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Free algebra

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(Redirected from Free associative algebra) Free object in the category of associative algebras This article is about free algebras in ring theory. For the more general free algebras in universal algebra, see Free object.
Algebraic structure → Ring theory
Ring theory
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Related structures

• Field
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Commutative algebraCommutative rings
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Algebraic number theory

• Algebraic number field
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• p-adic numbers Q p {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}}
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Noncommutative algebraNoncommutative rings
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Noncommutative algebraic geometry

Free algebra

Clifford algebra

• Geometric algebra
Operator algebra

In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra known as ring theory, a free algebra is the noncommutative analogue of a polynomial ring since its elements may be described as "polynomials" with non-commuting variables. Likewise, the polynomial ring may be regarded as a free commutative algebra.

Definition

For R a commutative ring, the free (associative, unital) algebra on n indeterminates {X1,...,Xn} is the free R-module with a basis consisting of all words over the alphabet {X1,...,Xn} (including the empty word, which is the unit of the free algebra). This R-module becomes an R-algebra by defining a multiplication as follows: the product of two basis elements is the concatenation of the corresponding words:

( X i 1 X i 2 ⋯ X i l ) ⋅ ( X j 1 X j 2 ⋯ X j m ) = X i 1 X i 2 ⋯ X i l X j 1 X j 2 ⋯ X j m , {\displaystyle \left(X_{i_{1}}X_{i_{2}}\cdots X_{i_{l}}\right)\cdot \left(X_{j_{1}}X_{j_{2}}\cdots X_{j_{m}}\right)=X_{i_{1}}X_{i_{2}}\cdots X_{i_{l}}X_{j_{1}}X_{j_{2}}\cdots X_{j_{m}},}

and the product of two arbitrary R-module elements is thus uniquely determined (because the multiplication in an R-algebra must be R-bilinear). This R-algebra is denoted R⟨X1,...,Xn⟩. This construction can easily be generalized to an arbitrary set X of indeterminates.

In short, for an arbitrary set X = { X i ; i ∈ I } {\displaystyle X=\{X_{i}\,;\;i\in I\}} , the free (associative, unital) R-algebra on X is

R ⟨ X ⟩ := ⨁ w ∈ X ∗ R w {\displaystyle R\langle X\rangle :=\bigoplus _{w\in X^{\ast }}Rw}

with the R-bilinear multiplication that is concatenation on words, where X* denotes the free monoid on X (i.e. words on the letters Xi), ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } denotes the external direct sum, and Rw denotes the free R-module on 1 element, the word w.

For example, in R⟨X1,X2,X3,X4⟩, for scalars α, β, γ, δ ∈ R, a concrete example of a product of two elements is

( α X 1 X 2 2 + β X 2 X 3 ) ⋅ ( γ X 2 X 1 + δ X 1 4 X 4 ) = α γ X 1 X 2 3 X 1 + α δ X 1 X 2 2 X 1 4 X 4 + β γ X 2 X 3 X 2 X 1 + β δ X 2 X 3 X 1 4 X 4 {\displaystyle (\alpha X_{1}X_{2}^{2}+\beta X_{2}X_{3})\cdot (\gamma X_{2}X_{1}+\delta X_{1}^{4}X_{4})=\alpha \gamma X_{1}X_{2}^{3}X_{1}+\alpha \delta X_{1}X_{2}^{2}X_{1}^{4}X_{4}+\beta \gamma X_{2}X_{3}X_{2}X_{1}+\beta \delta X_{2}X_{3}X_{1}^{4}X_{4}} .

The non-commutative polynomial ring may be identified with the monoid ring over R of the free monoid of all finite words in the Xi.

Contrast with polynomials

Since the words over the alphabet {X1, ...,Xn} form a basis of R⟨X1,...,Xn⟩, it is clear that any element of R⟨X1, ...,Xn⟩ can be written uniquely in the form:

∑ k = 0 ∞ ∑ i 1 , i 2 , ⋯ , i k ∈ { 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n } a i 1 , i 2 , ⋯ , i k X i 1 X i 2 ⋯ X i k , {\displaystyle \sum \limits _{k=0}^{\infty }\,\,\,\sum \limits _{i_{1},i_{2},\cdots ,i_{k}\in \left\lbrace 1,2,\cdots ,n\right\rbrace }a_{i_{1},i_{2},\cdots ,i_{k}}X_{i_{1}}X_{i_{2}}\cdots X_{i_{k}},}

where a i 1 , i 2 , . . . , i k {\displaystyle a_{i_{1},i_{2},...,i_{k}}} are elements of R and all but finitely many of these elements are zero. This explains why the elements of R⟨X1,...,Xn⟩ are often denoted as "non-commutative polynomials" in the "variables" (or "indeterminates") X1,...,Xn; the elements a i 1 , i 2 , . . . , i k {\displaystyle a_{i_{1},i_{2},...,i_{k}}} are said to be "coefficients" of these polynomials, and the R-algebra R⟨X1,...,Xn⟩ is called the "non-commutative polynomial algebra over R in n indeterminates". Note that unlike in an actual polynomial ring, the variables do not commute. For example, X1X2 does not equal X2X1.

More generally, one can construct the free algebra R⟨E⟩ on any set E of generators. Since rings may be regarded as Z-algebras, a free ring on E can be defined as the free algebra Z⟨E⟩.

Over a field, the free algebra on n indeterminates can be constructed as the tensor algebra on an n-dimensional vector space. For a more general coefficient ring, the same construction works if we take the free module on n generators.

The construction of the free algebra on E is functorial in nature and satisfies an appropriate universal property. The free algebra functor is left adjoint to the forgetful functor from the category of R-algebras to the category of sets.

Free algebras over division rings are free ideal rings.

See also

References

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