Special Period - Misplaced Pages

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Special Period Periodo especial
Cuban citizens resorting to horse-drawn carriage for transportation (1994)
Country	Cuba
Period	1991–2000
Refugees	Around 30,000
Effect on demographics	Death rate among the elderly increased by 20% from 1982 to 1993 Nutrition fell from 3,052 calories per day in 1989 to 2,099 calories per day in 1993. Other reports indicate even lower figures, 1,863 calories per day.
Consequences	Maleconazo protests and 1994 Cuban rafter crisis Continuing United States embargo against Cuba New economic regulations and rationing Shift in agriculture to Organopónicos

In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, resulting in a large-scale economic collapse throughout the newly independent states which once comprised it. During its existence, the Soviet Union provided Cuba with large amounts of oil, food, and machinery. In the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba's gross domestic product shrunk 35%, imports and exports both fell over 80%, and many domestic industries shrank considerably. Food and weapon imports stopped or severely slowed. The largest immediate impact was the loss of nearly all of the petroleum imports from the USSR; Cuba's oil imports dropped to 10% of pre-1990 amounts. Before this, Cuba had been re-exporting any Soviet petroleum it did not consume to other nations for profit, meaning that petroleum had been Cuba's orks. The lack of resources to purchase the electronic equipment to produce beats and tracks gives Cuban rap a raw feel that paralleled that of "old school" music in the US.

References

^ Kozameh, Sara (30 January 2021). "How Cuba Survived and Surprised in a Post-Soviet World". Jacobin. Retrieved 2 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Garth, Hanna. 2009 Things Became Scarce: Food Availability and Accessibility in Santiago de Cuba Then and Now. NAPA Bulletin.
Carmen Diana Deere (July–August 1991). "Cuba's struggle for self-sufficiency – aftermath of the collapse of Cuba's special economic relations with Eastern Europe". Monthly Review. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
"Cuba's Special Period". www.historyofcuba.com.
Pacini-Hernandez, Deborah and Reebee Garofalo. "The emergence of rap Cubano: An historical perspective." In Music, Space, and Place, editors Whitely, Bennett, and Hawkins, 89–107. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2004.

Sources

Chavez, L. (2005). Capitalism, God, and a Good Cigar; Cuba Enters the Twenty-First Century. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Chiddister, Diane. (27 April 2006). Film shows many ways Cuba reacted to peak oil crisis Yellow Springs News. Retrieved 12 July 2014 (originally retrieved 18 October 2006)
Heinberg, R. (2003). The Party's Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies. Canada: New Societies Publishers
Hernandez-Reguant, A., ed. (2009). Cuba in the Special Period. Culture and Ideology in the 1990s. New York: Palgrave -Mac Millan.
Lopez, M. Vigil. (1999). Cuba; Neither Heaven Nor Hell. Washington, D.C.: The Ecumenical Program of Central America and the Caribbean (EPICA).
Pineiro-Hall, E. (2003) Seattle Delegation US Women and Cuba@ 5th International Women's Conference, University of Havana.
Sierra, J.A. Time Table of Cuba 1980–2005, Retrieved 12 December 2006
Zuckerman, S. (2003). Lessons From Cuba: What Can We Learn From Cuba's Two-Tier Tourism Economy?, Retrieved 26 November 2006

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Revolutions of 1989

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Central and Eastern Europe	Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Soviet Union	Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Chechnya Estonia Georgia Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan
Elsewhere	Afghanistan Angola Benin Burma Cambodia China Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia Mongolia Mozambique Somalia South Yemen

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History

Pre-Revolution	Timeline Colonial governors Slavery Ten Years' War Little War Cuban War of Independence Sinking of USS Maine Spanish–American War Platt Amendment Republic World War I 1932 hurricane World War II Cuban Revolution Attack on the Moncada Barracks Landing of the Granma United States embargo against Cuba Triumph of the Revolution
Post-Revolution	Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution San Juan Hill massacre Revolution first, elections later Agrarian reforms in Cuba Huber Matos affair Golden exile Escambray rebellion La Coubre explosion Operation Peter Pan Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban literacy campaign P.M. affair Four Year Plan (Cuba) Night of the Three Ps Escalante affair Cuban Missile Crisis Great Debate (Cuba) Freedom Flights Revolutionary Offensive Grey years Padilla affair Institutionalization process Sovietization of Cuba Cuban intervention in Angola Mariel boatlift Peruvian Havana Embassy Crisis of 1980 Rectification process Special Period Dollarization of Cuba Maleconazo 1994 Cuban rafter crisis Battle of Ideas Elian Gonzalez affair Energy Revolution Fidel's transfer of power Cuban thaw
Cities	History of Havana Timeline Other cities Timelines: Camagüey, Cienfuegos, Guantánamo, Holguín, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba

Geography

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Constitution Corruption Council of Ministers Council of State Elections Exodus Foreign relations Human rights Censorship Human trafficking LGBT Law Political parties National Assembly of People's Power President Propaganda President of Cuba list Vice President of Cuba Prime Minister of Cuba list
Military	Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR) Revolutionary Army Revolutionary Navy Air Force Territorial Troops Militia National Army (defunct)
Law enforcement	National Revolutionary Police Force
Intelligence	Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Dirección General de Inteligencia Military Counterintelligence Directorate

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By occupation	Architects Artists Athletes Baseball players Painters abstract Writers women

v t e Financial crises
Bank run Commodity price shocks Credit crunch Credit cycle Currency crisis Debt crisis Energy crisis Financial contagion Social contagion Flash crash Hyperinflation Liquidity crisis Accounting Capital Funding Market Minsky moment Social crisis Stock market crash
Pre-1000	Financial crisis of 33 CE Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE)
Commercial revolution (1000–1760)	Great Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500) The Great Debasement (1544–1551) Dutch Republic stock market crashes (c. 1600–1760) Kipper und Wipper (1621–1623) Tulip mania crash (1637) South Sea bubble crash (1720) Mississippi bubble crash (1720)
1st Industrial Revolution (1760–1840)	Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763 Bengal bubble crash (1769–1784) British credit crisis of 1772–1773 Dutch Republic financial collapse (c. 1780–1795) Copper Panic of 1789 Panic of 1792 Panic of 1796–1797 Danish state bankruptcy of 1813 Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks (1815–1816) Panic of 1819 Panic of 1825 Panic of 1837
1840–1870	European potato failure (1845–1856) Great Irish Famine Highland Potato Famine Panic of 1847 Panic of 1857 Panic of 1866 Black Friday (1869)
2nd Industrial Revolution (1870–1914)	Panic of 1873 Paris Bourse crash of 1882 Panic of 1884 Arendal crash (1886) Baring crisis (1890) Encilhamento (1890–1893) Panic of 1893 Australian banking crisis of 1893 Black Monday (1894) Panic of 1896 Panic of 1901 Panic of 1907 Shanghai rubber stock market crisis (1910) Panic of 1910–11 Financial crisis of 1914
Interwar period (1918–1939)	Early Soviet hyperinflation (1917–1924) Weimar Republic hyperinflation (1921–1923) Shōwa financial crisis (1927) Wall Street crash of 1929 Panic of 1930 Chinese hyperinflation (1937-1950)
Wartime period (1939–1945)	Greek hyperinflation (1941–1946) Chinese hyperinflation (1937-1950)
Post–WWII expansion (1945–1973)	Hungarian pengő hyperinflation (1945–1946) Kennedy Slide of 1962 1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation Chinese hyperinflation (1937-1950)
Great Inflation (1973–1982)	1970s energy crisis (1973–1980) 1973 oil crisis 1973–1974 stock market crash Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 Steel crisis (1973–1982) Latin American debt crisis (1975–1982) 1976 British currency crisis 1979 oil crisis Brazilian hyperinflation (1980–1982)
Great Moderation/ Great Regression (1982–2007)	Brazilian hyperinflation (1982–1994) Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982) Chilean crisis of 1982 1983 Israel bank stock crisis Black Saturday (1983) Savings and loan crisis (1986–1995) Cameroonian economic crisis (1987–2000s) Black Monday (1987) 1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis Japanese asset price bubble crash (1990–1992) Rhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992) 1991 Indian economic crisis 1990s Swedish financial crisis 1990s Finnish banking crisis 1990s Armenian energy crisis Cuban Special Period (1991–2000) Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis) Yugoslav hyperinflation (1992–1994) 1994 bond market crisis Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994 Mexican peso crisis (1994–1996) 1997 Asian financial crisis October 1997 mini-crash 1998 Russian financial crisis 1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis 1998–2002 Argentine great depression Samba effect (1999) Dot-com bubble crash (2000–2004) 9/11 stock market crash (2001) 2001 Turkish economic crisis South American economic crisis of 2002 Stock market downturn of 2002 2002 Uruguay banking crisis 2003 Myanmar banking crisis 2000s energy crisis (2003–2008) 2004 Argentine energy crisis 2007 Chinese stock bubble crash Zimbabwean hyperinflation (2007–present)
Great Recession (2007–2009)	2007–2008 financial crisis September 2008 October 2008 November 2008 December 2008 2009 Subprime mortgage crisis 2000s U.S. housing market correction U.S. bear market of 2007–2009 2008 Latvian financial crisis 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis 2008–2009 Russian financial crisis 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis 2008–2011 Irish banking crisis 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis Blue Monday Crash 2009 European debt crisis Greek government-debt crisis
Information Age (2009–present)	2009 Dubai debt standstill Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010 2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis Energy crisis in Venezuela (2010–present) Syrian economic crisis (2011–present) August 2011 stock markets fall 2011 Bangladesh share market scam 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis Venezuela economic crisis (2013–present) 2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis Puerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–2022) Russian financial crisis (2014–2016) 2015 Nepal blockade 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence 2015–2016 stock market selloff Brexit stock market crash (2016) Venezuelan hyperinflation (2016–2022) 2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis Ghana banking crisis (2017–2018) Turkish economic crisis (2018–present) Lebanese liquidity crisis (2019–present) Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present) COVID-19 pandemic Financial market impact 2020 stock market crash Recession Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present) 2021–2023 inflation surge 2022 Russian financial crisis Pakistani economic crisis (2022–present) 2022 stock market decline 2022–2024 German economic crisis 2023 United States banking crisis 2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis
List of banking crises List of economic crises List of sovereign debt crises List of stock market crashes and bear markets

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