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Pouye (Bouye) is a language spoken in Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea, by a thousand people, and growing. It is spoken in the seven villages of Bulawa (3°39′57″S 142°00′52″E / 3.665801°S 142.014408°E / -3.665801; 142.014408 (Bulwo)), Kiliauto, Komtin, Maurom (3°40′59″S 141°50′50″E / 3.683154°S 141.847269°E / -3.683154; 141.847269 (Maurom)), Wokien (3°41′52″S 141°57′28″E / 3.697824°S 141.957815°E / -3.697824; 141.957815 (Wokien)), Wulme, and Yukilau (3°40′42″S 141°55′32″E / 3.678344°S 141.925477°E / -3.678344; 141.925477 (Yiklau)), which are mostly located within East Wapei Rural LLG.

A grammar of the Pouye language is published here: https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/62023

Phonology

This description follows Dede & Reuter (2011).

Phonemic inventory

Pouye has 12 consonants, of which three have constrastive secondary articulations (labialisation or palatalisation).

A fairly large nine-vowel inventory is also seen:

In addition there are seven diphthongs /au̯ əu̯ ou̯ ai̯ əi̯ ei̯ ɪi̯/ which act as discrete vowel units.

The trial orthography is as in the IPA except for /tʷ tʲ kʷ j/ which are tw ty kw y and the vowels /ɨ ɪ ɛ ə/ which are i i e a. This causes ambiguity between /i ɨ ɪ/, /e ɛ/ or /a ə/ although the functional load on these contrasts is low.

Phonotactics

Pouye allows maximally two consonants in a syllable onset and one consonant in the coda. The nucleus may be a single vowel or diphthong, but although CVVC and CCVC syllables are permitted, CCVVC syllables are unattested. Complex onsets may be maximally a plosive plus a trill or approximant, or the sequence /kt/, for instance in /kin.kti/ "small" (no other two-plosive sequences occur).

Stress is generally placed on the penultimate syllable, although exceptions do occur (/wɨlˈou̯k/ "snake") and if the penult is /wɨ/ or /wo/ the stress is pushed leftwards (/⁠ˈka.wo.wi/ "white").

Morphophonology

Several morphophonemic alternations occur in Pouye, both within phonological words and across word boundaries.

Trill-deletion

The nominal object marker -rɨ loses its initial consonant following /r/ or /l/ or a monosyllable ending in /n/:

/jar-rɨ/ → who-OBJ "whom"

/pol-rɨ/ → Paul-OBJ "Paul"

/wan-rɨ/ → 1SG-OBJ "me"

Compare /wəlou̯k-rɨ/ → snake-OBJ. Similarly, the locative marker -ru is realised as in fast speech following any plain alveolar consonant (/n l r t/).

/tɨlpan-ru/ → palm.floor-LOC "on the floor"

/tau̯ wai̯l-ru/ → tree tree.keel-LOC "on the tree keel"

/jɪprar-ru/ → chicken-LOC "on the chicken"

/pɨrɨt-ru/ → ground-LOC "on the ground"

Compare /ləu̯-ru/ → house-LOC "to the house/village".

Vowel epenthesis

When concatenation of morphemes would produce a sequence of two identical plosives, /ɨ/ is inserted between them epenthetically.

/t-tɪnri-ke-nɨn-a/ →

R-revenge-PRF-PAS-awhile

"Had had revenge"

Likewise /ɨ/ is inserted to prevent the formation of non-permissible consonant sequences, i.e. sequences of three consonants where the last two do not form a valid onset as described above, or two such consonants word-initially.

/wilau̯k-mta/ → good-INT "great" /n-kɨ/ → IMP-get "get it!"

Compare for instance /nam-ki/ → 1P-ACP "with us", where the sequence /mk/ appears intervocalically and can be syllabified to two distinct syllables without requiring epenthesis.

Consonant coalescence

Two identical nasals, trills or laterals (/mm nn rr ll/) degeminate when brought together.

/t-ətɨn-nɨn/ → R-sew-PAS "has sewn" /t-ɪl-lai̯/ → R-weave-CONT "weaving"

With the imperative prefix n-, epenthesis occurs prior to this rule, meaning that imperatives remain distinct.

/n-nək/ → IMP-hold "hold!" *

Approximant epenthesis

Between two vowels at morpheme boundaries, a non-lateral approximant is inserted. Following /i ɨ ɪ e ɛ/, /j/ is inserted, and following /u o ə a/, /w/ is inserted.

/t-ake-ɨr/ → R-see-around "look round" /ra-lə-atʲɨ/ → REP-down-come "come down again"

In exception to this rule, the hortative prefix pa- inserts /l/ before a vowel.

/pa-i-nɨm/ → HRT-go-P "let's go" *

Note also the exception described below.

Vowel deletion

The low vowel /a/ is deleted before /e/ or /ɛ/ over morpheme boundaries.

/t-ja-ɛj-ɨr-wɨt/ →

R-up-COM-with-stand

"Come up and stand with"

Labial-velar approximant deletion

The suffix -wo "only" is reduced to -o in penultimate position, i.e. when followed by another single monosyllabic suffix. This prevents stress shifting leftwards.

/wan-wo-kʷɨ/ → 1S-only-POS "my/mine only"

Compare /wan-wo/ → 1SG-only "I only" or /kʷ-atu-wo-ke-nɨn/ → QCK-hang.up-up-PRF-PAS "quickly hung up (sth.) and left", in which cases wo would not be stressed normally anyway.

Dissimilation

When the prefixes na- (potential) or ya- (negative) precede the realis prefix t-, and this sequence precedes a morpheme beginning with a plosive, the realis prefix becomes r- via dissimilation of manner with the following plosive.

/ya-t-patɨ-tamu/ →

NEG-R-twist-break

"Didn‘t break"

Vowel harmony

With compound words, vowel harmony causes the open vowel /a/ in the first element to raise to /ə/ in the second element.

/mau̯-ləu̯/ → bush-house "bush-house"

Alveolar plosive epenthesis

The alveolar plosive /t/ is inserted at the end of a word when the following word begins with /m/. If the first word already ends in /t/, then additional epenthesis of /ɨ/ occurs.

/pa-ki me/ → FCS-TMP say "then said" /lot mei̯pɨr-ke/ → Lot laugh-PRF "Lot laughed"

This and the following rule occur over word boundaries, as opposed to the previous rules which are all word-internal processes.

Secondary trill deletion

The trill /r/ is also deleted in fast speech in the word riyɨ "now" when the previous word ends in /n/.

/ja-t-i-nɨn rijɨ/ → NEG-R-go-PAS now "still has not gone"

Loan word phonology

Pouye has borrowed a number of words from the lingua franca Tok Pisin. In these words the phonemes /b d ɡ v s/ can be retained, e.g. /sevenpela/ "seven" (cf. native /jilɨkalikir/). Morphophonemic rules generally apply to these words, and the trill deletion rule described above extends its environment to following /s/ as well:

/barnabas-rɨ/ → Barnabas-OBJ "Barnabas"

Note the loan phonemes /b/ and /s/.

References

1. ^ Pouye at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
2. United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
3. Dede, Wendy; Reuter, Dorothea (2011). Pouye Grammar Essentials. Summer Institute of Linguistics.

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