| Toad bugs Temporal range: Aptian–Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N | |
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| Gelastocoridae at the edge of the Eel River, California | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Infraorder: | Nepomorpha |
| Clade: | Tripartita |
| Superfamily: | Ochteroidea |
| Family: | Gelastocoridae |
| Genera | |
| Synonyms | |
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The Gelastocoridae (toad bugs) is a family of about 100 species of insects in the suborder Heteroptera. These fall into two genera, about 15 species of Gelastocoris from the New World and 85 of Nerthra from the Old World. They are reminiscent of toads both in the warty appearance and hopping movements of some species.
Biology
Gelastocoridae are riparian insects, generally found at the margins of streams and ponds, where they are predators of small insects. Gelastocoridae catch their prey by leaping on top of them and grasping them with their modified front legs. Members of the family are found throughout the world, but their highest diversity is in the tropics.
Adults lay their eggs in sand. There are 5 instars in their life cycle. Nymphs of many species cover themselves with a layer of sand grains. Apart from the no doubt considerable physical protection that the armour affords them, the layer of sand renders them effectively invisible on the ground unless they move at the wrong moment.
Diagnostic characteristics
Gelastocoridae are short (6–15 mm or 0.24–0.59 in long) and stout, with large protuberant eyes and cryptic coloration. Many Gelastocoridae species can change their coloration to match their habitat. Like other Heteroptera, they have hemelytra for their forewings and piercing-sucking mouthparts. Their antennae are hidden. Males in the genera Nerthra have stridulatory mechanisms in the genital capsule, however sound produced by stridulation has never been observed.
Evolutionary history
The oldest record of the family is the genus Cratonerthra from the Aptian aged Crato Formation of Brazil. Fossils assignable to both extant genera are known from the Cenomanian aged Burmese amber of Myanmar.
References
- Randall T. Schuh; James Alexander Slater (1996). True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): Classification and Natural History (2nd ed.). Cornell University Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-0801420665.
- ^ Borror DJ, Tripplehorn CA, Johnson NF (1989) An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 6th ed., Harcourt Brace College Publishers. New York. p. 213
- Resh VH, Cardé RT (2003) Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press, Amsterdam, p. 956
- ^ Triplehorn, Charles A.; Johnson, Norman F. (2005). Borror and Delong's Introduction to the Study of Insects (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Books/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-03-096835-8.
- Blatchley, W.S (Willis Stanley) (1926). Heteroptera, or true bugs of eastern North America, with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. The Nature publishing company. p. 1025.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Alan Weaving; Mike Picker; Griffiths, Charles Llewellyn (2003). Field Guide to Insects of South Africa. New Holland Publishers, Ltd. ISBN 1-86872-713-0.
- Polhemus, John T.; Lindskog, Per (April 1994). "The Stridulatory Mechanism of Nerthra Say, a New Species, and Synonymy (Heteroptera: Gelastocoridae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 102 (2): 246–248.
- Poinar, George; Brown, Alex E. (August 2016). "Toad bugs (Hemiptera: Gelastocoridae) in Myanmar amber". Cretaceous Research. 63: 39–44. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.013. ISSN 0195-6671.
| Taxon identifiers | |
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| Gelastocoridae | |
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