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Leptophoca Temporal range: Miocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Clade:	Pinnipedia
Family:	Phocidae
Subfamily:	Phocinae
Genus:	†Leptophoca True, 1906
Species
L. proxima (van Beneden, 1876) (type species) L. amphiatlantica Koretsky, Ray, and Peters, 2012

Leptophoca is an extinct genus of earless seals from the North Atlantic realm.

Taxonomy

Leptophoca lenis was coined by Frederick True for a humerus from the Calvert Formation of Maryland. Later, Clayton Ray referred "Prophoca" proxima from the Antwerp region, Belgium, to Leptophoca. A second nominal Leptophoca species, L. amphiatlantica, was coined for specimens found on both sides of the North Atlantic. A 2017 study found proxima and lenis to be the same species, rendering proxima the epithet of the Leptophoca type species, but evidence for the validity of L. amphiatlantica was deemed weak, rendering amphiatlantica a nomen dubium within Leptophoca.

Description

Leptophoca is described as being similar in size to the modern-day harp seal. The humerus indicates primitive features, such as a reduced lesser tubercle, a straight diaphysis, and intermediate projection of the deltopectoral crest. A deep tendon groove in the forelimb also suggests increased manus flexion. All these features show an increased flexibility of the forelimbs, indicating that Leptophoca would mainly utilize its forelimbs for aquatic and terrestrial locomotion and aid in propulsion, braking, and steering underwater. This contrasts with extant phocids, which mainly utilized their hindlimbs for propulsion while their forelimbs were limited in flexibility. Skull features including a long rostrum and simplistic teeth indicated that Leptophoca had a feeding mechanism that indicates rapid jaw closure, which benefits a grip and tear feeding strategy for grasping and shaking prey. Leptophoca was a carnivore that fed on medium to large-sized endothermic prey which includes seabirds, large fish, and other marine organisms. Based on ecomorphotype analysis, Leptophoca most likely resided between 50-100 meters in coastal habitats over continental shelves, characterized by being sunlit and relatively warm in addition to being well mixed between winds and currents.

References

1. True FW. 1906. Description of a new genus and species of fossil seal from the Miocene of Maryland. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 30(1475):835-840
2. Ray CE. 1976a. Geography of phocid evolution. Systematic Biology 25(4):391-406.
3. Irina A. Koretsky; Clayton E. Ray; Noud Peters (2012). "A new species of Leptophoca (Carnivora, Phocidae, Phocinae) from both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean (Miocene seals of the Netherlands, part I)". Deinsea. 15: 1–12.
4. Dewaele L, Lambert O, Louwye S. (2017) On Prophoca and Leptophoca (Pinnipedia, Phocidae) from the Miocene of the North Atlantic realm: redescription, phylogenetic affinities and paleobiogeographic implications. PeerJ 5:e3024 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3024
5. Koretsky, I. A. (1999). Morphology and systematics of miocene phocinae (mammalia: Carnivora) from the north atlantic region and paratethys (Order No. 9964987). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (304504713). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/morphology-systematics-miocene-phocinae-mammalia/docview/304504713/se-2
6. KIENLE, S. S., & BERTA, A. (2018). THE EVOLUTION OF FEEDING STRATEGIES IN PHOCID SEALS (PINNIPEDIA, PHOCIDAE). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38(6), 1–13. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26765803

v t e Genera of pinnipeds and their stem-allies
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Caniformia Infraorder: Arctoidea
Pan-Pinnipedia †Amphicynodontidae Allocyon Amphicticeps Amphicynodon Drassonax Kolponomos Pachycynodon Parictis Wangictis †Semantoridae Necromites Potamotherium Puijila Semantor Pinnipedimorpha †Enaliarctos Pinnipediformes †Pacificotaria †Pinnarctidion †Pteronarctos Pinnipedia Phocidae †Devinophoca Monachinae †Magnotherium Monachini †Afrophoca †Auroraphoca †Messiphoca Monachus Neomonachus †Eomonachus †Noriphoca †Palmidophoca †Pliophoca †Pontophoca †Pristiphoca †Terranectes Miroungini †Callophoca Mirounga Lobodontini †Acrophoca †Australophoca †Hadrokirus †Homiphoca Hydrurga Leptonychotes Lobodon Ommatophoca †Piscophoca †Properiptychus †Virginiaphoca Phocinae †Cryptophoca †Frisiphoca †Kawas †Leptophoca †Monachopsis †Monotherium †Phocanella †Prophoca †Sarmatonectes Erignathini Erignathus †Platyphoca Cystophorini Cystophora †Miophoca †Pachyphoca Phocini †Batavipusa †Gryphoca Halichoerus Histriophoca †Nanophoca Pagophilus Phoca †Planopusa †Praepusa Pusa Otarioidea see below↓
Otarioidea †Desmatophocidae Allodesmus Atopotarus Desmatophoca Eodesmus Odobenidae †Archaeodobenus †Imagotaria †Kamtschatarctos †Nanodobenus †Neotherium †Osodobenus †Pelagiarctos †Pontolis †Proneotherium †Prototaria †Pseudotaria †Titanotaria Neodobenia †Dusignathinae Dusignathus Gomphotaria Odobeninae †Aivukus Odobenus †Ontocetus †Pliopedia †Protodobenus †Valenictus Panotariidae †Eotaria Otariidae Callorhinae Callorhinus †Pithanotaria Otariinae †Thalassoleon Zalophini Eumetopias †Oriensarctos †Proterozetes Zalophus Otariini Arctocephalus Arctophoca †Hydrarctos Neophoca Otaria Phocarctos
Lists List of pinnipeds List of fossil pinnipedimorphs

• Miocene pinnipeds
• Phocines
• Prehistoric carnivoran genera
• Prehistoric pinnipeds of North America
• Fossil taxa described in 1906