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The phonology of the Hungarian language is notable for its process of vowel harmony, the frequent occurrence of geminate consonants and the presence of otherwise uncommon palatal stops.
Consonants
This is the standard Hungarian consonantal system, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
Consonant phonemes of Hungarian Labial Dental Post-
alveolarPalatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ Plosive p b t d c ɟ k ɡ Affricate t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ h Trill r Approximant l j
- ^* It is debated whether the palatal consonant pair consists of stops or affricates. They are considered affricates or stops, depending on register, by Tamás Szende, head of the department of General Linguistics at PPKE, and stops by Mária Gósy, research professor, head of the Department of Phonetics at ELTE. The reason for the different analyses is that the relative duration of the friction of /c/ (as compared to the duration of its closure) is longer than those of the stops, but shorter than those of the affricates. /c/ has the stop-like nature of having a full duration no longer than those of other (voiceless) stops such as /p, t, k/ but, considering the average closure time in relation to the friction time of the consonants, its duration structure is somewhat closer to those of the affricates.
Almost every consonant may be geminated, written by doubling a single letter grapheme: ⟨bb⟩ for , ⟨pp⟩ for , ⟨ss⟩ for etc., or by doubling the first letter of a grapheme cluster: ⟨ssz⟩ for , ⟨nny⟩ for , etc.
The phonemes /d͡z/ and /d͡ʒ/ can appear on the surface as geminates: bridzs ('bridge'). (For the list of examples and exceptions, see Hungarian dz and dzs.)
Hungarian orthography, unlike that of the surrounding Slavic languages, does not use háčky or any other consonant diacritics. Instead, the letters c, s, z are used alone (/t͡s/, /ʃ/, /z/) or combined in the digraphs cs, sz, zs (/t͡ʃ/, /s/, /ʒ/), while y is used only in the digraphs ty, gy, ly, ny as a palatalization marker to write the sounds /c/, /ɟ/, /j/ (formerly /ʎ/), /ɲ/.
The most distinctive allophones are:
- /j/ becomes [ç] if between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary (e.g. lopj 'steal').
- /j/ becomes [ʝ] e.g. between voiced obstruents, such as dobj be 'throw (one/some) in'
- /h/ may become [ɦ] between two vowels (e.g. tehát 'so'), [ç] after front vowels (e.g. ihlet 'inspiration'), and [x] word-finally after back vowels (e.g. doh 'musty') if it is not deleted (which it often is; e.g. méh 'bee', but even then, some dialects still pronounce it, e.g., ).
- According to Gósy, it becomes (rather than ) in words such as pech, ihlet, technika ('bad luck, inspiration, technology/technique'), while it becomes postvelar fricative in words such as doh, sah, jacht, Allah, eunuch, potroh.
- /h/ becomes when geminated, in certain words: dohhal ('with blight'), peches ('unlucky').
Examples Phoneme Example Translation /p/ pipa /ˈpipɒ/ 'pipe' /b/ bot /bot/ 'stick' /t/ toll /tolː/ 'feather' /d/ dob /dob/ 'throw', 'drum' /k/ kép /keːp/ 'picture' /ɡ/ gép /ɡeːp/ 'machine' /f/ fa /fɒ/ 'tree' /v/ vág /vaːɡ/ 'cut' /s/ szó /soː/ 'word' /z/ zöld /zøld/ 'green' /ʃ/ só /ʃoː/ 'salt' /ʒ/ zseb /ʒɛb/ 'pocket' /j/ jó /joː/ 'good' /h/ hó /hoː/ 'snow' /t͡s/ cél /t͡seːl/ 'goal', 'target' /d͡z/ edző /ˈɛd͡zːøː/ 'coach' /t͡ʃ/ csak /t͡ʃɒk/ 'only' /d͡ʒ/ dzsessz /d͡ʒɛsː/ 'jazz' /l/ ló /loː/ 'horse' /c/ tyúk /cuːk/ 'hen' /ɟ/ gyár /ɟaːr/ 'factory' /r/ ró /roː/ 'carve' /m/ ma /mɒ/ 'today' /n/ nem /nɛm/ 'no', 'gender' /ɲ/ nyár /ɲaːr/ 'summer'
Vowels
Hungarian has seven pairs of corresponding short and long vowels. Their phonetic values do not exactly match up with each other, so ⟨e⟩ represents /ɛ/ and ⟨é⟩ represents /eː/; likewise, ⟨a⟩ represents /ɒ/ while ⟨á⟩ represents /aː/. For the other pairs, the short vowels are slightly lower and more central, and the long vowels more peripheral:
- /i, y, u/ are phonetically near-close .
- /eː/ has been variously described as close-mid [eː] and mid [e̞ː].
- /ɛ/ and the marginal /ɛː/ are phonetically near-open , but they may be somewhat less open in other dialects.
- /ø/ is phonetically mid [ø̞].
- /aː/ and the marginal /a/ are phonetically open central .
The sound marked by ⟨a⟩ is considered to be [ɒ] by Tamás Szende and [ɔ] by Mária Gósy. Gósy also mentions a different short /a/ that contrasts with both /aː/ and /ɒ/, present in a few words like Svájc ('Switzerland'), svá ('schwa'), advent ('advent'), hardver ('hardware', this usage is considered hyperforeign or simply dated), and halló (used when answering the phone; contrasting with haló 'dying', and háló 'web').
There are two more marginal sounds, namely the long /ɛː/ as well as the long /ɒː/. They are used in the name of the letters E and A, which are pronounced /ɛː/ and /ɒː/, respectively. The adjective fair (as 'equitable') is pronounced in Hungarian with /ɛː/ (it may also be short, though). This sound occurs as an alternative in erre 'this way' (instead of doubling the /r/), just like /ɒː/ in arra 'that way'.
Although not found in Standard Hungarian, some dialects contrast three mid vowels /ɛ/, /eː/, and /e/, with the latter being written ⟨ë⟩ in some works, but not in the standard orthography. Thus mentek could represent four different words: mëntëk ('you all go'), mëntek ('they went'), mentëk ('I save'), and mentek ('they are exempt'). In Standard Hungarian, the first three collapse to , while the latter one is unknown, having a different form in the literary language (mentesek).
Examples Phoneme Example /ɒ/ hat /hɒt/ 'six' (/ɒː/) a /ɒː/ 'the letter A' (/a/) Svájc /ʃvajt͡s/ 'Switzerland' /aː/ lát /laːt/ 'see' /o/ ok /ok/ 'cause' /oː/ tó /toː/ 'lake' /u/ fut /fut/ 'run' /uː/ kút /kuːt/ 'well' /ɛ/ lesz /lɛsː/ 'will be' (/ɛː/) e /ɛː/ 'the letter E' /eː/ rész /reːs/ 'part' /i/ visz /vis/ 'carry' /iː/ víz /viːz/ 'water' /ø/ sör /ʃør/ 'beer' /øː/ bőr /bøːr/ 'skin' /y/ üt /yt/ 'hit' /yː/ tűz /tyːz/ 'fire'
Vowel harmony
As in Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian, vowel harmony plays an important part in determining the distribution of vowels in a word. Hungarian vowel harmony classifies the vowels according to front vs. back assonance and rounded vs unrounded for the front vowels. Excluding recent loanwords, Hungarian words have either only back vowels or front vowels due to these vowel harmony rules.
Hungarian vowel harmony Front Back unrounded rounded Close i iː y yː u uː Mid ɛ eː ø øː o oː Open ɒ aː
While /i/, /iː/, /ɛ/, and /eː/ are all front unrounded vowels, they are considered to be "neutral vowels" in Hungarian vowel harmony. Therefore, if a word contains back vowels, neutral vowels may appear alongside them. However, if only neutral vowels appear in a stem, the stem is treated as though it is of front vowel assonance and all suffixes must contain front vowels.
Vowel harmony in Hungarian is most notable when observing suffixation. Vowel harmony must be maintained throughout the entire word, meaning that most suffixes have variants. For example, the dative case marker vs. . Stems that contain back vowels affix back vowel suffixes, and stems that contain only front vowels affix front vowel suffixes. However, the front vowel stems distinguish rounded vs. unroundedness based on the last vowel in the stem. If the last vowel is front and rounded, it takes a suffix with a front rounded vowel; otherwise it follows the standard rules. While suffixes for most words have front/back vowel variants, there are not many that have rounded/unrounded variants, indicating that this is a rarer occurrence.
One is able to observe the distinction when looking at the plural affix, either (back), (front unrounded), or (front rounded).
Hungarian vowel harmony and suffixation Stem Gloss Description of stem Plural asztal table Only back vowels asztal-ok gyerek child Only neutral (front) vowels, last vowel unrounded. gyerek-ek füzet notebook Only front vowels, last vowel unrounded. füzet-ek ismerős acquaintance Only front vowels, last vowel rounded. ismerős-ök papír paper Back vowel with neutral vowel papír-ok
As can be seen above, the neutral vowels are able to be in both front and back vowel assonance words with no consequence.
However, there are about fifty monosyllabic roots that only contain , , or that take a back vowel suffix instead of the front vowel suffix.
Irregular suffixation Stem Gloss "At" "From" híd bridge híd-nál híd-tól cél aim cél-nál cél-tól
These exceptions to the rule are hypothesized to have originated from roots originally having contained a phoneme no longer present in modern Hungarian, the unrounded back vowel /ɨ/, or its long counterpart /ɨː/. It is theorized that while these vowels merged with /i/ or /iː/, less commonly /eː/ or /uː/, the vowel harmony rules sensitive to the backness of the original sound remained in place. The theory finds support from etymology: related words in other languages generally have back vowels, often specifically unrounded back vowels. For example, nyíl 'arrow' (plural nyíl-ak) corresponds to Komi ньыл /nʲɨl/, Southern Mansi /nʲʌːl/.
Assimilation
The overall characteristics of the consonant assimilation in Hungarian are the following:
- Assimilation types are typically regressive, that is the last element of the cluster determines the change.
- In most cases, it works across word boundaries if the sequence of words form an "accentual unity", that is there is no phonetic break between them (and they bear a common phrase stress). Typical accentual units are:
- attributes and qualified nouns, e.g. hideg tél ('cold winter');
- adverbs and qualified attributes, e.g. nagyon káros ~ ('very harmful');
- verbs and their complements, e.g. nagyot dob ('s/he throws long toss'), vesz belőle ('take some ').
- There are obligatory, optional and stigmatized types of assimilation.
- The palatal affricates behave like stops in assimilation processes. Therefore, in this section, they will be treated as stops, including their IPA notations [ɟ] and [c].
Voice assimilation
In a cluster of consonants ending in an obstruent, all obstruents change their voicing according to the last one of the sequence. The affected obstruents are the following:
- In obstruent clusters, retrograde voicing assimilation occurs, even across word boundaries:
Voiced Voiceless Undergoes devoicing Undergoes voicing Causes voicing Causes devoicing b /b/ p /p/ dobtam 'I threw (it)' képzés 'training, forming' futball 'soccer' központ 'center' d /d/ t /t/ adhat 's/he can give' hétből 'from 7' csapda pénztár 'cash desk' dz /d͡z/ c /t͡s/ edzhet 's/he can train' ketrecben 'in (a) cage' alapdzadzíki 'standard tzatziki' abcúg! 'down with him!' dzs /d͡ʒ/ cs /t͡ʃ/ bridzstől '(because) of bridge ' ácsból 'from (a) carpenter' barackdzsem ~ 'apricot jam' távcső 'telescope' g /ɡ/ k /k/ fogtam 'I held (it)' zsákból 'out of (a) bag' állítgat 's/he constantly adjusts' zsebkendő 'handkerchief' gy /ɟ/ ty /c/ ágytól 'from (a) bed' pintyből 'from (a) finch' gépgyár 'machine factory' lábtyű 'socks with sleeves for the toes' v /v/ f /f/ szívtam 'I smoked/sucked (it)' széfben 'in (a) safe' lábfej 'part of the foot below the ankle' z /z/ sz /s/ méztől 'from honey' mészből 'out of lime' alapzat 'base(ment)' rabszolga 'slave' zs /ʒ/ s /ʃ/ rúzstól 'from lipstick' hasba 'in(to) (the) stomach' köldökzsinór 'umbilical cord' különbség ~ 'difference' — h /h/ — — — adhat 's/he can give'
- /v/ is unusual in that it undergoes devoicing, but does not cause voicing, e.g. hatvan ('sixty') is pronounced not *. Voicing before occurs only in south-western dialects, though it is stigmatized.
- Conversely, /h/ causes devoicing, but never undergoes voicing in consonant clusters. e.g. dohból 'from (the) musty smell'.
- Other than a few foreign words, morpheme-initial /d͡z/ does not occur (even its phonemic state is highly debated), therefore it is hard to find a real example when it induces voicing (even alapdzadzíki is forced and not used colloquially). However, the regressive voice assimilation before /d͡z/ does occur even in nonsense sound sequences.
Nasal place assimilation
Nasals assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant (even across word boundaries):
- only [ŋ] precedes a velar consonant (e.g. hang , 'voice'), [ɱ] precedes a labiodental consonant (e.g. hamvad , 'smolder'), and [m] precedes bilabial consonants.
- [m] before labial consonants /p b m/: színpad ('stage'), különb ('better than'), énmagam ('myself');
- [ɱ] before labiodental consonants /f v/: különféle ('various'), hamvas ('bloomy');
- [ɲ] before palatal consonants /c ɟ ɲ/: pinty ('finch'), ángy ('wife of a close male relative'), magánnyomozó ('private detective');
- [ŋ] before velar consonants /k ɡ/: munka ('work'), angol ('English');
- Nasal place assimilation is obligatory within the word, but optional across a word or compound boundary, e.g. szénpor ~ ('coal-dust'), nagyon káros ~ ('very harmful'), olyan más ~ ('so different').
Sibilant assimilation
- Voiceless sibilants form a voiceless geminate affricate with preceding alveolar and palatal stops (d /d/, gy /ɟ/, t /t/, ty /c/):
- Clusters ending in sz /s/ or c /t͡s/ give : metszet 'engraving, segment', ötödször 'for the fifth time', négyszer 'four times', füttyszó 'whistle (as a signal)'; átcipel 's/he lugs (something) over', nádcukor 'cane-sugar'.
- Clusters ending in s /ʃ/ or cs /t͡ʃ/ give : kétség 'doubt', fáradság 'trouble', egység 'unity', hegycsúcs 'mountain-top'.
- Two sibilant fricatives form a geminate of the latter phoneme; the assimilation is regressive as usual:
- sz /s/ or z /z/ + s /ʃ/ gives : egészség 'health', község 'village, community';
- sz /s/ or z /z/ + zs /ʒ/ gives : vadászzsákmány 'hunter's game'; száraz zsömle 'dry bread roll';
- s /ʃ/ or zs /ʒ/ + sz /s/ gives : kisszerű 'petty', rozsszalma 'rye straw';
- s /ʃ/ or zs /ʒ/ + z /z/ gives : tilos zóna 'restricted zone', parázs zene 'hot music'.
- Clusters zs+s , s+zs , z+sz and sz+z are rather the subject of the voice assimilation.
- If one of the two adjacent sibilants is an affricate, the first one changes its place of articulation, e.g. malacság , halászcsárda 'Hungarian fish restaurant'. Sibilant affricate–fricative sequences like /t͡ʃʃ/ are pronounced the same as geminate affricate during normal speech.
- Sibilant assimilation can be omitted in articulated speech, e.g. to avoid homophony: rozsszalma ~ 'rye straw' ≠ rossz szalma 'straw of bad quality', and rossz alma 'apple of bad quality' as well.
- NB. Letter cluster szs can be read either as sz+s , e.g. egészség 'health', or as s+zs , e.g. liszteszsák 'bolting-bag' depending on the actual morpheme boundary. Similarly zsz is either zs + z , e.g. varázszár 'magic lock', or z + sz , e.g. házszám 'street-number'; and csz: cs + z ~ c + sz . Moreover, single digraphs may prove to be two adjacent letters on morpheme boundary, like cs: cs ~ c + s ; sz: sz ~ s + z , zs: zs ~ z + s .
Palatal assimilation
Combination of a "palatalizable" consonant and a following palatal consonant results in a palatal geminate. Palatalizable consonants are palatal ones and their non-palatal counterparts: d /d/ ~ gy /ɟ/, l /l/ ~ ly /j/, n /n/ ~ ny /ɲ/, t /t/ ~ ty /c/.
- Full palatal assimilation occurs when the ending palatal consonant is j /j/: nagyja 'most of it', adja 's/he gives it'; tolja 's/he pushes it'; unja 's/he is bored with it', hányja 's/he throws it'; látja 's/he sees it', atyja 'his/her father'. The cluster lyj is a simple orthographic variant of jj : folyjon 'let it flow'.
- Partial assimilation takes place if an alveolar stop (d, t) is followed by a palatal gy /ɟ/, ty /c/: hadgyakorlat 'army exercises', nemzetgyűlés 'national assembly'; vadtyúk 'wild chicken', hat tyúk 'six hens'.
- Some sources report that alveolar stops change into their palatal counterparts before ny /ɲ/: lúdnyak 'neck of a goose', átnyúlik 'it extends over'. The majority of the sources do not mention this kind of assimilation.
- When the first consonant is nasal, the partial palatal assimilation is a form of the nasal place assimilation (see above).
- The full palatal assimilation is an obligatory feature in standard Hungarian: its omission is stigmatized and it is considered as a hypercorrection of an undereducated person. Partial palatal assimilation is optional in articulated speech.
Degemination
Long consonants become short when preceded or followed by another consonant, e.g. folttal 'by/with (a) patch', varrtam 'I sewed'.
Intercluster elision
The middle alveolar stops may be omitted in clusters with more than two consonants, depending on speed and articulation of speech: azt hiszem ~ 'I presume/guess', mindnyájan 'one and all', különbség ~ 'difference'. In morpheme onsets like str- , middle stops tends to be more stable in educated speech, falanxstratégia ~ ~ 'strategy based on phalanxes'.
Elision of
/l/ also tends to be omitted between a preceding vowel and an adjacent stop or affricate in rapid speech, causing the lengthening of the vowel or diphthongization (e.g. volt 'was', polgár 'citizen'). This is quite common in dialectal speech, but considered non-standard in the official language.
Hiatus
Standard Hungarian prefers hiatus between adjacent vowels. However some optional dissolving features can be observed:
- An optional weak glide may be pronounced within a word (or a compound element) between two adjacent vowels if one of them is i , e.g. fiaiéi ~ ('the ones of his/her sons'). This, however, is rarely transcribed.
- Adjacent identical short vowels other than a and e may be pronounced as the corresponding long vowel, e.g. zoológia ~ ('zoology').
- Adjacent double i is always pronounced as single short in the word endings, e.g. Hawaii . This reduction is reflected in the current orthography when the adjective-forming suffix -i is added to a noun ending in i. In this case suffix -i is omitted also in writing. e.g. Lenti (a placename) + -i → lenti 'of Lenti'.
Stress
The stress is on the first syllable of the word. The articles a, az, egy, and the particle is are usually unstressed.
References
- ^ Szende (1994:91)
- Laminal dental, apart from the sibilants, which are laminal denti-alveolar.
- ^ Gósy (2004:74)
- "Szende". Archived from the original on 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
- "Gósy Mária".
- Gósy (2004:136)
- Siptár & Törkenczy (2007:205)
- Gósy (2004:77, 130)
- ^ Szende (1994:93)
- Balázs Sinkovics, Gyula Zsigri: A H-ra vonatkozó megszorítások történeti változásai in A nyelvtörténeti kutatások újabb eredményei vol. 4, JATE Press, 2005
- Gósy (2004:77, 161)
- Gósy (2004:161)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- Short a is slightly rounded [ɒ] in the standard language, though some dialects exhibit an unrounded version closer to [ɑ] (Vago (1980:1)).
- Kráľ (1988:92)
- Gósy (2004:62, 67–70)
- Gósy (2004:66–67)
- Vago (1980:1)
- ^ Rounds (2001:10)
- ^ Rounds (2001:11)
- ^ Vago (1976:244)
- Miklós Törkenczy: Practical Hungarian Grammar. A compact guide to the basics of Hungarian Grammar. Corvina, 2002. pp. 9–12. ISBN 963-13-5131-9
- A magyar helyesírás szabályai. 11.kiadás, 12. lenyomat. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1984–2000. pp. 26–30. ISBN 963-05-7735-6
- ^ Vago (1980:35)
- Vago (1980:33, 36)
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - Vago (1980:36)
- Rounds (2009:8)
Bibliography
- Gósy, Mária (2004), Fonetika, a beszéd tudománya ('Phonetics, the Study of Speech'), Budapest: Osiris, ISBN 963-389-666-5
- Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
- Rounds, Carol (2001), "Vowel harmony", Hungarian : An Essential Grammar, Routledge, ISBN 9780415226127
- Rounds, Carol (2009), Hungarian: An Essential Grammar (2nd ed.), New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-88619-9
- Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2007), The Phonology of Hungarian, The Phonology of the World's Languages, Oxford University Press
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
- Vago, Robert M. (1980), The Sound Pattern of Hungarian, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press
- Vago, Robert M. (1976), "Theoretical Implications of Hungarian Vowel Harmony", Linguistic Inquiry, 7 (2): 243–63, JSTOR 4177921
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