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Year 1278 (MCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

• May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea, dies. By the terms of the Treaty of Viterbo, his lands passed under the direct control of Charles I, king of Sicily. Charles appoints a bailiff to rule the Latin principality. In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, Nicholas III, on May 24. He promises not to attack or invade the Byzantine Empire because Nicholas has hopes to unify the Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church.
• August 5 – Siege of Algeciras: Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King Alfonso X (the Wise) besiege Algeciras (at this time under control of the Marinids). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the Bay of Gibraltar to prevent the supply of the city from nearby Gibraltar. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the Order of Saint Mary of Spain, a military-religious order which is concentrated in naval warfare.
• August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by King Rudolf I in alliance with King Ladislaus IV (the Cuman), defeat and kill Ottokar II, ruler of Bohemia. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of Central Europe. Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories, until the end of World War I in 1918.
• September 29 – Aragonese forces led by King Peter III take the Muslim stronghold of Montesa, putting an end to two years of Mudéjar rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm and go into exile.

Levant

• January – Charles I is crowned King of Jerusalem, and is recognized by the kingdom's barons at Acre. He surrenders the vicariate of Tuscany to Nicholas III. His bailiff, Roger of San Severino, appoints various Frenchmen from Charles' court as his chief officers. Bohemond VII, count of Tripoli (and nominal Prince of Antioch), acknowledges Roger as lawful bailiff.

Asia

• May 8 – The 7-year-old Emperor Duan Zong (or Zhao Shi) dies of illness. He is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing who becomes the last ruler of the Song dynasty. Meanwhile, Mongol forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan ("Great Khan") draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court.
• November 8 – Trần Thánh Tông, second emperor of Vietnam's Trần dynasty, takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for 11 years to co-rule with his son Trần Khâm.

By topic

Art and Culture

• The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.

Markets

• Giles of Lessines writes his De usuris. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in Roman Catholic Europe.

Religion

• September 8 – Pere d'Urtx, Catalan bishop of Urgell, becomes the first Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra, when he signs the paréage, establishing joint-sovereignty over the territory with Roger-Bernard III, count of Foix.

Births

• March 11 – Mary of Woodstock, English princess (d. 1332)
• November 10 – Philip I (or II), Neapolitan prince (d. 1331)
• Constantine I (or III), king of Cilician Armenia (d. 1310)
• Ferdinand of Majorca, Aragonese prince (infante) (d. 1316)
• Rita of Armenia, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1333)
• Thomas of Lancaster, English nobleman (d. 1322)

Deaths

• May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea (b. 1211)
• May 8 – Duan Zong (or Zhao Shi), Chinese emperor (b. 1270)
• June 30 – Pierre de la Broce, French nobleman and councilor
• August 26 – Ottokar II, Bohemian nobleman and ruler (b. 1233)
• Andrew, Hungarian nobleman and prince (House of Árpád)
• Lý Chiêu Hoàng, Vietnamese empress consort (b. 1218)

References

1. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 193. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
2. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 186. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
3. Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
4. de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 120. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
5. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 288. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
6. Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.

• 1278