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This article is about the phonology and phonetics of the Galician language.

Vowels

Galician has seven vowel phonemes, which are represented by five letters in writing. Similar vowels are found under stress in standard Catalan and Italian. It is likely that this 7-vowel system was even more widespread in the early stages of Romance languages.

Some characteristics of the vocalic system:

• In Galician the vocalic system is reduced to five vowels in post-tonic syllables, and to just three in final unstressed position: (which can instead be transcribed as ). In some cases, vowels from the final unstressed set appear in other positions, as e.g. in the word termonuclear , because the prefix termo- is pronounced .
• Unstressed close-mid vowels and open-mid vowels (/e ~ ɛ/ and /o ~ ɔ/) can occur in complementary distribution (e.g. ovella 'sheep' / omitir 'to omit' and pequeno 'little, small' / emitir 'to emit'), with a few minimal pairs like botar 'to throw' vs. botar (bòtar) 'to jump'. In pretonic syllables, close-/open-mid vowels are kept in derived words and compounds (e.g. crd- > corda 'string' → cordeiro (còrdeiro) 'string-maker'—which contrasts with cordeiro 'lamb').
• The distribution of stressed close-mid vowels (/e/, /o/) and open-mid vowels (/ɛ/, /ɔ/) are as follows:
  • Vowels with graphic accents are usually open-mid, such as vén , só , póla , óso , présa .
  • Nouns ending in -el or -ol and their plural forms have open-mid vowels, such as papel 'paper' or caracol 'snail'.
  • Second-person singular and third-person present indicative forms of second conjugation verbs (-er) with the thematic vowel /e/ or /u/ have open-mid vowels, while all remaining verb forms maintain close-mid vowels:
    • bebo (bêbo) , bebes , bebe , beben
    • como (cômo) , comes , come , comen
  • Second-person singular and third-person present indicative forms of third conjugation verbs (-ir) with the thematic vowel /e/ or /u/ have open-mid vowels, while all remaining verb forms maintain close vowels:
    • sirvo , serves , serve , serven
    • fuxo , foxes , foxe , foxen
  • Certain verb forms derived from irregular preterite forms have open-mid vowels:
    • preterite indicative: coubeches , coubemos , coubestes , couberon
    • pluperfect: eu/el coubera , couberas , couberan
    • preterite subjunctive: eu/el coubese , coubeses , coubesen
    • future subjunctive: eu/el couber , couberes , coubermos , couberdes , couberen
  • The letter names e , efe , ele , eme , ene , eñe , erre , ese , o have open-mid vowels, while the remaining letter names have close-mid vowels.
  • Close-mid vowels:
    • verb forms of first conjugation verbs with a thematic mid vowel followed by -i- or palatal x, ch, ll, ñ (deitar, axexar, pechar, tellar, empeñar, coxear (côxeár))
    • verb forms of first conjugation verbs ending in -ear or -oar (voar)
    • verbs forms derived from the irregular preterite form of ser and ir (fomos, fora, fose, for (fômos, fôra, fôse, fôr))
    • verbs forms derived from regular preterite forms (collemos, collera, collese, coller)
    • infinitives of second conjugation verbs (coller, pór (pôr))
    • the majority of words ending in -és (coruñés, vigués, montañés (coruñês, viguês, montañês))
    • the diphthong ou (touro, tesouro)
    • nouns ending in -edo, -ello, -eo, -eza, ón, -or, -oso (medo, cortello, feo, grandeza, corazón, matador, fermoso (mêdo, cortêllo, fêo, grandêza, corazôn, matadôr, fermôso))
• Of the seven vocalic phonemes of the tonic and pretonic syllables, only /a/ has a set of different renderings (allophones), forced by its context:
  • [ä] (short central): normal realization of the phoneme.
  • [äː] (long central): due to contraction, as in ra 'frog' < rãa < Latin rāna.
  • [ɑ̟] (short advanced back): when next to /ŋ, k, ɡ, l, w/.
  • [a̠] (short retracted front): before a palatal consonant.
• All dialectal forms of Galician but Ancarese, spoken in the Ancares valley in León, have lost the phonemic quality of mediaeval nasal vowels. Nevertheless, any vowel is nasalized in contact with a nasal consonant.
• The vocalic system of Galician language is heavily influenced by metaphony. Regressive metaphony is produced either by a final /a/, which tend to open medium vowels, or by a final /o/, which can have the reverse effect. As a result, metaphony affects most notably words with gender opposition: sogro (sôgro) ('father-in-law') vs. sogra ('mother-in-law'). On the other hand, vowel harmony, triggered by /i/ or /u/, has had a large part in the evolution and dialectal diversification of the language.

Diphthongs

Galician language possesses a large set of falling diphthongs:

There are also a certain number of rising diphthongs, but they are not characteristic of the language and tend to be pronounced as hiatus.

Consonants

Voiced plosives (/ɡ/, /d/ and /b/) are lenited (weakened) to approximants or fricatives in all instances, except after a pause or a nasal consonant; e.g. un gato 'a cat' is pronounced , whilst o gato 'the cat' is pronounced .

During the modern period, Galician consonants have undergone significant sound changes that closely parallel the evolution of Spanish consonants, including the following changes that neutralized the opposition of voiced fricatives / voiceless fricatives:

• /z/ > /s/;
• /dz/ > /ts/ > in western dialects, or in eastern and central dialects;
• /ʒ/ > /ʃ/;

For a comparison, see Differences between Spanish and Portuguese: Sibilants. Additionally, during the 17th and 18th centuries the western and central dialects of Galician developed a voiceless fricative pronunciation of /ɡ/ (a phenomenon called gheada). This may be glottal , pharyngeal , uvular , or velar .

The distribution of the two rhotics /r/ and /ɾ/ closely parallels that of Spanish. Between vowels, the two contrast (e.g. mirra 'myrrh' vs. mira 'look'), but they are otherwise in complementary distribution. [ɾ] appears in the onset, except in word-initial position (rato), after /l/, /n/, and /s/ (honra, Israel), where [r] is used.

As in Spanish, /ɟ/ derives from historical /ʎ/ (yeísmo) and from syllable-initial /j/. In some dialects, it lenites to approximant [ʝ˕] in the same environments where /b, d, ɡ/ lenite. It may also be realized as [ɟʝ] where it derives from /j/. The realization remains in select older speakers in isolated regions.

References

1. E.g. by Regueira (2010)
2. Regueira (2010:13–14, 21)
3. Freixeiro Mato (2006:112)
4. ^ Freixeiro Mato (2006:94–98)
5. "Pautas para diferenciar as vogais abertas das pechadas". Manuel Antón Mosteiro. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
6. Freixeiro Mato (2006:72–73)
7. "Dicionario de pronuncia da lingua galega: á". Ilg.usc.es. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
8. Sampson (1999:207–214)
9. Freixeiro Mato (2006:87)
10. Freixeiro Mato (2006:123)
11. Freixeiro Mato (2006:136–188)
12. ^ Martínez-Gil (2022), pp. 900–902.
13. x can stand also for
14. ^ The phonemes /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ coalesce in implosive position as the archiphoneme /N/, which, phonetically, is usually [ŋ]. Cf. Freixeiro Mato (2006:175–176)
15. Regueira (1996:82)
16. Regueira (1996:120)

Bibliography

• Freixeiro Mato, Xosé Ramón (2006), Gramática da lingua galega (I). Fonética e fonoloxía (in Galician), Vigo: A Nosa Terra, ISBN 978-84-8341-060-8
• Martínez-Gil, Fernando (2022), "Galician", in Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel (eds.), Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology, Berlin: De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-054835-8
• Regueira, Xosé Luís (1996), "Galician", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 26 (2): 119–122, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006162
• Regueira, Xosé Luís (2010), Dicionario de pronuncia da lingua galega (PDF), A Coruña: Real Academia Galega, ISBN 978-84-87987-77-9
• Sampson, Rodney (1999), Nasal vowel evolution in Romance, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823848-5

• Galician language
• Italic phonologies