Chaldean Neo-Aramaic: Difference between revisions

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	'''Chaldean Neo-Aramaic''' is a ] language <ref>] (1895). ''Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul''. Cambridge University Press, London.</ref> that is spoken by ethnic Chaldeans or Iraqi Christians throughout modern day Iraq, including in Baghdad, Southern Iraq, and in the plains of ] in northern ], as well as by the Chaldean Catholic communities worldwide. <ref> Article entitled "Chaldeans in Metro Detroit" dated August 2011 by ABCNews, article found at http://detroit2020.com/2011/08/11/chaldeans-in-metro-detroit/</ref><ref>Iraqi Constitution, Article 125</ref><ref>See BBC NEWS (March 13, 2008). "Who are the Chaldean Christians?". BBC NEWS. Retrieved March 26, 2010.</ref><ref>Iraqi Christians’ long history, BBC News, November 1, 2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11669994</ref><ref>"Chaldeans in Detroit," by Jacob Bacall, Published by Arcadia Publishing in 2004</ref><ref> Declaration by the Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church on the Role of Chaldeans in the New Iraqi Government, dated September 2003 http://www.chaldeansonline.org/chaldeanews/bishops.html</ref>		'''Chaldean Neo-Aramaic''' is a ] language<ref>] (1895). ''Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul''. Cambridge University Press, London.</ref> that is spoken by ethnic Chaldeans or Iraqi Christians throughout modern day Iraq, including in Baghdad, Southern Iraq, and in the plains of ] in northern ], as well as by the Chaldean Catholic communities worldwide.<ref> Article entitled "Chaldeans in Metro Detroit" dated August 2011 by ABCNews, article found at http://detroit2020.com/2011/08/11/chaldeans-in-metro-detroit/</ref><ref>Iraqi Constitution, Article 125</ref><ref>See BBC NEWS (March 13, 2008). "Who are the Chaldean Christians?". BBC NEWS. Retrieved March 26, 2010.</ref><ref>Iraqi Christians’ long history, BBC News, November 1, 2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11669994</ref><ref>"Chaldeans in Detroit," by Jacob Bacall, Published by Arcadia Publishing in 2004</ref><ref> Declaration by the Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church on the Role of Chaldeans in the New Iraqi Government, dated September 2003 http://www.chaldeansonline.org/chaldeanews/bishops.html</ref>

	It is ] to Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, both evolving from the same ], a distinct dialect which evolved in Mesopotamia between the 5th century BC and 1st century AD. The Syriac language in turn, had evolved from ], an ] infused dialect introduced as the ] of Assyria and the ] by ] in the 8th century BC. (The term ''Syrian'' and thus its derivative ''Syriac'', had originally been 9th century BC ] and ].		It is ] to Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, both evolving from the same ], a distinct dialect which evolved in Mesopotamia between the 5th century BC and 1st century AD. The Syriac language in turn, had evolved from ], an ] infused dialect introduced as the ] of Assyria and the ] by ] in the 8th century BC. (The term ''Syrian'' and thus its derivative ''Syriac'', had originally been 9th century BC ] and ].

	Speakers are ethnic Chaldeans and are descendants of the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia. <ref> Contemporay Chaldeans and Assyrians by Bishop Sarhad Jammo http://www.chaldeaneurope.org/chaldean-culture/</ref> Due to theological differences with the ] in 1552AD, from which the Chaldean Catholic Church originated, the Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon and its Chaldean members entered into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church. <ref>http://www.chaldeansonline.org/church.html</ref> Chaldeans are also known as "Iraqi Christians" "Kaldus" or "Kaldaniya" or "Chaldos."		Speakers are ethnic Chaldeans and are descendants of the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia.<ref> Contemporay Chaldeans and Assyrians by Bishop Sarhad Jammo http://www.chaldeaneurope.org/chaldean-culture/</ref> Due to theological differences with the ] in 1552AD, from which the Chaldean Catholic Church originated, the Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon and its Chaldean members entered into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>http://www.chaldeansonline.org/church.html</ref> Chaldeans are also known as "Iraqi Christians" "Kaldus" or "Kaldaniya" or "Chaldos."

	== History ==		== History ==

Revision as of 00:12, 14 February 2015

Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
ܟܠܕܝܐ Kaldāyâ, ܣܘܼܪܲܝܬ Sōreth
Sûret in written Syriac (Madnkhaya script)
Pronunciation	Template:IPA-sem
Native to	Iraq, Iran, Turkey
Region	Iraq; Mosul, Ninawa, now also Baghdad and Basra.
Native speakers	(undated figure of 220,000) (110,000 in Iraq in 1994)
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic Central Semitic Northwest Semitic Aramaic Eastern Aramaic Northeastern Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
Writing system	Syriac (Madenhaya alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`cld`
Glottolog	`chal1275`
ELP	Southern Northeastern Neo-Aramaic language

Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is a Neo-Aramaic language that is spoken by ethnic Chaldeans or Iraqi Christians throughout modern day Iraq, including in Baghdad, Southern Iraq, and in the plains of Mosul in northern Iraq, as well as by the Chaldean Catholic communities worldwide.

It is closely related to Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, both evolving from the same Syriac language, a distinct dialect which evolved in Mesopotamia between the 5th century BC and 1st century AD. The Syriac language in turn, had evolved from Imperial Aramaic, an Akkadian infused dialect introduced as the lingua franca of Assyria and the Neo Assyrian Empire by Tiglath-Pileser III in the 8th century BC. (The term Syrian and thus its derivative Syriac, had originally been 9th century BC Indo-Anatolian and Greek.

Speakers are ethnic Chaldeans and are descendants of the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia. Due to theological differences with the Church of the East in 1552AD, from which the Chaldean Catholic Church originated, the Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon and its Chaldean members entered into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church. Chaldeans are also known as "Iraqi Christians" "Kaldus" or "Kaldaniya" or "Chaldos."

History

Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is one of a number of modern Northeastern Aramaic languages spoken by the Babylonian people. native to the northern region of Iraq, Baghdad, southern Iraq, between Lake Urmia in Iranian Azerbaijan in northern Iraq near Dohuk and near the Turkish border. Jews, Mandeans and Syriac-Aramean Christians speak different dialects of Aramaic that are often mutually unintelligible. The Christian dialects have been heavily influenced by Classical Syriac, the literary language of the Assyrian Church and Syriac Christianity in antiquity.

Therefore, Christian Neo-Aramaic has a dual heritage: literary Syriac and colloquial Neo-Assyrian Eastern Aramaic. The Christian dialects are often called Soureth, or Syriac in Iraqi Arabic. The dialect is spoken mostly by Chadlean communities in the mountainous regions of northern Iraq, in the Nineveh Plains Province of Iraq, as well as in Basra, Babil, Baghdad and other Iraqi and Syrian provinces.

Before the schism of 1552, most Chaldean Christians in northern Mesopotamia were members of the Church of the East, with a minority being affiliated with the Syriac Orthodox Church. When the schism split the church, many of the Christians of the region opted for communion with the Roman Catholic Church and became members of the Church of Assyria and Mosul in the 1550s AD, which was only much later renamed the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1683 AD.

Dialects

Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is a Chaldean dialect of the Nineveh Plains, Baghdad, and Southern Iraq, a region which was an integral part of ancient Assyria and Babylonia between the 25th century BC and 7th century AD. It has a number of identifiable dialects, each corresponding to one of the villages where the language is spoken. The village/dialects are: Ankawa, Alqosh, Aqrah, Mangesh, Tel Keppe, Baghdeda, Tel Skuf, Baqofah, Batnaya, Bartella, Sirnak-Cizre (Bohtan), Araden and Dahuk.

Like the Assyrian Neo Aramaic dialect of Tyari, most of the Chaldean dialects are characterised by the presence of the fricatives θ (th) and ð (dh), where other Assyrian dialects pronounce them as stops (t and d). Also, some Chaldean dialects would use an /ɹ/ sound, as instead of /ɾ/ which is widespread in the Assyrian Neo-Aramaic varieties. Unlike in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, the guttural sounds of and are used predominantly in Chaldean varieties - This is a feature also seen in other Northeastern Neo-Aramaic languages.

Script

Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is written in the Madenhaya version of the Syriac alphabet, which is also used for classical Syriac. The School of Alqosh produced religious poetry in the colloquial Chaldean Neo-Aramaic rather than classical Syriac, in the 17th century, and the Dominican Press in Mosul has produced a number of books in the language.

Notes

Chaldean Neo-Aramaic at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
Maclean, Arthur John (1895). Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul. Cambridge University Press, London.
Article entitled "Chaldeans in Metro Detroit" dated August 2011 by ABCNews, article found at http://detroit2020.com/2011/08/11/chaldeans-in-metro-detroit/
Iraqi Constitution, Article 125
See BBC NEWS (March 13, 2008). "Who are the Chaldean Christians?". BBC NEWS. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
Iraqi Christians’ long history, BBC News, November 1, 2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11669994
"Chaldeans in Detroit," by Jacob Bacall, Published by Arcadia Publishing in 2004
Declaration by the Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church on the Role of Chaldeans in the New Iraqi Government, dated September 2003 http://www.chaldeansonline.org/chaldeanews/bishops.html
Contemporay Chaldeans and Assyrians by Bishop Sarhad Jammo http://www.chaldeaneurope.org/chaldean-culture/
http://www.chaldeansonline.org/church.html
Wilhelm Baum and Dietmar Winkler: The Church of the East: A Concise History. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. pages 5, 19, 30, 79, 89, 103-104
Wilhelm Baum and Dietmar Winkler: The Church of the East: A Concise History. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. page 112
*Beyer, Klaus (1986). The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53573-2.

References

Heinrichs, Wolfhart (ed.) (1990). Studies in Neo-Aramaic. Scholars Press: Atlanta, Georgia. ISBN 1-55540-430-8.
Maclean, Arthur John (1895). Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul. Cambridge University Press, London.

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