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Boiken (Nucum, Yangoru) is one of the more populous of the Ndu languages of Sepik River region of northern Papua New Guinea. It is spoken around Boiken Creek in Yangoru-Saussia District, East Sepik Province and adjacent islands off the north coast of northern Papua New Guinea.

Phonology

• Stop sounds /p, t̪s̪, t, k/ are heard as voiced when following a nasal counterpart.
• /k/ has an allophone of a glottal in word-final position, or when preceding a consonant in word-medial position.
• Sounds /ɸ, s, x/ can be voiced as in intervocalic positions.
• /n/ is heard as when preceding velar consonants, or freely in word-final position.
• /r/ can be heard as a voiceless trill in word-initial positions.

• /ɨ, ə/ have allophones of when following dental and alveolar sounds.
• /u/ has an allophone of when preceding /k/ heard as a glottal in word-medial and word-final positions.
• /o/ has an allophone of when following labial and velar sounds.

References

1. ^ Boiken at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
2. ^ Freudenburg, Allen & Marlene (1974). Boiken phonemes. In Richard Loving (ed.), Phonologies of four Papua New Guinea languages: Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 97–127.

External links

• Paradisec houses two collections of Arthur Capell's materials that include Boiken (AC1 and AC2) as well as notes from Don Laycock's work (DL2) all of these collections are open access.

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• Languages of East Sepik Province
• Ndu languages
• Papuan language stubs