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| | ]|| Moldavian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ro|]}} || {{IPA|}} || 'house' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ə}} in standard Romanian. See ] | | ]|| Moldavian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ro|]}} || {{IPA|}} || 'house' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ə}} in standard Romanian. See ] | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | colspan=2| ]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jones|Ward|1969|p=38}}</ref> || {{lang|ru|]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ru-жена.ogg|}} || 'sun' || This occurs only after {{IPA|/ʐ/}}, {{IPA|/ʂ/}} or {{IPA|/t͡s/}}. See ] | | colspan=2| ]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jones|Ward|1969|p=38}}</ref> || {{lang|ru|]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ru-жена.ogg|}} || 'sun' || This occurs only for some speakers after {{IPA|/ʐ/}}, {{IPA|/ʂ/}} or {{IPA|/t͡s/}}. See ] | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | colspan=2| ]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || || | | colspan=2| ]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || || | ||
Revision as of 13:02, 16 September 2015
| Close-mid central unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɘ | |||
| ë | |||
| IPA number | 397 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɘ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0258 | ||
| X-SAMPA | @\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
.svg)
The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɘ⟩. This is a reversed letter e, and should not be confused with the schwa ⟨ə⟩, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ë⟩ (Latin small letter e with umlaut, not Cyrillic small letter yo). This letter may be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ɘ̞⟩, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Features
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Standard | Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'bit' | Somewhat fronted; typically transcribed with ⟨ɪ⟩, the way it's pronounced in some dialects. See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Australian | Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'bird' | Typically transcribed as /ɜː/. See Australian English phonology | |
| Cardiff | Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'foot' | Somewhat retracted; corresponds to /ʊ/ in other dialects. See English phonology | ||
| New Zealand | Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'bit' | Corresponds to /ɪ/ in other dialects. See English phonology | ||
| Southern American | Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'nut' | Some dialects. Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology | ||
| Irish | Munster | sáile | 'salt water' | Usually transcribed . It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants. See Irish phonology | |
| Kaingang | 'tail' | Varies between central and back [ɤ]. | |||
| Kazakh | ]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: cyrl not supported for code: kk (help) | 'language' | |||
| Korean | 어른 | 'senior' | See Korean phonology. | ||
| Mongolian | үсрэcode: mon promoted to code: mn | 'jump' | |||
| Norman | acataer | 'to buy' | May be depending by the region. In Jèrriais it's spelled aï and pronounced . | ||
| Paicî | ?? | 'spider' | |||
| Polish | Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'mouse' | Somewhat fronted; typically transcribed as /ɨ/. See Polish phonology | ||
| Romanian | Moldavian dialects | ]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'house' | Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian | солнце | 'sun' | This occurs only for some speakers after /ʐ/, /ʂ/ or /t͡s/. See Russian phonology | ||
| Shiwiar | |||||
| Skolt Sami | Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'I left' | |||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'and' | ||
References
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:128)
- Collins & Mees (2003:131)
- Cox (2006:?)
- Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
- ^ Coupland (1990:93)
- Bauer et al. (2007)
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
- ^ Ó Sé (2000)
- Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
- Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- Pop (1938), p. 29.
- Jones & Ward (1969:38)
- Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- Merrill (2008:109–10)
Bibliography
- Bauer, L.; Warren, P.; Bardsley, D.; Kennedy, M.; Major, G. (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/[[Category:Pages with plain IPA]] vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494
{{citation}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, p. 93, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Durie, M.; Hajek, J. (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
{{citation}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-06736-7
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
{{citation}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21345-7
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173