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John B. Goodenough
Goodenough in 2019
Born	John Bannister Goodenough (1922-07-25)July 25, 1922 Jena, Thuringia, German Reich
Died	June 25, 2023(2023-06-25) (aged 100) Austin, Texas, U.S.
Nationality	American
Education	Yale University (BS) University of Chicago (MS, PhD)
Known for	Li-ion rechargeable battery Li-ion manganese oxide battery Li-ion iron phosphate battery Glass battery Goodenough–Kanamori rules Random-access memory
Spouse	Irene Wiseman ​ ​(m. 1951; died 2016)​
Father	Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough
Awards	Japan Prize (2001) Enrico Fermi Award (2009) National Medal of Science (2011) IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies (2012) Charles Stark Draper Prize (2014) Welch Award (2017) Copley Medal (2019) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2019)
Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Oxford University of Texas at Austin
Thesis	A theory of the deviation from close packing in hexagonal metal crystals (1952)
Doctoral advisor	Clarence Zener
Notable students	Bill David (postdoc) Arumugam Manthiram (postdoc)

John Bannister Goodenough (/ˈɡʊdɪnʌf/ GUUD-in-uf; July 25, 1922 – June 25, 2023) was an American materials scientist, a solid-state physicist, and a Nobel laureate in chemistry. From 1986 he was a professor of Materials Science, Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, at the University of Texas at Austin. He is credited with identifying the Goodenough–Kanamori rules of the sign of the magnetic superexchange in materials, with developing materials for computer random-access memory and with inventing cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Goodenough was born in Jena, Germany, to American parents. During and after graduating from Yale University, Goodenough served as a U.S. military meteorologist in World War II. He went on to obtain his Ph.D. in physics at the University of Chicago, became a researcher at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and later the head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford.

Goodenough was awarded the National Medal of Science, the Copley Medal, the Fermi Award, the Draper Prize, and the Japan Prize. The John B. Goodenough Award in materials science is named for him. In 2019, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry alongside M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino; at 97 years old, he became the oldest Nobel laureate in history. From August 27, 2021, until his death, he was the oldest living Nobel Prize laureate.

Personal life and education

John Goodenough was born in Jena, Germany, on July 25, 1922, to American parents, Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough (1893–1965) and Helen Miriam (Lewis) Goodenough. He came from an academic family. His father, a graduate student at Oxford when John was born, eventually became a professor of religious history at Yale. His brother Ward became an anthropology professor at the University of Pennsylvania. John also had two half-siblings from his father's second marriage: Ursula Goodenough, emeritus professor of biology at Washington University in St. Louis; and Daniel Goodenough, emeritus professor of biology at Harvard Medical School.

In his school years Goodenough suffered from dyslexia. At the time, dyslexia was poorly understood by the medical community, and Goodenough's condition went undiagnosed and untreated. Although his primary schools considered him "a backward student," he taught himself to write so that he could take the entrance exam for Groton School, the boarding school where his older brother was studying at the time. He was awarded a full scholarship. At Groton, his grades improved and he eventually graduated at the top of his class in 1940. He also developed an interest in exploring nature, plants, and animals. Although he was raised an atheist, he converted to Protestant Christianity in high school.

After Groton, Goodenough graduated summa cum laude from Yale, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He completed his coursework in early 1943 (after just two and a half years) and received his degree in 1944, covering his expenses by tutoring and grading exams. He had initially sought to enlist in the military following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, but his mathematics professor convinced him to stay at Yale for another year so that he could finish his coursework, which qualified him to join the U.S. Army Air Corps' meteorology department.

After World War II ended, Goodenough obtained a master's degree and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Chicago, the latter in 1952. His doctoral supervisor was Clarence Zener, a theorist in electrical breakdown; he also worked and studied with physicists, including Enrico Fermi and John A. Simpson. While at Chicago, he met Canadian history graduate student Irene Wiseman. They married in 1951. The couple had no children. Irene died in 2016.

Goodenough turned 100 on July 25, 2022. He died at an assisted living facility in Austin, Texas, on June 25, 2023, one month shy of what would have been his 101st birthday.

Career and research

Over his career, Goodenough authored more than 550 articles, 85 book chapters and reviews, and five books, including two seminal works, Magnetism and the Chemical Bond (1963) and Les oxydes des metaux de transition (1973).

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

After his studies, Goodenough was a research scientist and team leader at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory for 24 years. At MIT, he was part of an interdisciplinary team responsible for developing random access magnetic memory. His research focused on magnetism and on the metal–insulator transition behavior in transition-metal oxides. His research efforts on RAM led him to develop the concepts of cooperative orbital ordering, also known as a cooperative Jahn–Teller distortion, in oxide materials. They subsequently led him to develop (with Junjiro Kanamori) the Goodenough–Kanamori rules, a set of semi-empirical rules to predict the sign of the magnetic superexchange in materials; superexchange is a core property for high-temperature superconductivity.

University of Oxford

The U.S. government eventually terminated Goodenough's research funding, so during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he left the United States and continued his career as head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford. Among the highlights of his work at Oxford, Goodenough is credited with significant research essential to the development of commercial lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. Goodenough was able to expand upon previous work from M. Stanley Whittingham on battery materials, and found in 1980 that by using Li_xCoO₂ as a lightweight, high energy density cathode material, he could double the capacity of lithium-ion batteries.

Although Goodenough saw a commercial potential of batteries with his LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 cathodes and approached Oxford University with a request to patent this invention, Oxford refused. Unable to afford the patenting expenses with his academic salary, Goodenough turned to UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, which accepted his offer, but under the terms, which provided zero royalty payment to the inventors John B. Goodenough and Koichi Mizushima. In 1990, the AERE licensed Goodenough's patents to Sony Corporation, which was followed by other battery manufacturers. It was estimated, that the AERE made over 10 mln. British pounds from this licensing.

The work at Sony on further improvements to Goodenough's invention was led by Akira Yoshino, who had developed a scaled up design of the battery and manufacturing process. Goodenough received the Japan Prize in 2001 for his discoveries of the materials critical to the development of lightweight high energy density rechargeable lithium batteries, and he, Whittingham, and Yoshino shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research in lithium-ion batteries.

University of Texas

From 1986, Goodenough was a professor at The University of Texas at Austin in the Cockrell School of Engineering departments of Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering. During his tenure there, he continued his research on ionic conducting solids and electrochemical devices; he continued to study improved materials for batteries, aiming to promote the development of electric vehicles and to help reduce human dependency on fossil fuels. Arumugam Manthiram and Goodenough discovered the polyanion class of cathodes. They showed that positive electrodes containing polyanions, e.g., sulfates, produce higher voltages than oxides due to the inductive effect of the polyanion. The polyanion class includes materials such as lithium-iron phosphates that are used for smaller devices like power tools. His group also identified various promising electrode and electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells. He held the Virginia H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering.

Goodenough still worked at the university at age 98 as of 2021, hoping to find another breakthrough in battery technology.

On February 28, 2017, Goodenough and his team at the University of Texas published a paper in the journal Energy and Environmental Science on their demonstration of a glass battery, a low-cost all-solid-state battery that is noncombustible and has a long cycle life with a high volumetric energy density, and fast rates of charge and discharge. Instead of liquid electrolytes, the battery uses glass electrolytes that enable the use of an alkali-metal anode without the formation of dendrites. However, this paper was met with widespread skepticism by the battery research community and remains controversial after several follow-up works. The work was criticized for a lack of comprehensive data, spurious interpretations of the data obtained, and that the proposed mechanism of battery operation would violate the first law of thermodynamics.

In April 2020, a patent was filed for the glass battery on behalf of Portugal's National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG), the University of Porto, Portugal, and the University of Texas.

Advisory work

In 2010, Goodenough joined the technical advisory board of Enevate, a silicon-dominant Li-ion battery technology startup based in Irvine, California. Goodenough also served as an adviser to the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), a collaboration led by Argonne National Laboratory and funded by the Department of Energy. From 2016, Goodenough also worked as an adviser for Battery500, a national consortium led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and partially funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.

Distinctions and awards

Goodenough was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1976 for his work designing materials for electronic components and clarifying the relationships between the properties, structures, and chemistry of substances. He was also a member of the American National Academy of Sciences and its French, Spanish, and Indian counterparts. In 2010, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society. The Royal Society of Chemistry grants a John B. Goodenough Award in his honor. The Electrochemical Society awards a biannual John B. Goodenough Award of The Electrochemical Society.

Goodenough received the following awards:

• Fermi Award (2009), alongside metallurgist Siegfried Hecker
• National Medal of Science (2013), presented by U.S. President Barack Obama
• Draper Prize in engineering (2014).
• Welch Award in Chemistry (2017)
• C.K. Prahalad Award (2017)
• Copley Medal of the Royal Society (2019)
• Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2019), alongside M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino

Goodenough was 97 when he received the Nobel Prize. He remains the oldest person ever to have been awarded the prize.

Works

Selected articles

• John B. Goodenough (1955). "Theory of the role of covalence in the Perovskite-type Manganites [La, M(II)]MnO₃". Phys. Rev. 100 (2): 564–573. Bibcode:1955PhRv..100..564G. doi:10.1103/physrev.100.564.
• K. Mizushima; P.C. Jones; P.J. Wiseman; J.B. Goodenough (1980). "Li_xCoO₂ (0<x<-1): A new cathode material for batteries of high energy density". Mater. Res. Bull. 15 (6): 783–799. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(80)90012-4. S2CID 97799722.
• John B. Goodenough (1985). B. Schuman, Jr.; et al. (eds.). "Manganese Oxides as Battery Cathodes" (PDF). Proceedings Symposium on Manganese Dioxide Electrode: Theory and Practice for Electrochemical Applications. 85–4. Re Electrochem. Soc. Inc, N.J.: 77–96.
• Lightfoot, P.; Pei, S. Y.; Jorgensen, J. D.; Manthiram, A.; Tang, X. X. & J. B. Goodenough. "Excess Oxygen Defects in Layered Cuprates", Argonne National Laboratory, The University of Texas-Austin, Materials Science Laboratory United States Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, (September 1990).
• Argyriou, D. N.; Mitchell, J. F.; Chmaissem, O.; Short, S.; Jorgensen, J. D. & J. B. Goodenough. "Sign Reversal of the Mn-O Bond Compressibility in La_1.2Sr_1.8Mn₂O₇ Below T_C: Exchange Striction in the Ferromagnetic State", Argonne National Laboratory, The University of Texas-Austin, Center for Material Science and Engineering United States Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, Welch Foundation, (March 1997).
• A.K. Padhi; K.S. Nanjundaswamy; J.B. Goodenough (1997). "Phospho-Olivines as Positive Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries" (PDF). J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 (4): 1188–1194. Bibcode:1997JElS..144.1188P. doi:10.1149/1.1837571. S2CID 97625881. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2018.
• John B. Goodenough (2004). "Electronic and ionic transport properties and other physical aspects of perovskites". Rep. Prog. Phys. 67 (11): 1915–1973. Bibcode:2004RPPh...67.1915G. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/67/11/R01. S2CID 250915186.
• Goodenough, J. B.; Abruna, H. D. & M. V. Buchanan. "Basic Research Needs for Electrical Energy Storage. Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Electrical Energy Storage, April 2–4, 2007", United States Department of Energy, (April 4, 2007).
• "John B. Goodenough". Faculty. The University of Texas at Austin Mechanical Engineering Department. May 3, 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2011.

Selected books

• Goodenough, John B. (1963). Magnetism and the Chemical Bond. Interscience-Wiley, New York. ISBN 0-88275-384-3.
• Goodenough, John B. (1973). Les oxydes des métaux de transition. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
• Madelung, Otfried; Goodenough, John B. (1984). Physics of non-tetrahedrally bonded binary compounds 3. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-12744-5. OCLC 80307018.
• Goodenough, John B., ed. (1985). Cation ordering and electron transfer. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-15446-9. OCLC 12656638.
• Goodenough, John B., ed. (2001). Localized to Itinerant Electronic Transition in Perovskite Oxides (Structure & Bonding, V. 98) (PDF).
• Huang, Kevin; Goodenough, John B. (2009). Solid oxide fuel cell technology : principles, performance and operations. Cambridge, UK. ISBN 978-1-84569-651-1. OCLC 864716522.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Goodenough, John B. (2008). Witness to Grace. PublishAmerica. ISBN 978-1-60474-767-6. OCLC 1058153653.

See also

• Junjiro Kanamori
• Koichi Mizushima (scientist)
• Rachid Yazami

References

1. Thackeray, M. M.; David, W. I. F.; Bruce, P. G.; Goodenough, J. B. (1983). "Lithium insertion into manganese spinels". Materials Research Bulletin. 18 (4): 461–472. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(83)90138-1.
2. "John B. Goodenough Nobel Lecture". Nobel Prize.
3. "Welcome to the Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering". Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering.
4. ^ Specia, Megan (October 9, 2019). "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Work on Lithium-Ion Batteries – John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino were recognized for research that "laid the foundation of a wireless, fossil-fuel-free society."". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
5. "John B. Goodenough". American Institute of Physics.
6. Mattes, Eleanor Bustin (1997). Myth for Moderns: Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough and Religious Studies in America, 1938–1955. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3339-5 – via Google Books.
7. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
8. "Collection: Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough papers | Archives at Yale". archives.yale.edu. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
9. "Ward H. Goodenough papers". University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
10. ^ McFadden, Robert (June 26, 2023). "John B. Goodenough, 100, Dies; Nobel-Winning Creator of the Lithium-Ion Battery". The New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
11. ^ Gregg, Helen (Summer 2016). "His Current Quest". The University of Chicago Magazine. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
12. LeVine, Steve (February 5, 2015). "The man who brought us the lithium-ion battery at the age of 57 has an idea for a new one at 92". Quartz (publication). Atlantic Media Company. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
13. The Powerhouse: America, China, and the Great Battery War. 2016. S. Levine.
14. Friedman, Gail (Fall 2019). "Battery Genius" (PDF). Groton School Quarterly: 19–21.
15. October 14th, Eternity News |; Comment, 2019 02:44 PM | Add a (October 14, 2019). "Winners of this year's Nobel prizes follow Jesus – Eternity News". www.eternitynews.com.au. Retrieved May 8, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
16. ^ Goodenough, John B. (2008). Witness to Grace. PublishAmerica. ISBN 978-1-4626-0757-0 – via Google Books.
17. Belli, Brita (October 9, 2019). "Nobel laureate John Goodenough '44 inspires next generation of scientists". YaleNews. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
18. Goodenough, John B. (1952). A theory of the deviation from close packing in hexagonal metal crystals (Ph.D. thesis). The University of Chicago. OCLC 44609164 – via ProQuest.
19. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019".
20. ^ Olinto, Angela (September 9, 2019). "University of Chicago alum John B. Goodenough shares Nobel Prize for invention of lithium-ion battery". UChicago News. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
21. Manthiram, Arumugam (July 8, 2022). "John Goodenough's 100th Birthday Celebration: His Impact on Science and Humanity". ACS Energy Letters. 7 (7): 2404–2406. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01343. ISSN 2380-8195. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
22. "Goodenough, Nobel laureate who gave the world Li-ion batteries, passes away". www.thehindubusinessline.com. June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
23. "UT Mourns Lithium-Ion Battery Inventor and Nobel Prize Recipient John Goodenough". UTexas.edu. June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
24. Jacoby, Mitch (September 13, 2017). "Goodenough wins 2017 Welch Award". Chemical and Engineering News. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
25. ^ Perks, Bea (December 22, 2014). "Goodenough rules". Chemistry World. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
26. Ryan, Dorothy (October 9, 2019). "Longtime MIT Lincoln Laboratory researcher wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry". MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
27. ^ "Royal Society of Chemistry – John B Goodenough Award". Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
28. J. B. Goodenough (1955). "Theory of the Role of Covalence in the Perovskite-Type Manganites [La, M(II)]MnO₃". Physical Review. 100 (2): 564. Bibcode:1955PhRv..100..564G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.100.564.
29. John B. Goodenough (1958). "An interpretation of the magnetic properties of the perovskite-type mixed crystals La_1−xSr_xCoO_3−λ". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 6 (2–3): 287. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(58)90107-0.
30. J. Kanamori (1959). "Superexchange interaction and symmetry properties of electron orbitals". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 10 (2–3): 87. Bibcode:1959JPCS...10...87K. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(59)90061-7.
31. ^ Kim, Allen (October 9, 2019). "John B. Goodenough just became the oldest person, at 97, to win a Nobel Prize". CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
32. "The 2001 (17th) Japan Prize". Japan Prize Foundation. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
33. Henderson, Jim (June 5, 2004). "UT professor, 81, is mired in patent lawsuit". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
34. MacFarlene, Sarah (August 9, 2018). "The Battery Pioneer Who, at Age 96, Keeps Going and Going". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
35. Masquelier, Christian; Croguennec, Laurence (2013). "Polyanionic (Phosphates, Silicates, Sulfates) Frameworks as Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Li (or Na) Batteries". Chemical Reviews. 113 (8): 6552–6591. doi:10.1021/cr3001862. PMID 23742145.
36. Manthiram, A.; Goodenough, J. B. (1989). "Lithium insertion into Fe₂(SO₄)₃ frameworks". Journal of Power Sources. 26 (3–4): 403–408. Bibcode:1989JPS....26..403M. doi:10.1016/0378-7753(89)80153-3.
37. Manthiram, A.; Goodenough, J. B. (1987). "Lithium insertion into Fe₂(MO₄)₃ frameworks: Comparison of M = W with M = Mo". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 71 (2): 349–360. Bibcode:1987JSSCh..71..349M. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(87)90242-8.
38. Lerner, Louise (October 9, 2019). "University of Chicago alum John B. Goodenough shares Nobel Prize for invention of lithium-ion battery". The University of Chicago. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
39. "John Goodenough – Department of Mechanical Engineering". University of Texas. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
40. Nobel Prize in Chemistry Goes to John Goodenough of The University of Texas at Austin (October 9, 2019)
41. LeVine, Steve (February 5, 2015). "The man who brought us the lithium-ion battery at the age of 57 has an idea for a new one at 92". Quartz. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
42. ^ "Lithium-Ion Battery Inventor Introduces New Technology for Fast-Charging, Noncombustible Batteries". Cockrell School of Engineering. February 28, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
43. Braga, M.H.; Grundish, N.S.; Murchison, A.J.; Goodenough, J.B. (December 9, 2016). "Alternative strategy for a safe rechargeable battery". Energy and Environmental Science. 10: 331–336. doi:10.1039/C6EE02888H.
44. "Lithium-ion battery inventor introduces new technology for fast-charging, noncombustible batteries". EurekAlert!. February 28, 2017.
45. ^ Lacey, Matt (March 29, 2017). "On the skepticism surrounding the "Goodenough battery"". Matt Lacey. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
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47. Schmidt, Bridie (April 6, 2020). "Li-ion co-inventor patents glass battery that could upturn auto industry". The Driven. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
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58. "Past Award Recipients". Welch Award in Chemistry. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
59. "Prahalad Award 2017". CEF. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
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Further reading

• John N. Lalena; David A. Cleary (2005). Principles of Inorganic Materials Design (PDF). Wiley-Interscience. pp. xi–xiv, 233–269. ISBN 0-471-43418-3.

External links

• Faculty Directory at University of Texas at Austin
• Array of Contemporary American Physicists
• History of the lithium-ion battery, Physics Today, Sept. 2016
• 1 hour interview with John Goodenough on YouTube by The Electrochemical Society, October 5, 2016
• Are Solid State Batteries about to change the world?, Joe Scott, November 2018, Goodenough and team research on more energy dense solid state Li-ion chemistry featured 3:35–12:45.
• Pr John Goodenough's interview GOODENOUGH John B., 2001–05 – Sciences : histoire orale on École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris history of science website
• John B. Goodenough on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, "Designing Lithium-ion Battery Cathodes" (December 8, 2019)

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1901–1925	1901: Jacobus van 't Hoff 1902: Emil Fischer 1903: Svante Arrhenius 1904: William Ramsay 1905: Adolf von Baeyer 1906: Henri Moissan 1907: Eduard Buchner 1908: Ernest Rutherford 1909: Wilhelm Ostwald 1910: Otto Wallach 1911: Marie Curie 1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913: Alfred Werner 1914: Theodore Richards 1915: Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918: Fritz Haber 1919 1920: Walther Nernst 1921: Frederick Soddy 1922: Francis Aston 1923: Fritz Pregl 1924 1925: Richard Zsigmondy
1926–1950	1926: Theodor Svedberg 1927: Heinrich Wieland 1928: Adolf Windaus 1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1930: Hans Fischer 1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932: Irving Langmuir 1933 1934: Harold Urey 1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie 1936: Peter Debye 1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938: Richard Kuhn 1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943: George de Hevesy 1944: Otto Hahn 1945: Artturi Virtanen 1946: James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947: Robert Robinson 1948: Arne Tiselius 1949: William Giauque 1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder
1951–1975	1951: Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952: Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953: Hermann Staudinger 1954: Linus Pauling 1955: Vincent du Vigneaud 1956: Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957: Alexander Todd 1958: Frederick Sanger 1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960: Willard Libby 1961: Melvin Calvin 1962: Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964: Dorothy Hodgkin 1965: Robert Woodward 1966: Robert S. Mulliken 1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968: Lars Onsager 1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970: Luis Federico Leloir 1971: Gerhard Herzberg 1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974: Paul Flory 1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976–2000	1976: William Lipscomb 1977: Ilya Prigogine 1978: Peter D. Mitchell 1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982: Aaron Klug 1983: Henry Taube 1984: Robert Merrifield 1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990: Elias Corey 1991: Richard R. Ernst 1992: Rudolph A. Marcus 1993: Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994: George Olah 1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland 1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999: Ahmed Zewail 2000: Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001–present	2001: William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich 2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005: Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006: Roger D. Kornberg 2007: Gerhard Ertl 2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath 2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi 2011: Dan Shechtman 2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner 2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson 2018: Frances Arnold / Gregory Winter / George Smith 2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna 2021: David MacMillan / Benjamin List 2022: Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten P. Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless 2023: Moungi G. Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Alexei I. Ekimov 2024: David Baker / Demis Hassabis / John M. Jumper

• 1922 births
• 2023 deaths
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• Draper Prize winners
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• Yale University alumni
• Members of Skull and Bones
• Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates