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Quotient of subspace theorem

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In mathematics, the quotient of subspace theorem is an important property of finite-dimensional normed spaces, discovered by Vitali Milman.

Let (X, ||·||) be an N-dimensional normed space. There exist subspaces Z ⊂ Y ⊂ X such that the following holds:

  • The quotient space E = Y / Z is of dimension dim E ≥ c N, where c > 0 is a universal constant.
  • The induced norm || · || on E, defined by
e = min y e y , e E , {\displaystyle \|e\|=\min _{y\in e}\|y\|,\quad e\in E,}

is uniformly isomorphic to Euclidean. That is, there exists a positive quadratic form ("Euclidean structure") Q on E, such that

Q ( e ) K e K Q ( e ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {Q(e)}}{K}}\leq \|e\|\leq K{\sqrt {Q(e)}}} for e E , {\displaystyle e\in E,}

with K > 1 a universal constant.

The statement is relative easy to prove by induction on the dimension of Z (even for Y=Z, X=0, c=1) with a K that depends only on N; the point of the theorem is that K is independent of N.

In fact, the constant c can be made arbitrarily close to 1, at the expense of the constant K becoming large. The original proof allowed

c ( K ) 1 const / log log K . {\displaystyle c(K)\approx 1-{\text{const}}/\log \log K.}

Notes

  1. The original proof appeared in Milman (1984). See also Pisier (1989).
  2. See references for improved estimates.

References

  • Milman, V.D. (1984), "Almost Euclidean quotient spaces of subspaces of a finite-dimensional normed space", Israel Seminar on Geometrical Aspects of Functional Analysis, X, Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Univ.
  • Gordon, Y. (1988), "On Milman's inequality and random subspaces which escape through a mesh in R", Geometric Aspects of Functional Analysis, Lecture Notes in Math., 1317, Berlin: Springer: 84–106, doi:10.1007/BFb0081737, ISBN 978-3-540-19353-1
  • Pisier, G. (1989), The volume of convex bodies and Banach space geometry, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, vol. 94, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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