Misplaced Pages

Shaheed (Arabic: شهيد, romanized: Shahīd [ʃahiːd], fem. شهيدة [ʃahiːdah], pl. شُهَدَاء [ʃuhadaː]) is an Arabic word for martyr that has been adopted as a loanword in a wide variety of languages and cultures.

The Arabic word is used frequently in the Quran in to mean "witness" but only once in the sense of "martyr" (i.e. one who dies for his faith); the association with Martyrdom acquires wider usage in the hadith. The first martyr for Islam was a woman. The term's usage is also borrowed by non-Muslim communities where persianate Islamic empires held cultural influence, such as amongst Hindus and Sikhs in India. One of the most famous is Shaheed Bhagat Singh, a revolutionary executed by the British in Lahore in 1931. The movie 23rd March 1931: Shaheed is about Bhagat Singh, and the 1948 Bolywood film Shaheed was also made about the movement.

Like the English-language word martyr, in the 20th century, the word shaheed came to have both religious and non-religious connotations, and has often been used to describe those who died for non-religious ideological causes.

The word is controversially sometimes used as a posthumous title for those who are considered to have accepted or even consciously sought out their own death in order to bear witness to their beliefs.

History

In Arabic, the word shahid means "witness". Its development closely parallels that of the Greek word martys (μάρτυς, lit. 'witness'; also "martyr" in the New Testament), the origin of the term martyr.

In the course of the eighteenth century, there were several wars of independence within the colonial territories of the Muslim World. Many of the soldiers who died during these conflicts were given the title shaheed upon their burial.

Arabic

Classical Arabic

There are at least five different kinds of martyrs according to Hadith.

Allah's Apostle said, "Five are regarded as martyrs: They are those who die because of plague, abdominal disease, drowning or a falling building etc., and the martyrs in Allah's cause.

— Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari

Palestine

In modern political usage, various Palestinian groups consider all Palestinians killed in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to be martyrs for the cause, whether they be civilians or fighters. Militant groups such as Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad consider martyrdom as the highest form of sacrifice for the Palestinian cause.

Palestinian militant groups:

• Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades
• Ezzedeen al-Qassam Brigades
• Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades

Lebanon

• Martyr (2017 film)

Arab Christians

Arab Christians used the word Shaheed, which also means witness, before Islam, as it literally means those who saw Christ, and was originally used for the early Christians who saw Jesus with their own eyes and were later killed for their faith. The word is still used by Christians in Arab-speaking countries, including the names of churches. Examples are the Forty Martyrs Cathedral (Arabic: كنيسة الأربعين شهيد) in Aleppo, Syria and the "Saint George the Martyr Cathedral" (Arabic: كنيسة القدّيس الشهيد مار جرجس) in Damascus.

Gender

A woman is considered "shahida" (Arabic: شَهِيدَة šahīdah) if she dies during the fulfillment of a religious commandment. A woman can also be considered a martyr if she dies during childbirth. There are examples of women fighting in war such as Nusaybah bint Ka'ab. The first martyr (male or female) in Islam was Sumayyah bint Khayyat, who was executed for her conversion to Islam. After stabbing her abdomen, Abu Jahl, an anti-Muslim leader of the Quraysh, asked her to renounce her Muslim faith, to which she replied by spitting at him and calling him lower than an insect she'd crush under her feet. She died after Abu Jahl physically tortured her by stabbing her while she was tied to the ground. Though her name is not common in the modern Muslim dialogue, ancient Islamic literature makes note of the events at the end of her life.

Israel and Modern Hebrew

The word usually retains a similar or broader meaning, but has been recently adopted in Modern Hebrew and Israeli English (Hebrew: שהיד, romanized: Shahid, a loanword from Palestinian Arabic) with a different meaning. According to Haaretz the word "Shahid" has become "synonymous" with "terrorist" among Hebrew speakers in Israel.

Different words in Jewish scriptures

The concept of martyrdom exists in Judaism, but uses words with different etymology. In Judaism, martyrdom is one of the main examples of Jews performing kiddush Hashem, a Hebrew term which means "sanctification of the Name".

Martyrdom in Zionism

Indo-European languages

In Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnians who died during the Bosnian War and the Bosnian genocide are considered martyrs by many due to them being killed for being Muslim.

Martyrdom in colonial British India

Shaheed Bhagat Singh

• Shaheed (1965 film)
• 23rd March 1931: Shaheed (2002 film)
• Shaheed Bhagat Singh College
• Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district

Husaineevaala Raashtreey Shaheedee Smaarak

The Hussainiwala National Martyrs Memorial (Hindi: हुसैनीवाला राष्ट्रीय शहीदी स्मारक, romanized: Husaineevaala Raashtreey Shaheedee Smaarak) is a monument to 3 Indian freedom fighters at Hussainiwala village, near Firozpur in Punjab, India. The monument marks the location on the banks of the Sutlej river where Shaheed Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru were cremated on 23 March 1931, after they were hanged in the Lahore Central Jail. The BSF has showcased the pistol with which Bhagat Singh killed British officer Saunders. The memorial was built in 1968. It is 1km from the India–Pakistan border, on the Indian side. After the Partition of India, the cremation spot became a part of Pakistan, but on 17 January 1961, it was returned to India. Part of remains of a railway line that previously connected Firozpur with Lahore is also preserved here.

Every year, on 23 March, the Shaheedi Mela is observed at the memorial and a daily flag lowering ceremony at Hussainiwala-Ganda Singh Wala border, similar to the Wagah-Attari border ceremony is also held here jointly by the Indian and Pakistan Armed Forces.

Independent India

Shaheed Minar in West Bengal

The Shaheed Minar is in Maidan in Kolkata in West Bengal in India. It was originally built 200 years ago, in memory of Major-general Sir David Ochterlony, commander of the British East India Company, to commemorate both his defense of Delhi against the Marathas in 1804 and the victory of the East India Company’s armed forces over the Gurkhas in the Anglo-Nepalese War. On 9 August 1969, it was rededicated to the memory of the martyrs of the Indian freedom movement and renamed the "Shaheed Minar", which means "Martyrs' Monument" in both Bengali and Hindi.

Bangladesh

Shaheed Minar, Dhaka

The Shaheed Minar (Bengali: শহীদ মিনার, romanized: Shohid Minar, lit. 'The Martyr Tower') is a national monument in Dhaka, Bangladesh, established to commemorate those killed during the Bengali Language Movement demonstrations of 1952 in then East Pakistan. On 21 and 22 February 1952, students from Dhaka University and Dhaka Medical College and political activists, were killed when the Pakistani police force opened fire on Bengali protesters who were demanding official status for their native language, Bengali. The massacre occurred near Dhaka Medical College and Ramna Park.

Shaheed monuments at the University of Rajshahi

The Shaheed Minar Complex at the University of Rajshahi in Bangladesh has many murals and the Shaheed Minar (Martyrs' monument). A mural near the Golden Jubilee Tower depicts the struggle of men and women. The obelisk of martyred professor Shamsuzzoha has a mural depicting him. The Bangabandhu Hall, Sher-e-Bangla Hall and Syed Ameer Ali Hall have murals of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, AK Fazlul Haque and Syed Ameer Ali respectively. The campus also had the Shaheed Minar, Mass-Graveyard monument and the Shabash Bangladesh. The sculptures are the martyred intellectual memorial monument near the central library, Sfulingo in the Shaheed Samsuzzoha Hall premises, and martyred professor Habibur Rahman's sculpture on Shaheed Habibur Rahman Hall's entrance.

• Shabash Bangladesh commemorates the Bangladesh Liberation War.
• Shaheed Minar, University of Rajshahi.

Martyrdom in Pakistan

Pakistan People's Party

In Pakistan, the term Shaheed is mainly used for martyrs of the Armed Forces, or civilians killed in terror attacks. The Pakistan Armed Forces' ideologies are largely motivated by Islamic teachings of sacrificing ones self in the name of God (Allah), and protecting innocents.

Shaheed Benazir Bhutto

Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan and leader of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), was assassinated in a terrorist attack on 27 December 2007. Benazir and 23 other people were killed by a gunshots and a suicide bomber.

Following this, many schools and universities were named in honour of her martyrdom:

• Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University
• Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College
• Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University
• Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College
• Shaheed Benazir Bhutto City University in Karachi, Sindh
• Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Dewan University in Karachi, Sindh
• Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Shaheed Benazirabad) in Nawabshah, Sindh
• Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences in Sakrand, Sindh
• Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University (Karachi) in Karachi, Sindh
• Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Sheringal) in Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
• Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University (previously known as the Frontier Women University, in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)

Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto)

The Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto), abbreviated PPP-SB, was one of three breakaway factions of the Pakistan Peoples Party. The party was headed by Ghinwa Bhutto, the widow of Murtaza Bhutto. Ghinwa was a refugee from the Lebanese Civil War.

Martyrs and martyrdom in Iran

Qasem Soleimani

• Shahid Soleimani-class corvette
• Shahid Qasem Soleimani Stadium (Tabriz)
• Shahid Qasem Soleimani Stadium (Sirjan)
• Qasem Soleimani International Airport
• Qasem Soleimani Expressway

The 2024 ceremony to commemorate Qasem Soleimani was bombed by ISIS, an anti-Shia Sunni extremist group.

Shahid Beheshti

• Shahid Beheshti University
• Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Iranian drones

• Shahed Saegheh

Other languages

Turkish

In Turkish the word is Şehi̇d (Romanized: Shahidh).

North Caucasus

The first suicide bomber was possibly a Russian revolutionary in 1881.

"Shahidka" is a Chechen word for female Islamist suicide bombers.

In China

The Muslim General Ma Fuxiang stated on how Chinese Muslims were willing to die to accomplish tasks assigned to them. Imams sponsored by the Kuomintang called for Muslims to go on Jihad to become martyrs in battle, where Muslims believe they will go automatically to heaven. Becoming a shaheed in the Jihad for the country was encouraged by the Kuomintang, which was called "glorious death for the state" and a hadith promoting nationalism was spread. A song written by Xue Wenbo at the Muslim Chengda school, which was controlled by the Kuomintang, called for martyrdom in battle for China against Japan. The Muslim General Bai Chongxi himself was a member of a Dare to Die corps in the Xinhai revolution.

Some activists have referred to victims of the Uyghur genocide in China as martyrs.

Religious texts

Baháʼí Faith

Part of a series on the
Baháʼí Faith
Central figures Baháʼu'lláh The Báb ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
Basics Teachings Unity of God Unity of humanity Unity of religion Laws Prayer Calendar Nineteen Day Feast
Key scripture Kitáb-i-Aqdas Kitáb-i-Íqán The Hidden Words Some Answered Questions Other Texts
Institutions Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh Administrative Order The Guardianship Universal House of Justice Spiritual Assemblies
History Baháʼí history Timeline Bábism Persecution
People Shoghi Effendi Hands of the Cause Apostles Other Baháʼís Bábis Letters of the Living Mullá Husayn Táhirih
Places House of Worship Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh Qiblih Shrine of the Báb Síyáh-Chál World Centre Pilgrimage Haifa Acre
Other topics Socioeconomic development Progressive revelation Cosmology Symbols Homosexuality Gender Science Prophecies Statistics Orthography
Category
v t e

In the Baháʼí Faith, martyrs are those who sacrifice their lives serving humanity in the name of God. However, Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, discouraged the literal meaning of sacrificing one's life. Instead, he explained that martyrdom is devoting oneself to service to humanity.

Sanskrit

In South Asia, Hindus adopted the word "shaheed" as a synonym to the Sanskrit word "hutātmā" (हुतात्मा in Devanagari and হুতাত্মা in Bengali; हुत् and হুত্ hut = sacrificing, आत्मा and আত্মা ātmā = soul, thus hutātmā = sacrificing soul / martyr), to denote Hindu martyrs.

Sikh scripture

Part of a series on
Sikhism
People Topics Outline History Glossary
Sikh gurus Guru Nanak Guru Angad Guru Amar Das Guru Ram Das Guru Arjan Guru Hargobind Guru Har Rai Guru Har Krishan Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Gobind Singh Guru Granth Sahib
Selected revered saints Bhagat Kabir Bhagat Ravidas Bhagat Farid Bhagat Ramanand Bhagat Beni Bhagat Namdev Bhagat Sadhana Bhagat Bhikhan Bhagat Parmanand Bhagat Sain Bhagat Dhanna Bhagat Pipa Bhagat Surdas Bhagat Jaidev Bhagat Trilochan Bhatt Kalshar Bhatt Balh Bhatt Bhalh Bhatt Bhika Bhatt Gayand Bhatt Harbans Bhatt Jalap Bhatt Kirat Bhatt Mathura Bhatt Nalh Bhatt Salh Baba Sundar Satta Doom Balvand Rai
Philosophy Naam Japo Kirat Karō Vand Chakkō Charhdi Kalā Guru Maneyo Granth Five Thieves Five Virtues
Practices Sikh Rehat Maryada Prohibitions Ardās Kirtan Amrit Velā Dasvand The Five Ks Langar Sewa Simran Nitnem Dastar (Turban) Naam Karan Amrit Sanskar Anand Karaj Antam Sanskar
Scripture Guru Granth Sahib Dasam Granth Sarbloh Granth Five Banis
Places and Takhts Gurdwara Harmandir Sahib Akal Takht Keshgarh Sahib Damdama Sahib Patna Sahib Hazur Sahib
General topics Ik Onkar Khalsa Waheguru Panj Pyare Nirgun and Sargun Khanda Literature Music Names Nanakshahi calendar Criticism Jathedar of Akal Takht War Sects
Sikhism and other religions Sikhism and Hinduism Sikhism and Islam Sikhism and Jainism
Religion portal
v t e

Martyrdom (called shahadat in Punjabi) is a fundamental concept in Sikhism and represents an important institution of the faith. Sikhs believe in Ibaadat se Shahadat (from love to martyrdom). Some famous Sikh martyrs include:

The word shahid (Punjabi: ਸ਼ਹੀਦ) is also found in Sikhism, a religion founded by Guru Nanak in the northwest part of the Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and India). It means a martyr.

The term was borrowed from the Islamic culture in Punjab when Sikhism was founded, and before the start of the British Raj it referred to the Sikh people who met death at the hands of oppressors. Another related term is shahid-ganj, which means a "place of martyrdom".

The most discussed shahid in Sikhism have been two of their Gurus, namely Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur for defying Islamic rulers and refusing to convert to Islam. Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and asked to convert to Islam. He refused, was tortured and executed in 1606 CE. Historical records and the Sikh tradition are unclear whether Guru Arjan was executed by drowning or died during torture. His martyrdom, that is becoming a shahid, is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism.

Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom resulted from refusing to convert and for resisting the forced conversions of Hindus in Kashmir to Islam because he believed in freedom of conscience and human rights. He was publicly beheaded in 1675 on the orders of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi. Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi marks the shahid-ganj, or place of execution of the Guru.

The Sikh have other major pilgrimage sites, such as the shahid-ganj in Sirhind, where two sons of Guru Gobind Singh were bricked alive by the Mughal Army in retaliation of their father's resistance. In Muktsar, near a lake is a shahid-ganj dedicated to forty men who died defending Guru Gobind Singh.

• Sculpture at Mehdiana Sahib of the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur by Mughals in 1716.
• Detail of Taru Singh being scalped alive from a 19th century Sikh drawing depicting his martyrdom.

Films called Shaheed

• Shaheed (1948 film)
• Shaheed (1962 film)
• Shaheed (1965 film)
• Martyr (2017 film)
• 23rd March 1931: Shaheed (2002 film)

See also

• Istishhad, in Islam, the act of martyrdom or the seeking of martyrdom
• Jihad, an Islamic religious duty, meaning "struggle"
• Martyrdom in Christianity
• Martyrdom in Judaism
• Martyrdom in Sikhism
• Martyrdom video, a video recording the acts of Islamic martyrs
• Olei Hagardom
• Persecution of Muslims
• Shahada, the Islamic creed.

References

1. ^ "Bhutto 'wounded in suicide blast'". BBC News. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
2. ^ "Bhutto exhumation OK, Pakistan official says". CNN. 29 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
3. Matthew Moore; Emma Henry (28 December 2007). "Benazir Bhutto killed in gun and bomb attack". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
4. ^ Khalid Zaheer (November 22, 2013). "Definition of a shaheed". Dawn. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
5. {{cite| quote = The word shahid (plural shahada) has the meaning of "martyr" and is closely related in its development to the Greek martyrios in that it means both a witness and a martyr in the latter sense only once is it attested (3:141). | author = David Cook | url = http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0124.xml Oxford Bibliographies] Archived 2015-11-01 at the Wayback Machine
6. "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μάρτυ^ς". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
7. Habib, Sandy (2017). "Dying for a Cause Other Than God: Exploring the Non-religious Meanings of Martyr and Shahīd". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 37 (3): 314–327. doi:10.1080/07268602.2017.1298395. S2CID 171788891.
8. ^ Gölz, Olmo (2019), "Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East (Editorial)", Behemoth, 12 (1): 2–13, archived from the original on 2019-05-17
9. https://journals.sfu.ca/jd/index.php/jd/article/download/647/371/1849. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
10. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/148781/2/b30953297_Sandilands_V.pdf. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
11. Trites, Allison A. (1973). "Μάρτυς and Martyrdom in the Apocalypse: A Semantic Study". Novum Testamentum. 15 (1): 72–80. doi:10.2307/1559928. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 1559928. Greek: Μάρτυς
12. Sasha Dehghani; Silvia Horsch (eds.). Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East (PDF). p. 7. Martyrdom belongs to the terms and concepts of religion in general, especially the monotheist religions and here in particular Christianity. The Greek term "martys", taken from the judicial sphere and used in the sense of "blood witness", was coined during the persecution of the Christians in the second century CE. In Islamic history – at least with regard to majority Sunni Islam – readiness to engage in combat became more essential than readiness to suffer due to the different historical situation and subsequent development, beginning with the emigration of the early Muslim community to Medina. For this reason the most influential shahīd (again a term denominating the witness in the judicial sphere) became the figure of the fallen fighter, even though anybody dying an untimely death, whether from natural disasters or epidemic diseases, as well as victims of violence, is also considered a martyr. Whereas in Sunni Islam a fully fledged martyr cult did not develop before the onset of modernity, the case is different with Shiite Islam, in which Ḥusayn's martyrdom is the pivotal theme.
13. 5 December 2012. John L. Esposito (ed.). "Martyrdom". In The Islamic World: Past and Present. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
14. Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:82
15. Abdulrahim, Raja; Yazbek, Hiba (31 December 2022). "For Palestinians, a Rush to Claim 'Martyrs' Killed by Israel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
16. Hatina, M. (2005). Theology and power in the Middle East: Palestinian martyrdom in a comparative perspective. Journal of Political Ideologies, 10(3), 241–267. doi:10.1080/13569310500244289
17. Meir Litvak (2010) “Martyrdom is Life”: Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33:8, 716-734, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170
18. Arabic: متري هاجي اثناسيو, 2005، اديرة وكنائس دمشق وريفها : (بحث ميداني توثيقي تاريخي اثري), pp. 57–58.
19. Lumbard, Joseph E.B. (2004) Islam, Fundamentalism, and the Betrayal of Tradition. World Wisdom Publishing, ISBN 0941532607 (30)
20. Cook, David (2007). Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521615518.
21. Cook, David (2007). Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521615518. p. 14.
22. Zbeedat, Nagham (23 June 2024). "Explained: What 'shahid' or 'martyr' means for Palestinians and Israelis". Haaretz.com. Since the Palestinian suicide bombings of the 1990s, for Hebrew speakers in Israel, the word 'shahid' has been synonymous with 'terrorist'.
23. Marvin Bash, Messages of the Chofetz Chaim: 100 Stories and Parables 2006 Page 91 "Section VII Sanctification of the Name: An Introduction It is written in the Torah, as one of the commandments", You shall be holy, for I am holy" (Lev. 19:2). According to this Biblical verse, the Jew is obligated to be holy... (See: Chofetz Chaim)
24. http://www.ferozepur.nic.in/html/HUSSAINIWALA.html
25. District Administration. "The National Martyrs Memorial, Hussainiwala Border". www.ferozepur.nic.in. District Administration, Ferozpur.
26. Sethi, Shiv (28 December 2019). "Hussainiwala border: Where patriotism flows". The Free Press Journal.
27. "The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum". Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Making of a memorial by K. S. Bains
28. "Why Indian Sikhs need binoculars for darshan across the border". The Times of India. 17 September 2018.
29. Dhupad, Mohit (31 January 2018). "देखिए वो जगह, जहां साथियों की लाशें छोड़ भाग गए थे पाकिस्तानी सैनिक, मिली थी हार (Look at that place, where the Pakistani soldiers had fled, leaving their dead bodies behind)". Amar Ujala.
30. "Dress and Ornaments". Archived from the original on 1 October 2015.
31. http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/indopakborder.html
32. "Heritage Tour: Shaheed Minar". Archived from the original on 10 March 2007.
33. "The story of the Central Shaheed Minar".
34. "Rajshahi Central Shaheed Minar".
35. Bashir Al Helal (2012), "Language Movement", in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.), Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, archived from the original on 7 March 2016
36. Al Helal, Bashir (2003). Bhasa Andolaner Itihas [History of the Language Movement] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Agamee Prakashani. pp. 474–476. ISBN 984-401-523-5.
37. Ahmed Rafique (2012), "Shaheed Minar", in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.), Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, archived from the original on 24 December 2021, retrieved 6 March 2016
38. "RU's first Shaheed Minar to be reconstructed after 55 years". 24 January 2019.
39. https://evendo.com/locations/bangladesh/rajshahi/landmark/central-shahid-minar-ru
40. "Pakistan's Former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto Assassinated". VOA News. Voice of America. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
41. "Benazir Bhutto killed in attack". BBC News. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
42. "The Homicide of PPP". Daily Times. 2024-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
43. "Mir Murtaza Bhutto remembered on 20th death anniversary". www.geo.tv. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
44. "On 20th anniversary, reopening of Murtaza assassination case demanded". DAWN.COM. 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
45. "Ghinwa says Bilawal has encircled himself with thieves and criminals". DAWN.COM. 2019-04-05. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
46. "Declan Walsh talks to Fatima Bhutto, Benazir's niece". The Guardian. 2008-01-11.
47. "ŞEHİD". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi.
48. "A Fact Sheet form the Worldwide Incidents T" (PDF). www.fbiic.gov.
49. Upton Close (2007). In the Land of the Laughing Buddha – The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China. READ BOOKS. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-4067-1675-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
50. Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
51. Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
52. Howard L. Boorman; Richard C. Howard; Joseph K.H. Cheng (1979). Biographical dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3. New York City: Columbia University Press. pp. 51–56. ISBN 0-231-08957-0.
53. ^ Winters, Jonah (1997-09-19). "Conclusion". Dying for God: Martyrdom in the Shi'i and Babi Religions. M.A. Thesis. Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
54. Sandeep Singh Bajwa (2000-02-11). "Biographies of Great Sikh Martyrs". Sikh-history.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
55. ^ W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.
56. H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
57. ^ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 55–58. ISBN 978-0-19-106276-6.
58. ^ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
59. ^ Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pages 29–62
60. Kulathungam, Lyman (2012). Quest : Christ amidst the quest. Wipf. pp. 175–177. ISBN 978-1-61097-515-5.
61. Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (1999). The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Translated by Thackston, Wheeler M. Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-19-512718-8.
62. Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pp. 118–121
63. WH McLeod (1989). The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society. Columbia University Press. pp. 26–51. ISBN 978-0231068154.
64. Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–445. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8. This second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity." and "This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri pandits came seeking protection from Auranzeb's army.
65. Seiple, Chris (2013). The Routledge handbooks of religion and security. New York: Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.
66. "Religions - Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur". BBC. Archived from the original on 2017-04-14. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
67. H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. Archived from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
68. "The story of Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh". 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.

External links

• Quotations related to Martyrdom in Islam at Wikiquote

v t e Sikhism
Glossary and History
Gurus	Guru Nanak Guru Angad Guru Amar Das Guru Ram Das Guru Arjan Guru Hargobind Guru Har Rai Guru Har Krishan Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Gobind Singh Guru Granth Sahib (Sikh holy book)
Philosophy	Beliefs and principles Guru Maneyo Granth Sikh Rehat Maryada The 52 Hukams Prohibitions Cannabis and Sikhism Diet in Sikhism
Practices	Khalsa Sikh practices Sikh rites Ardās Kirtan Langar Naam Karan Anand Karaj Amrit Sanchar Amrit Velā Antam Sanskar Three Pillars Kirat Karo Naam Japo Vand Chhako The Five Ks Simran Sewa Charhdi Kala Dasvand Jhatka
Scripture	Guru Granth Sahib Dasam Granth Sarbloh Granth Gurbani Mul Mantar Japji Sahib Chaupai Jaap Sahib Rehras Sukhmani Sahib Tav-Prasad Savaiye
Architecture	Gurdwara Harmandir Sahib Janam Asthan Darbar Sahib Kartarpur List Africa Asia Europe North America Bahadurgarh Fort Fateh Burj Hazuri Bagh Baradari Kesgarh Qila Khanda museum Moti Bagh Palace Nanak Shahi bricks Pul Kanjri Qila Mubarak, Patiala Ramgarhia Bunga Samadhi of Ranjit Singh Well of Dina Nath
By country	Diaspora Afghanistan Australia Austria Bangladesh Belgium Canada Vancouver China Denmark Fiji Finland France Germany Greece India Jammu and Kashmir Kochi Punjab Indonesia Iran Iraq Italy Japan Malaysia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Niue Norway Pakistan Panama Poland Singapore South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Thailand United Arab Emirates United Kingdom England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland United States U.S. Military
Groups, sects and communities	Sects of Sikhism Khalsa Mina Namdhari Nanakpanthi Nihang Nirankari Sewapanthi Nirmala Ramraiya Udasi Mazhabi Sikh Piara Singh Bhaniara Agrahari Sikh Jatha Damdami Taksal Akhand Kirtani Jatha Singh Sabha Contemporary Sant Mat movements 3HO
Sikh Empire	v t e Sikh Empire Rulers Ranjit Singh Kharak Singh Nau Nihal Singh Chand Kaur Sher Singh Jind Kaur Duleep Singh Military conflicts Mughal-Sikh Wars Battle of Bhangani Nadaun Basoli 1st Anandpur 2nd Anandpur Chamkaur Sarsa Muktsar Sonepat Samana Sirhind Sadhaura Chappar Chiri Rahon Lohgarh Jalalabad Jammu Gurdas Nangal Delhi Afghan–Sikh wars Battle of Attock Battle of Multan Battle of Shopian Battle of Nowshera Battle of Peshawar Battle of Jamrud First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Mudki Battle of Ferozeshah Battle of Aliwal Battle of Sobraon Second Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Ramnagar Battle of Chillianwala Siege of Multan Battle of Gujrat Others Nepal–Sikh War, Sino-Sikh war, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, Panchayati Revolution, List of battles involving the Sikh Empire Military forces Sikh Khalsa Army Fauj-i-Khas Fauj-i-Ain Kampu-i-mu'alla Adversaries Mughal Empire Durrani Empire Emirate of Afghanistan British East India Company Kingdom of Nepal Qing Empire Hill States Alliance Kingdom of Mankera Namgyal dynasty Barakzai dynasty Sudhans of Poonch Maqpon Dynasty Forts Jamrud Fort Multan Fort Harkishangarh Lahore Fort Zorawar Fort Bahu Fort Gobindgarh Fort Phillaur Fort Officials and warriors Natives Dhian Singh Diwan Dina Nath Diwan Bhawani Das Diwan Buta Singh Pratap Singh Misr Diwan Chand Diwan Mulraj Hari Singh Nalwa Mahan Singh Mirpuri Dewan Mokham Chand Khushal Singh Jamadar Zorawar Singh Tej Singh Lal Singh Gulab Singh Balbhadra Kunwar Jawahar Singh Mehta Basti Ram Sham Singh Attariwalla Sher Singh Attariwalla Chattar Singh Attariwalla Desa Singh Majithia Amar Singh Majithia Lehna Singh Majithia Ranjodh Singh Majithia Surat Singh Majithia Mangal Singh Ramgarhia Akali Phula Singh Chandu Lal Ajit Singh Sandhawalia Kahan Singh Nakai Sangat Singh Saini Hukma Singh Veer Singh Jarnail Ghaus Khan Ilahi Bakhsh Fakir Azizuddin Sultan Mahmud Khan Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana Sohan Lal Suri Moti Ram Diwan Ram Dayal Diwan Kirpa Ram Foreigners Jean-François Allard Jean-Baptiste Ventura Claude Auguste Court François Henri Mouton Alexander Gardner Paolo Avitabile Josiah Harlan Johann Martin Honigberger Henry Lawrence Influential families Sandhawalia family Majithia family Tiwana family Treaties Treaty of Amritsar (1809) Tripartite Treaty (1838) Treaty of Chushul (1842) Treaty of Lahore (1846) Treaty of Amritsar (1846) Miscellaneous Khalsa Darbar records
Festivals	Bandi Chhor Divas Hola Mohalla Maghi Mela Maghi Vaisakhi
Other topics	History Culture Art Music Ik Onkar Waheguru Khanda Panj Pyare Films Literature Music Names Places Politics Sikhs in the British Indian Army 11th Sikh Regiment Sikh Regiment Sikh Light Infantry Nanakshahi calendar Ramananda Fariduddin Ganjshakar Kabir Sardar Dastar Dharamyudh Islam Jainism Hinduism Rama Sikhs Ravidassia Women in Sikhism Sikhism and sexual orientation In Fiction Idolatry in Sikhism Criticism Punjab History Punjabis Punjabi language (Gurmukhī) Sacred trees
Takht	Akal Takht Damdama Sahib Kesgarh Sahib Hazur Sahib Patna Sahib
Outline Category

v t e Socialism in Pakistan
History of Pakistan (timeline: 1947–present)
Ideology and initiatives	Idea Nationalisation Public property Vertical integration Pakistan Steel Mills Constitutionalism Five-Year Plans Pakistan Khappay Bhuttoism Islamic Socialism Communism BISP Defence through deterrence Public–private partnership Internationalism Rule according to higher law Industrialization Centralization Egalitarianism Welfarism Billion Tree Tsunami Roti Kapra Makaan Agriculturalism
Organizations and parties	Pakistan Workers' Federation Trade unions in Pakistan Pakistan Socialist Party Pakistan People's Party Stalinist Faheemist Bhuttoist Sherpaoist Leninist Social Democratic Party Muttahida Qaumi Movement Realist Awami National Party Communist Marxist Nationalist Southern National Front National Party Communist Party Worker's Union Revolutionist
People	Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Faiz Ahmad Faiz Tridev Roy Habib Jalib Abdul Ghaffar Khan Wali Khan Mirage Muhammad Malik Mirage Benazir Bhutto Aitzaz Ahsan Samad Achakzai Mohammad Achakzai Ali Kurd Raza Rabbani JA Rahim Jam Saqi Mazhar Ali Hina Khar Wasim Badami Faisal Abidi Qamar Kaira Naveed Qamar Murtaza Bhutto Altaf Hussain Babar Ghouri Asif Zardari Taj Haider Sharmila Faruqui Nusrat Bhutto Farhatullah Babar Mubashir Hassan Bushra Gohar Fahmida Mirza Iftikhar Ahmad Naseerullah Babar Ehsan Wyne Afrasiab Khattak Ajmal Khattak Asfandyar Wali Shehla Raza Yusuf Raza Gilani Farooq Sattar Pervaiz Ashraf Tariq Ali Ali Wazir Malala Yousafzai
Governments	Bhutto ministry Benazir ministry First Second Gilani administration
Media	Print Socialist Weekly Express Tribune Daily Awam Pakistan Today Mirror Electronic ARY News Express News Pop culture Lal Salam Laal Inquilab Zindabad

• Muslim martyrs
• Arabic words and phrases
• Islamic terminology
• Lists of loanwords
• Words and phrases in Modern Hebrew
• Pakistani English