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Kashmir musk deer
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix I (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Moschidae
Genus:	Moschus
Species:	M. cupreus
Binomial name
Moschus cupreus Grubb, 1982

The Kashmir musk deer (Moschus cupreus) is an endangered species of musk deer native to Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan. It was originally described as a subspecies to the alpine musk deer, but is now classified as a separate species. It stands at 60 cm (24 in) tall, and only males have tusks which they use during mating season to compete for females.

It is also native to western Nepal. In summer, it inhabits remote alpine scrub on scattered rock outcrops and in upper fringes of closed coniferous forests at an elevation of 3,000–3,500 m (9,800–11,500 ft) using invariably use steep slopes (≥ 20°). It is endangered due to habitat loss and also because of poachers hunting the animal for its prized scent glands.

In Afghanistan, no musk deer sighting had been scientifically reported from 1948 until 2009. In June 2009, three individuals were detected in the Nuristan Province, showing that it still persists in the country despite unregulated hunting, extensive deforestation, habitat degradation, and the absence of the rule of law. Suitable habitat for the Kashmir musk deer in Afghanistan of about 1,300 km (500 sq mi) in the contiguous Nuristan, Kunar and Laghman Provinces is highly fragmented. Since the Kashmir musk deer is a habitat specialist, it is more susceptible to habitat loss at higher elevations and in an ecosystem with specific resources and vegetation. Other than poaching, human activity also impacts the Kashmir musk deer population because livestock grazing, urban expansion, and the collection of wood damage the montane habitat.

References

1. ^ Timmins, R.J.; Duckworth, J.W. (2015). "Moschus cupreus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136750A61979453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T136750A61979453.en. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
2. Singh, P.B.; Khatiwada, J.R.; Saud, P.; Jiang, Z. (2019). "MtDNA analysis confirms the endangered Kashmir musk deer extends its range to Nepal". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 4895. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.4895S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41167-4. PMC 6426878. PMID 30894581.
3. Ostrowski, S.; Rahmani, H.; Ali, J.M.; Ali, R.; Zahler, P. (2014). "Musk deer Moschus cupreus persist in the eastern forests of Afghanistan". Oryx. 50 (2): 1–6. doi:10.1017/S0030605314000611.
4. Singh, P. B.; Mainali, K.; Jiang, Z.; Thapa, A.; Subedi, N.; Awan, M.N.; Ilyas, O.; Luitel, H.; Zhou, Z.; Hu, H. (2020). "Projected distribution and climate refugia of endangered Kashmir musk deer Moschus cupreus in greater Himalaya, South Asia". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 1511. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.1511S. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58111-6. PMC 6992763. PMID 32001721.
5. Sharief, A.; Dutta, R.; Singh, H.; Kumar, V.; Joshi, B.D.; Chandra, K.; Ramesh, C.; Thakur, M.; Sharma, L.K. (2023). "Environmental predictors may change at fine scale habitat suitability modelling: implications for conservation of Kashmir musk deer in three protected areas of Uttarakhand, India". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 30 (34): 82895–82905. Bibcode:2023ESPR...3082895S. doi:10.1007/s11356-023-28106-7.
6. Sharief, A.; Kumar, V.; Joshi, B.D.; Singh, H.; Bhattacharjee, S.; Dutta, R.; Dar, S.A.; Ramesh, C.; Graham, C.H.; Thakur, M.; Sharma, L.K. (2023). "Towards effective conservation planning: integrating landscape modelling to safeguard the future of the endangered Kashmir musk deer in the face of land use change". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1239905.

Notes

1. Only populations of Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan. All other populations are included in Appendix II.

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• IUCN Red List endangered species
• Musk deer
• Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir
• Mammals of Afghanistan
• Mammals of Pakistan
• Mammals described in 1982
• Mammals of Nepal
• Artiodactyla stubs