| Tày | |
|---|---|
| Tiểng Tày, Thổ | |
| Native to | Vietnam |
| Ethnicity | Tày |
| Native speakers | 1.63 million (2009) |
| Language family | Kra–Dai |
| Writing system | Latin (modified Vietnamese alphabet) Chữ Nôm Tày |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tyz |
| Glottolog | tayy1238 |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Tày or Thổ (a name shared with the unrelated Thổ and Cuoi languages) is the major Tai language of Vietnam, spoken by more than a million Tày people in Northeastern Vietnam.
Distribution
- Vietnam: northern provinces (including Cao Bang Province and Quang Ninh Province)
- China: in the border area of Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan and Guangxi (mainly Jingxi County)
- Laos: northern region.
Varieties
Tày linguistic varieties include the following:
- Tày Bảo Lạc – spoken in Bảo Lạc District, western Cao Bang province.
- Tày Trùng Khánh – spoken in Trùng Khánh District, northeastern Cao Bang province.
- Thu Lao or Dai Zhuang varieties are considered to be a different language.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | c | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | pʰʲ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | bʲ | d | ||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɓʲ | ɗ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | x | h | ||
| voiced | v | z | ɣ | ||||
| lateral | ɬ | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
- The Cao Bẳng Tày dialect is the only variety to have the sounds /j w r ɣ b d bʲ/.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɯ | u | |
| High-mid | e | o | ||
| Mid | ə əː | |||
| Low-mid | ɛ | ɐ | ɔ | |
| Low | a | |||
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ie | ɯə | uo | |
- There are also three semivowels that mainly occur in syllable-coda position in combination with other vowel sounds. are typically realized as consonant sounds . follows front vowels /i e ɛ/ and central vowels /ə a ɐ/. follows back vowels /u o ɔ/ as well as central vowels /ə a ɐ/. However, only follows /ə/.
Tones
Six tones are present in Cao Bẳng Tày:
| a̋ | ˥ |
| a᷄ | ˦˥ |
| á | ˦ |
| ā | ˧ |
| à | ˨ |
| a᷆ | ˨˩ |
Vocabulary
| English | Tày | Zhuang | Thai | Vietnamese | Middle Chinese | Proto Tai |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | nâng, đeo, êt | it | nueng หนึ่ง, -et -เอ็ด | nừng (obsolete word meaning few) | ʔiɪt̚ | *nɯːŋᴮ |
| two | sloong, nhỉ | ngeih | song สอง | ȵiɪH | *soːŋᴬ, from Middle Chinese 雙 (MC ʃˠʌŋ, "two") | |
| three | slam | sam | sam สาม | sɑm | *saːm (“three”), from Middle Chinese 三 (MC sɑm, "three") | |
| four | slí | seiq | si สี่ | siɪH | *siːᴮ (“four”), from Middle Chinese 四 (MC siɪH, "four") | |
| five | hả | haj | ha ห้า | ŋaːʔ | *haːꟲ (“five”), from Old Chinese 五 (OC *ŋaːʔ, "five") | |
| six | hốc, hôc, xốc | loek | hok หก | *ruɡ | *krokᴰ (“six”), from Old Chinese 六 (OC *ruɡ, "six") | |
| seven | chêt | caet | chet เจ็ด | t͡sʰiɪt̚ | *cetᴰ (“seven”), from Middle Chinese 七 (MC t͡sʰiɪt̚, "seven") | |
| eight | pet | bed | paet แปด | pˠɛt̚ | mis|*peːtᴰ (“eight”), from Middle Chinese 八 (MC pˠat̚, "eight") | |
| nine | cẩu | giuj | kao เก้า | kɨuX | mis|*kɤwꟲ (“nine”), from Middle Chinese 九 (MC kɨuX, "nine") | |
| ten | slip | cib | sip สิบ | d͡ʑiɪp̚ | From Middle Chinese 十 (MC d͡ʑiɪp̚, "ten") | |
| hundred | pac | bak | roi ร้อย | pˠæk̚ | *roːjꟲ | |
| hundred and one | pac lình êt | bak lingz it | nueng roi et หนึ่งร้อยเอ็ด | |||
| thousand | xiên | cien | phan พัน | t͡sʰen | ||
| ten thousand | fản | fanh | muen หมื่น | mʉɐnH | From Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mʉɐnH) | |
| language | tiểng | siang เสียง (sound) | tiếng | ɕiᴇŋ |
References
- Tày at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B., eds. (1997). Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
- "Map & Language Descriptions". Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
- Văn Ma, Hoàng (1997). "The Sound System of The Tày Language of Cao Bắng Province, Vietnam". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 221–231.
- Nguyễn, Trãi. "Quốc âm thi tập".
竹椿軒永工欺意能某山僧𬈋伴吟
| Languages of Vietnam | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Official language | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Indigenous languages |
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| Foreign languages | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese sign languages | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Kra–Dai languages | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Kra |
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| Kam–Sui | |||||||||||||||||||
| Biao | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lakkia | |||||||||||||||||||
| Hlai | |||||||||||||||||||
| Jiamao | |||||||||||||||||||
| Be–Jizhao | |||||||||||||||||||
| Tai (Zhuang, etc.) |
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| (mixed origins) | |||||||||||||||||||
| proposed groupings | |||||||||||||||||||
| Proto-languages | |||||||||||||||||||
| Italics indicate extinct languages | |||||||||||||||||||