is a biblical witness whether or not death follows. However, over time many Christian testimonies were rejected, and the witnesses put to death, and the word martyr developed its present sense. Where death ensues, the witnesses follow the example of Jesus in offering up their lives for truth.

The concept of Jesus as a martyr has recently received greater attention. Analyses of the Gospel passion narratives have led many scholars to conclude that they are martyrdom accounts in terms of genre and style. Several scholars have also concluded that Paul the Apostle understood Jesus' death as a martyrdom. In light of such conclusions, some have argued that the Christians of the first few centuries would have interpreted the crucifixion of Jesus as a martyrdom.

In the context of church history, from the time of the persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire, it developed that a martyr was one who was killed for maintaining a religious belief, knowing that this will almost certainly result in imminent death (though without intentionally seeking death). This definition of martyr is not specifically restricted to the Christian faith. The first Christian witness to be killed for his testimony was Saint Stephen (whose name means "crown"), and those who suffer martyrdom are said to have been "crowned." From the time of Constantine Christianity became the religion of the realm and there was less and less persecution. As some wondered how then they could most closely follow Christ there was a development of desert spirituality, desert monks, self-mortification, ascetics, (Paul the Hermit, St. Anthony), following Christ by separation from the world. This was a kind of white martyrdom, dying to oneself every day, as opposed to a red martyrdom, the giving of ones life in a violent death.

In Christianity death in sectarian persecution, can be viewed as martyrdom. For example, there were martyrs recognised on both sides of the schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England, with two hundred eighty Christians martyred for their faith by public burning between 1553 and 1558 by the Roman Catholic Queen Mary I in England leading to the split with Rome in 1559 and then three hundred Roman Catholics martyred by the Church authorities in England over the following hundred and fifty years in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Even more modern day accounts of martyrdom for Christ exist, shown in books such as Jesus Freaks.

Islam

n Arabic pronounced( shaheed, شهيد. ) means "witness" as in people are witness's what other people do in this life, prophet Mohammad saws was sent to people as a shahid or witness, Allah calls Himself a Shahid (one of 99 of His names) to what we people do because He is All-seeing, and people are witness's that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is His slave and prophet ( Shahaada ).

Requirements for a status of a shaheed (martyr) in al-āḫira “the hereafter”: a person must be muslim (submitting to the Will of God), must witness the one God and His slave and prophet Muhammad, word witness is used possibly because we people can not prove to others God's existence, but rather we can witness of His existence. Soldiers who die fighting protecting their faith, family, peoples and others under their protection, etc earn this status. A shaheed can be someone who dies even in an accident as long as it doesn't happen with the intention to commit a sin, a woman who dies giving birth earns a status of a shaheed, women and men who drown or burn earn the status of a shaheed. In Surah Ali 'Imran (family) ayat 169-171 Allah tells us "Do not think them dead those who were killed on Allah's way (path)! No, they are alive and are in abundance with their Lord, content because of that which Allah of His kindness gave them and happy for those who didn't join them yet, for whom there will be no fear, and who will not grieve for nothing; they will rejoice because of Allah's prize and mercy and that because Allah will not alllow the reward to vanish to those who were believers."

Shaheed are not only The word also appears with these various meanings in the hadith, the sayings of Muhammad. In one of the Hadith the Ashabs (friends of the prophet) asked the prophet if only those who fight wars receive the status of a shaheed and he answered that if only soldiers received this status there would not be many shaheed in his Ummah (those who follow prophet Mohammed saws).

Judaism

Martyrdom in Judaism is one of the main examples of Kiddush Hashem, meaning "sanctification of God's name" through public dedication to Jewish practice. Religious martyrdom is considered one of the more significant contributions of Hellenistic Judaism to Western Civilization. 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees recount numerous martyrdoms suffered by Jews resisting Hellenizing (adoption of Greek ideas or customs of a Hellenistic civilization) by their Seleucid overlords, being executed for such crimes as observing the Sabbath, circumcising their boys or refusing to eat pork or meat sacrificed to foreign gods. According to W. H. C. Frend, "Judaism was itself a religion of martyrdom" and it was this "Jewish psychology of martyrdom" that inspired Christian martyrdom.

Hinduism

Despite the promotion of ahimsa (non-violence) within Sanatana Dharma, there is also the concept of righteous (dharma), where violence is used as a last resort after all other means have failed. Examples of this are found in the Mahabharata. Upon completion of their exile, the Pandavas were refused the return of their portion of the kingdom by their cousin Duruyodhana; and following which all means of peace talks by Krishna, Vidura and Sanjaya failed. During the great war which commenced, even Arjuna was brought down with doubts, e.g., attachment, sorrow, fear. This is where Krishna instructs Arjuna how to carry out his duty as a righteous warrior and fight.

Bahá'í faith

In the Bahá'í Faith, a martyr is one who sacrifices their life serving humanity in the name of God. However, Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, discouraged the literal meaning of sacrificing one's life. Instead, he explained that martyrdom is devoting oneself to service to humanity.

Sikhism

Martyrdom (called shahadat in Punjabi) is a fundamental concept in Sikhism and represents an important institution of the faith. The Sikh Gurus and Sikh with and after them are the biggest examples of martyrs. They fought against Mughal tyranny and oppression, upholding the fundamentals of Sikhism, where their lives were taken during non-violent protesting or in battles. Sikhism believes in "Ibaadat se Shahadat" (from love to martyrdom).

Chinese culture

Martyrdom was extensively promoted by the Tongmenghui and the Kuomintang party in modern China, revolutionaries who died fighting against the Qing dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution and throughout the Republic of China period, furthering the cause of the revolution, were recognized as martyrs.

The cult of the revolutionary martyr was also strongly developed in Vietnam and North Korea.

Some historic famous martyrs

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• Hussein ibn Ali, Son of Ali, Battle Of Karbala
• Ten Martyrs of Judaism
• Joan of Arc
• Guru Arjan Dev, the 5th leader of Sikhism, martyred 30 May 1606.
• Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th guru of Sikhism, martyred on 11 November 1675. He is also known as "Hind Di Chadar" i.e. "the shield of India", suggesting that to save Hinduism,The Guru gave his life.
• Bhai Dayala is one of the Sikhs who was martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 on account of his refusal to accept Islam.
• Bhai Mati Das is one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history,martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save Hindu Brahmins.
• Bhai Sati Das is one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history,martyred along with Guru Teg Bahadur at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save kashmiri pandits.
• Sahibzada Ajit Singh(1687–1705) the eldest of Guru Gobind Singh's four sons.
• Sahibzada Jujhar Singh (1691–1705), the second son of Guru Gobind Singh.
• Sahibzada Zorawar Singh was the third of Guru Gobind Singh's four sons.
• Sahibzada Fateh Singh was the youngest of Guru Gobind Singh's four sons.
• Joseph Smith was martyred in 1844 after organizing The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
• Fr Maximilian Kolbe, OFM, a Roman Catholic priest, who was martyred in the Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz, August 1941.
• Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in 1968 in protest of his work for African American Civil Rights.

Trade union martyrs

The Tolpuddle Martyrs were a group of 19th century agricultural labourers in Dorset, England, who were arrested for and convicted of swearing a secret oath as members of the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers. The rules of the society showed it was clearly structured as a friendly society, that is, a mutual association for the purposes of insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking; and it operated as a trade-specific benefit society. But at the time, friendly societies had strong elements of what are now considered to be the principal role of trade unions, and wages were at issue. The Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced to transportation to Australia, a harsh form of exile.

See also

• Martyr complex
• Martyrology
• Perpetua and Felicity
• Religious persecution
• Religious views on suicide

References

1. See e.g. Alison A. Trites, The New Testament Concept of Witness, ISBN 0-521-60934-8 and ISBN 978-0-521-60934-0.
2. Frances M. Young, The Use of Sacrificial Ideas in Greek Christian Writers from the New Testament to John Chrysostom (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2004), pp. 107.
3. Eusebius wrote of the early Christians: "They were so eager to imitate Christ ... they gladly yielded the title of martyr to Christ, the true Martyr and Firstborn from the dead." Eusebius, Church History 5.1.2.
4. Scholars believe that Revelation was written during the period when the word for witness was gaining its meaning of martyr. Revelation describes several Christian reh with the term martyr (Rev 17:6, 12:11, 2:10-13), and describes Jesus in the same way ("Jesus Christ, the faithful witness/martyr" in Rev 1:5, and see also Rev 3:14).
5. ^ A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk, Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation (New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011), pp. 217-229.
6. From A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk, Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation (New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011), pp. 218.
7. See Davis, R."Martyr, or Witness?", New Matthew Bible Project
8. J. W. van Henten, "Jewish Martyrdom and Jesus' Death" in Jörg Frey & Jens Schröter (eds.), Deutungen des Todes Jesu im Neuen Testament (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005) pp. 157 – 168.
9. Donald W. Riddle, "The Martyr Motif in the Gospel According to Mark." The Journal of Religion, IV.4 (1924), pp. 397 – 410.
10. M. E. Vines, M. E. Vines, "The 'Trial Scene' Chronotype in Mark and the Jewish Novel", in G. van Oyen and T. Shepherd (eds.), The Trial and Death of Jesus: Essays on the Passion Narrative in Mark (Leuven: Peeters, 2006), pp. 189 – 203.
11. Stephen Finlan, The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors (Atlanta, GA: SBL, 2004), pp. 193 – 210
12. Sam K. Williams, Death as Saving Event: The Background and Origin of a Concept (Missoula, MT: Scholars Press for Harvard Theological Review, 1975), pp. 38 – 41.
13. David Seeley, The Noble Death (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990), pp. 83 – 112.
14. Stanley Stowers, A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles (Ann Arbor: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 212f.
15. Jarvis J. Williams, Maccabean Martyr Traditions in Paul's Theology of Atonement (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2010)
16. S. A. Cummins, Paul and the Crucified Christ in Antioch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
17. Stephen J. Patterson, Beyond the Passion: Rethinking the Death and Life of Jesus (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2004).
18. Arena, Saints, directed by Paul Tickell, 2006
19. ^ Winters, Jonah (1997-09-19). "Conclusion". Dying for God: Martyrdom in the Shii and Babi Religions. M.A. Thesis. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
20. "The Tolpuddle Martyrs", Historic-UK.com

• "Martyrs", Catholic Encyclopedia
• Foster, Claude R. Jr. (1995). Paul Schneider, the Buchenwald apostle: a Christian martyr in Nazi Germany: A Sourcebook on the German Church Struggle. Westchester, PA: SSI Bookstore, West Chester University. ISBN 978-1-887732-01-7

External links

• Fox's Book of Martyrs – 16th century classic book, accounts of martyrdoms
• "Martyrdom from the perspective of sociology". Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion.

• Martyrs
• Religious terminology
• Jungian archetypes